Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06M—COUNTING MECHANISMS; COUNTING OF OBJECTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06M1/00—Design features of general application
  • G06M1/08—Design features of general application for actuating the drive
  • G06M1/10—Design features of general application for actuating the drive by electric or magnetic means
  • G06M1/101—Design features of general application for actuating the drive by electric or magnetic means by electro-optical means
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
  • G08B13/16—Actuation by interference with mechanical vibrations in air or other fluid
  • G08B13/1609—Actuation by interference with mechanical vibrations in air or other fluid using active vibration detection systems
  • G08B13/1645—Actuation by interference with mechanical vibrations in air or other fluid using active vibration detection systems using ultrasonic detection means and other detection means, e.g. microwave or infrared radiation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
  • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
  • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
  • G08B13/19—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems
  • G08B13/191—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems using pyroelectric sensor means

Definitions

• the object of the invention is a system for counting living beings, moving on a first surface and passing through a second cylindrical surface of substantially vertical generator.
• a system consists of a set of N thermal radiation detection cells and an electronic device for acquiring and processing the signals delivered by these cells.
• US Pat. No. 5,068,537 describes another system for counting living beings in motion using a large number of cells arranged on a single line. The system is designed so that a medium-sized living being is detected by at least two cells. Each cell having only one detector, the system does not allow the determination of the direction of crossing of the living beings counted.
• thermopiles which are characterized by their ability to detect even very slow variations in temperature in their field of vision.
• the system for counting living beings that is the subject of the invention comprises a set of N thermal radiation detection cells as well as an electronic device for acquiring and processing the signals delivered by these cells.
• Each cell comprises in particular a thermopile comprising at least one sensitive element, a means focusing the thermal radiation on the sensitive elements of this thermopile, this focusing means creating an elongated field of vision in a direction, a mask limiting this field of vision and a amplifier of the signal delivered by the thermopile.
• the N detection cells are equally distributed according to two curves when N is even and are distributed according to two curves with a difference of one unit when N is odd, the distribution cells on each curve being uniform at an identical pitch P for each of the two curves, one of these curves identifying with the director of the cylindrical surface traversed by living beings, and the other curve being distant from the previous one with a length D equal to at least 5 cm, the direction of elongation of the field of vision of each cell being substantially tangent to one of the two curves.
• a filter generally placed in the thermopile in front of the sensitive element limits the sensitivity to thermal radiation from temperature bodies close to ambient temperature, which corresponds to far infrared radiation in the band of wavelengths from 7 to About 14 ⁇ m.
• the focusing means of each cell is adapted to the number, the arrangement and the geometry of the sensitive element or elements of the thermopile so as to create a field of vision elongated in one direction and as narrow as possible in the direction perpendicular to the previous one.
• the focusing means is preferably produced using one or more lenses. It can optionally be made by pinhole or by mirror.
• thermopile comprises a single sensitive element with an elongated surface or when the thermopile comprises an alignment of sensitive elements whose surfaces have dimensions which are substantially similar in two orthogonal directions.
• several lenses are used, preferably when the thermopile has only one sensitive element, the surface of which has dimensions which are substantially similar in two orthogonal directions.
• step P of distribution of the detection cells close to the width of a living being statistically representative of the beings of minimum size belonging to the population to be counted.
• this step P is substantially equal to 45 cm.
• the system which is the subject of the invention is used to count living beings crossing a plane; in this case, the curves on which the cells are distributed are parallel lines.
• the opening of the field of vision can be chosen for each cell belonging to the same line, so as to ensure the juxtaposition of the zones seen by two successive cells on the same line, at a height close to the minimum size of a living being statistically representative of the beings belonging to the population to be counted.
• a first task of this algorithm initializes the parameters specifying the configuration of the system.
• a second task of this algorithm successively ensures for each cell, the reading and processing of the digital values delivered by the electronic acquisition device.
• a third task of this algorithm ensures the adaptation of the sensitivity threshold of the cells.
• a fourth task of this algorithm analyzes for all the couples of successive cells the information resulting from the second task.
• a fifth task of this algorithm analyzes the results of the fourth task and deduces therefrom the counting of living beings, their direction of crossing and their speed of movement.
• a sixth task of this algorithm exploits the counting thus obtained according to the envisaged application.
• a seventh task of this algorithm manages the execution rate of the preceding tasks according to the sampling frequency of the signals delivered by the cells.
• the fifth task of the algorithm can be designed so as to allow the grouping, in the form of entities, of the pairs of successive cells for which the information originating from the fourth task of the algorithm corresponds to the crossing of a living being or a group of living beings, the information from the couples of each entity specifying this number of living beings, the direction of their crossing and the speed of their displacement.
• the system for counting living things which is the subject of the invention offers various advantages over known systems and in particular its easy integration for any passage width to be monitored; its excellent metering performance even at a low passage height; its adaptability of implantation in particular environments; its ability to count dense crowds and slow moving living things.
• FIGS. 1 to 14 The system for counting living beings that is the subject of the invention can be described without limitation by means of the following example illustrated by FIGS. 1 to 14. This example corresponds to the counting of human beings crossing a plane, using eight equally spaced cells on two lines.
• FIG. 1 schematically represents a system which is the subject of the invention comprising eight cells arranged in two alignments.
• FIGS. 2a and 2b represent two views of a thermal radiation detection cell used in the system shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1.
• Figure 3 shows an array of Fresnel lenses used in the cell shown in Figures 2a and 2b.
• FIGS. 4a and 4b show the cell shown in Figures 2a and 2b with its field of vision.
• FIGS. 5a and 5b represent two views, in two orthogonal directions, of a group of two successive cells, each of them belonging to a different alignment, as well as the fields of vision of these cells.
• Figure 6a shows, in top view, five successive cells belonging to the system shown in Figure 1.
• Figures 6b and 6c show, in top view, the areas seen by the five cells shown schematically in Figure 6a, respectively at the level 1 m and at ground level.
• FIGS. 7a to 7e show, in top view, five successive phases of the crossing of a human being perpendicular to the alignments of the cells and for a representation of the areas seen according to FIG. 6b.
• FIG. 7z schematizes the temporal evolution of the signals delivered by the thermopile of each cell, for the crossing defined by FIGS. 7a to 7e.
• FIGS. 8a to 8e represent, in top view, five successive phases of the crossing of a human being obliquely to the alignments of the cells and for a representation of the zones seen according to FIG. 6b.
• FIG. 8z diagrams the temporal evolution of the signals delivered by the thermopile of each cell, for the crossing defined by FIGS. 8a to 8e.
• FIG. 9 shows the chronological sequence, in the form of a flowchart, of the various tasks for processing the electrical signals delivered by the cells.
• FIGS 10, 11, 12 and 13 show four specific tasks in the flowchart shown in Figure 9.
• Figure 14 shows the table used by the particular task shown in Figure 13.
• FIG. 1 shows the ground 0, a set of eight thermal radiation detection cells distributed in two alignments, a first alignment 1 comprising four cells 11; 12; 13; 14, a second alignment 2 comprising four cells 21; 22; 23; 24, two human beings 4 and 5, an electronic device 6 for acquiring and digitizing the signals delivered by the cells, these signals possibly being sampled at the level of the cells, an electronic device 7 for processing the digital values delivered by the device acquisition 6, a device 8 for exploiting the information coming from the processing device 7, a medium 3 connecting all the cells to the acquisition device 6.
• the eight cones Ill at l l4 and l21 at l24 diagram the fields of vision of each of the cells. The intersections of these cones with a plane parallel to the ground 0 and situated at a height of 1 m define the zones seen at this height and are shown diagrammatically by the eight ellipses 211 to 214 and 221 to 224.
• FIG. 2a is a schematic section of a cell by a plane perpendicular to the two alignments of the cells.
• FIG. 2b is a schematic section of the same cell, orthogonal to the section shown in Figure 2a.
• This cell comprises a thermopile 30, the sensitive element 31 of which provides an electrical signal of small amplitude proportional to the thermal radiation received through the infrared filter 32, an amplification and shaping stage 33 of the electrical signal delivered by the thermopile 30 , a device 38 connecting the amplification and shaping stage 33 to the medium 3, an array of Fresnel lenses 34 with focal distance 40, placed at a distance equal to this focal distance 40 in front of the sensitive element 31 of the thermopile 30, a mask 35 placed in front of the array of Fresnel lenses 34 and a sealed housing 36, opaque to electromagnetic radiation and the inner surface of which absorbs thermal radiation.
• the array of Fresnel lenses 34 comprises eight elements 34a to 34h.
• FIG. 3 represents the network of Fresnel lenses 34.
• This network is made up of eight elementary Fresnel lenses 34a at 34h. These lenses are juxtaposed and their optical centers are aligned along the straight line 39.
• Figures 4a and 4b show the cell shown in Figures 2a and 2b according to the same projections. These figures show the elementary fields of vision 37c, 37d, 37e and 37f associated with the unmasked elementary Fresnel lenses 34c, 34d, 34e and 34f.
• FIGS. 5a and 5b represent successive cells 11 and 21 as well as their respective fields of vision 111 and 121. These two cells belong to a different alignment.
• Figure 5a shows the fields of vision perpendicular to the normal direction of movement of human beings.
• Figure 5b shows the fields of vision according to the normal direction of movement of human beings.
• the view represented in FIG. 5a highlights the small opening of the fields of vision 111 and 121 as well as the small distance D 42 between the two alignments 1 and 2.
• the view represented in FIG. 5b highlights the significant opening of the fields of vision 111 and 121 as well as the half-step P / 2 41 between these cells.
• Figure 6a shows a top view of the five cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13 arranged in the two alignments 1 and 2 distant from the distance D 42. This view also shows the half-step P / 2 41 between two successive cells.
• Figure 6b shows a top view of the arrangement of zones 211; 221; 212; 222; 213 views at a height of 1 m above ground level 0 and corresponding respectively to cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13.
• This FIG. 6b highlights the juxtaposition of the zones seen by two successive cells arranged on the same alignment.
• FIG. 6c shows a top view of the arrangement of the zones seen at ground level 0, 311; 321; 312; 322; 313 corresponding respectively to cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13.
• This FIG. 6c highlights the partial superposition of the zones seen by two successive cells arranged on the same alignment.
• FIGS. 7a to 7e respectively represent, in top view, five successive phases a, b, c, d, e of the crossing of a human being 4 perpendicular to the alignments 1 and 2, as well as the areas seen at a height of 1 m above the level of ground, shown in Figure 6b.
• FIG. 7z diagrams the oscillograms of the electrical signals 411; 421; 412; 422; 413 delivered respectively by cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13.
• the level of each electrical signal 411; 421; 412; 422; 413 is linked to the fraction of the view area occupied by the human being which crosses the fields of vision of the cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13.
• phase a human being 4 is not present in any of the areas seen 211; 221; 212; 222; 213.
• the electrical signals 411; 421; 412; 422; 413 shown in Figure 7z have a zero level.
• phase b human being 4 completely occupies the zone seen 212.
• the level of signal 413 has a peak of very low amplitude.
• the areas seen 211; 221; 222 are not occupied by humans 4.
• the levels of the corresponding signals 411; 421; 422 remain void.
• human being 4 continues to occupy the entire view area 212.
• the level of signal 412 remains at a maximum. Human being 4 partially occupies the seen areas 221 and 222.
• the level of signals 421 and 422 is medium.
• the areas seen 211 and 213 are not occupied by humans 4.
• phase d the human being 4 leaves the view area 212.
• the level of the signal 412 becomes zero again.
• Human being 4 continues to partially occupy the zones seen 221 and 222.
• the level of signals 421 and 422 remains medium.
• the areas seen 211 and 213 are not occupied by human beings 4.
• the levels of the corresponding signals 411 and 413 remain zero.
• phase e human being 4 leaves the seen areas 221 and 222.
• the level of signals 421 and 422 becomes zero again.
• the areas seen 211; 212; 213 are not occupied by humans 4.
• the levels of the corresponding signals 411; 412; 413 remain void.
• FIGS. 8a to 8e respectively represent, in top view, five successive phases a, b, c, d, e of the crossing of a human being 5 obliquely with the alignments 1 and 2, as well as the zones seen at a height of 1 m above ground level, shown in Figure 6b.
• FIG. 8z diagrams the oscillograms of the electrical signals 511; 521; 512; 522; 513 delivered respectively by cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13.
• each electrical signal 511; 521; 512; 522; 513 is linked to the fraction of the view area occupied by humans which crosses the fields of vision of cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13. In phase a, human being 5 is not present in any of the areas seen 211; 221; 212; 222; 213.
• the electrical signals 511; 521; 512; 522; 513 shown in Figure 8z have a zero level.
• phase b human being 5 partially occupies the areas seen 212 and 213.
• the level of signals 512 and 513 is medium.
• the areas seen 211; 221; 222 are not occupied by human beings 5.
• the levels of the corresponding signals 511; 521; 522 are void.
• phase c human being 5 occupies almost the entire view area 212.
• the level of signal 512 reaches a maximum.
• the human being 5 partially occupies the seen areas 221 and 222.
• the level of the signals 521 and 522 is medium.
• the areas seen 211 and 213 are not occupied by human beings 5.
• the levels of the corresponding signals 511 and 513 remain zero.
• phase d human being 5 leaves the seen areas 212 and 222.
• the level of signals 512 and 522 becomes zero again. Human 5 fully occupies the view area 221.
• the level of signal 521 reaches a maximum.
• the areas seen 211 and 213 are not occupied by human beings 5.
• the levels of the corresponding signals 511 and 513 remain zero.
• phase e human being 5 leaves the view area 221.
• the level of signal 521 becomes zero again.
• the areas seen 211; 212; 213; 222 are not occupied by human beings 5.
• the levels of the corresponding signals 511; 512; 513; 522 remain void. All the levels of the signals being zero, the human being 5 will be able to be counted with discrimination of the direction of crossing of the alignments.
• FIG. 9 shows the chronological sequence, in the form of a flowchart, of the various tasks for processing in real time the digital values originating from the electronic device 6 for acquiring and digitizing the electrical signals 411; 421; 412; 422; 413, delivered by the five cells 11; 21; 12; 22; 13.
• This flowchart is implemented by the electronic device 7.
• the flowchart in FIG. 9 has an entry point 601 and an exit point 699. It comprises seven tasks 603; 700; 800; 900; 1000; 605; 607.
• the task 603 allows the initialization of the parameters specifying the configuration of the counting system: number of cells, height of the cells with respect to the ground, pitch P and distance D as well as processing parameters: sampling frequency of the electrical signals delivered by cells and initial cell sensitivity threshold.
• the task 603 positions the cells in the INVALID memorized state as well as the pairs of successive cells, that is to say the pairs such as the pair 11; 21 couple monitoring 21; 12, itself followed by the couple 12; 22 and so on, in the INVALID memorized state.
• Task 700 successively ensures for each cell the reading and processing of the digital values delivered by the electronic device 6.
• the task 800 ensures for the system object of the invention the adaptation of the sensitivity threshold of the cells, used by the task 700.
• the task 900 analyzes for all the couples of successive cells, the information resulting from the task 700.
• Task 1000 analyzes the results of task 900 and deduces the count of human beings.
• Task 605 allows the electronic device 8 to use the counting performed by task 1000, depending on the application envisaged.
• Task 607 manages the execution rate of tasks 700 to 605 according to the sampling frequency; this task 607 is executed at all times (t). To this end, task 607 delays the connection 607/1 to task 700.
• Task 607 also makes it possible to permanently quit the execution of tasks 700 to 605 by connection 607/0 to exit point 699.
• an index k is associated with each cell.
• the value 1 of the index k is associated with an extreme cell, 11 for example; the value 2 of the index k is associated with the successive cell, here cell 21, and so on.
• an index m is associated with each pair of successive cells.
• the value 1 of the index m is associated with an extreme torque, 11; 21 for example; the value 2 of the index m is associated with the successive couple, here the couple 21; 12, and so on.
• FIGS 10, 11, 12 and 13 show respectively in the form of flowcharts the chronological sequence of the elementary tasks constituting the tasks 700;
• This task repeats for each digital value delivered by the electromechanical device 6 the elementary tasks 705 to 719.
• Task 703 initializes the index k associated with the cell whose digital value is read and processed to 1.
• Task 705 controls the acquisition and digitization by the electronic device 6 of the electrical signal delivered at the instant (t) by the cell considered.
• Task 707 processes the digital value delivered by task 705 with a view to homogenizing all the digital values of the signals delivered.
• Task 709 stores the value processed by task 707 if it corresponds to a local maximum, determined from values previously processed by task 707 for this cell.
• the value memorized by task 709 is used for the adaptation in task 800 of the cell sensitivity threshold.
• Test 711 checks the superiority of the value processed by task 707 over the sensitivity threshold of the cells.
• the 711/1 connection is effective if the 711 test is TRUE; in this case a human being is in the field of vision of the cell considered.
• Task 712 stores the value processed by task 707 and the instant (t); it positions the cell in question in the ACTIVE instant state.
• Test 713 checks the superiority of the value processed by task 707 over the sensitivity threshold of the cells, at the previous instant (t-1).
• Connection 713/1 is effective if test 713 is TRUE; in this case a human being has just left the field of vision of the cell in question; task 715 analyzes the successive values memorized by task 712 in order to extract therefrom information characteristic of the crossing of a human being: instant of start of the crossing, instant of end of the crossing, instant corresponding to the median of the memorized values and average of these values; it positions the cell considered in the memorized state
• VALID All this information is stored for analysis by task 900. Connection 713/0 is effective if test 713 is FALSE; in this case, no human being is in the field of vision of the cell considered.
• Task 714 positions the cell considered in the PASSIVE instant state.
• Task 717 increments the index k associated with a cell.
• Test 719 checks that the new index k is less than or equal to the total number of cells. Connection 719/1 is effective if test 719 is TRUE; in this case all the cells have not been treated and we return to task 705.
• Connection 719/0 is effective if test 719 is FALSE; in this case all the cells have been treated.
• This task comprises two elementary tasks 803 and 805 ensuring the adaptation of the sensitivity threshold of the cells as a function of the last V values stored.
• V being chosen arbitrarily according to the application, for example according to the frequency of crossing of living beings or according to a fixed number of crossings; this number can be chosen in the range from 20 to 100.
• the test 803 verifies that all the cells are in the instantaneous state PASSIVE and that at least V values have been memorized by task 709 of task 700.
• the connection 803/1 is effective if test 803 is TRUE; in this case, the sensitivity threshold of the cells can be adapted.
• Task 805 calculates the moving average over all of the last V values stored by task 709 in FIG. 10 and deduces therefrom the new sensitivity threshold of the cells.
• the 803/0 connection is effective if the 803 test is FALSE; in this case the sensitivity threshold of the cells cannot be adjusted.
• This task repeats for each pair of cells the elementary tasks 905 to 911. It analyzes the characteristic information extracted for each cell by the task 700 and deduces therefrom the characteristic information of each pair.
• Task 903 initializes the index m associated with the pair of cells to be analyzed to 1.
• the 905 test verifies that the two cells forming the couple considered are in the VALID memorized state and that there is a period of common occupation during which the human being is simultaneously in the field of vision of the two cells, which amounts to to consider that the human being is in the field of vision of the couple.
• the 905/1 connection is effective if test 905 is TRUE.
• Task 907 analyzes the characteristic information extracted for each cell of the pair of successive cells considered and deduces therefrom the characteristic information of the crossing of a human being for this pair: instant of start of common occupation, instant of end of common occupation , mean of the couple, that is to say mean of the means calculated for the cells of the couple, signature of the chronology of occupation of the cells of the couple; the state of the pair of successive cells is considered to be VALID.
• the signature of the chronology of occupation of the cells of the couple is chosen arbitrarily POSITIVE if the human being crosses the alignment 1 then the alignment 2 and NEGATIVE if the human being crosses the alignment 2 then the alignment 1.
• the 905/0 connection is effective if test 905 is FALSE.
• Task 909 increments the index m associated with a couple.
• the 911 test checks that the new index m is less than or equal to the total number of couples.
• the 911/1 connection is effective if the 911 test is TRUE; in this case all the couples have not been analyzed and we return to test 905.
• the 911/0 connection is effective if the 911 test is FALSE; in this case all the couples have been analyzed.
• Task 1003 initializes at 1 l index m associated with the pair of cells to be analyzed and initializes the content of the entity to zero, which means that the entity contains no pair.
• Test 1005 verifies that the torque considered is in the VALID state. The 1005/0 connection is effective if the 1005 test is FALSE.
• Task 1006 resets the content of the entity to zero, which means that the entity contains no pairs.
• the 1005/1 connection is effective if the 1005 test is TRUE.
• Task 1007 includes the couple considered in the entity.
• Test 1009 verifies that there is a period of time during which one or more human beings are in the field of vision of the couple considered and of the next couple.
• the 1009/0 connection is effective if the 1009 test is FALSE; in this case, the entity is complete, it can be analyzed to count human beings.
• Task 1011 uses the table shown in Figure 14 to analyze the entity and determine in real time the number of human beings and their direction of crossing.
• Task 1013 updates the characteristic information of the pairs and cells contained in the entity then re-initializes the content of the entity to 0. The state of these couples and the memorized state of these cells are repositioned at l INVALID state.
• the 1009/1 connection is effective if the 1009 test is TRUE; in this case, the following couple is likely to be included in the entity.
• Task 1015 increments the index m associated with a couple.
• Test 1017 checks that the new index m is less than or equal to the total number of couples.
• Connection 1017/1 is effective if test 1017 is TRUE; in this case all the couples have not been analyzed and we return to test 1005.
• Connection 1017/0 is effective if test 1017 is FALSE; in this case all the couples have been analyzed.
• Figure 14 shows the table for analyzing the characteristic numbers of the entity created during task 1000.
• This table has as many columns and rows as there are cells in the system.
• This table defines the number of human beings associated with the entity as well as their crossing direction according to the characteristic numbers of the entity.
• the column numbers correspond to the possible values taken by the number X and the row numbers correspond to the possible values taken by the number Y.
• the empty boxes in the table correspond to impossible situations; the other boxes in the table contain either a letter or at least a signed integer whose module represents the number of human beings counted and whose sign corresponds to the initial crossing of alignment 1 if it is positive and to the crossing initial alignment 2 if it is negative.
• the letters A, B and C in the table correspond to the special cases for which the counting of human beings is conditioned by additional information.
• the letter A is to be replaced by (+1) when the average of the couple with the POSITIVE signature is greater than the average of the couple with the NEGATIVE signature.
• the letter A is to be replaced by (-1) when the average of the couple with the POSITIVE signature is lower than the average of the couple with the NEGATIVE signature.
• the letter B is to be replaced by the set (+1) & (-1) when the couple with the POSITIVE signature has been included in the entity before or after the other couples and by (- 2) in other cases.
• the letter C is to be replaced by the set (+1) & (-1) when the couple with the NEGATIVE signature has been included in the entity before or after the other couples and by (+2) in other cases.

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