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EP1412675A1 - Method and device for influencing combustion processes involving combustibles - Google Patents

Method and device for influencing combustion processes involving combustibles

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Publication number
EP1412675A1
EP1412675A1 EP02760113A EP02760113A EP1412675A1 EP 1412675 A1 EP1412675 A1 EP 1412675A1 EP 02760113 A EP02760113 A EP 02760113A EP 02760113 A EP02760113 A EP 02760113A EP 1412675 A1 EP1412675 A1 EP 1412675A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flame
burner
electrodes
electrode
combustion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02760113A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1412675B1 (en
Inventor
David Walter Branston
Günter LINS
Jobst Verleger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP1412675A1 publication Critical patent/EP1412675A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1412675B1 publication Critical patent/EP1412675B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F23C99/001—Applying electric means or magnetism to combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/02—Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/72—Safety devices, e.g. operative in case of failure of gas supply
    • F23D14/74—Preventing flame lift-off
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/16—Systems for controlling combustion using noise-sensitive detectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2210/00—Noise abatement

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for influencing combustion processes in fuels, in which electrical means for guiding and / or changing a flame on a burner are used.
  • the invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method using stabilizing and pollutant-reducing agents for influencing the flame during the combustion process.
  • the electrodes which are required to generate the electric field or a discharge in the flame are arranged in such a way that the flame is either between the field-generating electrodes or from an electrode is enclosed.
  • This electrode can be identical to the combustion chamber. Such an arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the description. In any case, it is possible to draw a straight connection line between electrodes of opposite polarity such that the connection line passes through the flame to be influenced.
  • the direction of propagation of a flame 2 or the direction of flow of the exhaust gases is designated as the z-direction.
  • Arrangements that correspond to the prior art are characterized without exception in that at least one electrode or one or more parts of such an electrode extend exclusively or predominantly over regions with z> 0.
  • the combustion chamber that surrounds the flame can also be an electrode or part of one.
  • the arrangement is designed such that partial areas of the flame can touch an electrode.
  • a disadvantage of the above-described prior art is that the electric field generated by the electrodes penetrates a large area of the flame while the actual effect of the electric field occurs in the so-called flame front.
  • the flame front is a narrow area compared to the dimensions of the flame between the cold fuel and the flame, in which the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of the flame take place. Since the flame has a non-negligible electrical conductivity due to the charge carriers it contains, the fact that the electrical field penetrates large areas of the flame means that an electrical current flows in the entire flame area enclosed by the electrodes, which increases the current Energy consumption causes without contributing to the desired effect within the flame front. This is particularly the case when electrically conductive areas of the flame or its surroundings are in direct contact with the electrodes.
  • the flame is exposed to the action of an electrical field, the field being designed such that it only penetrates those areas of the flame in which it has a stabilizing and pollutant-reducing effect.
  • electrodes are arranged for this purpose and a voltage is applied so that an electric field prefers those areas of the flame interspersed in which it exerts its stabilizing and pollutant-reducing effect ⁇ .
  • This is realized by arranging all the field-generating electrodes in areas in which no ionization or no significant ionization caused by the combustion process occurs. This condition is fulfilled if the electrodes are arranged on the side of the burner opening facing away from the flame in such a way that there is no straight connecting line between electrodes of opposite polarity which passes through the flame.
  • sensors are available, one of which measures the frequency of any combustion vibrations that are present and another measures the pollutant concentration in the exhaust gas.
  • the sensors deliver the input signal to a control unit that controls the frequency, amplitude and phase of the voltage applied to the electrodes in such a way that the combustion vibrations and the pollutant concentration are minimized.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show two different embodiments of the
  • Figures 4 and 5 are a plan view and a sectional view of a further embodiment
  • FIG. 6 shows an application of the invention in the combustion of solid materials.
  • identical parts have the same reference symbols.
  • the embodiments are partially described together.
  • the burner is labeled 1 and the flame is labeled 2.
  • the burner 1 has a gas supply 3.
  • the flame is scaled along the Z coordinate.
  • FIG. 1 has already been discussed at the outset with corresponding statements on the prior art, to which reference is made in detail.
  • the flame 2 generated by the burner 1 for gaseous, liquid or transported in gases or liquids, powdered solid fuels is shown.
  • the fuel is fed into a combustion chamber 4 through the burner 1 through the fuel inlet 3.
  • the burner 1 can be made of electrically conductive or non-conductive material.
  • the burner serves as an electrode
  • an electrode 5 which in this example is annular and closely surrounds the burner 1, is attached.
  • the electrodes are electrically connected to the power supply 7.
  • a rod electrode 6a is arranged coaxially within the burner in such a way that it only projects into the region z ⁇ 0 to such an extent that the condition that there is no straight connecting line between the electrodes is met.
  • An electrical field in the sense of the invention arises between the electrode 6a on the one hand and the burner 1 on the other hand, if this is made of electrically conductive material, or a further electrode 5, which in this special case is not burner assumed to be conductive.
  • the stick electrode 6a located within the burner can be replaced by a tube or a nozzle or a plurality of tubes and nozzles which are caused by combustible or non-combustible gases or gas mixtures. Due to the small electrode spacing compared to the prior art according to FIG. 1, the generation of an electric field is already possible with correspondingly lower voltages.
  • a combustion chamber 8 is indicated in FIG. 6, in which a pile 11 of a solid fuel, for example coal, burns on a grate 10 which is electrically insulated from the combustion chamber by non-conductive support elements 9.
  • a ring electrode 12 is arranged in such a way that it protrudes into the area z ⁇ 0 at most so that the condition that there is no straight connecting line between the electrodes penetrating the flame remains fulfilled.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show an exemplary embodiment in which a plurality of rod electrodes 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d are arranged radially with respect to a burner 1.
  • the desired influencing of the combustion process by electric fields is achieved without the electric field penetrating large parts of the flame in which it does not have a stabilizing or pollutant-reducing effect. Touching the electrodes by electrically conductive rich in the flame is largely avoided. This significantly reduces the current induced by the electric field and reduces the need for electric power to the same extent. In addition, the likelihood of disruptive electrical breakdowns is greatly reduced. The comparatively small electrode spacing leads to a reduced voltage requirement compared to the prior art with the same electrical field strength.
  • the arrangements according to the invention for influencing flames with the aid of electrical means are equally suitable for operation with direct voltage, pulsating or pulsed direct voltage and alternating voltage as well as direct voltage with superimposed alternating voltage.
  • the polarity of the burner is preferably negative.
  • Sensors can also be assigned to the system: a first sensor detects the frequency of any combustion vibrations that may be present. A second sensor measures the pollutant concentration in the exhaust gas flow of the flame. The sensors supply input signals for a control unit, not shown in detail, which controls the frequency, amplitude and phase of the voltage applied to the electrodes in such a way that the combustion vibrations and the pollutant concentration are minimal.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)

Abstract

The use of electrical means for guiding and modifying a flame is known per se. According to the invention, said means engage with the flame front so that the electrical field thus produced only penetrates areas of the flame front in which a stabilizing and harmful-substance-reducing effect is produced. The electrodes of the burner are arranged outside the region of the flame in the associated device.

Description

Beschreibungdescription
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Beeinflussung von Verbrennungsvorgängen bei BrennstoffenMethod and device for influencing combustion processes in fuels
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Beeinflussung von Verbrennungsvorgängen bei Brennstoffen, bei dem e- lektrische Mittel zur Führung und/oder Änderung einer Flamme an einem Brenner eingesetzt werden. Daneben bezieht sich die Erfindung auch auf eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens unter Verwendung von stabilisierenden und schadstoffmindernden Mitteln zur Beeinflussung der Flamme beim Verbrennungsvorgang.The invention relates to a method for influencing combustion processes in fuels, in which electrical means for guiding and / or changing a flame on a burner are used. In addition, the invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method using stabilizing and pollutant-reducing agents for influencing the flame during the combustion process.
Die vorteilhaften Einflüsse, die elektrische Felder auf Verbrennungsflammen haben können, sind im Grundsatz seit langem bekannt. Gemäß den VeröffentlichungenIn principle, the beneficial effects that electric fields can have on combustion flames have long been known. According to the publications
- Industrial and Engineering Chemi stry 43 (1951), Seiten 2726 bis 2731, - 12th Annual energy-sources technol ogy conf. (1989) , Seiten 25 bis 31 und- Industrial and Engineering Chemi stry 43 (1951), pages 2726 to 2731, - 12 th Annual energy-sources technol ogy conf. (1989), pages 25 to 31 and
- AIAA Journal 23 (1985), Seiten 1452 bis 1454 bestehen die Wirkungen des elektrischen Feldes in einer Verbesserung der Stabilität der Flamme. Gemäß - Combust . Flame 78 (1989), Seiten 357 bis 364 und- AIAA Journal 23 (1985), pages 1452 to 1454, the effects of the electric field consist in an improvement in the stability of the flame. According to - Combust. Flame 78 (1989), pages 357 to 364 and
- Combust . Flame 119 (1999), Seiten 356 bis 366 ist eine Verringerung der Rußemission und gemäß- Combust. Flame 119 (1999), pages 356 to 366 is a reduction in soot emissions and according to
- Fossil Fuel Combustion, ASME 1991, Seiten 71 bis 75 und- Fossil Fuel Combustion, ASME 1991, pages 71 to 75 and
- Fl uid Dynami cs 30 (1995), Seiten 166 bis 174 eine Verminde- rung der Emission von gasförmiger Schadstoffen gegeben.- Fl uid Dynami cs 30 (1995), pages 166 to 174 a reduction in the emission of gaseous pollutants.
Aus Combust . Flame 55 (1984), Seiten 53 bis 58 ist es auch bekannt, Verbrennungsvorgänge durch elektrische Entladungen, insbesondere Corona-Entladungen, zu beeinflussen. Auch hier soll eine Verbesserung der Flammenstabilität und eine Verminderung der Schadstoffemission resultieren. Technische Anwen- düngen der genannten Effekte werden in der WO 96/01394 AI, der US 3 416 870 A und der US 4 111 636 A beschrieben.From Combust. Flame 55 (1984), pages 53 to 58, it is also known to influence combustion processes by electrical discharges, in particular corona discharges. An improvement in flame stability and a reduction in pollutant emissions should also result here. Technical applications Fertilizing the effects mentioned are described in WO 96/01394 AI, US 3,416,870 A and US 4,111,636 A.
Allen dem Stand der Technik entsprechenden Verfahren ist ge- meinsam, dass die Elektroden, die benötigt werden, um das elektrische Feld oder eine Entladung in der Flamme zu erzeugen, derart angeordnet sind, dass die Flamme sich entweder zwi schen den felderzeugenden Elektroden befindet oder von einer Elektrode umschlossen wird. Diese Elektrode kann mit der Brennkammer identisch sein. Eine solche Anordnung wird anhand Figur 1 der Beschreibung verdeutlicht. In jedem Fall ist es möglich, eine gerade Verbindungslinie zwischen Elektroden entgegengesetzter Polarität zu ziehen, derart, dass die Verbindungslinie die zu beeinflussende Flamme durchsetzt.All the methods corresponding to the prior art have in common that the electrodes which are required to generate the electric field or a discharge in the flame are arranged in such a way that the flame is either between the field-generating electrodes or from an electrode is enclosed. This electrode can be identical to the combustion chamber. Such an arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the description. In any case, it is possible to draw a straight connection line between electrodes of opposite polarity such that the connection line passes through the flame to be influenced.
In Figur 1 ist die Ausbreitungsrichtung einer Flamme 2 oder die Strömungsrichtung der Abgase als z-Richtung bezeichnet. Die Stelle z = 0 ist bestimmt durch die Position, an der der feste, flüssige oder gasförmige Brennstoff in die Flamme übergeht. An Stellen z < 0 tritt keine nennenswerte, durch den Verbrennungsprozess verursachte Ionisation auf.In FIG. 1, the direction of propagation of a flame 2 or the direction of flow of the exhaust gases is designated as the z-direction. The position z = 0 is determined by the position at which the solid, liquid or gaseous fuel passes into the flame. At places z <0 there is no significant ionization caused by the combustion process.
Anordnungen, die dem Stand der Technik entsprechen, sind ausnahmslos dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens eine Elek- trode oder ein oder mehrere Teile einer solchen Elektrode sich ausschließlich oder überwiegend über Bereiche mit z > 0 erstrecken. Dabei kann auch die Brennkammer, die die Flamme umschließt, eine Elektrode oder Teil einer solchen sein. Im Extremfall ist die Anordnung derart gestaltet, dass Teilbe- reiche der Flamme eine Elektrode berühren können. In jedem Fall ist es möglich, eine gerade Verbindungslinie so von einer Elektrode zu einer Elektrode entgegengesetzter Polarität zu ziehen, dass die Verbindungslinie die Flamme durchsetzt.Arrangements that correspond to the prior art are characterized without exception in that at least one electrode or one or more parts of such an electrode extend exclusively or predominantly over regions with z> 0. The combustion chamber that surrounds the flame can also be an electrode or part of one. In extreme cases, the arrangement is designed such that partial areas of the flame can touch an electrode. In any case, it is possible to draw a straight connecting line from an electrode to an electrode of opposite polarity in such a way that the connecting line passes through the flame.
Ein Nachteil des vorbeschriebenen Standes der Technik besteht darin, dass das mittels der Elektroden erzeugte elektrische Feld einen großen Bereich der Flamme durchsetzt, während die eigentliche Wirkung des elektrischen Feldes in der so genannten Flammenfront auftritt. Die Flammenfront ist ein im Vergleich zu den Dimensionen der Flamme enger Bereich zwischen dem kaltem Brennstoff und der Flamme, in dem die chemischen Reaktionen stattfinden, die zur Bildung der Flamme führen. Da die Flamme durch die in ihr enthaltenen Ladungsträger eine nicht vernachlässigbare elektrische Leitfähigkeit besitzt, führt die Tatsache, dass das elektrische Feld weite Bereiche der Flamme durchsetzt, dazu, dass im gesamten von den Elek- troden eingeschlossenen Flammenbereich ein elektrischer Strom fließt, der einen erhöhten Energieverbrauch verursacht, ohne zur erwünschten Wirkung innerhalb der Flammenfront beizutragen. Dies ist insbesondere dann der Fall, wenn elektrisch leitfähige Bereiche der Flamme oder ihrer Umgebung in unmit- telbarem Kontakt mit den Elektroden stehen.A disadvantage of the above-described prior art is that the electric field generated by the electrodes penetrates a large area of the flame while the actual effect of the electric field occurs in the so-called flame front. The flame front is a narrow area compared to the dimensions of the flame between the cold fuel and the flame, in which the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of the flame take place. Since the flame has a non-negligible electrical conductivity due to the charge carriers it contains, the fact that the electrical field penetrates large areas of the flame means that an electrical current flows in the entire flame area enclosed by the electrodes, which increases the current Energy consumption causes without contributing to the desired effect within the flame front. This is particularly the case when electrically conductive areas of the flame or its surroundings are in direct contact with the electrodes.
Davon ausgehend ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Verfahren anzugeben und die zugehörige Vorrichtung zu schaffen, mit denen in einfacher und wirtschaftlicher Weise die Beeinflussung von Verbrennungsvorgänge bei Brennstoffen verbessert wird. Als Brennstoffe sollen insbesondere, aber nicht ausschließlich Gase, vorzugsweise in vorgemischter Form, verwendet werden.Proceeding from this, it is an object of the invention to provide a method and to create the associated device with which the influencing of combustion processes in fuels is improved in a simple and economical manner. In particular, but not exclusively, gases, preferably in premixed form, are to be used as fuels.
Die Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß durch die Maßnahmen des Patentanspruches 1 gelöst. Eine zugehörige Vorrichtung ist Gegenstand des Patentanspruches 4. Weiterbildungen des Verfahrens und/oder der Vorrichtung sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen angegeben.The object is achieved by the measures of claim 1. An associated device is the subject of claim 4. Further developments of the method and / or the device are specified in the dependent claims.
Bei der Erfindung wird die Flamme der Einwirkung eines elektrischen Feldes ausgesetzt, wobei das Feld so gestaltet wird, dass es nur solche Bereiche der Flamme durchsetzt, in denen es eine stabilisierende und schadstoffmindernde Wirkung ent- faltet. Bei der zugehörigen Vorrichtung sind für diesen Zweck Elektroden so angeordnet und mit einer Spannung beaufschlagt, dass ein elektrisches Feld bevorzugt jene Bereiche der Flamme durchsetzt, in denen es seine stabilisierende und schadstoff¬ mindernde Wirkung entfaltet. Dies wird dadurch realisiert, dass alle felderzeugenden Elektroden in Bereichen angeordnet werden, in denen keine oder keine nennenswerte durch den Verbrennungsprozess bewirkte Ionisation auftritt. Diese Bedingung ist erfüllt, wenn die Elektroden auf der der Flamme abgewandten Seite der Brenneröffnung so angeordnet werden, dass es keine gerade Verbindungslinie zwischen Elektroden entgegengesetzter Polarität gibt, die die Flamme durchsetzt.In the invention, the flame is exposed to the action of an electrical field, the field being designed such that it only penetrates those areas of the flame in which it has a stabilizing and pollutant-reducing effect. In the associated device, electrodes are arranged for this purpose and a voltage is applied so that an electric field prefers those areas of the flame interspersed in which it exerts its stabilizing and pollutant-reducing effect ¬. This is realized by arranging all the field-generating electrodes in areas in which no ionization or no significant ionization caused by the combustion process occurs. This condition is fulfilled if the electrodes are arranged on the side of the burner opening facing away from the flame in such a way that there is no straight connecting line between electrodes of opposite polarity which passes through the flame.
Besondere Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich dann, wenn dem System Sensoren und Regelvorrichtungen zugeordnet werden, die die an den Elektroden anliegende Spannung so steuern, dass der Verbrennungsprozess in gewünschter Weise beeinflusst wird. Vorteilhafterweise sind Sensoren vorhanden, von denen einer die Frequenz etwa vorhandener Verbrennungsschwingungen und ein anderer die Schadstoffkonzentration im Abgas misst. Die Sensoren liefern das Eingangssignal zu einer Regelungseinheit, die Frequenz, Amplitude und Phase der an die Elek- troden angelegten Spannung so steuert, dass die Verbrennungsschwingungen bzw. die Schadstoffkonzentration minimiert werden.Particular advantages of the invention result when the system is assigned sensors and control devices which control the voltage applied to the electrodes in such a way that the combustion process is influenced in the desired manner. Advantageously, sensors are available, one of which measures the frequency of any combustion vibrations that are present and another measures the pollutant concentration in the exhaust gas. The sensors deliver the input signal to a control unit that controls the frequency, amplitude and phase of the voltage applied to the electrodes in such a way that the combustion vibrations and the pollutant concentration are minimized.
Weitere Einzelheiten und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Figurenbeschreibung von Ausführungsbeispielen anhand der Zeichnung in Verbindung mit den Patentansprüchen. Es zeigen jeweils in schematischer SchnittdarstellungFurther details and advantages of the invention emerge from the following description of the figures of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawing in conjunction with the patent claims. They each show a schematic sectional illustration
Figur 1 eine Anordnung des Standes der Technik, auf die eingangs bereits eingegangen wurde, die Figuren 2 und 3 zwei unterschiedliche Ausführungsformen der1 shows an arrangement of the prior art, which was already discussed at the outset, FIGS. 2 and 3 show two different embodiments of the
Erfindung, Figuren 4 und 5 eine Draufsicht und eine Schnittdarstellung einer weiteren Ausführungsform undInvention, Figures 4 and 5 are a plan view and a sectional view of a further embodiment and
Figur 6 eine Anwendung der Erfindung bei der Verbrennung von festen Stoffen. Bei den einzelnen Ausführungsbeispielen haben gleiche Teile gleiche Bezugszeichen. Die Ausführungsformen werden teilweise gemeinsam beschrieben.Figure 6 shows an application of the invention in the combustion of solid materials. In the individual exemplary embodiments, identical parts have the same reference symbols. The embodiments are partially described together.
Bei allen Beispielen ist der Brenner jeweils mit 1 und die Flamme mit 2 bezeichnet. Der Brenner 1 hat eine Gaszuführung 3. Weiterhin ist wenigstens eine Elektrode 6 in der Anordnung vorhanden, mit der die Flamme mit elektrischen Feldern beauf- schlagt werden kann. Die Flamme wird entlang der Z-Koordinate skaliert .In all examples, the burner is labeled 1 and the flame is labeled 2. The burner 1 has a gas supply 3. Furthermore, there is at least one electrode 6 in the arrangement with which the flame can be subjected to electrical fields. The flame is scaled along the Z coordinate.
Auf Figur 1 wurde eingangs bereits mit entsprechenden Ausführungen zum Stand der Technik eingegangen, worauf im Einzelnen verwiesen wird. Im ersten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung gemäß Figur 2 wird die vom Brenner 1 für gasförmige, flüssige oder in Gasen oder Flüssigkeiten transportierte, pulverförmig aufbereitete feste Brennstoffe erzeugte Flamme 2 gezeigt. Der Brennstoff wird durch den Brennstoffeintritt 3 durch den Brenner 1 in einen Brennraum 4 hinein geführt. Der Brenner 1 kann aus elektrisch-leitfähigem oder nicht leitfähigem Material bestehen. Im ersten Fall dient der Brenner als Elektrode, im zweiten Fall wird eine in diesem Beispiel ringförmige, den Brenner 1 eng umschließende Elektrode 5 angebracht. Eine weitere Elektrode 6 wird so angeordnet, dass sie vollständig in dem durch z =S 0 gekennzeichneten Bereich liegt. Die Elektroden werden mit dem Netzteil 7 elektrisch verbunden.FIG. 1 has already been discussed at the outset with corresponding statements on the prior art, to which reference is made in detail. In the first exemplary embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 2, the flame 2 generated by the burner 1 for gaseous, liquid or transported in gases or liquids, powdered solid fuels is shown. The fuel is fed into a combustion chamber 4 through the burner 1 through the fuel inlet 3. The burner 1 can be made of electrically conductive or non-conductive material. In the first case, the burner serves as an electrode, in the second case an electrode 5, which in this example is annular and closely surrounds the burner 1, is attached. Another electrode 6 is arranged in such a way that it lies completely in the region identified by z = S 0. The electrodes are electrically connected to the power supply 7.
Im Ausführungsbeispiel der Figur 3 ist eine Stabelektrode 6a koaxial innerhalb des Brenners derart angeordnet, dass sie nur so weit in den Bereich z < 0 hineinragt, das die Bedingung, es möge keine gerade Verbindungslinie zwischen den Elektroden existieren, erfüllt ist. Ein elektrisches Feld im Sinne der Erfindung entsteht zwischen der Elektrode 6a einer- seits und dem Brenner 1 andererseits, falls dieser aus elektrisch leitfähigem Material besteht, oder einer weiteren Elektrode 5, die in diesem speziellen Fall den als nicht leitfähig angenommenen Brenner formschlüssig umgibt. In er¬ findungsgemäßer Abwandlung kann die innerhalb des Brenners liegende Stabelektrode 6a durch ein Rohr oder eine Düse oder mehrere Rohre und Düsen ersetzt werden, die von brennbaren oder nicht brennbaren Gasen oder Gasgemischen werden. Durch den im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik gemäß Figur 1 kleinen Elektrodenabstand ist die Erzeugung eines elektrischen Feldes bereits mit entsprechend niedrigeren Spannungen möglich.In the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 3, a rod electrode 6a is arranged coaxially within the burner in such a way that it only projects into the region z <0 to such an extent that the condition that there is no straight connecting line between the electrodes is met. An electrical field in the sense of the invention arises between the electrode 6a on the one hand and the burner 1 on the other hand, if this is made of electrically conductive material, or a further electrode 5, which in this special case is not burner assumed to be conductive. In a modification according to the invention, the stick electrode 6a located within the burner can be replaced by a tube or a nozzle or a plurality of tubes and nozzles which are caused by combustible or non-combustible gases or gas mixtures. Due to the small electrode spacing compared to the prior art according to FIG. 1, the generation of an electric field is already possible with correspondingly lower voltages.
Die Anwendung der Erfindung ist nicht auf die Verbrennung flüssiger oder gasförmiger Brennstoffe beschränkt. In Figur 6 ist eine Brennkammer 8 angedeutet, in der auf einem durch nicht leitende Stützelemente 9 gegen die Brennkammer elektrisch isolierten Rost 10 ein Haufwerk 11 aus einem festem Brennstoff, beispielsweise Kohle, brennt. Die Ebene z = 0 ist durch die Oberkante des Rostes 10, oder falls es sich um ei¬ nen elektrisch leitenden Brennstoff handelt, durch die obere Abgrenzung des Haufwerks 11 definiert. Eine Ringelektrode 12 ist so angeordnet, dass sie höchstens so weit in den Bereich z < 0 hineinragt, dass die Bedingung, es darf keine gerade, die Flamme durchsetzende Verbindungslinie zwischen den Elektroden existieren, erfüllt bleibt.The application of the invention is not limited to the combustion of liquid or gaseous fuels. A combustion chamber 8 is indicated in FIG. 6, in which a pile 11 of a solid fuel, for example coal, burns on a grate 10 which is electrically insulated from the combustion chamber by non-conductive support elements 9. The plane z = 0 is defined by the upper edge of the grate 10, or if it is egg ¬ NEN electrically conductive fuel is defined by the upper boundary of the muck. 11 A ring electrode 12 is arranged in such a way that it protrudes into the area z <0 at most so that the condition that there is no straight connecting line between the electrodes penetrating the flame remains fulfilled.
Die Erfindung beschränkt sich weder auf Systeme, die ledig- lieh zwei Elektroden umfassen, deren eine der Brenner sein kann, noch auf Elektroden, die rotationssymmetrisch bezüglich der Achse des Brenners, also insbesondere ringförmig, toroi- dal oder zylindrisch sind. Die Figuren 4 und 5 zeigen ein Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem mehrere Stabelektroden 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d radial in Bezug auf einen Brenner 1 angeordnet sind.The invention is not limited to systems which only include two electrodes, one of which can be the burner, or to electrodes which are rotationally symmetrical with respect to the axis of the burner, that is to say in particular annular, toroidal or cylindrical. FIGS. 4 and 5 show an exemplary embodiment in which a plurality of rod electrodes 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d are arranged radially with respect to a burner 1.
Bei den anhand der Figuren 2 bis 6 beschriebenen Anordnungen wird die gewünschte Beeinflussung des Verbrennungsprozesses durch elektrische Felder erreicht, ohne dass das elektrische Feld weite Teile der Flamme durchsetzt, in denen es keine stabilisierende oder schadstoffmindernde Wirkung entfaltet. Die Berührung der Elektroden durch elektrisch leitfähige Be- reiche der Flamme wird weitest gehend vermieden. Damit wird der durch das elektrische Feld induzierte Strom erheblich verringert und in dem selben Maße der Bedarf an elektrischer Leistung reduziert. Darüber hinaus nimmt die Wahrscheinlich- keit von störenden elektrischen Durchschlägen stark ab. Der vergleichsweise geringe Elektrodenabstand führt zu einem im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik verringerten Spannungsbedarf bei gleicher elektrischer Feldstärke.In the arrangements described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 6, the desired influencing of the combustion process by electric fields is achieved without the electric field penetrating large parts of the flame in which it does not have a stabilizing or pollutant-reducing effect. Touching the electrodes by electrically conductive rich in the flame is largely avoided. This significantly reduces the current induced by the electric field and reduces the need for electric power to the same extent. In addition, the likelihood of disruptive electrical breakdowns is greatly reduced. The comparatively small electrode spacing leads to a reduced voltage requirement compared to the prior art with the same electrical field strength.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Anordnungen zur Beeinflussung von Flammen mit Hilfe elektrischer Mittel sind gleichermaßen zum Betrieb mit Gleichspannung, pulsierender oder getakteter Gleichspannung und Wechselspannung sowie Gleichspannung mit überlagerter Wechselspannung geeignet. Bei der Anwendung ei- ner Gleichspannung ist die Polarität des Brenners vorzugsweise negativ.The arrangements according to the invention for influencing flames with the aid of electrical means are equally suitable for operation with direct voltage, pulsating or pulsed direct voltage and alternating voltage as well as direct voltage with superimposed alternating voltage. When using a DC voltage, the polarity of the burner is preferably negative.
Weiterhin lassen sich dem System Sensoren zuordnen: Ein erster Sensor erfasst die Frequenz etwaig vorhandener Verbren- nungsschwingungen. Ein zweiter Sensor misst die Schadstoffkonzentration im Abgasstrom der Flamme. Die Sensoren liefern Eingangssignale für eine nicht im einzelnen dargestellte Regelungseinheit, welche die Frequenz, Amplitude und Phase der an die Elektroden angelegten Spannung derart steuert, dass die Verbrennungsschwingungen und die Schadstoffkonzentration minimal werden. Sensors can also be assigned to the system: a first sensor detects the frequency of any combustion vibrations that may be present. A second sensor measures the pollutant concentration in the exhaust gas flow of the flame. The sensors supply input signals for a control unit, not shown in detail, which controls the frequency, amplitude and phase of the voltage applied to the electrodes in such a way that the combustion vibrations and the pollutant concentration are minimal.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1.Verfahren zur Beeinflussung von Verbrennungsvorgängen bei Brennstoffen, bei dem elektrische Mittel zur Führung und/oder Änderung einer Flamme eingesetzt werden, mit folgenden Maßnahmen:1.Procedure for influencing combustion processes with fuels, in which electrical means for guiding and / or changing a flame are used, with the following measures:
- die Flamme wird der Einwirkung eines elektrischen Feldes ausgesetzt,- the flame is exposed to an electric field,
- dabei werden die felderzeugenden Elektroden auf der der Flamme abgewandten Seite der Brenneröffnung derart angeordnet, dass es keine gerade Verbindungslinie zwischen Elektroden entgegengesetzter Polarität gibt, die die Flamme durchsetzt,the field-generating electrodes are arranged on the side of the burner opening facing away from the flame in such a way that there is no straight connecting line between electrodes of opposite polarity which passes through the flame,
- wodurch das elektrische Feld nur solche Bereiche der Flam- me durchsetzt, in denen es eine stabilisierende und schad- stoffmindernde Wirkung entfaltet.- whereby the electric field only penetrates those areas of the flame in which it has a stabilizing and pollutant-reducing effect.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass vorgemischte Gase verwendet werden.2. The method of claim 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that premixed gases are used.
3. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass thermoakus- tische Emissionen vermindert werden.3. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that thermoacoustic emissions are reduced.
4. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1 oder einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, unter Verwendung von stabilisierenden und schadstoffmindernden Mitteln zur Beeinflussung der Flamme bei einem Verbrennungsvorgang, wobei die Mittel durch Elektroden am Brenner gebildet werden, d a - d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Elektroden (5, 6) außerhalb des Bereiches der Flamme (2) angeordnet sind und der der Flamme abgewandten Seite der Brenneröffnung angeordnet sind und es keine gerade Verbindungslinie zwischen Elektroden entgegengesetzter Polarität gibt, die die Flamme durchsetzt. 4. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1 or one of claims 2 or 3, using stabilizing and pollutant-reducing agents for influencing the flame in a combustion process, the means being formed by electrodes on the burner, since - characterized in that the electrodes (5, 6) are arranged outside the area of the flame (2) and the side of the burner opening facing away from the flame and there is no straight connecting line between electrodes of opposite polarity which passes through the flame.
5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass wenigstens eine ringförmige, den Brenner (1) weiträumig umschließende Elektrode (6) vorhanden ist.5. The device according to claim 4, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that at least one annular, the burner (1) widely surrounding electrode (6) is present.
6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass weiterhin eine ringförmige Elektrode (5) unmittelbar am Brenner (1) auf der der Flamme abgewandten Seite der Brenneröffnung vorhanden ist.6. The device according to claim 5, so that an annular electrode (5) is also present directly on the burner (1) on the side of the burner opening facing away from the flame.
7. Vorrichtung nach einer der Ansprüche 4 bis 6, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass eine Stabelektrode (6a) koaxial innerhalb des Brenners (1) angeordnet ist.7. Device according to one of claims 4 to 6, that a rod electrode (6a) is arranged coaxially within the burner (1).
8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der Brenner (1) von mehreren, auf dem Umfang um die Flamme (2) angeordneten Elektroden (12, 13) umgeben ist.8. Device according to one of claims 4 to 7, that the burner (1) is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes (12, 13) arranged on the circumference around the flame (2).
9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Elektroden (12, 13) symmetrisch um den Brenner (1) angeordnet sind.9. The device according to claim 8, so that the electrodes (12, 13) are arranged symmetrically around the burner (1).
10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 11 oder 12, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Elektroden zentrisch auf den Brenner (1) gerichtete Stabelektroden (13a bis 13d) sind.10. Device according to one of claims 11 or 12, so that the electrodes are rod electrodes (13a to 13d) centered on the burner (1).
11. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 10, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass Sensoren für die Frequenz und Amplitude von Verbrennungsschwingungen und/ oder die Schadstoffkonzentration im Abgasstrom vorhanden sind, die durch wenigstens eine Steuer- und/oder Regelvor- richtung Frequenz, Amplitude und Phase der angelegten Spannung so steuern, dass die Verbrennungsschwingungen bzw. die Schadstoffkonzentration im Abgas minimiert werden. 11. Device according to one of claims 4 to 10, characterized in that sensors for the frequency and amplitude of combustion vibrations and / or the pollutant concentration in the exhaust gas flow are present, which by at least one control and / or regulating device frequency, amplitude and phase Control the applied voltage so that the combustion vibrations or the pollutant concentration in the exhaust gas are minimized.
EP02760113A 2001-08-01 2002-07-31 Method and device for influencing combustion processes involving combustibles Expired - Lifetime EP1412675B1 (en)

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US20070026354A1 (en) 2007-02-01
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US7137808B2 (en) 2006-11-21
EP1412675B1 (en) 2006-09-06

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