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EP0337049A1 - Carrier projectile and training submissiles therefor - Google Patents

Carrier projectile and training submissiles therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0337049A1
EP0337049A1 EP89100162A EP89100162A EP0337049A1 EP 0337049 A1 EP0337049 A1 EP 0337049A1 EP 89100162 A EP89100162 A EP 89100162A EP 89100162 A EP89100162 A EP 89100162A EP 0337049 A1 EP0337049 A1 EP 0337049A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bomblets
bomblet
projectile
ignition
inner tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89100162A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0337049B1 (en
Inventor
Walter Hanser
Peter Rayer
Norbert Dr. Wardecki
Peter Hug
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Buck Chemisch Technische Werke GmbH and Co
Buck Werke GmbH and Co
Original Assignee
Buck Chemisch Technische Werke GmbH and Co
Buck Werke GmbH and Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Buck Chemisch Technische Werke GmbH and Co, Buck Werke GmbH and Co filed Critical Buck Chemisch Technische Werke GmbH and Co
Priority to AT89100162T priority Critical patent/ATE88559T1/en
Publication of EP0337049A1 publication Critical patent/EP0337049A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0337049B1 publication Critical patent/EP0337049B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/56—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing discrete solid bodies
    • F42B12/58—Cluster or cargo ammunition, i.e. projectiles containing one or more submissiles
    • F42B12/60—Cluster or cargo ammunition, i.e. projectiles containing one or more submissiles the submissiles being ejected radially
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
    • C06B45/18—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component
    • C06B45/20—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an organic explosive or an organic thermic component
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B10/00—Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
    • F42B10/32—Range-reducing or range-increasing arrangements; Fall-retarding means
    • F42B10/48—Range-reducing, destabilising or braking arrangements, e.g. impact-braking arrangements; Fall-retarding means, e.g. balloons, rockets for braking or fall-retarding
    • F42B10/56—Range-reducing, destabilising or braking arrangements, e.g. impact-braking arrangements; Fall-retarding means, e.g. balloons, rockets for braking or fall-retarding of parachute or paraglider type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/40—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information of target-marking, i.e. impact-indicating type

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a bomblet projectile according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Bomblet projectiles are used primarily to combat armored vehicles.
  • the bomblet projectile is brought over the target by firing from a gun or by means of a rocket motor, for example at a height of 300 to 400 m, whereupon an ejection charge ejects or pushes out about 50-90 bomblets from the projectile shell.
  • the bomblets then fall down one by one, spreading over an area of approximately 50 to 300 m on the ground.
  • the bomlets contain a shaped charge and an impact detonator, so that when they hit an armored vehicle, for example, they ignite and penetrate the armor plate.
  • the procedure today is that either the impact detonator or the shaped charge is removed from the bomblets. Although this allows flawless component tests to be carried out, for example with regard to the effectiveness of the exhaust charge, the functionality of the impact detonators and the like, it is not possible to practice them in practice. Because the functional characteristics of the detonation cloud, flash of light and detonation bang are missing and, in addition, in the case of explosive tests this makes handling more difficult.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to create a bomblet projectile for practice purposes, which enables practically practical practice, but is safe and economical.
  • the solution to this problem results from the characterizing features of patent claim 1.
  • a pyrotechnic sentence results in a simulation of bang and lightning comparable to a sharp bomblet, with the result of a comparable ground hit image and an optical impact mark that is visible from a great distance.
  • a decomposition cloud is created due to earth ejection and combustion residues corresponds to the live ammunition and enables the optical recognition of the bomblet hits and thus their distribution in the target area as with live ammunition.
  • This pyrotechnic charge is ignited by a delay element which is ignited when the bomblets are ejected from the floor and which has a delay time which is sufficient beyond the fall time of the bomblets.
  • This central inner tube also serves to fix the bomblets in the projectile casing, so that - as will be explained in detail later - simple and inexpensive projectile casings of the appropriate caliber can be used without the need for the much more expensive special casings provided with inner ribs of the live ammunition .
  • Particularly useful embodiments of the invention are characterized in the subclaims, relating to the pyrotechnic set, the design and arrangement of the deceleration set in the bomblets, the arrangement of the bomblets in the projectile casing and the design of the central inner tube.
  • the bomblet designated as a whole by 10
  • the bomblet has a cup-shaped housing 11 which is closed by a cover 12.
  • the cover 12 is provided on its free upper side with a recess 12a in which a pin 12b for fastening a tail belt 13 is located.
  • a pilot hole 14, open at both ends, runs diametrically in the cover.
  • a shoulder 12c projecting from the cover 12 into the interior of the housing 11 serves to hold a delay tube 15.
  • the delay tube 15 consists, as usual, of a firing kit 15a, a delay set 15b and a firing set 15c.
  • the firing side of the delay tube 15 is covered towards the ignition channel 14 by a film 16, preferably made of aluminum, with a small distance of, for example, 1.75 mm between the free end face of the ignition charge 15a and the film 16; the purpose of this distance will be explained later.
  • the effective mass of the bomblet 10 is designated by 17, it being a pyrotechnic firing flash set.
  • the pyrotechnic set 17 consists of coarse-grained nitrocellulose (NC) and magnesium powder.
  • a suitable binder ensures that the magnesium powder adheres to the surface of the NC grains, which may have the form of small rods, for example, so that each NC grain is coated with magnesium powder, which prevents segregation.
  • FIG. 2A and 2B show a bomblet projectile designated as a whole by 20, in the casing 21 of which a stack of bomblets 10 is housed.
  • the bomblet stack consists of four superimposed layers of five bomblets each, evenly distributed around the longitudinal axis of the floor, that is, a total of twenty bomblets 10.
  • the floor 20 is penetrated by a central inner tube 22, hereinafter referred to as ignition tube. whose end facing the projectile tip 20a is connected to an ejection igniter charge 23, while its rear end is covered by the projectile floor 20b.
  • the ignition tube 22 has in cross section (FIG.
  • the bomblets 10 are directed through the housing lugs 11a in such a way that their ignition channels 14 run radially in the projectile, such that the inner end of the ignition channel 14 bears on the ignition tube 22 and the outer end on the inner surface of the projectile casing 21 .
  • the ignition tube 22 has ignition holes 22a, which produce an open connection between the interior of the ignition tube 22 and the ignition bores 14 of the bomblets 10.
  • the outer end of the ignition bores 14 is, as already mentioned, on the inner surface of the projectile casing 21, but there is no complete covering of the ignition bore muzzle because the curvature of the housing 11 of the bomblets 10 is stronger than the curvature of the projectile casing having a larger diameter .
  • the trapezoidal bodies labeled 25 are filler pieces.
  • the filler pieces are partly made of aluminum (or plastic) and partly made of steel.
  • the weight and center of gravity of the entire storey are set via the arrangement and number of pieces of the heavier steel filler pieces.
  • the ring designated 26 serves to cover the Cover 12 of the bomblets closest to the floor and thus for additional protection of their tail bands 13, which are otherwise covered by easily detachable cardboard or plastic disks 12d.
  • the projectile like the live ammunition, is fired from a launch tube, whereupon, when the projectile is above the target area, a delay detonator ignites the ejection and priming charge 23.
  • a delay detonator ignites the ejection and priming charge 23.
  • an ignition jet of the charge 23 penetrates the ignition tube 22, penetrates through the ignition holes into the ignition bores of the bomblets 10, penetrates the cover foils 16 and ignites the igniter charges 15a of the ignition tubes 15.
  • such a gas pressure is built up in the projectile by the ignited charge 23 that the floor 20b is blasted off and the bomblets are pushed out of the now open back shell.
  • the ignition beam passing through the ignition tube 22 from front to back is deflected twice by 90 °, that is to say a total of 180 °, before it reaches the ignition set 15b of the delay tubes 15; the pilot jet thus loses part of its force, so that there is no risk of the delay tubes 15 breaking through and / or the active sentence 17 igniting directly.
  • the aforementioned partial covering of the outer end of the ignition bores 14 leads to a jam in the ignition bore 14, which ensures reliable redirection of the ignition jet in the direction of the delay tube 15.
  • the small distance between the aluminum foil 16 and the ignition charge 15a ensures that the foil 16 penetrates reliably; If there is no distance, the ignition charge 15a would act as an abutment for the film 16, so that the film 16 would not penetrate. If the distance was too large, the film would break through, but there would no longer be any certainty that the ignition jet would ignite the ignition charge 15a reaches and ignites.
  • the ignition hole, which is covered by the film, is 1 to 2 mm smaller in diameter than the ignition hole of the delay piece, into which the set is pressed. That shoulder prevents the burning set from flowing out.
  • the bomblets 10 ejected from the projectile casing 21 now fall down by gravity, the tail straps 13 stowed in the cover cavities 12a unfolding, which supports a perfect vertical fall of the bomblets 10.
  • the bomblets 10 hit the ground in succession within approximately 1 1/2 seconds.
  • the delay time of the delay tubes 15 is dimensioned such that their primer charge 15c ignite the pyrotechnic charge 17 shortly after the bomblets hit the ground.
  • the fragmentation cloud created by earth ejection and combustion residues largely corresponds to that of live ammunition. It is essential, however, that the bomblets hit the floor with the floor and not with the lid on the floor, which, as already indicated, is ensured by the tail bands 13.
  • the remains of bomblets can be collected without any risk, which also applies to potential unexploded ordnance.
  • the training projectile described allows an excellent simulation of live ammunition, is safe and economical to manufacture, the latter in particular because no complex ignition protection systems are required and simple live case can be used instead of the complicated projectile casings of live ammunition.
  • the described embodiment can undergo numerous modifications without leaving the scope of the invention. This applies in particular to the number of bomblets housed in the floor and the related external shape of the ignition tube, the design of the bomblet cover with or without a guide work tapes, which can be covered by cardboard disks or the like when stowed, and the composition of the pyrotechnic set.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Lighters Containing Fuel (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Emergency Lowering Means (AREA)

Abstract

An exercise firing projectile containing a plurality of pyrotechnic fragmentation devices are expelled from the projectile casing above the target area by an ejection charge, and delay tubes of the fragmentation devices are ignited at the same time by this charge through a central igniter tube contained within the projectile. The active charge of the devices consist of a grainy composite with quick reaction time.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Bomblet-Geschoß gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1.The invention relates to a bomblet projectile according to the preamble of claim 1.

Bomblet-Geschosse dienen vorzugsweise zur Bekämpfung von gepan­zerten Fahrzeugen. Dabei wird das Bomblet-Geschoß durch Abschuß aus einem Geschütz oder mittels eines Raketenmotors über das Ziel gebracht, beispielsweise in einer Höhe von 300 bis 400 m, worauf dann eine Ausstoßladung die etwa 50 - 90 Bomblets aus der Geschoßhülle ausstößt bzw. ausschiebt. Die Bomblets fallen dann einzeln nach unten, wobei sie sich am Boden über ein Gebiet von etwa 50 bis 300 m verteilen. Die Bomlets enthalten eine Hohl­ladung und einen Aufschlagzünder, so daß sie beim Auftreffen auf beispielsweise ein gepanzertes Fahrzeug zünden und die Pan­zerungsplatte durchschlagen.Bomblet projectiles are used primarily to combat armored vehicles. The bomblet projectile is brought over the target by firing from a gun or by means of a rocket motor, for example at a height of 300 to 400 m, whereupon an ejection charge ejects or pushes out about 50-90 bomblets from the projectile shell. The bomblets then fall down one by one, spreading over an area of approximately 50 to 300 m on the ground. The bomlets contain a shaped charge and an impact detonator, so that when they hit an armored vehicle, for example, they ignite and penetrate the armor plate.

Für die Komponentenerprobung geht man heute so vor, daß aus den Bomblets entweder der Aufschlagzünder oder aber die Hohlladung entfernt wird. Damit können zwar einwandfreie Komponententests durchgeführt werden, etwa bezüglich der Wirksamkeit der Aus­stoßladung, der Funktionstüchtigkeit der Aufschlagzünder und dergleichen, ein praxisnahes Üben jedoch ist damit nicht möglich. Weil die Funktionsmerkmale Detonationswolke, Lichtblitz und Detonationsknall fehlen und zudem im Fall der Sprengstoffer­probung dieser die Handhabungssicherheit erschwert.For component testing, the procedure today is that either the impact detonator or the shaped charge is removed from the bomblets. Although this allows flawless component tests to be carried out, for example with regard to the effectiveness of the exhaust charge, the functionality of the impact detonators and the like, it is not possible to practice them in practice. Because the functional characteristics of the detonation cloud, flash of light and detonation bang are missing and, in addition, in the case of explosive tests this makes handling more difficult.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist deshalb die Schaffung eines Bombletgeschosses für Übungszwecke, das ein möglichst praxisnahes Üben ermöglicht, dabei jedoch gefahrlos und mög­lichst wirtschaftlich ist. Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe ergibt sich aus den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1.The object of the present invention is therefore to create a bomblet projectile for practice purposes, which enables practically practical practice, but is safe and economical. The solution to this problem results from the characterizing features of patent claim 1.

Durch die Verwendung eines pyrotechnischen Satzes ergibt sich eine mit einem scharfen Bomblet vergleichbare Simulation von Knall und Blitz, mit der Folge eines vergleichbaren Bodentreff­bildes und einer auf große Entfernung sichtbaren optischen Auf­schlagmarkierung. Darüberhinaus entsteht durch Erdauswurf und Verbrennungsrückstände eine Zerlegerwolke, die weitgehend der­ jenigen der scharfen Munition entspricht und die optische Er­kennbarkeit der Bomblet-Einschläge und damit deren Verteilung im Zielbereich wie bei der scharfen Munition ermöglicht. Die Zündung dieses pyrotechnischen Satzes erfolgt durch ein Verzö­gerungsstück, das beim Ausstoß der Bomblets aus dem Geschoß an­gezündet wird und eine über die Fallzeit der Bomblets hinaus aus­reichende Verzögerungszeit besitzt. Damit wird die Sicherheit bei der Wiederaufnahme von Blindgängern gegenüber der scharfen Munition wesentlich erhöht, weil ein Verzögerungsstück, das nicht funktioniert hat, durch mechanische Stöße oder derglei­chen -im Gegensatz zu Aufschlagzündern- nicht zur nachträglichen Funktion gebracht werden kann. Die beim Üben obligatorische Ber­gung der im Zielgebiet verteilten Bomblets bzw. Bomblet-Reste ist somit völlig gefahrlos, selbst wenn Blindgänger existieren. Außerdem ist ein Verzögerungsstück wesentlich kostengünstiger als der notwendigerweise mit einem komplizierten Zündsicherungs­system verbundene Aufschlagzünder der scharfen Munition. Die Zündung der Verzögerungsstücke erfolgt beim Ausstoß der Bomblets aus dem Geschoß, und zwar durch die vorhandene Ausstoßladung, die also zugleich als Anzündladung dient. Die Verteilung der Anzündflamme auf die einzelnen Bomblets wird dabei durch das zentrale Innenrohr bewirkt. Dieses zentrale Innenrohr dient außer­dem zur Fixierung der Bomblets in der Geschoßhülle, so daß -wie später noch im einzelnen Erläutert werden wird- einfache und kostengünstige Geschoßhüllen entsprechenden Kalibers verwendet werden können, ohne daß es der wesentlich teureren, mit Innen­rippen versehenen Spezialhüllen der scharfen Munition bedarf.The use of a pyrotechnic sentence results in a simulation of bang and lightning comparable to a sharp bomblet, with the result of a comparable ground hit image and an optical impact mark that is visible from a great distance. In addition, a decomposition cloud is created due to earth ejection and combustion residues corresponds to the live ammunition and enables the optical recognition of the bomblet hits and thus their distribution in the target area as with live ammunition. This pyrotechnic charge is ignited by a delay element which is ignited when the bomblets are ejected from the floor and which has a delay time which is sufficient beyond the fall time of the bomblets. This significantly increases the safety when resuming unexploded ordnance compared to live ammunition because, unlike impact detonators, a delay piece that did not work cannot be made to function afterwards by mechanical shocks or the like. The mandatory recovery of bomblets or bomblet remains distributed in the target area is therefore completely safe, even if unexploded ordnance exists. In addition, a delay piece is considerably less expensive than the live detonator of the live ammunition which is necessarily connected to a complicated ignition protection system. The delay pieces are ignited when the bomblets are ejected from the floor, by the existing ejection charge, which thus also serves as an ignition charge. The distribution of the ignition flame to the individual bomblets is effected through the central inner tube. This central inner tube also serves to fix the bomblets in the projectile casing, so that - as will be explained in detail later - simple and inexpensive projectile casings of the appropriate caliber can be used without the need for the much more expensive special casings provided with inner ribs of the live ammunition .

In den Unteransprüchen sind besonders zweckmäßige Ausgestal­tungen der Erfindung gekennzeichnet, betreffend dem pyrotech­nischen Satz, die Ausbildung und Anordnung des Verzögerungs­satzes in den Bomblets, die Anordnung der Bomblets in der Ge­schoßhülle und die Gestaltung des zentralen Innenrohres.Particularly useful embodiments of the invention are characterized in the subclaims, relating to the pyrotechnic set, the design and arrangement of the deceleration set in the bomblets, the arrangement of the bomblets in the projectile casing and the design of the central inner tube.

Auf der Zeichnung ist eine Ausführungsform der Erfindung bei­spielsweise dargestellt.In the drawing, an embodiment of the invention is shown for example.

Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 einen Längsschnitt durch ein Bomblet in Einzeldarstel­lung,
  • Fig.1A einen Teilausschnitt aus Fig. 1 in vergrößertem Maßstab,
  • Fig. 2 einen Längsschnitt durch ein Geschoß mit darin unterge­brachten Bomblets (stark verkleinert),
  • Fig.2A einen Teilausschnitt aus Fig. 2 im vergrößertem Maßstab, und
  • Fig.2B einen Querschnitt nach der Linie B-B von Fig. 2 im ver­größerten Maßstab.
Show it:
  • 1 shows a longitudinal section through a bomblet in individual representation,
  • 1A shows a partial section from FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale,
  • 2 shows a longitudinal section through a projectile with bomblets accommodated therein (greatly reduced),
  • 2A shows a partial section from FIG. 2 on an enlarged scale, and
  • 2B shows a cross section along the line BB of FIG. 2 on an enlarged scale.

Gemäß Fig. 1 weist das im Ganzen mit 10 bezeichnete Bomblet ein becherförmiges Gehäuse 11 auf, das durch einen Deckel 12 ver­schlossen ist. Der Deckel 12 ist an seiner freien Oberseite mit einer Ausnehmung 12a versehen, in der sich ein Stift 12b zur Be­festigung eines Leitwerkbandes 13 befindet. Im Deckel verläuft diametral eine beidends offene Zündbohrung 14. Eine vom Deckel 12 ins Innere des Gehäuses 11 ragende Schulter 12c dient zur Halterung eines Verzögerungsröhrchens 15. Wie am besten aus Fig. 1A ersichtlich ist, besteht das Verzögerungsröhrchen 15, wie üblich, aus einem Anfeuerungssatz 15a, einem Verzögerungs­satz 15b und einem Abfeuerungssatz 15c. Die Anfeuerungsseite des Verzögerungsröhrchens 15 ist zum Zündkanal 14 hin durch eine Folien 16, vorzugsweise aus Aluminium, abgedeckt, wobei zwischen der freien Endfläche des Anzündsatzes 15a und der Folie 16 ein kleiner Abstand von beispielsweise 1,75 mm besteht; der Zweck dieses Abstands wird später noch erläutert werden. Mit 17 ist die Wirkmasse des Bomblets 10 bezeichnet, wobei es sich um einen pyrotechnischen Knallblitzsatz handelt. Der pyrotechnische Satz 17 besteht aus grobkörniger Nitrocellulose (NC) und Magnesium­pulver. Ein geeignetes Bindemittel stellt sicher, daß das Mag­nesiumpulver auf der Oberfläche der NC-Körner, die beispielsweise die Form kleiner Stäbchen haben können, haftet, derart, daß jedes NC-Korn mit Magnesiumpulver beschichtet ist, was eine Entmischung verhindert.According to FIG. 1, the bomblet, designated as a whole by 10, has a cup-shaped housing 11 which is closed by a cover 12. The cover 12 is provided on its free upper side with a recess 12a in which a pin 12b for fastening a tail belt 13 is located. A pilot hole 14, open at both ends, runs diametrically in the cover. A shoulder 12c projecting from the cover 12 into the interior of the housing 11 serves to hold a delay tube 15. As can best be seen from FIG. 1A, the delay tube 15 consists, as usual, of a firing kit 15a, a delay set 15b and a firing set 15c. The firing side of the delay tube 15 is covered towards the ignition channel 14 by a film 16, preferably made of aluminum, with a small distance of, for example, 1.75 mm between the free end face of the ignition charge 15a and the film 16; the purpose of this distance will be explained later. The effective mass of the bomblet 10 is designated by 17, it being a pyrotechnic firing flash set. The pyrotechnic set 17 consists of coarse-grained nitrocellulose (NC) and magnesium powder. A suitable binder ensures that the magnesium powder adheres to the surface of the NC grains, which may have the form of small rods, for example, so that each NC grain is coated with magnesium powder, which prevents segregation.

Die Fig. 2, 2A und 2B zeigen ein im Ganzen mit 20 bezeichnetes Bomblet-Geschoß, in dessen Hülle 21 ein Stapel von Bomblets 10 untergebracht ist. Bei dem dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel besteht der Bomblet-Stapel aus vier übereinander angeordneten Lagen von jeweils fünf gleichmäßig um die Geschoß-Längsachse verteilten Bomblets, also insgesamt aus zwanzig Bomblets 10. Das Geschoß 20 wird von einem zentralen Innenrohr 22, nachfolgend kurz Zündrohr genannt, durchsetzt, dessen der Geschoßspitze 20a zugewandtes Ende mit einer Ausstoß-Anzündladung 23 in Verbindung steht, während sein hinteres Ende durch den Geschoß-Boden 20b ab­gedeckt ist. Das Zündrohr 22 weist im Querschnitt (Fig. 2B) die Form in etwa eines Zahnrades mit fünf abgerundeten Zähnen auf, wobei die fünf Teilkreise-Zahngründe einen derartigen Kreisdurch­messer aufweisen, daß die Bomblets 10 passend in den Zahngründen einliegen. Damit wird offensichtlich verhindert, daß sich die Bomblets 10 in Umfangsrichtung des Zündrohres 22 bzw. der Geschoß­hülle 21 bewegen können. Eine Drehung der Bomblets 10 um ihre Längs­achse wird durch am Bomblet-Gehäuse 11 befindliche Nasen 11a ver­hindert, die an den Zähnen des Zündrohres 22 anliegen, wobei hart­elastische Rippen 24 zwischengeschaltet sind, die in Längsrichtung über das Zündrohr 22 verlaufen. Damit wird eine schüttel- und rüt­telfeste Lagerung der Bomblets 10 in der Geschoßhülle 21 sicher­gestellt, darüberhinaus aber auch die Verdrehsicherheit der Bom­blets 10 gewährleistet. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist nun, daß durch die Gehäusenasen 11a die Bomblets 10 so gerichtet sind, daß ihre Zündkanäle 14 radial im Geschoß verlaufen, derart, daß das innere Ende des Zündkanals 14 am Zündrohr 22, das äußere Ende an der Innenfläche der Geschoßhülle 21 anliegt. Dabei weist das Zündrohr 22 Zündlöcher 22a auf, die eine offene Verbindung zwischen dem Inneren des Zündrohres 22 und den Zündbohrungen 14 der Bomblets 10 herstellen. Das äußere Ende der Zündbohrungen 14 liegt zwar, wie bereits erwähnt, an der Innenfläche der Geschoßhül­le 21 an, jedoch erfolgt dabei keine vollständige Abdeckung der Zündbohrungsmündung, weil die Krümmung des Gehäuses 11 der Bomb­lets 10 stärker ist als die Krümmung der einen größeren Durch­messer aufweisenden Geschoßhülle. Bei den mit 25 bezeichneten Trapezkörpern handelt es sich um Füllstücke. Die Füllstücke sind teilweise aus Aluminium (oder Kunststoff) und teilweise aus Stahl. Über die Anordnung und Stückzahl der schwereren Stahlfüll­stücke wird Gewicht und Schwerpunktlage des Gesamtgeschosses eingestellt. Der mit 26 bezeichnete Ring dient zur Abdeckung der Deckel 12 der dem Geschoßboden nächsten Bomblets und damit zum zusätzlichen Schutz deren Leitwerksbänder 13, die ansonsten durch leicht lösbare Papp- oder Kunststoffscheiben 12d abge­deckt sind.2, 2A and 2B show a bomblet projectile designated as a whole by 20, in the casing 21 of which a stack of bomblets 10 is housed. In the illustrated embodiment, the bomblet stack consists of four superimposed layers of five bomblets each, evenly distributed around the longitudinal axis of the floor, that is, a total of twenty bomblets 10. The floor 20 is penetrated by a central inner tube 22, hereinafter referred to as ignition tube. whose end facing the projectile tip 20a is connected to an ejection igniter charge 23, while its rear end is covered by the projectile floor 20b. The ignition tube 22 has in cross section (FIG. 2B) the shape of approximately a gearwheel with five rounded teeth, the five pitch circle tooth bases having such a circular diameter that the bomblets 10 lie appropriately in the tooth bases. This obviously prevents the bomblets 10 from moving in the circumferential direction of the ignition tube 22 or the projectile casing 21. Rotation of the bomblets 10 about their longitudinal axis is prevented by lugs 11a located on the bomblet housing 11, which abut the teeth of the ignition tube 22, with hard-elastic ribs 24 being interposed, which extend in the longitudinal direction over the ignition tube 22. This ensures that the bomblets 10 are supported in the projectile casing 21 in a shake-proof and vibration-proof manner, but also ensures that the bomblets 10 are not twisted. It is essential that the bomblets 10 are directed through the housing lugs 11a in such a way that their ignition channels 14 run radially in the projectile, such that the inner end of the ignition channel 14 bears on the ignition tube 22 and the outer end on the inner surface of the projectile casing 21 . In this case, the ignition tube 22 has ignition holes 22a, which produce an open connection between the interior of the ignition tube 22 and the ignition bores 14 of the bomblets 10. The outer end of the ignition bores 14 is, as already mentioned, on the inner surface of the projectile casing 21, but there is no complete covering of the ignition bore muzzle because the curvature of the housing 11 of the bomblets 10 is stronger than the curvature of the projectile casing having a larger diameter . The trapezoidal bodies labeled 25 are filler pieces. The filler pieces are partly made of aluminum (or plastic) and partly made of steel. The weight and center of gravity of the entire storey are set via the arrangement and number of pieces of the heavier steel filler pieces. The ring designated 26 serves to cover the Cover 12 of the bomblets closest to the floor and thus for additional protection of their tail bands 13, which are otherwise covered by easily detachable cardboard or plastic disks 12d.

Nachfolgend soll nun die Wirkungsweise des vorab beschriebenen Geschosses erläutert werden. Das Geschoß wird, wie die scharfe Munition von einem Abschußrohr abgeschossen, worauf dann, wenn sich das Geschoß über dem Zielgebiet befindet, ein Verzögerungs­zünder die Ausstoß- und Anzündladung 23 zündet. Damit werden zwei Vorgänge ausgelöst. Zum einen durchsetzt ein Zündstrahl der Ladung 23 das Zündrohr 22, dringt durch die Zündlöcher in die Zündbohrungen der Bomblets 10, durchschlägt die Abdeckfolien 16 und zündet die Anzündsätze 15a der Zündröhrchen 15. Zum ande­ren wird durch die gezündete Ladung 23 ein derartiger Gasdruck im Geschoß aufgebaut, daß eine Absprengung des Geschoßbodens 20b erfolgt und die Bomblets aus der nun hinten offenen Geschoßhülle ausgeschoben werden. Bezüglich des Entzündens der Verzögerungs­röhrchen 15 der Bomblets 10 ist dabei von besonderer Bedeutung, daß der das Zündrohr 22 von vorne nach hinten durchsetzende Zünd­strahl zweimal um 90°, also insgesamt um 180° umgelenkt wird, bevor er den Anzündsatz 15b der Verzögerungsröhrchen 15 erreicht; damit verliert der Zündstrahl einen Teil seiner Wucht, so daß keine Gefahr eines Durchschlagens der Verzögerungsröhrchen 15 und/oder einer unmittelbaren Entzündung des Wirksatzes 17 be­steht. Die erwähnte teilweise Abdeckung des Außenendes der Zünd­bohrungen 14 führt dabei zu einem Stau in der Zündbohrung 14, was eine sichere Umleitung des Zündstrahles in Richtung auf das Verzögerungsröhrchen 15 hin gewährleistet. Der jedenfalls bereits erwähnte geringe Abstand zwischen Aluminiumfolie 16 und Anzündsatz 15a gewährleistet ein sicheres Durchschlagen der Folie 16; ist kein Abstand vorhanden, würde der Anzündsatz 15a als Widerlager für die Folie 16 wirken, so daß diese nicht durch­schlagen wird, ist der Abstand zu groß, würde die Folie zwar durchschlagen, aber es wäre nicht mehr die Sicherheit gegeben, daß der Zündstrahl den Anzündsatz 15a erreicht und zündet. Die Anzündbohrung, die durch die Folie abgeklebt ist, ist im Durch­messer um 1 bis 2 mm kleiner als die Anzündbohrung des Verzöge­rungsstückes, in die der Satz eingepreßt ist. Diese Schulter verhindert ein Ausfließen des brennenden Satzes. Das beschrie­bene Zusammenspiel von Umlenkung des Zündstrahles der Ausstoß- und Anzündladung 23 um 180°, von Herbeiführung eines Staus in der Zündbohrung 14, von Aufrechterhaltung eines geringen Ab­standes zwischen Aluminiumfolie 16 und Oberfläche des Anzünd­satzes 15a des Verzögerungsröhrchens 15 und von anzündseitiger Schulter gewährleistet eine einwandfreie Zündung und Funktion der Verzögerungsröhrchen 15 ohne die Gefahr eines Durchschlagens der Verzögerungsröhrchen.The mode of operation of the projectile described above will now be explained below. The projectile, like the live ammunition, is fired from a launch tube, whereupon, when the projectile is above the target area, a delay detonator ignites the ejection and priming charge 23. This triggers two processes. On the one hand, an ignition jet of the charge 23 penetrates the ignition tube 22, penetrates through the ignition holes into the ignition bores of the bomblets 10, penetrates the cover foils 16 and ignites the igniter charges 15a of the ignition tubes 15. On the other hand, such a gas pressure is built up in the projectile by the ignited charge 23 that the floor 20b is blasted off and the bomblets are pushed out of the now open back shell. With regard to the ignition of the delay tubes 15 of the bomblets 10, it is of particular importance that the ignition beam passing through the ignition tube 22 from front to back is deflected twice by 90 °, that is to say a total of 180 °, before it reaches the ignition set 15b of the delay tubes 15; the pilot jet thus loses part of its force, so that there is no risk of the delay tubes 15 breaking through and / or the active sentence 17 igniting directly. The aforementioned partial covering of the outer end of the ignition bores 14 leads to a jam in the ignition bore 14, which ensures reliable redirection of the ignition jet in the direction of the delay tube 15. The small distance between the aluminum foil 16 and the ignition charge 15a, which has already been mentioned in any case, ensures that the foil 16 penetrates reliably; If there is no distance, the ignition charge 15a would act as an abutment for the film 16, so that the film 16 would not penetrate. If the distance was too large, the film would break through, but there would no longer be any certainty that the ignition jet would ignite the ignition charge 15a reaches and ignites. The ignition hole, which is covered by the film, is 1 to 2 mm smaller in diameter than the ignition hole of the delay piece, into which the set is pressed. That shoulder prevents the burning set from flowing out. The described interaction of deflection of the ignition jet of the ejection and ignition charge 23 by 180 °, of causing a jam in the ignition bore 14, of maintaining a small distance between the aluminum foil 16 and the surface of the ignition set 15a of the deceleration tube 15 and of the shoulder on the ignition side, ensures perfect ignition and function of the delay tubes 15 without the risk of the delay tubes breaking through.

Die aus der Geschoßhülle 21 ausgeschobenen Bomblets 10 fallen nun durch Schwerkraft nach unten, wobei sich die in den Deckel­höhlungen 12a verstauten Leitwerksbänder 13 entfalten, womit ein einwandfreier vertikaler Fall der Bomblets 10 unterstützt wird. Die Bomblets 10 schlagen innerhalb von etwa 1 1/2 sec. nacheinander auf dem Erdboden auf. Die Verzögerungszeit der Verzögerungsröhrchen 15 ist so bemessen, daß deren Anzündsatz 15c kurz nach dem Aufschlag der Bomblets auf dem Erdboden den pyrotechnischen Satz 17 zünden. Dabei ergeben sich ein Blitz und ein Knall ähnlich wei bei der scharfen Munition. Außerdem entspricht die durch Erdauswurf und Verbrennungsrückstände entstehende Zerlegerwolke weitgehend der der scharfen Munition. Dabei ist jedoch wesentlich, daß die Bomblets mit dem Geschoß­boden und nicht mit dem Deckel auf dem Boden aufschlagen, was, wie bereits angedeutet, durch die Leitwerkbänder 13 sicherge­stellt wird. Die Bomblet-Reste können völlig gefahrlos einge­sammelt werden, was auch für eventuelle Blindgänger gilt.The bomblets 10 ejected from the projectile casing 21 now fall down by gravity, the tail straps 13 stowed in the cover cavities 12a unfolding, which supports a perfect vertical fall of the bomblets 10. The bomblets 10 hit the ground in succession within approximately 1 1/2 seconds. The delay time of the delay tubes 15 is dimensioned such that their primer charge 15c ignite the pyrotechnic charge 17 shortly after the bomblets hit the ground. There is a flash and a bang similar to white in the live ammunition. In addition, the fragmentation cloud created by earth ejection and combustion residues largely corresponds to that of live ammunition. It is essential, however, that the bomblets hit the floor with the floor and not with the lid on the floor, which, as already indicated, is ensured by the tail bands 13. The remains of bomblets can be collected without any risk, which also applies to potential unexploded ordnance.

Das beschriebene Übungsgeschoß erlaubt eine ausgezeichnete Simulierung der scharfen Munition, ist gefahrlos und wirtschaft­lich herzustellen, letzteres insbesondere deshalb, weil keine aufwendigen Zündsicherungssysteme erforderlich sind und anstel­le der komplizierten Geschoßhüllen der scharfen Munition mit einfachen Geschoßhüllen auszukommen ist. Selbstverständlich kann die beschriebene Ausführungsform zahlreiche Abwandlungen erfahren, ohne den Bereich der Erfindung zu verlassen. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Zahl der im Geschoß untergebrachten Bomblets und die damit zusammenhängende Außengestalt des Zünd­rohres, die Ausbildung des Bomblet-Deckels ohne oder mit Leit­ werkbändern, die im Stauzustand durch Pappscheiben oder der­gleichen abdeckbar sind, und die Zusammensetzung des pyrotech­nischen Satzes.The training projectile described allows an excellent simulation of live ammunition, is safe and economical to manufacture, the latter in particular because no complex ignition protection systems are required and simple live case can be used instead of the complicated projectile casings of live ammunition. Of course, the described embodiment can undergo numerous modifications without leaving the scope of the invention. This applies in particular to the number of bomblets housed in the floor and the related external shape of the ignition tube, the design of the bomblet cover with or without a guide work tapes, which can be covered by cardboard disks or the like when stowed, and the composition of the pyrotechnic set.

Claims (11)

1. Bomblet-Geschoß mit in der Geschoßhülle um ein zentrales Innenrohr gestapelten Bomblets, die über dem Zielgebiet durch eine Ausstoßladung aus der Hülle ausgestoßen werden, sich vereinzeln und auf das Zielgebiet fallen und dort aufschlagen, wobei die Bomblets aus einem Gehäuse, einer darin untergebrach­ten Wirkladung, einer Anzündeinrichtung und einem Leitwerkband bestehen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß für die Ausbildung als Übungsgeschoß die Wirkladung (17) der Bomblets (10) ein pyrotech­nischer Satz aus Nitrocellulose, Magnesium und einem Bindemittel, die Anzündeinrichtung ein Verzögerungsstück (15) und das Ver­zögerungsstück (15) über im zentralen Innenrohr (22) angeordne­te Zündlöcher (22a) durch die Ausstoßladung anzündbar ist.1.Bomblet projectile with bomblets stacked in the projectile casing around a central inner tube, which are ejected from the casing by an ejection charge above the target area, separate and fall onto the target area and hit there, the bomblets from a housing, one accommodated therein Active charge, an ignition device and a tail band consist, characterized in that for the training as a training projectile the active charge (17) of the bomblets (10) is a pyrotechnic set made of nitrocellulose, magnesium and a binder, the ignition device is a delay piece (15) and the delay piece ( 15) can be ignited by the ejection charge via ignition holes (22a) arranged in the central inner tube (22). 2. Bomblet-Geschoß nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der pyrotechnische Satz (17) aus grobkörniger Nitrocellulose be­steht, wobei die Oberfläche der Nitrocellulosekörner mit Magnesium­pulver beschichtet ist, das infolge des Bindemittels an den Körnern haftet.2. Bomblet projectile according to claim 1, characterized in that the pyrotechnic set (17) consists of coarse-grained nitrocellulose, the surface of the nitrocellulose grains being coated with magnesium powder which adheres to the grains as a result of the binder. 3. Bomblet-Geschoß nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß die Bomblets (10) ein becherförmiges Gehäuse (11) und einen Verschließdeckel (12) aufweisen, daß an der Innenseite des Deckels (12) das in den pyrotechnischen Satz (17) eintauchen­de Verzögerungsstück (15) befestigt ist und daß der Deckel (12) eine ihn quer durchsetzende Zündbohrung (14) aufweist, die an ihren beiden Enden offen ist und in ihrem Mittelbereich mit dem Verzögerungsstück (15) in Verbindung steht.3. bomblet projectile according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the bomblets (10) have a cup-shaped housing (11) and a sealing cover (12) that on the inside of the cover (12) in the pyrotechnic set (17th ) immersing delay piece (15) is fastened and that the cover (12) has an ignition bore (14) extending through it, which is open at both ends and in its central region is connected to the delay piece (15). 4. Bomblet-Geschoß nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zündbohrung (15) des Bomblet-Deckels (12) an der Ver­bindungsstelle mit dem Verzögerungsstück (15) durch eine Alu­miniumfolie abgedeckt ist, wobei zwischen der Aluminiumfolie (16) und dem Anzündende des Verzögerungsstückes (15) ein ge­ringer Abstand von etwa 1,75 mm besteht.4. bomblet projectile according to claim 3, characterized in that the ignition hole (15) of the bomblet cover (12) at the junction with the delay piece (15) is covered by an aluminum foil, wherein between the aluminum foil (16) and the igniter the delay piece (15) is a small distance of about 1.75 mm. 5. Bomblet-Geschoß nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, da­durch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bomblet-Deckel (12) an seiner Außen­seite eine Ausnehmung (12a) aufweist, in der das Leitwerkband (13) zusammengefaltet untergebracht ist.5. bomblet projectile according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the bomblet cover (12) has on its outside a recess (12a) in which the tail belt (13) is housed folded. 6. Bomblet-Geschoß nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Deckel-Ausnehmung (12a) durch eine leicht lösbare Scheibe (12d) abgedeckt ist.6. bomblet projectile according to claim 5, characterized in that the cover recess (12a) is covered by an easily detachable disc (12d). 7. Bomblet-Geschoß nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der in der Geschoßhülle (21) untergebrachte Bomblet-Stapel aus mehreren Lagen von um das zentrale Innenrohr (22) herum angeordneten Bomblets (10) besteht, wobei die Bomblets (10) sowohl gegen eine Drehung um ihre Längsachse als auch gegen Bewegungen in Axial-, Radial- und Unfangsrichtung der Geschoßhülle (21) arretiert sind.7. bomblet projectile according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the bomblet stack accommodated in the projectile casing (21) consists of several layers of bomblets (10) arranged around the central inner tube (22), the bomblets (10) are locked against rotation about their longitudinal axis as well as against movements in the axial, radial and circumferential directions of the projectile casing (21). 8. Bomblet-Geschoß nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das zentrale Innenrohr (22) im Querschnitt in etwa die Form eines Zahnrades hat, wobei die Zahngründe teilkreisförmig ausgebil­det sind und in etwa eine Krümmung gleich derjenigen der Bomblets (10) besitzen, derart, daß die Bomblets (10) zwischen den Zahn­gründen des zentralen Innenrohres (22) und der Innenfläche der Geschoßhülle (21) gehaltert und gegen eine Bewegung in radialer sowie in Umfangsrichtung gesichert sind.8. bomblet projectile according to claim 7, characterized in that the central inner tube (22) has a cross-section approximately in the shape of a gear, the tooth bases are part-circular and have a curvature equal to that of the bomblets (10), such that the bomblets (10) are held between the tooth bases of the central inner tube (22) and the inner surface of the projectile casing (21) and are secured against movement in the radial and circumferential directions. 9. Bomblet-Geschoß nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bomblets (10) an ihrem Außenumfang Nasen (11a) aufwei­sen, die an den Zündrohrzähnen anliegen und die Bomblets (10) in einer derartigen Drehstellung arretieren, daß ihre Zündboh­rungen (14) bezüglich des zentralen Innenrohres (22) radial verlaufen, und daß das zentrale Innenrohr (22) mit den Zünd­bohrungen (14) korrespondierende Zündfenster (22a) aufweist.9. bomblet projectile according to claim 8, characterized in that the bomblets (10) have on their outer circumference lugs (11a) which abut the ignition tube teeth and lock the bomblets (10) in such a rotational position that their ignition bores (14) radial with respect to the central inner tube (22) run, and that the central inner tube (22) with the ignition holes (14) corresponding ignition window (22a). 10. Bomblet-Geschoß nach Anspruch 8 oder 9, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß das zentrale Innenrohr (22) an seiner Außenseite in Längsrichtung verlaufende Dämpfungsrippen (24) aus hart­elastischem Material aufweist.10. Bomblet projectile according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the central inner tube (22) has on its outside in the longitudinal direction extending damping ribs (24) made of hard elastic material. 11. Bomblet-Geschoß nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 10, ge­kennzeichnet durch in der Geschoßhülle (21) zusätzlich unterge­brachte Füllstücke (25) unterschiedlichen Gewichts, wobei Ge­wicht und Schwerpunkt des Geschosses durch Anzahl und Vertei­lung der schweren Füllstücke einstellbar sind.11. Bomblet projectile according to one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that in the projectile casing (21) additionally accommodated filler pieces (25) of different weights, the weight and center of gravity of the projectile being adjustable by the number and distribution of the heavy filler pieces.
EP89100162A 1988-03-18 1989-01-05 Carrier projectile and training submissiles therefor Expired - Lifetime EP0337049B1 (en)

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DE740228C (en) * 1939-03-04 1943-10-14 Ing Bohdan Pantoflicek Ignition of a projectile or a bomb with explosive interior projectiles
US3374741A (en) * 1965-12-28 1968-03-26 Army Usa Spotting charge
US3506505A (en) * 1967-12-01 1970-04-14 Herzog Johanna Nitrocellulose base propellant coated with graphite,plasticizer,and inorganic pigment
US4173931A (en) * 1976-12-08 1979-11-13 Firma BUCK Chemisch-Technische Werke GmbH. & Co. Incendiary warhead
EP0002466A2 (en) * 1977-12-09 1979-06-27 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Process for improving the pressure dependence of the combustion of solid-grains or firearms propellants, and their application as components of solid-grains or firearms propellants
DE3629668C1 (en) * 1986-08-30 1988-03-10 Rheinmetall Gmbh Swirl stabilized bomblet bullet
DE3640485C1 (en) * 1986-11-27 1987-10-22 Rheinmetall Gmbh Bomblet (submunition)

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3809177C1 (en) 1989-06-22
US4869174A (en) 1989-09-26
DE58904103D1 (en) 1993-05-27
JPH0210099A (en) 1990-01-12
JP2608952B2 (en) 1997-05-14
CA1324030C (en) 1993-11-09
EP0337049B1 (en) 1993-04-21
ATE88559T1 (en) 1993-05-15

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