EP0881015A1 - Machine for continuous casting of steel - Google Patents
Machine for continuous casting of steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0881015A1 EP0881015A1 EP98109419A EP98109419A EP0881015A1 EP 0881015 A1 EP0881015 A1 EP 0881015A1 EP 98109419 A EP98109419 A EP 98109419A EP 98109419 A EP98109419 A EP 98109419A EP 0881015 A1 EP0881015 A1 EP 0881015A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- continuous casting
- plate
- frame
- plate frame
- base frame
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 3
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/051—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds into moulds having oscillating walls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/053—Means for oscillating the moulds
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for the continuous casting of steel, comprising a Continuous casting mold oscillating in the casting direction, in one with an oscillation drive connected lifting table of a stationary base frame is arranged, and the Guide elements are assigned on both sides transversely to the casting direction.
- Such a device is known from DE 43 41 719 C1.
- the oscillating Continuous casting mold is there at both ends, extending transversely to the casting direction clamped springs and with a fixed to a support frame, connected as a servo hydraulic cylinder oscillation drive.
- a continuous casting mold consisting of broad and narrow side walls here the narrow side walls between the broad side walls on the Clamping devices acting on the wide side walls are clamped and attached to mounting blocks fixed, on the top and bottom also the springs via clamping means are attached, the springs at both ends in clamping blocks and the clamping blocks from arranged on the support frame, further mounting blocks are held.
- This very expensive construction thus proves to be particularly disadvantageous, if the guide springs have to be changed, because these are subject to change through the frequency of the oscillation a constant interplay of bending stresses.
- the invention has for its object in a device of the aforementioned Kind of a guide device with in particular with regard to service life and Wear to create improved properties of the guide elements.
- the guide elements as Plate frame formed with cross struts and two each at a distance opposite plate frames combined into a plate frame pair are, each plate frame on the one hand with the base frame and on the other is connected to the lifting table.
- the cross struts both one Bending spring as well as a tie rod function, i.e. on train or bend be deformed.
- a permissible oscillation stroke of plus / minus 10 mm can the geometric changes, i.e.
- the leadership or Panel frames are unlimited in their lifespan and also maintenance-free.
- the Assembly or installation of the plate frame is very simple and requires essentially only unscrewing the base frame and removing it Help, for example, of the indoor crane; the necessary assembly space is then free accessible.
- the entire plate frame guide system is also free of play, and Wishbones are not required.
- each plate frame from two in situ vertical side plates with horizontal plates connecting them as cross struts consists.
- the cross struts can be welded to the side plates; alternatively it is possible to manufacture such a plate frame from solid, for example by flame cutting from a slab and subsequent finishing by milling and / or grinding.
- the side plates are advantageously provided with mounting holes, leave the plate frame with the side walls as clamping parts in a simple manner connect with screws to the lifting table and the base frame.
- a lifting table 2 is arranged, to which as an oscillation drive on the base frame 1 articulated servo hydraulic cylinder 3 attacks.
- the lifting table 2 small mass can be arranged as a single overall table or - arranged left / right or front / rear - train with two separate lifting tables (see Fig. 3).
- FIGS. 1 to 3 consist of two side plates 8 and these interconnecting cross struts in the form of horizontal plates 9.
- the side plates 8 are from the outset with just above and below the Cross struts 9 provided mounting holes 10 (see. Part 4a), so that they are simply indicated by means of FIGS. 1 to 3
- Mount holes 10 see. Part 4a
- FIGS. 1 to 3 Have screws 11 connected to base frame 1 and lifting table 2.
- Oscillation movements - which can be in the range of plus / minus 10 mm (cf. the double arrow in sub-figure b and the numerical details there) - of the lifting table 2 depending on the stroke, the cross struts 9 bend either upwards or downwards from, as dash-dotted in partial figure 4b and greatly exaggerated for clarity is shown.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Machine Tool Units (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zum Stranggießen von Stahl, umfassend eine in Gießrichtung oszillierende Stranggießkokille, die in einem mit einem Oszillationsantrieb verbundenen Hubtisch eines stationären Grundrahmens angeordnet ist, und der beidseitig quer zur Gießrichtung Führungselemente zugeordnet sind.The invention relates to a device for the continuous casting of steel, comprising a Continuous casting mold oscillating in the casting direction, in one with an oscillation drive connected lifting table of a stationary base frame is arranged, and the Guide elements are assigned on both sides transversely to the casting direction.
Eine solche Vorrichtung ist aus der DE 43 41 719 C1 bekannt. Die oszillierende Stranggießkokille ist dort an quer zur Gießrichtung sich erstreckenden, beidendig eingespannten Federn gelagert und mit einem an einem Tragrahmen fest verbundenen, als Servo-Hydraulikzylinder ausgebildeten Oszillationsantrieb verbunden. Bei einer aus Breitseiten- und Schmalseitenwänden bestehenden Stranggießkokille sind hierbei die Schmalseitenwände zwischen den Breitseitenwänden über auf die Breitseitenwände wirkende Spanneinrichtungen geklemmt und an Befestigungsblöcken festgelegt, an deren Ober- und Unterseite auch die Federn über Klemmittel befestigt sind, wobei die Federn beidendig in Spannblöcken und die Spannblöcke von am Tragrahmen angeordneten, weiteren Befestigungsblöcken gehalten sind. Diese somit sehr aufwendige Bauweise zeigt sich insbesondere dann als sehr nachteilig, wenn die Führungsfedern gewechselt werden müssen, denn diese unterliegen bedingt durch die Frequenz der Oszillation einem stetigen Wechselspiel von Biegespannungen.Such a device is known from DE 43 41 719 C1. The oscillating Continuous casting mold is there at both ends, extending transversely to the casting direction clamped springs and with a fixed to a support frame, connected as a servo hydraulic cylinder oscillation drive. At are a continuous casting mold consisting of broad and narrow side walls here the narrow side walls between the broad side walls on the Clamping devices acting on the wide side walls are clamped and attached to mounting blocks fixed, on the top and bottom also the springs via clamping means are attached, the springs at both ends in clamping blocks and the clamping blocks from arranged on the support frame, further mounting blocks are held. This very expensive construction thus proves to be particularly disadvantageous, if the guide springs have to be changed, because these are subject to change through the frequency of the oscillation a constant interplay of bending stresses.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, bei einer Vorrichtung der eingangs genannten Art eine Führungseinrichtung mit insbesondere hinsichtlich Standzeit und Verschleiß verbesserten Eigenschaften der Führungselemente zu schaffen. The invention has for its object in a device of the aforementioned Kind of a guide device with in particular with regard to service life and Wear to create improved properties of the guide elements.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die Führungselemente als Plattenrahmen mit Querstreben ausgebildet und jeweils zwei einander im Abstand gegenüberliegende Plattenrahmen zu einem Plattenrahmenpaar zusammengefaßt sind, wobei jeder Plattenrahmen einerseits mit dem Grundrahmen und andererseits mit dem Hubtisch verbunden ist. Hierbei wurde - in Abkehr von den bekannten Führungselementen in Form von Federn, Seilen oder Rundstäben - erkannt, daß bei den erfindinngsgemäßen, als Verbindungsglied zwischen dem Grundrahmen und dem die Kokille tragenden, oszillierenden Hubtisch dienenden Platten- bzw. Führungsrahmen bei deren gegenüberliegender Anordnung die Querstreben sowohl eine Biegefeder- als auch eine Zugankertunktion erfüllen, d.h. auf Zug bzw. Biegung verformt werden. Trotz eines zulässigen Oszillations-Hubes von plus/minus 10 mm lassen sich die geometrischen Änderungen, d.h. Verlagerungen der Querstreben aus der Mittellage so gering halten, daß die zulässige Spannung für Dauerfestigkeit weder durch Biegung noch durch Zug (oder Schub) überschritten wird. Die Führungs- bzw. Plattenrahmen sind in ihrer Lebensdauer unbegrenzt und zudem wartungsfrei. Die Montage bzw. der Einbau der Plattenrahmen ist sehr einfach und erfordert im wesentlichen lediglich das Losschrauben des Grundrahmens und dessen Ausbau mit Hilfe beispielsweise des Hallenkrans; der notwendige Montageplatz ist danach frei zugänglich. Das gesamte Plattenrahmen-Führungssystem ist zudem spielfrei, und Querlenker sind nicht erforderlich.This object is achieved in that the guide elements as Plate frame formed with cross struts and two each at a distance opposite plate frames combined into a plate frame pair are, each plate frame on the one hand with the base frame and on the other is connected to the lifting table. This was - in a departure from the known Guide elements in the form of springs, ropes or round bars - recognized that at the inventive, as a link between the base frame and the the mold-carrying, oscillating lifting table serving plate or guide frame in their opposite arrangement, the cross struts both one Bending spring as well as a tie rod function, i.e. on train or bend be deformed. Despite a permissible oscillation stroke of plus / minus 10 mm can the geometric changes, i.e. Displacements of the cross struts keep the middle layer so low that the permissible stress for fatigue strength is neither by bending or by pulling (or pushing). The leadership or Panel frames are unlimited in their lifespan and also maintenance-free. The Assembly or installation of the plate frame is very simple and requires essentially only unscrewing the base frame and removing it Help, for example, of the indoor crane; the necessary assembly space is then free accessible. The entire plate frame guide system is also free of play, and Wishbones are not required.
Eine Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, daß jeder Plattenrahmen aus zwei in situ vertikalen Seitenplatten mit diese verbindenden Horizontalplatten als Querstreben besteht. Die Querstreben lassen sich mit den Seitenplatten verschweißen; alternativ ist es möglich, einen solchen Plattenrahmen aus dem Vollen herzustellen, beispielsweise durch Brennschneiden aus einer Bramme und einer anschließenden Nachbearbeitung durch Fräsen und/oder Schleifen.An embodiment of the invention provides that each plate frame from two in situ vertical side plates with horizontal plates connecting them as cross struts consists. The cross struts can be welded to the side plates; alternatively it is possible to manufacture such a plate frame from solid, for example by flame cutting from a slab and subsequent finishing by milling and / or grinding.
Wenn die Seitenplatten vorteilhaft mit Befestigungsbohrungen versehen sind, lassen sich die Plattenrahmen mit den Seitenwänden als Einspannteile in einfacher Weise durch Schrauben mit dem Hubtisch und dem Grundrahmen verbinden. If the side plates are advantageously provided with mounting holes, leave the plate frame with the side walls as clamping parts in a simple manner connect with screws to the lifting table and the base frame.
Weitere Einzelheiten und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Ansprüchen und der nachfolgenden Beschreibung, in der ein in den Zeichnungen dargestelltes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung näher erläutert wird. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- als Einzelheit einer als solche hinlänglich bekannten Stranggießanlage in sehr schematischer Seitenansicht einen in einem stationären Grundrahmen angeordneten Hubtisch einer Stranggießkokille;
- Fig. 2
- die Anordnung gemäß Fig. 1 in halbsymmetrischer Draufsicht;
- Fig. 3
- einen Schnitt entlang der Linie III-III von Fig. 1, schematisch dargestellt; und
- Fig. 4
- als Einzelheit einen Führungs- bzw. Plattenrahmen in der Seitenansicht (Teilfigur a) und in der Vorderansicht (Teilfigur b) dargestellt.
- Fig. 1
- as a detail of a continuous casting installation known as such, in a very schematic side view, a lifting table of a continuous casting mold arranged in a stationary base frame;
- Fig. 2
- the arrangement of Figure 1 in semi-symmetrical plan view.
- Fig. 3
- a section along the line III-III of Figure 1, shown schematically. and
- Fig. 4
- as a detail, a guide or plate frame shown in side view (part figure a) and in the front view (part figure b).
In einem stationären Grundrahmen 1 einer nicht gezeigten Stranggießanlage ist
gemaß den Fig. 1 und 2 ein Hubtisch 2 angeordnet, an den als Oszillationsantrieb ein
am Grundrahmen 1 angelenkter Servo-Hydraulikzylinder 3 angreift. Der Hubtisch 2
kleiner Masse läßt sich als einzelner Gesamttisch oder - angeordnet links/rechts bzw.
vorn/hinten - mit zwei getrennten Hubtischen (vgl. Fig. 3) ausbilden. Der eine
Stranggießkokille 4, die gemäß Fig. 3 aus Breitseitenwänden 6 und Schmalseitenwänden
7 besteht und dort nur auszugsweise, nämlich bis geringfügig über die
Strangmitte 5 hinausreichend dargestellt ist, tragende Hubtisch 2 wird entsprechend
seiner Bauweise (Gesamttisch oder zwei getrennte Tischeinheiten) entweder in einem
Paar Plattenrahmen oder - wie gemäß Fig. 3 - in aufgrund der getrennten Bauweise
vier einzelnen Plattenrahmen 7 als Führungselementen geführt.In a
In jedem Fall bilden stets zwei einander im Abstand gegenüberliegende Plattenrahmen
ein Plattenrahmenpaar 7a (vgl. Fig. 2) bzw. 7b (vgl. Fig. 3). Aufgrund dieser
somit doppelseitigen Anbindung tritt keine Horizontalkomponente auf und es werden
vielmehr Kräfte aufgebaut, die das System immer wieder in die Mitte zurückführen.In any case, always form two plate frames opposite each other at a distance
a
Die Plattenrahmen 7 bestehen gemäß Fig. 4 aus zwei Seitenplatten 8 und diese
miteinander verbindenden, in Form von Horizontalplatten ausgeführten Querstreben
9. Die Seitenplatten 8 sind von vomherein mit jeweils knapp ober- und unterhalb der
Querstreben 9 angeordneten Befestigungsbohrungen 10 (vgl. Teilfigur 4a) versehen,
so daß sie sich auf einfache Weise mittels in den Fig. 1 bis 3 lediglich angedeuteten
Schrauben 11 mit dem Grundrahmen 1 und dem Hubtisch 2 verbinden lassen. Bei
Oszillationsbewegungen - die im Bereich von plus/minus 10 mm liegen können (vgl.
den Doppelpfeil in der Teilfigur b und die dortigen Ziffernangaben) - des Hubtisches 2
biegen sich die Querstreben 9 hubabhängig entweder nach oben oder nach unten
aus, wie in der Teilfigur 4b strichpunktiert und zur Verdeutlichung stark überzeichnet
dargestellt ist. Tatsächlich sind die geometrischen Änderungen, d.h. die Verlagerungen
aus der Mittellage durch die Dimensionierung der Plattenrahmen so
gering, daß die zulässige Spannung für Dauerfestigkeit weder durch Biegung noch
durch Zug oder Schub überschritten wird. Die in Fig. 4 (Teilfiguren a und b)
eingetragenen Abmessungen I bzw. s bzw. b sind funktionsbestimmend und abhängig
von der Last ausgelegt, d.h. bei größerer Last sind die Abmessungen entsprechend
größer und bei kleinerer Last entsprechend kleiner.4 consist of two
Claims (3)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Führungselemente als Plattenrahmen (7) mit Querstreben (9) ausgebildet und jeweils zwei einander im Abstand gegenüberliegende Plattenrahmen (7) zu einem Plattenrahmenpaar (7a; 7b) zusammengefaßt sind, wobei jeder Plattenrahmen (7) einerseits mit dem Grundrahmen (1) und andererseits mit dem Hubtisch (2) verbunden ist.Device for the continuous casting of steel, comprising a continuous casting mold which oscillates in the casting direction, which is arranged in a lifting table of a stationary base frame connected to an oscillation drive, and to which guide elements are assigned on both sides to the casting direction,
characterized,
that the guide elements are designed as a plate frame (7) with cross struts (9) and two plate frames (7), which are opposite one another at a distance, are combined to form a plate frame pair (7a; 7b), each plate frame (7) on the one hand with the base frame (1) and on the other hand is connected to the lifting table (2).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß ein Plattenrahmen (7) aus zwei in situ vertikalen Seitenplatten (8) mit diese verbindenden Horizontalplatten als Querstreben (9) besteht.Device according to claim 1,
characterized,
that a plate frame (7) consists of two in situ vertical side plates (8) with these connecting horizontal plates as cross struts (9).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Seitenplatten (8) mit Befestigungsbohrungen (10) versehen sind.Device according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized,
that the side plates (8) are provided with mounting holes (10).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19722733A DE19722733A1 (en) | 1997-05-30 | 1997-05-30 | Device for the continuous casting of steel |
DE19722733 | 1997-05-30 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0881015A1 true EP0881015A1 (en) | 1998-12-02 |
EP0881015B1 EP0881015B1 (en) | 2001-08-01 |
Family
ID=7830962
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98109419A Expired - Lifetime EP0881015B1 (en) | 1997-05-30 | 1998-05-25 | Machine for continuous casting of steel |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6079478A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0881015B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4237295B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100542879B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE203695T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE19722733A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1029616A1 (en) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-23 | SMS Demag AG | Device for oscillating a continuous-casting mould |
AT408625B (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2002-01-25 | Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen | CASTING |
CN103121086A (en) * | 2013-02-20 | 2013-05-29 | 内蒙古科技大学 | Crystallizer vibration measuring device |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19940997A1 (en) * | 1999-08-28 | 2001-03-01 | Sms Demag Ag | Device for the continuous casting of metal |
US20120081707A1 (en) * | 2010-07-02 | 2012-04-05 | Bengt Norden | Shear flow device and methods of use |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2248066A1 (en) * | 1972-09-30 | 1974-04-04 | Schloemann Ag | Continuous casting mould vibration mounting - comprises two horizontal leaf spring packs |
DE3635949A1 (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1987-06-25 | Voest Alpine Ag | Guiding device for an oscillating mould in a continuous casting plant |
EP0236237A1 (en) * | 1986-03-07 | 1987-09-09 | Clecim | Continuous casting machine for metal |
DE4341719C1 (en) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-04-06 | Mannesmann Ag | Device for the continuous casting of steel |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5964142A (en) * | 1982-10-05 | 1984-04-12 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Vibration device for casting mold in continuous casting device |
DE3403598A1 (en) * | 1984-02-02 | 1985-08-08 | SMS Schloemann-Siemag AG, 4000 Düsseldorf | GUIDE DEVICE FOR AN OSCILLATING DRIVEN CONTINUOUS CASTING CHOCOLATE |
US4762164A (en) * | 1987-08-20 | 1988-08-09 | Usx Corporation | Mold friction monitoring for breakout protection |
JP3025366B2 (en) * | 1992-02-03 | 2000-03-27 | 住友重機械工業株式会社 | Mold unit of continuous casting machine, mold structure and mold unit recombination method |
DE19541164B4 (en) * | 1995-11-04 | 2005-02-17 | Sms Demag Ag | Oscillating device for a continuous casting mold |
-
1997
- 1997-05-30 DE DE19722733A patent/DE19722733A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-05-25 EP EP98109419A patent/EP0881015B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-25 AT AT98109419T patent/ATE203695T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-25 DE DE59801109T patent/DE59801109D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-29 JP JP14998598A patent/JP4237295B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-30 KR KR1019980020018A patent/KR100542879B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-01 US US09/088,237 patent/US6079478A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2248066A1 (en) * | 1972-09-30 | 1974-04-04 | Schloemann Ag | Continuous casting mould vibration mounting - comprises two horizontal leaf spring packs |
DE3635949A1 (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1987-06-25 | Voest Alpine Ag | Guiding device for an oscillating mould in a continuous casting plant |
EP0236237A1 (en) * | 1986-03-07 | 1987-09-09 | Clecim | Continuous casting machine for metal |
DE4341719C1 (en) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-04-06 | Mannesmann Ag | Device for the continuous casting of steel |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1029616A1 (en) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-23 | SMS Demag AG | Device for oscillating a continuous-casting mould |
AT408625B (en) * | 1999-06-08 | 2002-01-25 | Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen | CASTING |
CN103121086A (en) * | 2013-02-20 | 2013-05-29 | 内蒙古科技大学 | Crystallizer vibration measuring device |
CN103121086B (en) * | 2013-02-20 | 2015-01-21 | 内蒙古科技大学 | Crystallizer vibration measuring device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4237295B2 (en) | 2009-03-11 |
EP0881015B1 (en) | 2001-08-01 |
KR19980087531A (en) | 1998-12-05 |
ATE203695T1 (en) | 2001-08-15 |
JPH1147889A (en) | 1999-02-23 |
US6079478A (en) | 2000-06-27 |
DE59801109D1 (en) | 2001-09-06 |
DE19722733A1 (en) | 1998-12-03 |
KR100542879B1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
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