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EP0380396A1 - Scheinwerfer für Kraftfahrzeuge mit einer einzigen Lichtquelle zum Erzeugen von zwei verschiedenen Lichtbündeln - Google Patents

Scheinwerfer für Kraftfahrzeuge mit einer einzigen Lichtquelle zum Erzeugen von zwei verschiedenen Lichtbündeln Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0380396A1
EP0380396A1 EP90400170A EP90400170A EP0380396A1 EP 0380396 A1 EP0380396 A1 EP 0380396A1 EP 90400170 A EP90400170 A EP 90400170A EP 90400170 A EP90400170 A EP 90400170A EP 0380396 A1 EP0380396 A1 EP 0380396A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
source
reflector
projector according
zone
screen
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90400170A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0380396B1 (de
Inventor
Hector Fratty
Joel Leleve
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Vision SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Vision SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Valeo Vision SAS filed Critical Valeo Vision SAS
Publication of EP0380396A1 publication Critical patent/EP0380396A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0380396B1 publication Critical patent/EP0380396B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/60—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by a variable light distribution
    • F21S41/68—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by a variable light distribution by acting on screens
    • F21S41/683—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by a variable light distribution by acting on screens by moving screens
    • F21S41/692—Shields, i.e. screens not creating an image meant to be projected
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/10—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source
    • F21S41/14—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
    • F21S41/17—Discharge light sources
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/30—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by reflectors
    • F21S41/32—Optical layout thereof
    • F21S41/33—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature
    • F21S41/334—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature the reflector consisting of patch like sectors
    • F21S41/335—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature the reflector consisting of patch like sectors with continuity at the junction between adjacent areas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to motor vehicle headlamps, and more particularly relates to a headlamp capable of emitting two light beams of different types using a single light source, by mechanically acting on the geometry of source / reflector cooperation.
  • the invention relates to a projector of the type comprising a single light source, a reflector comprising two zones capable of respectively generating two different light beams, a closing lens and occultation means located in the vicinity of the source and capable of be moved to selectively obscure the light rays from the source towards at least one of the two zones.
  • French Patent No. 1,296,036 describes (page 2, right column) as a particular embodiment a projector in which the filament is fixed relative to the reflector, and the reflector comprises a parabolic upper part whose focal point is offset behind the filament, to form a passing beam, and a lower part also parabolic, but focused in the vicinity of the filament, to form in combination with the upper part a driving beam.
  • the two parts of the reflector are separated from each other in the horizontal plane passing through the optical axis, while an occlusion screen is capable of selectively intercepting the rays coming from the source in the direction of the part. lower to change the route / crossing.
  • a main disadvantage of this type of projector is that, because the cut-off of the passing beam is directly created by the edge of the screen or screens, and because of the inevitable games in the mechanical design of such a mobile blackout screen, the position of the cut-off is defined with an imprecision which is not compatible with the photometric requirements imposed by the various regulations.
  • the present invention aims to overcome these drawbacks of the prior art and to propose a projector in which the photometry of the beams, and in particular the definition and the position of the cut-off of a passing beam or of an anti-fog beam, either independent of possible play or inaccuracies in the position of a screening screen intervening to form the beam considered.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a headlamp of the type specified in the introduction which can without disadvantage have an extremely reduced height, in accordance with current design requirements.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a projector in which, without having to modify its general configuration, it is easy to modify the surface area of the reflective zone assigned to each type of beam.
  • the invention aims to propose such a projector, in which the two beams formed can be either complementary or independent.
  • the two zones of the reflector are arranged side by side and each extend over the entire height of the reflector, each zone of the reflector consists of a part of a reflecting surface.
  • generating by itself the associated beam, and the occultation means comprise at least one screen which, in the occultation position, is situated laterally with respect to the source.
  • At least one of the two zones of the reflector is constituted by a surface capable of generating by itself a beam located below a cut of generally horizontal orientation, and can be constituted by a surface capable of forming images of the light source whose highest points are located in the vicinity of the cut.
  • the cut can be horizontal or a cut delimited by a horizontal half-plane and by a half-plane inclined above the horizontal.
  • the other zone of the reflector is preferably constituted by a surface capable of generating a concentrated beam in the vicinity of the optical axis.
  • the occultation means can comprise either a single screen for selectively obscuring the rays coming from the source in the direction of said other zone, or even two screens for selectively obscuring the rays coming from the source towards the two zones of the reflector, respectively .
  • the screen capable of obscuring the rays emanating from the source in the direction of the first zone of the reflector may be crossed by at least one small orifice to allow a determined quantity of light to pass in the direction of said first zone.
  • the screen or each screening screen comprises a plate articulated around a horizontal axis secured to a cover of direct light associated with the source, this plate being able to be brought into a screening position by a driving source such as an electric motor associated with transmission means comprising for example gears and a link.
  • a driving source such as an electric motor associated with transmission means comprising for example gears and a link.
  • the source is preferably an arc lamp.
  • An essential advantage of the headlamp according to the invention lies in that the cut-off of the beam (s) is no longer defined by the mobile blackout screen, but by the reflector itself. As a result, this cutoff is defined with an excellent position and sharpness regardless of play, vibration, etc., which may affect the position or the stability of the screen.
  • a projector comprises a lamp 100, a reflector 200 and a closing front lens 300.
  • the lamp is a discharge lamp , capable of producing between two electrodes an elongated electric arc disposed essentially axially in the vicinity of the optical axis 0x, in a well known manner.
  • 102 and 104 are indicated respectively the base and the sealed bulb of the lamp.
  • Its power supply terminals are designated by 108.
  • a direct light cover 106 is also provided to avoid the glare of the drivers or pedestrians located in front of the vehicle.
  • the cover 106 here has the form a cylinder of revolution closed at its front end and whose open rear end has a complex contour such that the rays directed towards optically inoperative parts of the reflector (cheeks, etc.) are intercepted by the cover.
  • a filament lamp such as a tungsten filament, or any other lamp comprising a single light source.
  • the reflector 200 is here a reflector of low height and large width, truncated by two upper and lower cheeks 240, 250, essentially horizontal.
  • the surface of the reflector 200 is divided into two distinct reflecting zones 210 and 220 capable of emitting two light beams of different types respectively, and this separation is carried out in the present example according to the plan vertical axial x0z of the projector.
  • a separation along two half-planes passing through the optical axis Ox, but of substantial inclination relative to the horizontal, as indicated by the dashed lines P and P ′, is also conceivable. It is thus possible to easily modify the respective areas of the reflecting zones 210, 220, and consequently the intensities of the two beams formed.
  • the left zone (in front view) 210 of the reflector can be constituted by a part of a reflective surface capable of generating by itself, that is to say without the intervention of a cover. blackout or the like, the V-cut specific to the European standard passing beam. In practice, it may be half of an area among those described in French patents and patent applications No. 2,536,502, 2,599,121 and 2,609,148 in the name of the Applicant, the respective contents are incorporated herein by reference, and to which reference will be made for further details.
  • the right-hand zone 220 of the reflector is a part of a surface capable of generating a beam essentially complementary to the passing beam. It may, for example, be a portion of a paraboloid relative to the focal point from which the arc is off-center, or even a half of the surface as described in French patent application No. 2,600,024, the content is also incorporated by reference and to which reference will be made for further details.
  • the projector also comprises, as shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 4a and 4b (and not illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 for the sake of clarity, a screening screen 420 which here has the shape of a half-cylinder of revolution d the horizontal axis essentially coincides with the optical axis, which is articulated by an edge on an axis 440 parallel to the optical axis and situated below the lamp, this axis being for example mounted on the direct light cover 106.
  • Drive means can be controlled from the passenger compartment of the vehicle to move the screen 420 between a first position or concealed position (FIG. 4a), in which it is placed against the cover 106 to intercept the radiation from the arc of the lamp in the direction of the zone 220 of the reflector, and a second position or erasing position (FIG. 4b), in which it is released of the cover 106, the area 220 now being exposed to radiation. It is observed that, in this example, the zone 210 is always exposed to radiation.
  • the whole of the reflector participates in the creation of the beam, so that the latter is constituted by the superposition of the driving beam generated by the area 210 and the complementary beam generated by the area 220, and thus constitutes a driving beam.
  • FIGS. 5a to 5d there are diagrammatically illustrated four possibilities of using a headlamp comprising a first reflecting zone 210 such as a surface forming by itself a passing beam and a second reflecting zone 220 in the form parabola focused in the vicinity of the arc of the lamp 100.
  • a headlamp comprising a first reflecting zone 210 such as a surface forming by itself a passing beam and a second reflecting zone 220 in the form parabola focused in the vicinity of the arc of the lamp 100.
  • Two screening screens 410, 420 for example articulated and mounted on the same axis 440 located below the lamp 100, are respectively associated with the areas 210 and 220 , to selectively expose them to light from the arc or, on the contrary, hide them.
  • This projector is further characterized in that the blackout screen 410 assigned to the area 210 of the reflector comprises one or more small orifices, as indicated in 412, to allow a determined amount of the light emitted by the direction of the reflector. the arc.
  • the two screens 410, 420 are in the occultation position, as illustrated, and only a small amount of the light from the arc is allowed to exit towards the zone 210, which normally reflects it forward. . In this way a so-called lantern or city lamp function is created, delivering a small amount of light in front of the vehicle for the vehicle signaling more than road lighting.
  • FIG. 5b the concealment screen 410 is open. This situation is equivalent to that of FIG. 4a, and the headlamp emits a passing beam.
  • FIG. 5c Illustrated in FIG. 5c is the case where the blackout screen 410 is closed, while the blackout screen 420 is open. Only the zone 220 of the reflector participates in the shape of the beam, so that the beam generated is an ordinary driving beam, concentrated on the optical axis.
  • FIG. 5d illustrates a last possibility offered by this reflector: by simultaneously opening the two screens 410, 420, the driving beam and the passing beam are superimposed, in this case obtaining an extremely powerful beam, offering visual comfort to both in the distance and closer to the vehicle.
  • this projector offers four light functions, all of excellent quality.
  • FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrate a practical embodiment of the concealment means used in the context of the present invention. Illustrated in these figures is a screening screen 410 intended to selectively mask the radiation from the electric arc the left part (in front view) 210 of the reflector.
  • a reversible electric motor 401 On a common support (not shown), for example integral with the reflector or the projector housing and molded therewith, is mounted a reversible electric motor 401 whose output shaft 401a carries a first gear 402. The latter meshes with a train reducer constituted by the gears 403, 404 and 405.
  • the final gear 405 carries an eccentric pin 406 on which a first end of a link 407 is articulated.
  • the direct light cover 106 here of essentially square cross section, carries on a vertical extension 106a an axis 409 on which the screening screen 410 is articulated by means of a tab 410a. At the free end of the tab 410a, that is to say opposite to the part providing the concealment with respect to the axis 409, there is provided an axis 408 on which the other end of the link 407 is articulated.
  • a rotation of the motor 401 causes, by means of the transmission constituted by the gears and the link, the passage of the screen 410 from the non-occultation or erasure position, illustrated in the figure. 6a, in the occultation position illustrated in FIG. 6b, and vice versa.
  • the transmission constituted by the gears and the link
  • the passage of the screen 410 from the non-occultation or erasure position, illustrated in the figure. 6a, in the occultation position illustrated in FIG. 6b, and vice versa.
  • the blackout screen 410 has a contour such that, in the blackout position, it seals the entire space between the rear edge of the cover 106 and the base 102 of the lamp, to thus effectively preventing any ray from reaching the reflecting area 210 of the reflector.
  • the present invention by a side-by-side arrangement of the reflective zones and, in combination, by the use of reflective surfaces capable of forming beams, in particular cut, without the screening screen intervening in the formation of the on the one hand, allows to realize back projectors with two functions and single source using an arc source, known for its high brightness but hitherto unused in practice because the switching between two arcs takes place in an incompatible duration with the regulations, and on the other hand to realize projectors with two functions and single source of extremely reduced height, which meets well the current design requirements.
  • the present invention by allowing the use of a single arc source, also makes it possible to achieve substantial savings compared to projector systems comprising not only two expensive arc lamps but also two equally expensive power supplies for these lamps.
  • any combination of beams other than that which has been indicated above can be envisaged.
  • the zone forming the passing beam by a zone forming by itself a fog beam, and responding for example to the surface as described in French patent application No. 2,536 503 on behalf of the Applicant, the content of which is incorporated into the present description by reference.
  • Another possibility consists in using for the concealable zone 220 a portion of paraboloid focused on the source and giving a so-called "spot" beam, extremely concentrated, and for the non-concealable zone 210 a surface such as that described in the application for Patent No. 2,609,148, generating by itself a very wide driving beam.
  • the electromechanical occultation means as described can be the subject of numerous variants.
  • the drive can be performed using an electromagnet instead of the electric motor.
  • non-electromechanical occultation means for example an electro-optical screen capable of assuming an opaque state and a transparent state, depending on the value of an electric voltage which is applied across its terminals.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
EP90400170A 1989-01-23 1990-01-22 Scheinwerfer für Kraftfahrzeuge mit einer einzigen Lichtquelle zum Erzeugen von zwei verschiedenen Lichtbündeln Expired - Lifetime EP0380396B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8900754 1989-01-23
FR8900754A FR2642145B1 (fr) 1989-01-23 1989-01-23 Projecteur de vehicule automobile comportant une source lumineuse unique et engendrant deux faisceaux differents

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0380396A1 true EP0380396A1 (de) 1990-08-01
EP0380396B1 EP0380396B1 (de) 1994-09-07

Family

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Family Applications (1)

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EP90400170A Expired - Lifetime EP0380396B1 (de) 1989-01-23 1990-01-22 Scheinwerfer für Kraftfahrzeuge mit einer einzigen Lichtquelle zum Erzeugen von zwei verschiedenen Lichtbündeln

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (2) US4987521A (de)
EP (1) EP0380396B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2719724B2 (de)
BR (1) BR9000219A (de)
DE (1) DE69012153T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2063298T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2642145B1 (de)
RU (1) RU1808070C (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2657681A1 (fr) * 1990-01-30 1991-08-02 Bosch Gmbh Robert Projecteur pour vehicules automobiles, dont la source de lumiere est une lampe de decharge de gaz.
EP0989357A1 (de) * 1998-09-25 2000-03-29 Stanley Electric Co., Ltd. Scheinwerfer mit einem Mechanismus zur Umschaltung des Lichtverteilungsmusters
FR2794845A1 (fr) * 1999-06-08 2000-12-15 Valeo Vision Projecteur equipe d'une lampe a double source, notamment projecteur croisement route pour vehicule automobile
DE4307110C2 (de) * 1993-03-06 2002-06-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer mit wenigstens einer bewegbaren Abschirmvorrichtung

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE464454B (sv) * 1990-04-27 1991-04-29 Ultralux Ab Anordning vid straalkastare foer fordon
FR2664363B1 (fr) * 1990-07-03 1992-12-31 Valeo Vision Projecteur a plusieurs fonctions, en particulier pour vehicule automobile, adapte a ameliorer l'eclairement d'elements de signalisation routiere.
US5651611A (en) * 1995-04-06 1997-07-29 A-Dec, Inc. Shadow mask assembly for dental light
JP3791626B2 (ja) * 1995-12-22 2006-06-28 株式会社小糸製作所 車輌用前照灯
US5997162A (en) * 1998-03-13 1999-12-07 Osram Sylvania Inc. Horizontal HID vehicle headlamp with magnetic deflection
US6183108B1 (en) 1998-03-30 2001-02-06 Michael A. Herold Lighting apparatus with convex-convex lens assembly
DE19830298C2 (de) * 1998-07-07 2002-06-27 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer mit verstellbarer Abschirmvorrichtung
JP3761730B2 (ja) 1999-01-13 2006-03-29 株式会社小糸製作所 車両用前照灯
FR2793542B1 (fr) * 1999-05-12 2001-08-17 Valeo Vision Projecteur du genre elliptique a deux fonctions d'eclairage pour vehicule automobile
JP3330576B2 (ja) * 1999-05-14 2002-09-30 アサヒライズ株式会社 放電管の配光切り替え機構を備えるソケット及び口金
JP3638835B2 (ja) * 1999-10-19 2005-04-13 株式会社小糸製作所 車両用前照灯
US6709140B2 (en) * 2002-01-10 2004-03-23 Asahi Rise Co., Ltd. Vehicle headlamp unit and vehicle headlight with the headlamp unit
US20040202004A1 (en) * 2003-04-09 2004-10-14 Guide Corporation, A Delaware Corporation Bifunctional headlamp having a rotating shield with integral actuator
US20040213010A1 (en) * 2003-04-22 2004-10-28 Guide Corporation Bi-functional headlamp having a linear shifting sleeve with integral actuator
US7018078B2 (en) * 2003-08-29 2006-03-28 Guide Corporation Light assembly with bending light
US7290907B2 (en) * 2006-02-24 2007-11-06 Honda Motor Co., Ltd Vehicle headlamp with daytime running light
US9416933B2 (en) * 2013-09-27 2016-08-16 Valeo North America, Inc. Multi-function LED headlamp

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR690678A (fr) * 1930-02-26 1930-09-24 Disposition d'écran mobile pour phares de véhicules automobiles
FR1296036A (fr) * 1961-05-04 1962-06-15 Projecteur à double faisceau faisant utilisation d'une source lumineuse axiale
FR2239862A1 (en) * 1973-08-01 1975-02-28 Cibie Projecteurs Full or dipped beam vehicle headlamp - pivotal screen is moved by relative movement of lamp and reflector
FR2536502A1 (fr) * 1982-11-19 1984-05-25 Cibie Projecteurs Projecteur de croisement pour vehicule automobile
FR2536503A1 (fr) * 1982-11-19 1984-05-25 Cibie Projecteurs Projecteur antibrouillard pour vehicule automobile
US4594529A (en) * 1982-12-01 1986-06-10 U.S. Philips Corporation Metal halide discharge lamp

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US1205224A (en) * 1915-07-22 1916-11-21 Alexander Morecraft Antiflare device.
US1591992A (en) * 1924-07-17 1926-07-13 Max J Nave Headlight dimmer
FR2460442A1 (fr) * 1979-06-29 1981-01-23 Cibie Projecteurs Nouvelle structure de projecteur, notamment de projecteur d'automobile
DE3113964C2 (de) * 1981-04-07 1984-02-23 Westfälische Metall Industrie KG Hueck & Co, 4780 Lippstadt "Innenleuchte für Fahrzeuge"
EP0084934A1 (de) * 1982-01-16 1983-08-03 LUCAS INDUSTRIES public limited company Lampenreflektor
FR2602305B1 (fr) * 1986-08-04 1990-03-23 Cibie Projecteurs Projecteur antibrouillard a filament transversal pour vehicule automobile

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR690678A (fr) * 1930-02-26 1930-09-24 Disposition d'écran mobile pour phares de véhicules automobiles
FR1296036A (fr) * 1961-05-04 1962-06-15 Projecteur à double faisceau faisant utilisation d'une source lumineuse axiale
FR2239862A1 (en) * 1973-08-01 1975-02-28 Cibie Projecteurs Full or dipped beam vehicle headlamp - pivotal screen is moved by relative movement of lamp and reflector
FR2536502A1 (fr) * 1982-11-19 1984-05-25 Cibie Projecteurs Projecteur de croisement pour vehicule automobile
FR2536503A1 (fr) * 1982-11-19 1984-05-25 Cibie Projecteurs Projecteur antibrouillard pour vehicule automobile
US4594529A (en) * 1982-12-01 1986-06-10 U.S. Philips Corporation Metal halide discharge lamp

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2657681A1 (fr) * 1990-01-30 1991-08-02 Bosch Gmbh Robert Projecteur pour vehicules automobiles, dont la source de lumiere est une lampe de decharge de gaz.
DE4307110C2 (de) * 1993-03-06 2002-06-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer mit wenigstens einer bewegbaren Abschirmvorrichtung
EP0989357A1 (de) * 1998-09-25 2000-03-29 Stanley Electric Co., Ltd. Scheinwerfer mit einem Mechanismus zur Umschaltung des Lichtverteilungsmusters
FR2794845A1 (fr) * 1999-06-08 2000-12-15 Valeo Vision Projecteur equipe d'une lampe a double source, notamment projecteur croisement route pour vehicule automobile

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2642145B1 (fr) 1993-04-09
RU1808070C (ru) 1993-04-07
US4987521A (en) 1991-01-22
USRE34253E (en) 1993-05-18
EP0380396B1 (de) 1994-09-07
DE69012153T2 (de) 1995-02-02
ES2063298T3 (es) 1995-01-01
FR2642145A1 (fr) 1990-07-27
JP2719724B2 (ja) 1998-02-25
JPH02230604A (ja) 1990-09-13
DE69012153D1 (de) 1994-10-13
BR9000219A (pt) 1990-11-13

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