EP1131880A1

EP1131880A1 - Electric machine

Info

Publication number: EP1131880A1
Application number: EP99962143A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Jörg Bobzin
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1998-11-16
Filing date: 1999-11-11
Publication date: 2001-09-12
Also published as: JP2002531040A; WO2000030238B1; DE19852650A1; AU1859000A; WO2000030238A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to an electric machine presenting a constructive base form that enables said machine to be used both as a motor and as a generator and to provide a high yield of the air-core coil on the smallest area possible for rotating and linear movements. In the case of the present constructive base form, the air-core coil (3) comprises two coil sides which are located opposite from opposed magnetic poles (27) when the energy conversion is maximal and have thus a complementary action. The air-core coil, which is not in contact with the reflux material, is approximately located at the centre of an air gap (4) formed by a field device (6, 7) or an air gap (4) comprising one or more air-gap sections (4', 4'',...), and is capable of displacement relative to said sections. Each coil side extends though the air gap sections (4', 4'',...), has geometrical shape that changes at its section in a direction transverse to the displacement direction, is curved or bent about at least one body (6) of the field device and is essentially located within the air gap (4). The structure of the air gap and of the air-core coils located therein provides an optimal compliance to M. Faraday's ideal conditions concerning energy conversion during the relative displacement between an electric lead and the magnetic field, and also ensures an optimal quantitative and qualitative yield of the copper within said air-core coils. This invention can be used in the production of highly compact machines, which results in numerous other advantages in terms of applications, manufacturing and production costs. These machines and the high yield they offer can be use, e.g., as motors for extremely rapid adjustment operations or as driving mechanisms for vehicles and as generators for lighting dynamos in vehicles or for wind energy plants.

Description

Electrical machine

The invention relates to an electrical machine according to the preamble of claims 1 and 2, which consists of an air gap winding with at least one air coil, which has no contact with back yoke material, and each air coil is simultaneously in the effective range of both magnetic poles. This means that at the moment of maximum energy conversion, each coil side of an air coil is in the effective field of a pole type and the pole type of the two coil sides is different and their effects in the air coil complement each other (definition: two-pole air coil), with the field-free conductor areas between the coil side neighboring poles belong to the same type of pole (definition: coil side). Two sides of the coil are connected directly or by conductors, to form a closed or open air coil, the portion of which is very large in the direction of movement and is therefore referred to as an ineffective conductor or, if it lies outside the field, generally as a winding head.

These machines are as rotating machines with a radial magnetic field e.g. Known as a bell-type motor in DE PS 973 746, in which the air gap between the jacket sides of two nested cylinders, of which the exterior is a hollow cylinder, which is penetrated by a radial magnetic field and in which the air coils each extend axially and relatively turn to the connected cylinders.

The advantage of these machines lies in the use of high peripheral speeds and, in the case of bell runners, in the simple assembly and production.

A disadvantage of this is that the ineffective portion of the conductor within an air coil is very large. Another disadvantage is that the effective proportion of conductors within an air coil can then only be increased by an axial extension of the winding, which, however, has its limits for mechanical reasons and then space problems that arise, and especially for bell-type rotors due to the fact that the winding is only supported on one side is severely restricted so that its maximum power is limited to less than 100 W.

Furthermore, these machines are in rotating form with an axial magnetic field as in e.g. DE PS 839 062 known, in which the air gap between two coaxially mounted disks of an air gap-limiting field device, which is penetrated by an axial field and in which the air coils extend radially and are connected to one another

Rotate discs.

The advantage here is the small axial expansion of the machine.

However, the copper losses within an air coil are very large because of a distortion of the

There are winding heads, the winding heads close to the axis being very short and those in the

The circumferential area of the machine is disproportionately long, so that the proportion of conductors within an air coil is effective to the direction of movement, is small and the ratio to the ineffective conductor portion is unfavorable. The effective proportion of conductors in these machines is also greatly restricted, since their expansion leads to unwieldy machine diameters and, for coil rotors, centrifugal force problems due to the large winding head masses in the peripheral area.

On the other hand, there is the problem with these axial and radial field machines that the coil and pole width in air coils are closely related to the length of the ineffective conductor portions or to the copper losses within the air coil. In order to keep these small, only small pole and coil widths can be used, which, however, has the disadvantages that the poles of these high-pole machines are on the one hand weak and on the other hand the eddy current losses within the winding increase due to the many pole transitions. This dependency makes machine design very complex and severely limits it.

In addition, a rotating axial field motor is known in JP 0550083449 AA, in which the air gap is between three coaxially mounted disks, each between the middle disk and the two outer disks, the middle disk carrying permanent magnet poles on its two end faces, and each air coil the outer edges of the middle pane is folded several times and in the air gap on both sides the middle one. The disk extends in the direction of the axis and rotates relative to the disks connected to one another. The advantages of this arrangement are the relatively small diameter with a relatively small axial expansion of the machine and the axial approach of the winding heads of each air coil on both sides. The effective proportion of conductors within the air coil is in two disc-shaped ones. axially magnetized air gap areas and the ineffective conductor areas lie in the near-axis and in the peripheral area of each air coil. There are high copper losses here, especially in the peripheral area, since each coil side is folded twice around a thick, double magnetic disk, which is preferably also equipped with a yoke core. In addition, because of the high peripheral speed, the highly effective conductor portions in this area, which are much more effective than those in the disk-shaped air gap area, are not used. When used as a coil rotor, these unused conductor areas even lead to centrifugal force problems due to the large conductor mass in the peripheral area.

Furthermore, linearly operating machines are known, such as those used in "small electric motors". Helmut Moczala, p.218 Fig. 9.25, expert-Verlag 1993, for an electronically commutated bobbin. In these machines, the air gap is between two rectangular, elongated plates of an air gap-limiting field device, the magnetic field of which penetrates the air gap by the air coil extending transversely to the Direction of movement extends and the winding heads or ineffective conductors each lie on an outer edge of the plates.

With them, the ratio of the effective to the ineffective conductor portion within a two-pole air coil depends strongly on the width of the machine across the direction of movement. However, this machine width is very limited because it would lead to unwieldy machines. The copper utilization within an air coil is very unfavorable here and the machines also take up a lot of space.

The invention is based on the knowledge that these machines and thus far no electrical machine. found by Michael Faraday, ideal conditions for the energy conversion during the relative movement between conductor and magnetic field in quality (perpendicularity condition between the vectors of the conductor, the field and the speed) and quantity (maximizing the deposits of the vectors) satisfactory in its entirety for electrical machines with two-pole Air coils.

This applies above all to the fact that within a two-pole air coil, the conductor portion is perpendicular to the direction of movement, with perpendicular penetration by magnetic

Field, is very low.

If you want to improve this effective conductor share in existing machines, this leads to impractical machine sizes and is limited due to centrifugal and vibration problems.

Furthermore, the quality conditions to use the conductor in high-speed areas and the use of the advantages of an axial approach of the air coil were not in the

Together ⁴ gD g Cesehen.

The constructive forms of existing air coil machines limit the implementation of the ideal conditions found by Faraday very much. which has the consequence. that the ineffective conductor within a two-pole air coil is very large compared to the effective conductor portion, so that the copper losses within an air coil are very large.

This poor copper utilization, in quality and quantity, within an air coil of the existing machines severely limits the performance and the efficiency and has a number of further problems and disadvantages depending on the application.

These consist of an increased ohmic and inductive resistance and an increased

Coil mass. This leads to heat problems, to large machine volumes, to an increased electrical time constant and start-up time constant and thus leads to low dynamics for

Engines.

The increased start-up time constant results in a slow start-up, which is disadvantageous both for motors and for generators, for example for small wind turbines. If the copper losses within an air coil are reduced by smaller coil and pole widths, this leads to multi-pole machines with smaller pole thickness, increased eddy current losses within the winding and, in the case of direct current machines, increased commutation effort, both for mechanically and electronically commutated machines.

Due to the poor conductor utilization, a lot of magnetic material has to be used in order to achieve a desired output, so that the magnet expenditure in relation to the output is very large.

In addition, the machine mass and the machine dimensions increase in diameter, in the axial length or in the extent transverse to the direction of movement, which is disadvantageous for many applications and especially in vehicles and aircraft and in space travel. The increased heat loss results in a limitation of the performance of the machines. Overall, the losses reduce the efficiency of the machine, which has a particularly disadvantageous effect when used as a motor for battery operation (e.g. drive in vehicles such as fork brackets, electric cars and boats) and as a generator for feeding into a battery (e.g. vehicle alternator, small wind generators) .

Thus, the object of the invention is to create a compact, highly effective electrical machine which also offers the advantages of the existing machines and, moreover, creates the possibility of realizing Faraday's ideal conditions to a far greater extent than the known machines. This means increasing the conductor utilization within a two-pole air coil in a confined space in quality and quantity and thereby achieving practical, compact machine dimensions. In other words, the ratio of the effective to the ineffective conductor portion within a two-pole air coil must be increased in a confined space, so that more conductors within an air coil are effectively in the field, that more conductors are perpendicular to the field and that more conductors within the field have the possibility to lie at right angles to the direction of movement (depending on the winding instructions). In addition, the axial approach of the air coil is to be used advantageously in rotating machines by overall increasing the effective conductor portion within an air coil, and the use of the high peripheral speeds is to be combined with the advantages of the axial approach, and overall, greater flexibility is to be achieved the machine design in a wide range of performance classes and application areas and the aforementioned problems and disadvantages of the known machines are solved.

The object is achieved by an electrical machine having the features of patent claim 1 or 2.

The electrical machine according to the invention has an air gap or an air gap which consists of a plurality of air gap sections, which essentially delimits a field device is. which consists of at least one or more ith and 2nd bodies, which are arranged adjacent to each other and which lie opposite each other in the air gap, with at least one of the sides facing one another having magnetic poles which are magnetized perpendicularly to the air gap and extend transversely to a direction of movement, extend essentially over the full air gap, each subdivided as a whole pole or into partial poles, change in the direction of movement and their field runs essentially in a straight line, within the pole surface area of each pole, from one interface of the air gap to the opposite interface, to which either also magnetic poles belong and / or which consists at least predominantly of inference material. Furthermore, the electrical machine includes at least a two-pole air coil or a winding with two-pole air coils, which has no contact with the yoke material, is on average transverse to the direction of movement in the middle of the air gap, evenly spaced from the Ith and 2nd body in the air gap and extends relatively moved to the field device, and each coil side of the at least one air coil crosses the direction of movement, and is connected to another coil side at the outer edge of the air gap directly or via ineffective conductors to form at least one air coil. In solving the problem, the air gap, in cross section to the direction of movement, consists of at least two adjacent air gap sections, two of which are adjacent to each other and with one of their air gap interfaces, which belong to the first body, butt against each other at the common edge thus existing. Each coil side of the at least one air coil runs through all air gap sections of the air gap, changing their geometric shape at each of these edges, and each coil side making a bend or fold around the first body, and each coil side essentially running in the air gap. Alternatively, it can also be said here that each side of the coil, as it passes through the air gap, is bent or folded at the edge, and each side of the coil essentially runs in the air gap. Yet another alternative is that the air coil on the edge changes its geometric continuum at most twice and each side of the coil runs essentially in the air gap, whereby a Gomeric continuum is a series of interconnected points that form a geometric structure (e.g. straight line, Circle). In another solution to the problem, the air gap, in cross section to the direction of movement, consists of at least one arcuate air gap section, in which each coil side of the at least one air coil extends at least substantially the full arc length, and through the air gap sections of the air gap and essentially runs in the air gap.

Due to the described type of air gap course and the coil guide, in cross section to the direction of movement, a space-saving change of direction of the air gap and the air coils is achieved for the machine, in which the coil sides are essentially in the air gap, whereby the ratio of the effective coil portion to the coil width or . to the ineffective conductor portion within an air coil, significantly improved, and so within the Air coil very much conductor in a confined space is highly effective for energy conversion. so that the magnet and conductor material is better used. And the invention completely new

Includes machine forms.

This type of bending or folding enables an advantageous axial approximation of the

Coil sides in the sense of Faraday's ideal conditions.

The application spectrum of the electrical machines of the

The main concept of the first claim is greatly expanded and new ones are added

Service areas developed. Furthermore, this basically enables all problems of the task to be solved.

For the electrical machine invented in the main claim and in the subsidiary claim, the most important further developments are described in subclaims 3 to 37, as follows in detail here:

When looking at the course of the air gap, what is meant in the following is always the view, in cross section to the direction of movement.

The term field device means all parts of the electrical machine which serve to generate, store, conduct and limit the magnetic field within the machine, the air gap-limiting old and second bodies. air gap-limiting bodies in the folding area of the air coil, magnetic poles attached to one side of the conductor in the folding area, which have no directly opposite air gap limitation, and are connecting bodies between 1 tem and 2nd body.

In addition to the preferable possibility of closing the magnetic circuit via a conclusion of the Ith and 2nd body between adjacent magnetic poles, there is also the possibility of the magnetic circuit via connecting bodies. made mainly of inference material, between the opposite pole areas of the Ith and 2nd bodies in the air gap, with the connecting body e.g. in the case of rotating machines, the axis or shaft is preferred. Such a possibility comes into consideration if adjacent magnetic poles of an Ith or 2nd body are spaced apart and. are constructed magnetically isolated from one another at least in the pole region. That is the case. if slots are made between the poles, which are used for the passage of coolant to cool the winding. Conveniently, these slots are chamfered towards the direction of movement, so that they simultaneously promote the coolant as a propeller.

Ferromagnetic material is preferred as the inference material, for manufacturing and cost reasons. A further development consists in that the at least one arcuate air gap section is in the form of a circular arc. Arc-shaped air gap sections offer a very harmonious and effective field distribution.

In a further development of this, the lth body, in cross section to the direction of movement, is a circle or a partial circle, which is preferably a conclusion and the 2nd body essentially concentrically surrounds the Ith body with even spacing, the 2nd body having a continuous slot in the direction of movement , to carry out the coil holder. The air coil is curved in a circle around the first body. This development has the advantage of a uniform field distribution over the entire air gap if the magnetic poles, which preferably belong to the second body, are radially magnetized.

In another development, the at least one arc-shaped air gap section is bent non-uniformly and is advantageously elliptical. This shape also offers a very harmonious and gap-free field distribution in connection with an advantageous use of space for the air gap or this air gap section.

If the elliptical air gap comprises a main apex and two secondary apices, this results in a favorable drum shape for a rotating machine, in which there is a large number of conductors on one side of the coil in the circumferential area and, at the same time, the favorable axis approach is achieved by the conductors in the area of the two secondary apices.

If the elliptical air gap is laid out flat in the ellipse shape, with a secondary apex and two main apices, this results in a very space-saving machine shape, in which e.g. in rotating machines the first body is axially narrow on the one hand due to the shape of the disk and on the other hand the high-energy circumferential area of the air coils is used in a very harmonious way, and the axis approach on both sides of the first body is used to advantage.

A further education is. that the entire air coil is essentially within the air gap.

So the winding heads are still partially used, so that the copper utilization of the air coil is improved.

In a further development, the air coil, in cross section to the direction of movement, is bent or folded around an edge of the Ith body, which is formed by the intersection of two interfaces of two straight air gap sections lying at an angle of less than 180 ° to one another and each coil side at least in the Air gap sections runs on both sides of the edge. This has the advantage that the coil sides take up less space transversely to the direction of movement, which results in a more compact machine and the folding area of the air coil is very short, the essential part of a coil side being within the field. A further development consists in that at least one arcuate with a straight, adjacent air gap section, with one of its boundary surfaces belonging to the 1st body, forming an edge, abuts one another. It is thus achieved that a large proportion of the conductors on each side of the coil lies in the air gap even in the transition from an arcuate air gap section into the adjacent straight air gap section, and further advantageous configurations are made possible by the design variant.

A further development of the two previous further developments is that the edge of two abutting interfaces, which belong to the first body and to two adjacent air gap sections, is rounded off in section transverse to the direction of movement. This favors an even field distribution and avoids e.g. Signs of saturation in such an inference area.

In another development, adjacent, adjoining air gap sections merge directly and seamlessly into one another, so that both interfaces of the air gap in it

Area are continuous. This ensures maximum penetration of each coil side by a magnetic field in the area of the edge.

If an arc-shaped section to a straight air gap section lies adjacent to one another in this way, one obtains inexpensive, space-saving and easy-to-manufacture shapes for the

Body of the field device.

Such and similar favorable geometric shapes are achieved in the further development described in claim 10. A further advantageous variant is to be mentioned here, which changes from a straight air gap section which, at one or at both ends, into an arcuate air gap section.

In all of these configurations, disks or cylinders can advantageously be used as

Manufacturing basis are taken, these shapes can also be easily assembled.

A particularly inexpensive and easy to manufacture, basic development is described in claim 11, in which the bent and folded conductor portions of each coil side are very short, due to the very narrow, slit-shaped body. The edge of the slit-shaped body is preferably rounded in the fold area. so that a semicircular edge is formed in cross section to the direction of movement. This has the advantage of a uniform field distribution in the yoke, so that no saturation phenomena occur and the field of the magnetic poles, which are preferably also continued in the fold area of the coil sides, also completely or partially penetrates the fold area and is undiminished by the yoke.

A further development is that the air gap, in cross section to the direction of movement, consists of several abutting air gap sections, which are straight or curved. through which each side of the coil runs and which has at least one left and one right bend takes place. This has the advantage that the coil side is very long in a small space and is very large due to the ratio of effective conductors to ineffective conductors of the air coil. A further development of this consists in that three straight air gap sections, parallel to the direction of movement, run parallel to one another and each coil side runs through all three air gap sections by performing a left and a right arc when it runs from one section into the neighboring ones. This method of folding the coil sides is very space-saving and effective.

Another development of this is that three straight air gap sections, in cross section to the direction of movement, are adjacent to each other, through which each side of the coil runs one after the other, two air gap sections lying parallel to one another and the third air gap section at an angle of 90 °. With rotating movements, this has the advantage that there is a lot of conductor in the high-speed circumferential area and at the same time a winding head in the area near the axis is very short. The bell shape has mechanical and manufacturing advantages.

A further development is that magnetic poles are attached on one side in the folded area of the air coil, the field of which does not run essentially in a straight line from the pole face to the opposite interface in the air gap. This use of the fold area of the coil sides is also advantageous, especially if they are in the peripheral area of a rotating machine.

Another further development in this regard consists in the fact that the folded or the bent conductors of the coil sides in the fold area are penetrated by the field, which is essentially straight. This is advantageous because it achieves the maximum energy conversion based on the quality of the conductor's field penetration.

A further development consists in the fact that, in cross section to the direction of movement, at least two adjacent air gap sections of the air gap contain magnetic partial poles in their interfaces, which belong to the 1st body and which abut one another, which form a common, continuous pole beyond the common edge, which is at right angles is magnetized to its air gap interface. This has the advantage that a fold area of the coil sides in the area of the edge of the abutting interfaces is easily penetrated by the field and the magnetic poles of the first body are larger and thus more powerful.

A space-saving and easy to manufacture embodiment of the previous further development is that in the cross-section to the direction of movement to the interfaces, the Ith body, the at least three air gap sections include magnetic poles, which are each connected via the edges to form a magnetic pole, which is at least so extends over the three air gap sections, is magnetized perpendicular to its air gap interface and preferably around a, in cross section to the direction of movement, slit-shaped yoke body, which forms the core of the 1st body, are attached.

An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 17. The development according to claim 17 enables a flexible machine structure, in which the machine dimensions and the size of the poles used can be adapted to the requirements.

An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 18. The development according to claim 18 enables a narrow machine structure and the use of large, easy-to-produce, powerful poles in the connecting air gap section. which do not belong to the first body, and is a basic variant in the design for many further training courses.

A further development consists in that, in cross-section to the direction of movement, the second body is at least partially drawn around the folded area or a curved conductor area of the air coil, following the course of the coil at a uniform distance, and thus also forms an air gap-limiting field device in this area. This enables an optimal penetration of the conductor with a magnetic field, the pole areas increasing around the area moved around if the second body has magnetic poles, so that the machine as a whole also becomes considerably more powerful.

Another development consists in the fact that at least a second body cross-sectionally to the direction of movement, in the edge region of an ith body. around which the air coil is bent or folded is connected to a return flat ribbon with its outer edge running in the direction of movement. that at least in this coil area limits the air coil on one side.

In one embodiment of this, the return flat ribbon carries magnetic poles on the air gap side. the direction of the edge or the back yoke of the Ith body are preferably magnetized. This further development has the advantage that the coil area in the region of an edge of the first body is also used in a cost-effective and simple manner and, in another embodiment, the yoke flat band further limits one subsequent air gap section, which in connection with claim 18 e.g. an application is found in FIG.

A further development consists in that several machines adjoin one another, are firmly connected to one another and thereby use a common second body of the field device, whereby. in cross section to the direction of movement, in one embodiment, with a shared inference, one conclusion is saved overall and in another Design of the common 2nd body is a permanent magnetic body, of which each of the adjacent machines uses one of the two poles, which saves a magnetic pole and a conclusion.

As a rule, the lth and 2nd bodies are firmly connected to one another and move uniformly with one another, with one exception, in which they are only magnetically coupled, so that irregularities occasionally arise. This is an advantageous development in e.g. drum-shaped Iten and 2nd bodies.

A further development is that the movement is linear.

A further development is that the movement is rotating, relative to an axis or shaft.

Further developments consist in the fact that the invention works as a synchronous machine with three-phase current or with alternating current or with mechanically or electronically commutated direct current.

In a further development, the winding is made up of air coils as a traveling field winding.

Further developments consist in the magnetic poles of the excitation field being permanent magnetic in a pronounced form and electromagnetic in another.

The invented electrical machine converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (motor) and / or mechanical energy into electrical energy (generator).

One further training works as a coil runner, in another further training the field device is the runner.

An embodiment is specified in claim 23. The further development of claim 23 enables the air coil to be held, which brings it stability in the air gap, but is also mounted in such a way that as much conductor of the coil sides as possible is ideally penetrated by the field.

Further refinements are specified in claim 24. The development in claim 24 enables the coil sides to lie completely in the air gap and the coil holder to be mounted in a conductor area of the air coil which is ineffective for energy conversion. Further refinements are specified in claim 25. The further developments in claim 25 enable the use of the highly effective coil use for various applications.

A further development is that, in the case of rotating machines which have air gap sections which approach the axis or shaft, the air coil in these, viewed axially, has a generally V-shaped configuration. Corresponding to this generally V-shaped course and depending on the winding scheme, the magnetic poles in this area are also axially segment-shaped, tapering in the area closest to the axis, and are spaced apart from one another or segmentally close to one another. This further development enables the ineffective conductors or end windings to be shortened.

A further development is that the coil sides run essentially at right angles to the direction of movement, since this enables the maximum energy conversion. For rotating machines that have air gap sections and folding regions of the air coils that approach the axis or shaft and that are not perpendicular to the axis, this means that the coil sides. which are the legs of the V's, are essentially radially projected. If the air gap section is perpendicular to the axis, the coil sides run radially in this area. The coil sides preferably extend axially in the peripheral region.

A further development consists in that, in addition to the ideal rectangular course of the coil sides, the invention also includes oblique, curved or preferably involute courses of the coil sides to the direction of movement which are suitable for rotating mechanically commutated motors, especially with only one or no air gap portion approaching the axis. Find use, and this invention means a significant improvement in copper utilization for these winding schemes. However, it is advantageous that the coil sides in their essential parts do not fall below an angle of 30 ° to the direction of movement, since otherwise the effective proportion of the conductor is too small. For most developments, winding schemes are advantageous which have an essentially rectangular course of the coil sides to the direction of movement.

A further development is that the generally V-shaped coil sections belong to a two-layer DC winding, the coil sides of which in the conductor region remote from the axis and in the conductor region closest to the axis preferably run involute or obliquely to the direction of movement, the coil legs of the V of an air coil belonging to different layers. On the one hand, this has the advantage that a large number of coil sides lying close to one another make good use of the air gap area, and that the air gap also contains the conductor regions closest to the axis, the effective portion of which can also be used in this way. Such a winding is connected to the shaft, for example, a highly effective servomotor. In a further development, the axially seen, generally V-shaped coil parts of the at least one air coil in an air gap section approaching the axis are congruent or, in projection, congruent with the V-shaped coil parts of an opposite air gap section of the same closed air coil. Such a symmetrical structure simplifies production and causes a balanced distribution of tension and force in the air coil.

A further development is that the coil sides are connected to one another according to the principle of a wave winding and thereby comprise n = 3 + 2m poles, where m is an integer (m = 0, 1,2,3 ...) and the winding only includes a part of the Iten body in the direction of movement. This arrangement is particularly advantageous for rotating machines, since the partial windings are easier to manufacture and assemble. whereby at least two such partial windings, put together around the first body, result in an overall winding.

A further development consists in that the surface of the air coil in the air gap or in the air gap section corresponds approximately to the surface of the magnetic pole opposite it. This enables maximum energy conversion e.g. in generator mode.

In the case of further training, the. seen axially, generally V-shaped coil sections distributed closely next to one another over the circumference of the first body, adjacent air coils belonging to different winding strands and / or having a different winding sense. The entire air gap area is advantageously fully occupied with air coils and magnetic poles.

In a further development of this, the adjacent air coils belong to an electronic motor, in which six closed air coils are connected to form three strands and in each air gap section of the air coil, at least one side faces eight poles and electronic sensors are introduced into the coil area in order to determine the rotor position for the electronic ones To determine regulation. The motor is preferably constructed with two coil layers which are rotated relative to one another in the direction of movement. This is a highly effective one. energy-saving drive motor with minimal synchronization fluctuations for e.g. Tape recorders. Turntables or floppy drives.

In another development, the axially seen, generally V-shaped coil parts. at least one air gap section approaching the axis. arranged overlapping one another, the region near the axis preferably being of multi-layer construction and the field region preferably having one or two layers. For example, the air gap area is occupied by more coil sides without the air gap width increasing and the short end winding conductors or ineffective conductors being in the low-energy region close to the axis. In a further development of this, the closed air coils have several turns. within a two-layer DC winding, over the circumference of the Ith body. rotated by one commutator step after each revolution, distributed and preferably interconnected via a commutator. In the axial area, the winding is overlapping in several layers, so that this coil area is left out of the field area. This is a highly effective actuator and servo and stepper motor that achieves the highest accelerations with the highest torques and the lowest synchronous fluctuations as a coil rotor.

A further development consists in that, in axial terms, in air gap sections approaching the axis or shaft, at least one air coil is designed as a diameter winding, it being advantageous to use at least one further e.g. To do this, attach a second diameter winding 90 ° and overlap it near the axis. This is a particularly inexpensive motor to manufacture, with easy-to-manufacture air coils, which has a high conductor utilization, high efficiency and high torque with comparatively conventional diameter windings. and also for the smallest drives with space-saving disc construction such as used for watches.

A further development consists in that at least one air coil is connected to an axis or shaft, e.g. with a bobbin rotor version.

In one embodiment of this, the axis is designed as a hollow axis, e.g. with a coil stand version such as with a bicycle hub dynamo is advantageous.

A further development consists in the fact that the 2nd body of an air gap section approaching the axis, viewed axially, is designed as a ring which is at a distance with its inner edge from the axis or shaft for carrying out the coil holder. In this way, the high-energy peripheral area of the air coil can also be used, with the low-energy area near the axis, with its winding head or its conductors lying in the direction of movement, being used to hold the coil.

A further development is that at least one air coil is designed as a DC winding, which is commutated via a collector or directly on the winding. so that the advantages of the high coil utilization and the compact construction also extends the field of application of these machines in this type of winding.

A further development consists in that magnetic poles are attached on both sides in the air gap or at least in an air gap section. This has the advantage of a stronger field in the air gap or in the air gap section. An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 28. The development according to claim 28 has the advantage that almost the entire length of the coil sides are in the air gap, since the folded conductors are very short. Further advantages are a large torque with a relatively small diameter and a very narrow axial construction. In a further development, the field device consists of three circular disks, of which the first disk is a thin yoke disk of uniform thickness, and the magnetic poles of the second body extend radially and are axially magnetized. The three disks are firmly connected to the axle or shaft. The shaft or axle is rotatably mounted in a housing which surrounds the field device, at least one air coil being connected to the housing in its peripheral region by means of a holder. This development has the advantage of a particularly short axial length and is easy and inexpensive to manufacture.

In one configuration of the two priority further developments, the length of the conductor is also at least partially enclosed in the peripheral area by a field device, in cross section to the direction of movement, and the field penetrates it. Various further developments in this regard are described in patent claims 15, 19, 21 and shown in FIGS. 3/9. This configuration results in a further increase in the coil utilization and thus a further improvement in the machine properties.

An advantageous further development is specified in claim 29. In a further development according to claim 29, as e.g. is shown in Fig.14, the advantages lie in an increased power and a greater torque compared to the machine with a simple yoke as Iten body.

A further development of this, as shown in Fig. 8, is that the field device, which at least partially surrounds the length of the conductor in the folded area and circumferential area of the air coil, is designed such that the magnetic poles on the ith disk-shaped body around the outer edge of the inner slit-shaped yoke body of the 1st body are pulled around and are preferably magnetized in accordance with the bending radius of the air coil in the folding area. Here, the magnetic effort to penetrate the circumferential area of the air coil is low, which additionally advantageously leads to large-area poles of the Ith body, which extend over both air gap sections, and the effectiveness is so very high.

Another development of this, as shown in Fig. 4, is that the field device, which at least partially encloses the length of the conductor in the folded area and the peripheral area of the air coil, in this area with the outer edge of the slit-shaped return body of the first body lying in the direction of movement is connected to a narrow yoke flat band lying in the direction of movement, which is preferably a ring-shaped body in cross-section to the direction of movement, flat or semicircular and axially viewed, the width of which is approximately the width of the ith body. in the direction of magnetization, corresponds, with the yoke flat ribbon to the end faces of the magnetic poles of the ith

Köφers is attached spaced, and other magnetic poles in the

Inference flat ribbon radially opposite, part of the field arrangement, are attached in the air gap.

In one embodiment of this, the lth disk-shaped body carries magnetic poles on both end faces, the back yoke band approximately in the middle with the back yoke body of the ith

Köφers is connected.

In another embodiment of which the lte disk-shaped body carries magnetic poles on one side, the back yoke band on one of its outer edges with the

Inference body, the Ith body, is connected.

The advantage of the further development and its configurations is that the machine is relatively narrow, but the conductor area penetrated by the field in the peripheral area is so long and effective that the machine has a high output and a large torque. The magnetic poles in the peripheral area are relatively large because they are outside the air coil. which also increases performance.

A further development consists in that at least a second disk-shaped body follows the course of the coil evenly spaced in the folded area, e.g. in Fig. 8/9. This has the advantage of large pole faces, a shortening of the air gap. a uniform field distribution and straight field lines.

A further development consists in that at least a second disk-shaped body is connected to a return flat band which delimits the fold area on the outside, which, viewed axially, is a return ring for rotating machines. This is a simple and inexpensive solution for the design of the inference in the folded and circumferential area of the air coil, preferably for opposing old bodies. the poles of which are drawn around the outer edge.

A further development of this is that the return flat ribbon carries magnetic poles on the air gap side, which extend transversely to the direction of movement, change in the direction of movement and are preferably magnetized in the direction of the folded edge of the first disk-shaped body, the folded edge of the first body forming a conclusion, as in FIG. 4/5 shown or drawn around them magnetic poles. These magnetic poles of the return flat ribbon are advantageously easy to manufacture.

In a further development, the disk-shaped bodies are three circular disks, which are essentially uniformly thick in the air gap area, and of which the second bodies are connected to one another in the circumferential area, on average transverse to the direction of movement, preferably by means of a flat return ribbon. seen axially, is an annular body. which carries magnetic poles on the inside, and the old body with a second body in the Axis area is firmly connected. preferably by a flat ribbon, seen axially, is an annular body, the air gap winding is preferably designed either as a DC winding, which is commutated via a collector or directly on the winding and the coil section of an air gap section is connected to the shaft or the air gap winding with one Partial coil with a hollow axis, for the passage of the conductors. connected is. the axis or shaft preferably being led out of the air gap region on one side, as a result of which the air coils. axially opposite the axis or shaft. can be held.

This development offers the advantage that the coil holder is attached in the winding head area and each coil side can thus be completely penetrated by the field. This is advantageously used as a mechanically commutated coil rotor or as a magnetic rotor with a hollow axis e.g. as a bicycle hub dynamo. In a further development thereof, the peripheral area is partially used, as described above.

In a further development of this, the air gap winding is not connected to the axle or shaft, but rather its coil holder in the area near the axle, as shown in FIG. between shaft or axis and a second disc-shaped body, which is a disc ring. is led axially out of the air gap area. In one configuration. As shown in Fig. 18, the axis or shaft is guided out of the air gap area on one side. This has the advantage that the axle or shaft is led out of the disk area on one side. so that the axially opposite area of the axis or shaft serves to lead the coil holder out of the air gap area, which is attached to the ineffective conductors or end windings near the axis. so that the air coil can be used optimally and this in connection with an inexpensive and easy to manufacture field structure.

In another development, two machines, as shown in Fig. 6/7, each with three disk-shaped bodies to a total of five disk-shaped bodies on a common axis or shaft are combined coaxially and spaced apart to form a machine. the middle disk-shaped body serves both windings of the original machine. The advantage of this summary is that you save a total of either an inference or a plane of magnetic poles and an inference, depending on how the original machines are constructed with regard to the pole distribution.

The particular advantages of the further development of the invention with disk-shaped Ith and 2nd bodies are the flexibility in machine design, the low mass, the low moment of inertia, the short axial length with a relatively small diameter, the extraordinarily high efficiency, the low electrical and start-up time constants, the high torque, the linear characteristic, the low ohmic resistance, the good self-cooling and the high electromagnetic compatibility. The machine is particularly well suited as a servo motor, stepper motor, servomotor, drive motor for vehicles, in particular battery-operated or hybrid drives, and as an alternator for vehicles, for example in cars or bicycle hubs, and as a generator, for example for small wind turbines.

Another advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 30. The development in claim 30 enables very long coil sides in the air gap with a relatively small axial length of the machine, the coil sides lying predominantly in the high-energy circumferential range, but also the axial approach, with its shortening effect on winding heads and ineffective conductors, being used. In the case of curved air gap profiles, an even field distribution is also achieved.

An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 32. The development in claim 32 allows maximum use of the high peripheral speeds. in relation to the axial length, with simultaneous shortening of the ineffective conductor near the axis.

In a further development of the two previous further developments, the circular cylinders are firmly connected to the shaft or axis, and the second drum-shaped body has a continuous slot along its circumferential surface for carrying out the coil holder, the slot preferably dividing the second body approximately centrally in the axial direction or runs in a folded area of the air coil. This has the advantage of stabilizing the air coil in the air gap, so that large coil side lengths can be used. In the case of bell-shaped windings, this coil holder is preferably attached in the fold area, since it thus stabilizes both coil parts well on both sides of the fold area. This bracket. in which the outer 2nd hollow cylinder is interrupted in the air gap length by the slot. is preferably used for inner poles, since only in this case can large, continuous pole faces of one polarity be realized.

In another development of the three previous developments, the lth and 2nd drum-shaped bodies are mounted on the axle or shaft, the lth body. in section transverse to the direction of movement, surrounded by at least one air coil, which is connected on both sides with its areas close to the axis with the axis or shaft. the 1st and 2nd body are not fixed, but are magnetically connected to each other.

This offers the advantage of complete penetration of the air coil with a magnetic field and a holder in both ineffective conductor areas or end windings, so that large axial coil side lengths and thus outputs are achieved. When used as a coil runner, the coil is connected to a shaft, with sliding contacts preferably held near the axis by the second body with the air coil directly or with a collector are connected. When used as a magnetic rotor, as shown in Fig. 24/25, the coil conductor is guided through a hollow axis to the outside.

In another development, the front air gap sections of the previous three further developments and their configurations, preferably extending at right angles to the axis, are replaced by oblique and / or arcuate, in particular circular, air gap sections in cross section to the direction of movement. These developments offer a uniform field distribution and either a complete position of the coil sides in the air gap, in the area of the edge of the Ith body, or a short, curved conductor in the edge area that runs outside the air gap.

An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 31. The development in claim 31 enables an inexpensive, easy-to-install design. In a further development of this, the lth drum-shaped body has the shape of a full or hollow circular cylinder and the second drum-shaped body has the shape of a hollow circular cylinder. wherein the old drum-shaped body has an end wall delimiting the air gap on only one side, and the at least one air coil is connected to the shaft with its region close to the axis. the circular cylinder in its circumferential area. are firmly connected to each other on the air gap-free end face and the winding is provided with a mechanical commutation. This is a highly effective, easy to assemble, bell-shaped bobbin.

In one embodiment of this, the shaft is only, as shown in Fig. 22/23, one-sided from the front air gap section, which has the advantage. to install the sliding contacts of the axis axially opposite in the low-speed and low-wear area.

In the case of another further training, the end is. Air gap section of the previous further development, preferably running at right angles to the axis, as replaced in claim 33, replaced by a cross-sectionally to the direction of movement. oblique and / or arc-shaped, in particular circular arc-shaped course of the air gap section. These developments offer a uniform field distribution and either a complete position of the coil sides in the air gap, in the area of the edge of the Ith body. or a short, curved conductor in the edge area that runs outside the air gap.

In a further development, the magnetic poles belong to the outer surface and end face of the Ith drum-shaped body and are rounded in the edge region and magnetized in accordance with the folding radius of the conductor in the edge region. In another development, the previous drum-shaped further developments, the magnetic poles in the jacket area belong at least to the first drum-shaped body and in the front area to the 2nd drum-shaped body, the magnetic poles in the front area being opposite to a conclusion that belongs to the iten body and over the full diameter of the Iten body and to which the magnetic poles of the Iten body are mounted with their end faces axially spaced apart. In another development, the magnetic poles on the jacket side belong to the second body and the magnetic poles on the end face belong to the Ith body.

These mixed forms of inner and outer poles in the air gap have advantages in adapting to the required machine dimensions, performance and costs and offers almost complete penetration of the air coil with a magnetic field.

An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 34. The development in claim 34 enables a short axial length of the machine with a large length of the coil sides in the high-speed area, which are preferably held in the winding head or folding area.

A development of this is shown in Fig. 27/28 and consists in that three cylindrical bodies, in cross section to the direction of movement, limit two air gap sections through which each coil side, the at least one air coil, runs and the magnetic poles to the respective second hollow cylindrical body belong and the lth hollow cylindrical body is a conclusion. The advantage here lies in the simple construction of the machine and in the short folding or bending area of the coil sides in the area of the edge of the Ith body. In another development, such as in Fig. 31/32 the magnetic poles belong to the axially nearest second hollow cylindrical body and to the ith hollow cylindrical body. each delimiting the air gap section on the inside and also delimiting the end faces of two cylinders on one side of an air gap section through which each coil side runs. This has the advantage that there is little magnetic mass in the peripheral area when permanent magnets are used.

A further development, as shown in Fig. 29/30, is that four cylindrical bodies. of which at least three are hollow cylindrical, in section transverse to the direction of movement, delimit three air gap sections between their shell sides, which pass through each coil side of the at least one air coil and thereby contain a bend and / or fold with a left and a right arc. This has the advantage of long coil sides and thus better copper utilization with a relatively short axial length of the machine.

In a further development, the coil sides run axially in the hollow cylindrical air gap section. This is the highest quality conductor utilization in this area. In another development, the coil sides run in the hollow cylindrical air gap. oblique to the direction of movement and essentially zigzag in accordance with the known winding scheme for mechanically commutated direct current machines through the air gap sections, in order to make a new circulation offset after each revolution in the circumferential direction, etc. The magnetic poles are diamond-shaped, with their tips lying circumferentially towards each other, preferably distributed in sections over the air gap sections. This development has the advantage that the air coil has a high mechanical strength when it is constructed as a self-supporting winding, which also includes simple manufacture. This is particularly advantageous in the case of air coils that extend between hollow cylindrical Iths and 2nd bodies in only air gap sections on the jacket side or in combination with an air gap section approaching the axis or also in a drum-shaped air gap section that is curved in cross section to the direction of movement.

In another development, the field device in the form of three cylindrical bodies and at least one disk-shaped body axially spaced apart are arranged on the axis or shaft in the radial direction, which form the field device and at least the two outer cylindrical bodies are hollow cylindrical, whereby each delimit the narrow cylindrical body and the second cylindrical body, in cross-section to the direction of movement, a narrow rectangular air gap section, the long sides of which are axially parallel and parallel to one another, and that at least one of the mutually facing shell sides of the first and second cylindrical bodies coexist axially extending magnetic poles is provided with a radial direction of magnetization. that change in the circumferential direction, and one end face of the cylindrical body closest to the axis and the disk-shaped body axially offset from it, which is advantageously the end face of the central hollow cylindrical body, in cross section to the direction of movement, delimit another narrow rectangular air gap section approximating the axis, and that at least one of the mutually facing end faces of the next cylindrical and disc-shaped body contains magnetic poles which extend radially and are axially magnetized, each coil side of the at least one air coil running through all three air gap sections, and a bend in cross section to the direction of movement and / or folding with a left and one with a right arc and the field device is rotatable relative to the at least one air coil.

The advantage here is that a large part of the coil side is in the high-energy peripheral area and a winding head or ineffective coil area is very short near the axis. In addition, the machine is very short axially with high performance and high torque. In a further development thereof, further magnetic poles with an axial direction of magnetization are attached to a further disc-shaped yoke in the folded area of the air coil. this disk-shaped field device preferably the end face of the outer Forms hollow cylinder, is coaxial with the rest of the field device to the shaft or axis and is firmly connected to the rest of the field device.

An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 35. The development in claim 35 enables a linear machine with a winding, with two-pole air coils with good copper utilization within each air coil, and a space-saving compact structure.

An advantageous embodiment is specified in claim 36. The development in claim 36 enables a short bending or folding area of the coil sides, so that very little conductor, in the edge area of the Ith body, lies outside the air gap and the machine is very narrow in the direction of magnetization of the magnetic poles.

A further development of this is that the field device consists of three elongated. consists of plate-shaped bodies which are connected to one another at one of their two longitudinal edges via a connecting body, which is preferably a flat strip, and the air coils of the winding in the parallel air gap sections preferably run congruently, the coil sides preferably being at right angles to the long side. This is a simple, particularly compact, easy-to-assemble machine, with the air coils in the bent or folded conductor area, preferably at right angles to the air gap surface. are held so that the folding area can preferably also be largely limited by a field device.

Another further development of this is that the field device consists of three elongated, plate-shaped bodies, the two second plates being fixed to one another at one of their two longitudinal edges and the last plate having a second plate at the opposite longitudinal edges, each via a connecting body, which is preferably a Yield flat ribbon is connected, and the air coils of the winding in the parallel air gap sections are congruent, the coil sides are preferably perpendicular to the long side. This development has the advantage that the curved or folded conductor can be penetrated by the field and the coil holder is attached to an ineffective conductor area or on the winding head and the structure is also suitable for very long field devices in the direction of movement.

Another further development of this is that the field device consists of three plate-shaped bodies, the plate-shaped bodies being connected to one another at the short edges via a connecting body and the air coils of the winding in the parallel air gap sections preferably being congruent, the coil sides preferably being at right angles to the long side run. This is a simple solution to the Construction that is suitable for short field devices in the direction of movement and also offers the possibility of penetrating the folding area of the air coil with field lines, with additional magnetic poles in this area. Depending on the application, the coil holder can also be attached in the ineffective conductor area or in the folding area, and the structure is easy to assemble.

Another further development of the three further developments consists in that magnetic poles are attached in the folding area of the air coil, the carrier of which is a magnetic return flat ribbon, which is preferably firmly connected to at least a second plate on one of its long sides.

In cooperation with one of the four previous developments, the bent or folded conductors in the area of the edge of the Ith body are used, which increases the copper utilization.

Another development as a linear machine consists in the fact that the at least one air coil is bent or folded around an ith body, which on average is a circle, a triangle, a rectangle or a square transverse to the direction of movement. wherein each side of the coil is bent around the Ith body or around one or more edges of the Ith body. that forms each corner of the polygonal cut surface of the Ith body, and runs through at least one curved or two adjacent straight air gap sections.

The advantages of these developments are that each side of the coil has a large length in a narrow space. When used with an air coil moving field winding. in which the air coils form the long stator and the field device a short rotor, a structure of each air coil brings both a magnetic cushion for carrying the rotor and for its lateral stabilization when it moves freely. This saves extra coils for side stabilization through the coil structure.

In the field of air coil machines and their classic applications, the invented electrical machine is a major development step in the electrical and mechanical fields. It is particularly suitable for small and medium-sized performances.

The invented machine is an excellent drive motor for vehicles, especially for battery-powered vehicles (car, fork lift, boat, bicycle, wheelchair). The extraordinarily high efficiency, the low rotational and translational mass, the high starting and braking torque, the fast and precise controllability and the still compact and simple design speak for this invention.

Furthermore, the invented machine is ideal in the form of the coil runner, both in a linear and in a rotating design, as a servo and stepper motor. The reason for this is the low rotor mass, the low inductance and the low ohmic Resistance. Since the copper is used in an optimal way, this, in conjunction with the linear voltage / speed characteristic, leads to machines with excellent controllability and maximum dynamics.

Also due to the low synchronization fluctuations, the invention is very well suited as a drive motor in disk drives, video recorders and tape recorders. Another area of application is as a generator. The straight voltage / speed characteristic curve speaks for this, which means that the voltage can increase proportionally with the speed largely indefinitely, which enables high energy conversion even in the high speed range and is of great benefit for the regulated feeding into a battery. The high utilization of the winding results in a very high degree of efficiency and, due to the low internal resistance, enables high power consumption. This, in conjunction with the compact design, enables the use of air coil generators in new fields of application, such as as a hub dynamo for bicycles. Due to the lowest no-load losses, the generator can always run and can be switched on and off electrically and, as a permanent magnet rotor, is free of wear and maintenance. The invention is also of great value when used in a small wind generator. In addition to the advantages mentioned, the good start-up and run-up properties should also be mentioned in this context.

The machine according to the invention is ideally suited for a more powerful automotive alternator. There is a need for a more powerful alternator that meets the increased performance requirements due to more and more electrical consumers in the vehicles. Takes into account and at the same time significantly improves efficiency compared to the conventional claw pole rotor. The low translatory and rotary mass are also advantageous here.

Embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to a drawing. It shows in

1 shows a cross section through a further development, in FIG. 2 shows a section along the line II in FIG. 1, in FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross section through a second further development, in FIG. 4 shows a schematic cross section through a third further development, 5 shows a schematic cross section through a 4th development, in FIG. 6 shows a schematic cross section through a 5th development, in FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross section through a 6th development, in FIG. 8 shows a schematic cross section through a 7. Further development, in FIG. 9 a schematic cross section through an eighth further development, in FIG. 10 a schematic cross section through a ninth further development, in FIG. 11 a section along the line II-II in FIG. 10, in 12 shows a schematic cross section through a 10th development, in

13 shows a section along the line 111-111 in FIG

14 shows a schematic cross section through a first development, in

15 shows a section along a line IV-IV in Fig. 14, in

Fig. 16 is a plan view of a disc with a partial coil in front of it in another

Training, in

17 shows a 12th development in a section along the line I-I in FIG

18 shows a schematic cross section through a 13th development, in

Fig. 19 shows a section along the line V-V in Fig. 17, in

20 shows a schematic cross section through a 14th development, in

21 shows a plan view of a disk ring with an air coil according to FIG. 20. in

22 shows a schematic cross section through a 15th development, in

Fig. 23 shows a section along the line VI-VI in Fig. 22, in

24 shows a schematic cross section through a 16th development, in

25 shows a section along the line VII-VII in FIG. 24 and along the line VIII-VIII in FIG

Fig. 26, in

26 shows a schematic cross section through a 17th further development, in

27 shows a schematic cross section through an 18th development, in

28 shows a section along the line IX-IX in FIG. 27, in

29 shows a schematic cross section through a 19th development, in

Fig. 30 is a section along the line X-X in Fig. 29, in

31 shows a schematic cross section through a 20th development, in

32 shows a section along the line XI-XI in FIG. 31, in

33 shows a schematic cross section along the line XII-XII of FIG. 34 through a 21st

Training, in

34 shows a section along the line XIII-XIII in FIG. 33, in

35 shows a section along the line XIV-XIV in FIG. 34, in

36 shows a section along the line XV-XV of FIG. 37 through a 22 further development

37 shows a section along the line XVI-XVI of FIG. 36, in

38 shows a section along the line XVII-XVII of FIG. 36, in

39 to 41 enlarged details in the area of the folded edge of the air coil, in

The same components have the same reference numbers in all figures.

The figures show various developments of the structure of the field arrangement and

Air coil or winding and their relationship to each other, as well as their application.

For the sake of simplicity, the magnetic poles are shown as permanent magnets as far as possible. For reasons of clarity and space saving, they are

Permanent magnets made very narrow (in the direction of magnetization), so that the magnets should be shown up to two to three times as thick, depending on the magnetic material, the performance class and the application.

In the figures, which do not yet relate to a specific application, but represent a more general development, the connection of the air coil or the field device to the axis or shaft or the housing can be changed. This also applies to determining who is the rotor and who is the stator and whether it is an axis or a shaft. and is determined in detail according to the requirements of the application.

The last body is the body that forms at least the interface or the interfaces around which the coil sides of the at least one air coil is bent or folded. If the coil side makes a right and a left bend in its course, the assignment of the designation for the Ith and 2nd body depends on which bend or fold is being considered.

Fig.l shows an electrical machine in axial section. An older disk-shaped body 6 forms a narrow backing disk of uniform thickness. A second disk-shaped body 7 consists of two disks, each of which consists of a magnetic disk which is backed by a return disk. The disk-shaped bodies are firmly connected to a shaft 1 mounted in 13 and move uniformly relative to the housing 2 and the coil 3 connected to them. The air coils 3 are folded around an edge 10 of the ith disk-shaped body 6 at 20, the coil sides in the respective Air gap section 4 '. 4 "between item and 2nd disc-shaped body run close to the axis. The air coils are radially connected to the housing in the bent region 20. A special feature here is that the circumference of the 2nd disc-shaped body 7 corresponds to the circumference of the air coil, so that the conductor 20 in the folding area 18 of the air coil is partially penetrated by the field.

2 shows an electrical machine from FIG. 1 in radial section. Magnetic poles 27 are designed as permanent magnets in the shape of a segment of a circle, which are alternately distributed close to one another on the back yoke surface and belong to the disk-shaped second body 7. A coil width 14 corresponds here to the pole width 12. The V-shaped air coils, the coil sides of which are slightly offset from the radius, are segment-shaped. arranged close to each other and opposite the magnet segments in the air gap.

3 shows an electrical machine in axial section. The peculiarity of this machine compared to Fig. 1 is. that the conductors at 20 in the folding area 18 are penetrated to a greater extent by the field than in FIG. 1 by additional measures. For this purpose, a disc-shaped body 7 with an axially annular ring 5 is drawn around the circumference of the air coil 3 and the air gap-limiting inner surface is axially aligned permanent magnetic poles 27 formed. The outer edge 10 of the Ith disk-shaped body is semicircular in axial section. A coil holder 21 is designed axially and is connected to the circumferential area of the air coil 3 by a slot in the second body in a fold area of the coil sides. This enables a large copper utilization.

4 shows a modification of the electrical machine from FIG. 3 in axial section. The special feature here is that in the disk-shaped air gap area the magnetic poles belong to the lth disk-shaped body 6 and that at the same time the peripheral area and partially the folding area of the air coil is used. In order to make this possible, the return disk of the first disk-shaped body is firmly connected in its circumferential area to a narrow return ring 9, seen in radial section, the axial width of which corresponds to that of the first disk-shaped body and which is centered on the outer edge of the return core 19 of the previous disk-shaped body 6 is connected without magnetically short-circuiting the end faces of its permanent magnets. The peripheral area of this yoke ring 9 is rounded towards the air gap on the outer edges. Opposite to it, as seen in FIG. 3, is an axially annular field device 5, the inner surface of which delimits the air gap is formed by axially aligned permanent magnets. Another peculiarity is that in the disk-shaped air gap sections magnetic poles delimit the air gap section on both sides.

5 shows a modification of the electrical machine from FIG. 3, the older disk-shaped body 6 of which is a return disk. The special feature here is that the 2nd field device 7 with an annular carrier 5, which is a conclusion, completely surrounds the 1st disc-shaped body 6, so that there is a single closed air gap, the air gap-limiting surfaces of the outer field device both in the disc-shaped part and can also be limited in the annular part of the air gap by permanent magnets 27. Another special feature here is that the coil holder 21 in the area near the axis is fixedly connected axially to the air coil or winding on a conductor area which is ineffective for energy conversion and is led out of the air gap area. Requirement of it is. that the 2nd disk-shaped body is a disk ring 16.

6 shows a further development of the electrical machine, which is composed of two machines, each with three disks, on a common shaft 1 such that two second field devices 7 are combined to form a common one between the air coils. The common 2nd field device is a magnetic disk 23 which is axially magnetized. This combination of the two machines saves a magnetic disk and a conclusion. The two outer, second disks of the entire machine limit the air gap sections by permanent magnets which are backed by a return disk. The coil holder 21 is attached radially in the peripheral region of the air coils. 7 shows a further development of an electrical machine which, as in FIG. 8, is composed of two machines, in which case the common second field device 7 is only combined in its inference part, on which the magnets 27 of the respective original machine are located on both sides of the disk surfaces are attached.

8 shows a modification of the electrical machine from FIG. 3, in which the second disk-shaped bodies are bent inwards in the circumferential region and follow the course of the coil evenly spaced up to the radially attached coil holder. The second disk-shaped body 7 are back yoke disks and the lth disk-shaped body 6 is a disk with a disk-shaped yoke body 19 which is slot-shaped in axial section and which bears magnetic poles in the entire air gap-limiting area, that is to say also in the peripheral area. The magnetic poles are magnetized perpendicular to its air gap interface.

Fig. 9 shows the same disc shape as in Fig. 8, but here the lth disc-shaped body 6 consists of a back plate and the 2nd disc-shaped body 7 consists of a magnetic back yoke with air gap-limiting magnetic poles, which are magnetized perpendicular to its air gap interface. The air coil is held very stable in the middle in both figures by a continuous slot between the second disc-shaped bodies 7.

10 shows a further development of an electrical machine, in axial section, with air coils 3, which are overlapping in the axial area and run in one layer in the air gap sections penetrated by the field. The second disk-shaped body 7 consists of magnetic poles delimiting the air gap section and a magnetic yoke, the lth disk-shaped body being a yoke disk.

Fig. 1 shows a development of the electrical machine according to Fig. 10 in radial section. The distribution of the air coils 3 can be seen on the basis of the V-shaped partial coils within an air gap section, the air coils being evenly distributed over the circumference of the ith disk-shaped body 6. The permanent magnets 27 of the second disk-shaped body 7 located behind them can be seen in the circumferential area and are furthermore identified by dashed lines, leaving out the winding head area near the axis.

12 shows a further development of the electrical machine as a direct current machine with mechanical commutation 25/26 in axial section, in which the air coils 3 overlap in two layers in the air gap area and overlap several times as winding heads in the axial area left out of the field, which is represented here simply by an axial thickening of the winding is. The lth disk-shaped body 6 is a yoke and the second disk-shaped body 7 consists of magnetic poles 27 delimiting the air gap section and a magnetic yoke. The air coils are interconnected on the disk-shaped commutator 25. Sliding contacts 26 can also be seen.

FIG. 13 shows the development of the electrical machine according to FIG. 12 in radial section, the air coils 3 being uniformly distributed over the circumference of the ith disk-shaped body 6 and overlapping as a two-layer winding in the air gap area. The permanent magnets 27, of the second disk-shaped body 7 located behind them, can be seen in the circumferential area and are furthermore identified by dashed lines, omitting the winding head area near the axis.

Fig. 14 shows a further development of the electrical machine as a DC machine with mechanical commutation 25/26 in axial section, in which the air gap 4, in section transverse to the direction of movement, is composed of two straight and one curved air gap section, which merge directly into one another and the air coils 3 extend from the region of a straight air gap section near the axis via the curved air gap section lying in the peripheral region to the region of the adjacent straight air gap section near the axis. Another development, not shown, is elliptical in a similar form with a continuous elliptical air gap.

15 shows the development of the electrical machine according to FIG. 14 in a radial section, the air coils 3, here only visible as partial coils, being uniformly distributed over the circumference of the ith disk-shaped body 6, as individual conductors in a helical winding and either directly via brushes 26 are commutated on the winding or are connected to a commutator 25. The air coils run in two layers in the entire air gap, the coil sides of an air coil belonging to different layers. In a further development, not shown here, the conductors are involute or oblique in the area near the axis and projected radially or radially in the remaining area.

16 shows a basic diagram of a coil guide as a further development for a rotating electrical machine in principle according to FIG. 1 in a radial section of the line I-I. Here two open air coils with several windings are distributed over half the circumference of the Ith disk-shaped body and connected to form a partial winding. Two such partial windings result in the full winding filling the disc circle, the coil sides being distributed evenly over the circumference in a radially extending manner.

17 shows a modification of the electrical machine of FIG. 2 in radial section. The special feature here is that the pole width 12 is smaller than the coil width 14 and electronic sensors 17 are introduced into the winding area. Such machines are called electronically commutated motors are used, the sensors providing information about the rotor position and direction and opposite air coils are connected to form a strand.

Fig. 18 shows a further development of the electrical machine in axial section, the air coil 3 being folded as a diameter winding around the first disk-shaped body 6, which is designed as a backing disk. The bearing and the course of the axis 24 is only on one side of the first disk-shaped body 6, the coil holder 21 being axially opposite the axis 24 and being led out of the disk ring 16 in the axial region. The air coil is only guided past the axis in an air gap section. In the other air gap section, it runs directly above or laterally offset to the diameter. The fold area 18 of the air coil is penetrated by the field.

FIG. 19 shows the development of the electrical machine according to FIG. 17 as a disk machine in radial section. The one-sided axle bushing through the winding is visible here, the conductors in the visible air gap section deviating from their ideal course through the axle bushing. The ideal course of the winding in the invisible air gap section is indicated in dashed form. The magnet system is designed with two poles per air gap section, which is evident from the magnets 27 of the second disk-shaped body of the rear air gap section.

Fig. 20 and Fig. 21 show an embodiment with a disk-shaped carrier 8, which ends on its outer circumference in a fork-like manner in three ring-shaped bodies which are connected, the two outer ones carrying magnets 27 on their inner sides. The disk-shaped carrier 8 sits on a shaft 1, and the old annular body is surrounded by the air coil 3. High peripheral speeds are used here.

Fig. 22 shows a development of the electrical machine in axial section. An older hollow cylindrical body 6 consists of a hollow cylindrical yoke body on the outer surface of which a permanent magnetic body 27 with radial magnetization is attached in full. To a face of the Magnetköφers, spaced slightly apart, a narrow yoke ring is attached, which is firmly connected to the inside of the hollow cylindrical yoke body. The inner body of the lth body is supported on a shaft 1 by two bearings 13 and is nested coaxially in a second hollow cylindrical body 7 and firmly connected to it on one end face. On the opposite end face of the Ith body, the Ith and 2nd bodies delimit an air gap section. and between their lateral surfaces. The front air gap limitation is formed by the first body 6 by a yoke and by the second body 7 by radially magnetized permanent magnets with a stored yoke. The jacket-side air gap limitation of the 2nd body 7 is trained as a conclusion. The air coil 3 extends axially over the jacket-side air gap section over the folding region 18 into the front-side air gap section up to near the axis and is connected there to the collector 2, on which sliding contacts 26 rest.

Fig. 23 shows an electrical machine of Fig. 22 in radial section. The V-shaped coil sections run slightly offset to the radius in the end region and are connected to the collector 25 near the axis. The last body 6 is visible as a yoke body, as is the second body 7. Furthermore, the coil parts running in the direction of movement can be seen in the shell-side air gap section.

Fig. 24 shows a further development of the electrical machine in axial section. An older hollow cylindrical body 6 consists of a yoke body which is nested in a second hollow cylindrical body 7, which has an air gap 4 consisting of the air gap sections 4 ', 4 ", 4'" between its jacket area and the two end areas. limit. The lth and the 2nd body are not mechanically but magnetically connected and are coaxially supported on a hollow axle 24 by two bearings 13. The air coil 3 extends axially in the air gap 4 "and is folded at the outer edges of the Ith body at 18 and extends from there in the direction of the shaft in the air gap sections 4'.4". The air coil is fixedly connected to the hollow axis 24, the feeders of the air coil being guided through the hollow axis. The second hollow cylindrical body 7 consists of permanent magnets 27 on the air gap side, which are attached to a return body.

Fig. 25 shows an electrical machine from Fig. 24 in radial section. The V-shaped coil sections of the air coil 3 run in the end regions slightly offset from the radius and axially congruent in the air gap sections 4 ', 4 ". The air coils are connected to the hollow axis via a holder 21, the last body is visible with its front-side back surface , as are the individual magnetic poles of the 2nd body 7th which are deposited with an axially seen ring-shaped return body.

Fig. 26 shows a further development of the electrical machine in axial section. The air coil 3 extends in an air gap 4 which is delimited by an Ith and 2nd drum-shaped body 6.7, the bodies having an elliptical shape in section. The coil holder 21 is led out of the air gap area through a slot 11 in the second body 7. A connection of the air coil 3 or the field device with the axis 24 or the shaft 1 is not specified.

Fig. 27 shows an electrical machine in axial section. The machine consists of three hollow cylindrical bodies 6,7, which are nested one inside the other coaxially to a shaft 1 or axis 24 and limit an air gap consisting of the air gap sections 4 ', 4 " Air coil 3 is inhibited folded around an end edge of the first hollow cylindrical body 6, which is a yoke, in FIG. The outer and inner hollow cylindrical 2nd body 7 consists of permanent-magnetic poles 27 on the air gap side, which are attached to a yoke, the 2nd and 2nd bodies are firmly connected to one another on one end face. The air coil 3 is connected to the housing 2 via a holder 21, connections to the shaft or axis not being fixed.

Fig. 28 shows an electrical machine of Fig. 27 in radial section. There are annular lte and second bodies 6, 7 seen in the direction of the axis and also the air coils 3, of which the bent conductor 20 and the inactive conductor lying in the direction of movement can be seen.

Fig. 29 shows an electrical machine in axial section. The machine consists of four hollow cylindrical bodies 6.7, which are nested one inside the other and are coaxial to an axis 2 or shaft 1 and between them delimit an air gap 4 which consists of the air gap sections 4 ', 4 ", 4'", 4 "", 4 '"", wherein the air coil 3 extends through all air gap sections which are delimited by two jacket-side or face-side surfaces of the hollow cylindrical body. The air coil makes two left and two right bends.

Fig. 30 shows an electrical machine of Fig. 29 in radial section. The three outer hollow cylindrical bodies are visible in the axial direction as ring bodies 6, 7, as are the air gap sections 4 ', 4' ", 4 '" "which they delimit on the jacket side. The air coil 3 is primarily in its radial course in the air gap section 4" and with their ineffective conductors in the outer and inner shell-side air gap sections, as well as the coil holder 21 in the area closest to the axis.

Fig. 31 shows an electrical machine in axial section. The machine consists of three hollow cylindrical bodies 6.7, which are nested one inside the other coaxially to a shaft 1 or axis 24 and delimit an air gap 4 consisting of the air gap sections 4 ', 4 ", 4'", 4 "". The air coil 3 makes two right bends and one left bend as it runs through the air gap sections. A special feature here is that the axial body 6 only has magnetic poles on one side in axial section.

Fig. 32 shows an electrical machine of Fig. 31 in radial section. The two outer hollow cylindrical bodies are visible as ring-shaped bodies 6, 7, just like the inner hollow cylindrical body 7 with its front-side return surface, as well as the air gap sections 4 ", 4""which they delimit on the jacket side. The air coil 3 is primarily radial Course in air gap section 4 'and with their ineffective conductors in the outer shell-side air gap section can be seen, as well as the coil holder 21 in the area closest to the axis.

Fig. 33 shows an electric linear machine of Fig. 34 in cross section. The plate-shaped bodies 6, 7 are parallel and offset from one another in such a way that they evenly delimit the air gap sections 4 ', 4 "lying parallel to one another. The lth plate-shaped body 6 is a backing plate, around the one outer edge of which in the direction of movement the air coil 3 is folded at 20 and runs in the air gap sections 4 ', 4 ". A coil side can be seen, which is held by 21 in the folding region 18. The second plate-shaped bodies 7 contain the magnetic poles 27.

Fig. 34 shows an electric linear machine of Fig. 33 in cross section. The course of the air coils 3 in the direction of movement and the folded air coil parts 20 can be seen. Five air coils are folded around the ith plate-shaped body 6 and run in the air gap sections. The direction of movement is * right-left in the paper plane.

Fig. 35 shows the electric linear machine of Fig. 33, 34 in section. The course of the partial coils in the air gap section 4 'and the plate-shaped inference of the ith body 6 can be seen, as well as the magnetic poles underneath of the one plate-shaped body 7.

Fig. 36 shows an electric linear machine of Fig. 37 in cross section. The linear machine essentially consists of three parallel plate-shaped bodies 6.7. which evenly delimit an air gap 4 in which the second plate-shaped bodies 7 are drawn around an outer edge lying in the direction of movement, spaced evenly apart, the second plate-shaped bodies 7 having a continuous slot 11 for the passage of the coil holder 21. The magnetic poles of the plate-shaped Iten body 6 are electromagnetic, so that the excitation coils belonging to it are inserted in the slots of its return body. The air coil 3 is bent uniformly around the plate-shaped Iten body and runs in the air gap 4 on both sides of the plate-shaped Iten body, a coil side being visible.

Fig. 37 shows an electric linear machine of Fig. 36 in section. You can see the partial coils of the excitation coils and the two air coils 3, as a rotor with their coil holder 21, on one side of the plate-shaped Iten body 6. The direction of movement is * right-left in the paper plane.

Fig. 38 shows an electric linear machine of Fig. 36, 37 in section. The curved coil parts of the air coils 3 and the excitation coils, which are embedded in the back of the Ith body 6, and the ineffective air coil parts of the air coil 3 lying in the direction of movement are visible. 39-41 show examples of different developments of the folded edge and outer areas of an Ith and 2nd body 6,7, the inner body 6 being surrounded by the air coil 3 which has the coil holder 21 axially outside the air coil. In all three versions, the yoke flat ribbon 5 is attached to the left 2nd body 7. Magnets belong to both the left and the right 2nd body 7, while the left body 6 has no magnets 27, only attached on one side or attached on both sides, and is differently embossed in its outer edge area (also angular and T-shaped) by one to achieve favorable course of the field lines, which are indicated by lines through the air coil.

Part numbers in the figures

1 wave

2 housings

3 coil (open, closed) air gap ', 4 "... air gap sections of the air gap 4 external flat band, preferably a back yoke flat band, axially seen an annular body of the field device (forms an interface of the air gap 4) 2nd body of the field device (forms the other interface of the air gap 4) disc-shaped carrier internal yoke flat ribbon, axially seen an annular body 0 edge of the Ith body (lies in the direction of movement and is a butt edge or corner edge) 1 continuous slot in the 2nd body 2 pole width 3 bearings 4 coil width 5 6 disc ring 7 electronic sensor 8 folding area 9 yoke body of the magnetic poles of the Ith body 0 conductor in the folding area 1 coil holder 2 3 permanent magnet disc 4 axis 5 collector 6 sliding contacts 7 magnetic pole 8 9 winding

Claims

claims

1. Electrical machine, which has an air gap (4) which is delimited by a field device which consists at least in the form of at least two spaced apart bodies (6, 7), each with an older body (6) to a second body (7) is arranged adjacent, and with at least one of the facing sides of the Ith and 2nd body magnetic poles (27), which are magnetized perpendicular to the air gap, are transverse to a direction of movement, essentially over the full air gap, each in Whole or divided into partial poles, extend and which are preferably backed with yoke material, change in the direction of movement and their field is essentially straight, within the pole face area of each pole, from an interface of the air gap (4) to the opposite interface, to which either magnetic poles also belong or which consists at least predominantly of inference material, and at least one r two-pole air coil (3) or a winding (29) with two-pole air coils (3), which has no contact with back yoke material, extends in the air gap (4) at an average cross-section and evenly spaced from the first and second body at a distance moves relative to the field device and each coil side of the at least one air coil crosses the direction of movement, and at the outer edge of the air gap (4) is connected to another coil side directly or via predominantly ineffective conductors or winding head conductors to form at least one air coil (3), characterized in that that the air gap (4), in cross section to the direction of movement, consists of at least two adjacent air gap sections (4 ', 4 "...), two of which each with one of their air gap interfaces, which belong to the first body, on the joint thus created Abut edge (10), and each coil side of the at least one air coil (3) through the air gap with its air gap sections runs, wherein it changes its geometric shape at each edge (10) and thereby bends or folds around the Ith body and each coil side runs essentially in the air gap (4).

2. Electrical machine according to the preamble of claim 1, characterized in that the air gap (4), in section transverse to the direction of movement, consists of at least one arcuate air gap section (4 ') which is limited on the inside by the Iten body and in which each Coil side of the at least one air coil (3) extends essentially over the full arc length, and which runs through the air gap with its air gap sections and essentially in the air gap (4).

3. Electrical machine according to claim 1,2, characterized in that the air gap (4), in cross section to the direction of movement, from at least one arcuate There is an air gap section (4 ') which is delimited on the inside by the Ith body and in which each coil side of the at least one air coil (3) extends essentially over the full arc length and which extends through the air gap with its air gap sections and essentially in the air gap ( 4), and that the at least one air gap section (4 ') is preferably in the form of a circular arc.

4. Electrical machine according to claim 2, characterized in that in cross section to the direction of movement, the at least one arcuate air gap section (4 ') is non-uniformly curved, preferably elliptical.

5. Electrical machine according to claim 4, characterized in that in section transverse to the direction of movement of the elliptical air gap section (4 ') is flat elliptical and preferably comprises either a main apex and two secondary apexes or two main apexes and a secondary apex of the ellipse.

6. Electrical machines according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the air coil (3) is located essentially within the air gap (4) or within the air gap (4) with the air gap sections (4 ', 4 "...).

7. Electrical machine according to claim 1.6, characterized in that at least two adjacent air gap sections (4 ', 4 "), in section transverse to the direction of movement, are straight and at an angle, preferably 90 °, to each other, whereby they are cut at one of their interfaces belonging to the Ith body, which forms a square edge (10) of the Ith body, which is preferably embossed.

8. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that in cross section to the direction of movement, at least two adjacent air gap sections (4'.4 ") with one of their Iten Köφer interfaces forming the edge (10), abut each other an air gap section (4 ') is straight and an air gap section (4 ") is arcuate, preferably circular arc.

9. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 6.8, characterized in that in section transversely to the direction of movement, at least two adjacent air gap sections (4 ', 4 ") merge directly into one another.

10. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 9, characterized in that in section transversely to the direction of movement, the air gap (4) from at least three air gap sections (4 ', 4 ", 4'") is composed, two straight and parallel to each other Air gap sections (4 ', 4'") are connected by a third air gap section (4") which is either straight and lies at a 90 ° angle to each other or is an arcuate air gap section.

11. Electrical machine according to claim 1, 7, characterized in that the air gap (4), in section transverse to the direction of movement, consists of at least two parallel air gap sections (4 ', 4 "), the abutting edge (10) Interfaces predominantly consist of yoke material and belong to a narrow, slit-shaped body and the magnetic poles (27) belong to the air gap interface of the second body.

12. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 12, characterized in that in cross section to the direction of movement of the air gap (4) consists of several abutting air gap sections (4 ', 4 "...), which are straight or arcuate, through each coil side which runs at least one air coil (3) and which makes at least one left and one right bend.

13. Electrical machine according to claim 12, characterized in that at least three straight air gap sections (4 ', 4 ", 4'") are parallel to each other in section transverse to the direction of movement.

14. Electrical machine according to claim 12, characterized in that the air gap (4), in cross section to the direction of movement, consists of three straight air gap sections (4 ', 4 ", 4'"), two air gap sections (4 ', 4th ") are parallel to each other and the third air gap section (4 '") is at a 90 ° angle to it.

15. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 14, characterized in that a conductor (20) of the air coil (3) in the folding region (18) in the region of the edge (10) is at least partially penetrated by the magnetic field, the magnetic field not runs essentially straight from one air gap interface to the other.

16. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 15, characterized in that in section transverse to the direction of movement at least two adjacent air gap sections (4'.4 ") of the air gap (4), in their to the Ith body and abutting interfaces contain magnetic partial poles, which form a common, continuous pole beyond the common edge (10), which is magnetized perpendicular to its air gap interface.

17. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 10, 12 to 15, characterized in that in cross section to the direction of movement in two adjacent air gap sections (4'.4 ") the magnetic poles (27) belong at least to different interfaces of the air gap (4) and the magnetic poles of the one air gap section (4 '), which belong to the interface of the Ith body, with their end faces spaced apart from the yoke material, the adjoining adjacent interface of the other air gap section (4 "), which consists at least predominantly of yoke material .

18. Electrical machine according to claim 10, 15, 17, characterized in that, in section transverse to the direction of movement, the air gap (4) is composed of at least three air gap sections (4 ', 4 ", 4'"), two being straight and parallel to one another lying air gap sections (4 ', 4' ") are connected by a straight third air gap section (4"), and belong to at least one of the two parallel interfaces, the parallel air gap sections, of the Iten body magnetic poles (27), which at least one of the sides of a slot-shaped yoke body (19), which belongs to the first body (6), is attached, and the interface of the air gap section (4 '") connecting the two edges (10), in each of which an interface of the air gap section 4 '"with which the air gap sections 4' and 4" butt each other, at least predominantly consists of yoke material and preferably a flat yoke of the Ith body (6) et, which is a yoke flat ribbon (9). which is spaced from the end faces of the magnetic poles and is connected to the return body (19) approximately in the middle or in an edge (10), and the return flat band (9), opposite an air gap interface of the air gap section (4 '"), to the magnetic poles (27) belong.

19. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 8, 10 to 18, characterized in that in cross section to the direction of movement at least a second body (7) in the folding region (18) in the region of the edge (10) the conductor (20) or an arcuate Coil course follows at least partially evenly spaced.

20. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 8, 10 to 18, characterized in that at least a second body (7) with one of its edges lying in the direction of movement is connected to a return flat ribbon (5) which the air gap (4) in the folding area ( 18) bounded on one side in the region of an edge (10).

21. Electrical machine according to claim 20, characterized in that the return flat band (5) carries on the air gap magnetic poles (27) which extend transversely to the direction of movement, change in the direction of movement and in the direction of the first body (6), preferably in the direction of the edge (10 ), are magnetized.

22. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 21, characterized in that it is composed of several machines that use a common 2nd body (7) of the field device, which is preferably designed as a permanent magnet body (23), wherein it is magnetized perpendicular to the direction of movement and to the air gap interface and each of the two pole faces of the magnet body delimits at least one air gap section of the two electrical machines.

23. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 22, characterized in that on average transverse to the direction of movement lte and 2nd body (6,7), on the outer edges of the opposite interfaces of the air gap (4), directly or via a body, which is preferably a conclusion is firmly connected to one another, the second body having at least one slot running through in the direction of movement for the passage of the coil holder (21), which divides the air gap interface of the second body approximately centrally in the direction of extension of the air gap (4) and / or in a folding area (18) which is arranged at least one air coil (3).

24. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 22, characterized in that the cross-section to the direction of movement lte and 2nd body (6,7), on one of the outer edges of the opposite interfaces of the air gap (4), directly or via a body, which is preferably a yoke, are firmly connected to one another, the second body (7) continuously, opposite the first body (6), delimiting the air gap (4), and the coil holder (21) on the other outer edge of the air gap (4 ) with a winding head or an ineffective conductor area, which is connected to at least one air coil (3) and is led out of the air gap area.

25. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 24, characterized in that the field device is surrounded by a housing (2) or is itself the housing or parts of the housing, and that either the at least one air coil (3) with the shaft (1) or axis (24) is firmly connected, the field device being mounted directly and / or via a housing (2), or that the at least one air coil (3) directly and / or via a coil holder (21) and or via a housing ( 2) is mounted on the shaft (1) or axis (24) and the field device is firmly connected to the shaft or axis.

26. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 25, characterized in that the movement is linear.

27. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 25, characterized in that the movement of the field device and the at least one air coil (3) is rotating relative to an axis (24) or a shaft (1).

28. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 9.1 1 to 15.19 to 25.27, characterized in that on the axis (24) or shaft (1) the field device at least in shape of at least three coaxial and spaced-apart disk-shaped bodies (6, 7) is arranged in each case as a disk or disk ring (16). whereby an older disk-shaped body (6) is arranged adjacent to a second disk-shaped body (7) and these, in cross section to the direction of movement, each delimit an air gap section (4 ', 4 "...), the interfaces of which belong to the first body abut in the outer edge (10) of the Ith body, and belong to the second disk-shaped bodies on the air gap side magnetic poles (27), which are magnetized perpendicular to the air gap, preferably axially, which extend in the direction of the axis, preferably radially, and in the circumferential direction change, and at least one air coil (3) of which each coil side on the outer edge (10) changes its geometric shape and is bent or folded around the first body (6), this at least in its circumferential area being a very thin disk-shaped body, with interfaces, which mainly consist of yoke material, and which preferably a thin yoke disc evenly he thickness is. and each side of the coil extends on both sides of the first disk-shaped body (6), in each case in the air gap sections (4 ', 4 ") approximately centrally between two disk-shaped bodies and is equally spaced from them, in the direction of the axis or shaft, and is connected in its area closest to the axis to another coil side to form an air coil (3), the lth and second disk-shaped bodies being able to be rotated uniformly with one another and relative to the at least one air coil (3).

29. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 10.12 to 25.27, characterized in that on the axis (24) or shaft (1) the field device at least in the form of at least three coaxially and spaced disc-shaped Köφem (6.7 ) is arranged in each case as a disk or disk ring (16), an older disk-shaped body (6) being arranged adjacent to a second disk-shaped body (7), each of which has an air gap section (4 ', 4' in cross section to the direction of movement) "...), which runs on one side of the first disk-shaped body (6) in the direction of the shaft (1) or axis (24), and magnetic poles (27) on at least one of the sides of the it and second disk-shaped body facing each other belong, which are perpendicular to the air gap interface, preferably axially, magnetized, which extend in the direction of the axis, preferably radially, and change in the circumferential direction, the old body (6) in front preferably consists of a, in cross section to the direction of movement, very narrow, slit-shaped yoke body (19) and magnetic poles (27), which it carries at least on one of its sides, and the field device in the peripheral region delimits a further air gap section (4 "), the the interface belonging to the first body in one edge (10) each with an interface of the adjacent air gap sections (4 ', 4'") that also belongs to it, and at least one air coil (3), of which each coil side at least partially in the peripheral area the air gap runs and on the two outer edges (10) of the Ith body (6) changes their geometric shape and is bent or folded around the Ith body, from there on both sides of the Iten disk-shaped bodies (6), each in the air gap sections (4 ', 4 ") approximately centrally between each two disk-shaped bodies and evenly spaced from them, extending in the direction of the axis or shaft and connected to another coil side to form an air coil (3) , wherein the field device is rotatable relative to the at least one air coil (3) and the lth and second disk-shaped bodies preferably move uniformly with one another, and preferably an air gap-limiting field device comprises a conductor (20) in the folding area (18) in the area of at least one edge (10) which at least partially encloses at least one air coil (3) along its length.

30. Electrical machine according to at least one of claims 1 to 25, 27 to 29, characterized in that on the axis (24) or shaft (1) the field device is at least in the form of at least two coaxially spaced, nested, drum-shaped bodies (6,7) is arranged, wherein an older drum-shaped body (6) is arranged adjacent to a second drum-shaped body (7) and this, in cross section to the direction of movement, each has an air gap section (4 ', 4 "...) limit, wherein two straight air gap sections or at least one straight and an arcuate air gap section or at least one arcuate air gap section form the air gap (4) which approaches at least in a region of the axis or shaft, each coil side of the at least one air coil (3) during the course through the air gap (4) in the direction of the axis or shaft, around at least one Iten body (6), within at least one arc The air gap section is bent and / or on at least one edge (10) in which two adjacent air gap sections with their boundary surface belonging to the first body meet, their geometric shape changes and is bent or folded around the 1st body (6), and approximately in the middle between the item and the second body and spaced from them essentially uniformly, extending over the full air gap (4), and the magnetic poles (27) which define the air gap (4) and each air gap section (4 ', 4 "... ) limit at least one side, preferably magnetized at right angles to their air gap interface, extend along the air gap in cross section to the direction of movement and change in the circumferential direction, and the field device rotates relative to the at least one air coil, the lte and 2nd body (6, 7) of the Field devices are preferably firmly connected and preferably move uniformly with one another.

31. Electrical machine according to claim 30, characterized in that the LTE drum-Köφer (6) has the shape of a hohlen- or full circular cylinder and the 2nd trommelfb ^'-shaped Köφer (7) has the shape of a hollow circular cylinder has, at least one of the facing Shell sides of the Ith and 2nd body (6,7). which delimit an air gap section (4 "), contains magnetic poles (27), which are preferably radially magnetized and change in the circumferential direction, and that, in cross section to the direction of movement, at least one of the mutually facing end faces of the Ith and 2nd bodies on one end face of the it Bodies, which delimit an air gap section (4 '), contain magnetic poles (27), which are preferably perpendicular to the air gap interface and are preferably axially magnetized and change in the circumferential direction, and the edge (10) through the abutting boundary surfaces of the jacket belonging to the first body - And front-side air gap section (4 ', 4 "), which are preferably at right angles to each other, is formed, around which each coil side of the at least one air coil is bent or folded and from there preferably axially in the jacket-side air gap section (4") and in frontal air gap section (4 ') extends in the direction of the axis or shaft, preferably radially or radially.

32. Electrical machine according to claim 30, characterized in that the lth drum-shaped body (6) has the shape of a hollow or full circular cylinder and the second drum-shaped body (7) has the shape of a hollow circular cylinder, at least one of the mutually facing jacket sides of the Ith and 2nd body (6,7), which delimit an air gap section (4 "), contains magnetic poles (27), which are preferably radially magnetized and change in the circumferential direction, and that at least one of the mutually facing end faces of the Ith and 2nd body, which delimit an air gap section (4 ') on one end face of the Ith body and an air gap section (4' ") on its other end face, contains magnetic poles (27) which are preferably perpendicular to the air gap interface and are preferably axially magnetized and change in the circumferential direction, whereby the air gap sections (4 ', 4 "). In cross section to the direction of movement, preferably at right angles to the air gap section (4 '"), and the boundary surfaces belonging to the Ith body, each of a jacket-side and a face-side air gap section, each abut in an edge (10) of the Ith body. around which each coil side of the at least one air coil (3) is bent or folded and which preferably extends axially in the jacket-side air gap section (4 ") and in the front-side air gap sections (4 ', 4'") in the direction of the axis or shaft, preferably projected radially or radially.

33. Electrical machine according to claim 30 to 32, characterized in that the lth drum-shaped body (6) has the shape of a hollow or full circular cylinder and the second drum-shaped body (7) has the shape of a hollow circular cylinder. wherein at least one of the mutually facing shell sides of the Ith and 2nd body (6,7), which delimit an air gap section (4 "), contains magnetic poles (27), which are preferably radially magnetized and change in the circumferential direction, and that the circular cylinders, in Cut transversely to the direction of movement, at least on one side oblique or curved to the axis (24) or shaft (1) inwardly inclined end faces, at least one of the facing end faces of the Ith and 2nd body, the at least one side of the Ith body an end-side air gap section (4 ' ) limit, contains magnetic poles (27), which are preferably magnetized perpendicular to the bevel or along the bending radius and change in the circumferential direction, and at least one edge (10) through the abutting interfaces belonging to the first body (6) of the jacket-side and an end-side air gap section is formed, in which each coil side of the at least one air coil (3) changes its geometric shape as it runs through the air gap and is bent or folded around the first body and which is preferably axially in the jacket-side air gap section ( 4 ") and in at least one end-side air gap section (4,4 '"), in the direction of the axis or shaft and preferably radially projected. ι

34. Electrical machine according to claim 30, characterized in that the field device consists at least in the form of at least three cylindrical bodies (6,7) and the closest cylindrical body fully or hollow cylindrical and all other bodies (6,7) hollow cylindrical and at least the jacket side are nested evenly spaced one inside the other, in the axial section the interfaces of an Ith body (6) and a 2nd body (7) each delimit an air gap section (4 ', 4 "...), each of which is located on the inner and outer surface of the Iten hollow cylinder (6) extends axially, and at least one of the mutually facing lateral surfaces of the Ith and 2nd cylindrical body magnetic poles (27), which are preferably radially magnetized, extend axially and change in the circumferential direction, and preferably also at least one of the facing end faces of the Ith and 2nd cylindrical body (6,7), the least s delimit an air gap section (4 '"...) or a folding area (18) on one side of the Ith body, include magnetic poles (27), which are preferably axially magnetized, extend in the direction of the axis or shaft and change in the circumferential direction, and each coil side the at least one air coil (3) around at least one edge (10) of a hollow cylindrical Ith body. which is formed by two adjacent, adjoining interfaces of adjacent air gap sections, is bent or folded and from there extends axially on both sides of the edge (10) in a jacket-side air gap section or on one side in a front-side air gap section in the direction of the axis (24) or shaft ( 1), preferably radially or radially projected, and preferably extends axially on the other side in a jacket-side air gap section.

35. Electrical machine according to claim 1 to 26, characterized in that the field device consists at least in the form of at least two elongated bodies (6,7), each with an older elongated body (6) to a second elongated body (7) in section transversely to the direction of movement are arranged and these each delimit an air gap section (4 ', 4 "".), wherein two straight air gap sections or at least one straight and one arcuate air gap section or at least one arcuate air gap section form the air gap (4), each coil side of the at least one air coil (3) as it runs through the air gap (4) around at least one ith body (6), within at least one arcuate air gap section and / or at least one edge (10), each with two adjacent air gap sections with one of them Boundary surfaces meet, their geometric shape changes and is bent or folded around the first body (6), and extends approximately in the middle between the item and the second body and is spaced substantially uniformly apart, extends over the full air gap (4), and extends the magnetic poles (27), which delimit the air gap (4) and each air gap section (4 ', 4 "...) at least on one side, preferably magnetized at right angles to their air gap boundary surface. On average, extend along the air gap (4) and in Change circumferential direction, and the field device moves linearly relative to the at least one air coil, the lte and 2nd body (6, 7) of the field device preferably being firmly connected and moving uniformly with one another.

36. Electrical machine according to claim 35, characterized in that the elongated body (6,7) at least three elongated, plate-shaped body (6,7) of small, uniform thickness, which are evenly spaced from one another, each being plate-shaped between an ith Body (6) and a second plate-shaped body (7) an air gap section (4 ', 4 "...) is arranged, and the air gap sections, parallel to the direction of movement, are parallel to each other, the plate-shaped body (6,7) have a great length in relation to their width and the long sides lie in the direction of movement and belong to at least one of the mutually facing sides of the first and second plate-shaped bodies (6, 7) magnetic poles (27) which extend transversely to the direction of movement and perpendicular to the surface which delimits the air gap of the plate-shaped body (6, 7) are magnetized, and that to the first body (6), which, in cross section to the movement direction, has a narrow, slit-shaped surface, associated interfaces, two adjacent air gap sections (4 \ 4 "...) on one long side, abut in the edge (10) around which each of the coil sides of the at least one air coil (3) is bent or folded, which extends from this folding area (18) into the air gap sections and in the area of the others. opposite longitudinal edge of the Ith plate-shaped body (6) is connected to another coil side to form an air coil (3), and the at least one air coil moves linearly relative to the field arrangement.

37. Electrical machine according to claim 36, characterized in that the lte and 2nd elongated bodies (6, 7) are connected to one another in the direction of movement at their beginning and at their end by a body.