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EP0268776B1 - Condensate drainage system for air conditioners of the "split" or mono bloc type with condenser exposed to the outside - Google Patents

Condensate drainage system for air conditioners of the "split" or mono bloc type with condenser exposed to the outside Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0268776B1
EP0268776B1 EP87113920A EP87113920A EP0268776B1 EP 0268776 B1 EP0268776 B1 EP 0268776B1 EP 87113920 A EP87113920 A EP 87113920A EP 87113920 A EP87113920 A EP 87113920A EP 0268776 B1 EP0268776 B1 EP 0268776B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
condensate
condenser
atomizing nozzle
outside
collecting vessel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87113920A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0268776A2 (en
EP0268776A3 (en
Inventor
Valerio Giordano Riello
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Riello Condizionatori SpA
Original Assignee
Riello Condizionatori SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Riello Condizionatori SpA filed Critical Riello Condizionatori SpA
Priority to AT87113920T priority Critical patent/ATE71207T1/en
Publication of EP0268776A2 publication Critical patent/EP0268776A2/en
Publication of EP0268776A3 publication Critical patent/EP0268776A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0268776B1 publication Critical patent/EP0268776B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
    • F24F13/22—Means for preventing condensation or evacuating condensate
    • F24F13/222—Means for preventing condensation or evacuating condensate for evacuating condensate
    • F24F13/224—Means for preventing condensation or evacuating condensate for evacuating condensate in a window-type room air conditioner
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
    • F24F13/22—Means for preventing condensation or evacuating condensate
    • F24F13/222—Means for preventing condensation or evacuating condensate for evacuating condensate
    • F24F2013/225—Means for preventing condensation or evacuating condensate for evacuating condensate by evaporating the condensate in the cooling medium, e.g. in air flow from the condenser

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to air conditioners and more particularly to a system for draining the condensate which is formed in these air conditioners during their operation.
  • the air conditioners to which the present invention relates are generally of two types, namely monobloc type air conditioners which are designed to be positioned and secured in openings provided in a wall or a window of the room to be conditioned and so communicating with the outside and air conditioners formed by separate units, so called "split" air conditioners, which comprise a unit intended to be placed inside of a room to be conditioned and a unit intended to be placed on the outside and connected to the inside unit by means of flexible tubes.
  • a condensate is formed therein, which is generally collected in a tray to be periodically emptied by the user. It is also known to drain the formed condensate through a drainage tube opening in the open air or connected to a sewer system.
  • Air conditioners of these types are also known, wherein the moisture condensed on the evaporator is collected in a tray and delivered by a pump through a tube to a spray nozzle arranged above the condenser.
  • the purpose of this arrangement is to return the condensate again to the condenser and to spray it directly thereon so that the condensate sprinkles the finned surface of the condenser and in so doing it promotes the heat exchange with resulting reduction of the condensation temperature.
  • GB-A-1.591.713 describes a condensate drainage system for air conditioners comprising a condensate collecting vessel, an atomizing nozzle, a condensate conduit connecting the condensate collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle and a pump for pumping the condensate from the collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle, said atomizing nozzle being arranged on the outside and being intended to atomize the condensate in the open air.
  • the condensate falls on the ground in liquid droplet form.
  • GB-A-2 126 695 describes a device for use in air conditioning equipment which controls the condensate level in a condensate collecting vessel in order to start a pump when the condensate is at a predetermined level and to stop said pump when the condensate is at the minimun level.
  • the object of this invention is to avoid the hand drainage from the air conditioners, to avoid the drainage of the condensate as such through a tube in the open air or in a sewer system as well as to avoid the accumulation in the condenser of the condensate which is not evaporated by the condenser by providing a condensate drainage system which does not need the use of drainage tubes in the sewer system or in the open air.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a fully evaporation of the atomized condensate flowing from the atomizing nozzle before falling on the ground.
  • the air conditioner either of the monobloc type intended to be applied in an opening of a wall or window of the room to be conditioned or of the split type having a unit placed in the inside of the room to be conditioned and unit placed in the outside, comprises a condensate drainage system having a condensate collecting vessel, an atomizing nozzle arranged on the outside for atomizing the condensate in the open air, a condensate conduit connecting the condensate collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle, a pump for pumping the condensate from the collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle and is characterized in that said atomizing nozzle is arranged in the warm air stream flowing from the condenser and generated by the ventilator provided in the air conditioner for cooling the condenser, said warm air stream causing the full evaporation of the atomized condensate before falling on the ground.
  • the atomizing nozzle is directed in the direction of the warm air stream flowing from said condenser.
  • the condensate drainage system according to the invention can be applied both to air conditioners of the monobloc type, which are designed to be placed in openings provided in a wall or a window of the room to be conditioned so that the condenser of the air conditioner is in communication with the outside for cooling it, and to portable air conditioners of "split" type comprising a unit placed on the inside of the room to be conditioned and a unit placed on the outside of the room to be conditioned.
  • Fig. 1 there is shown the condensate drainage system as applied to a split type air conditioner having an inside unit comprising a compressor, a ventilator and an evaporator and an outside unit comprising a condenser provided with its own ventilator.
  • the condensate collecting tray of which (not shown) is connected to a collecting vessel 1 through a condensate pipe 2.
  • a self-priming pump 5 is provided (which can best be seen in the right lower portion of Fig. 1 where the condensate collecting vessel 1 instead of having a parallelepipedal shape, has a shape with rounded side walls) the suction tube of which is immersed into vessel 1 and has at the lower end thereof a filter 11.
  • the delivery tube 4 of the pump 5 leads from the evaporator 9 to the condenser 10 which is placed on the outside, for example on a balcony, or suspended from the window sill, and is provided at the end thereof with an atomizing nozzle arranged at the center of the heat exchanger 7 of the condenser 10, on the outer wall thereof, so as to lie in the trajectory of the warm air flow generated by the ventilator 6 provided for cooling the condenser 10.
  • the atomizing nozzle 8 is supported in such a position by a rod.
  • an electronic level control device 3 is provided, which is designed to signal the minimum level of condensate, the maximum level of condensate as well as a level of overflow of condensate, said overflow occuring in the case of malfunctioning of the system.
  • Fig. 2 there is shown an embodiment wherein the pump 5, instead of being placed directly on the condensate collecting vessel 1, is placed within the condenser.
  • the tube 4 is the suction tube of pump 5 connecting the condensate collecting vessel 1 to the condenser 10, whereas the delivery tube is formed by the tube exiting from the pump and leading to the atomizing nozzle 8.
  • the condensate which is formed in the condenser 9 is transported via the tube 2, to the condensate collecting vessel 1.
  • the condensate level is controlled by the electronic device 3 which energizes the pump 5 when the drainage level is attaint.
  • the pump 5 is a self-priming pump and therefore does not require the presence of liquid for its starting, it is suitable for restarting after long interruption periods (winter pause).
  • Fig. 1 With pump arranged inside the evaporator-compressor-ventilator unit, it is possible to have a difference in height between inside unit 9 and outside unit 10 of 3-4 m, but as a counter-item the small noise of the pump operating in the room to be conditioned is to be accepted. With the pump arranged in the outside unit (Fig. 2) the noise produced by the pump is eliminated from the room to be conditioned, but the difference in height which can be overcome is of 1,5 m only.
  • the electronic control device 3 in addition to control the start and the stop operations of the condensate pump in the case of malfunctioning of the condensate drainage system, prevents the overflow of the condensate from the collecting vessel 1 by stopping the conditioner operation.
  • a release push-button (not shown) provides for the manual start of the pump in order to reset the normal operating conditions.
  • the condensate drainage system solves in a simple and efficient manner the problem of the condensate disposal from the above mentioned air conditioners because there is no longer the need of having a tube for draining the condensate in the sewer system, the need of leaving to the user attention the drainage operation in the case of air conditioners provided with a condensate collecting tray only and the need of periodically controlling the condensate level in the tray.
  • the system according to the invention is fully automatic because no intervention of the user is required except in the case of a stop of the air conditioner due to a malfuctioning of the system.
  • the condensate flowing from the nozzle in a finely amotized condition is fully evaporated in the open air due to the contribution of warm air flowing from the heat exchanger of condenser and moved by the ventilator, said warm air stream flowing in the direction of the condensate jet exiting from the atomizing nozzle. Therefore, with the system according to the invention there is not formation of condensate droplets flowing along the building walls which leave unaesthetic tracks and of condensate droplets flowing on building portions belonging to rooms placed below the outside unit.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Devices For Blowing Cold Air, Devices For Blowing Warm Air, And Means For Preventing Water Condensation In Air Conditioning Units (AREA)

Abstract

The condensate drainage system for monobloc or split type air conditioners comprises a collecting vessel (1) for the condensate and an atomizing nozzle (8) which are connected to each other by means of a conduit (4) in which a pump (5) is inserted. The atomizing nozzle (8) is arranged on the outside and preferably in the warm air stream flowing from the condenser (10) of the air conditioner so that the condensate jet exiting from the atomizing nozzle (8) will be fully evaporated in the open air.

Description

  • The invention generally relates to air conditioners and more particularly to a system for draining the condensate which is formed in these air conditioners during their operation.
  • The air conditioners to which the present invention relates are generally of two types, namely monobloc type air conditioners which are designed to be positioned and secured in openings provided in a wall or a window of the room to be conditioned and so communicating with the outside and air conditioners formed by separate units, so called "split" air conditioners, which comprise a unit intended to be placed inside of a room to be conditioned and a unit intended to be placed on the outside and connected to the inside unit by means of flexible tubes.
  • It is also known that during the operation of the air conditioner, a condensate is formed therein, which is generally collected in a tray to be periodically emptied by the user. It is also known to drain the formed condensate through a drainage tube opening in the open air or connected to a sewer system.
  • Air conditioners of these types are also known, wherein the moisture condensed on the evaporator is collected in a tray and delivered by a pump through a tube to a spray nozzle arranged above the condenser. The purpose of this arrangement is to return the condensate again to the condenser and to spray it directly thereon so that the condensate sprinkles the finned surface of the condenser and in so doing it promotes the heat exchange with resulting reduction of the condensation temperature.
  • Also this approach has been not successful because the condenser is not always capable of evaporating all the condensate sprayed and collected thereon so that, after some time of operation, also in the condenser a condensate collects which is to be removed by draining it in the open air.
  • GB-A-1.591.713 describes a condensate drainage system for air conditioners comprising a condensate collecting vessel, an atomizing nozzle, a condensate conduit connecting the condensate collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle and a pump for pumping the condensate from the collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle, said atomizing nozzle being arranged on the outside and being intended to atomize the condensate in the open air. With this system, however, the condensate falls on the ground in liquid droplet form.
  • GB-A-2 126 695 describes a device for use in air conditioning equipment which controls the condensate level in a condensate collecting vessel in order to start a pump when the condensate is at a predetermined level and to stop said pump when the condensate is at the minimun level.
  • The object of this invention is to avoid the hand drainage from the air conditioners, to avoid the drainage of the condensate as such through a tube in the open air or in a sewer system as well as to avoid the accumulation in the condenser of the condensate which is not evaporated by the condenser by providing a condensate drainage system which does not need the use of drainage tubes in the sewer system or in the open air.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a fully evaporation of the atomized condensate flowing from the atomizing nozzle before falling on the ground.
  • More particularly, the air conditioner either of the monobloc type intended to be applied in an opening of a wall or window of the room to be conditioned or of the split type having a unit placed in the inside of the room to be conditioned and unit placed in the outside, comprises a condensate drainage system having a condensate collecting vessel, an atomizing nozzle arranged on the outside for atomizing the condensate in the open air, a condensate conduit connecting the condensate collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle, a pump for pumping the condensate from the collecting vessel to the atomizing nozzle and is characterized in that said atomizing nozzle is arranged in the warm air stream flowing from the condenser and generated by the ventilator provided in the air conditioner for cooling the condenser, said warm air stream causing the full evaporation of the atomized condensate before falling on the ground.
  • According to a feature of the present invention, the atomizing nozzle is directed in the direction of the warm air stream flowing from said condenser.
  • These and other features of the invention will be more apparent from the following description of two preferred embodiments of the system according to the invention, given by way of example only and therefore not intended in a limiting sense, and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
    • Fig. 1 illustrates in an exploded perspective view a first embodiment of the condensate drainage system in accordance with the present invention; and
    • Fig. 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1, illustrating a second embodiment of the condensate drainage system in accordance with the present invention.
  • As already said at the beginning, the condensate drainage system according to the invention can be applied both to air conditioners of the monobloc type, which are designed to be placed in openings provided in a wall or a window of the room to be conditioned so that the condenser of the air conditioner is in communication with the outside for cooling it, and to portable air conditioners of "split" type comprising a unit placed on the inside of the room to be conditioned and a unit placed on the outside of the room to be conditioned.
  • In Fig. 1 there is shown the condensate drainage system as applied to a split type air conditioner having an inside unit comprising a compressor, a ventilator and an evaporator and an outside unit comprising a condenser provided with its own ventilator. Of the inside unit only the evaporator 9 is represented, the condensate collecting tray of which (not shown) is connected to a collecting vessel 1 through a condensate pipe 2. On the collecting vessel a self-priming pump 5 is provided (which can best be seen in the right lower portion of Fig. 1 where the condensate collecting vessel 1 instead of having a parallelepipedal shape, has a shape with rounded side walls) the suction tube of which is immersed into vessel 1 and has at the lower end thereof a filter 11. The delivery tube 4 of the pump 5 leads from the evaporator 9 to the condenser 10 which is placed on the outside, for example on a balcony, or suspended from the window sill, and is provided at the end thereof with an atomizing nozzle arranged at the center of the heat exchanger 7 of the condenser 10, on the outer wall thereof, so as to lie in the trajectory of the warm air flow generated by the ventilator 6 provided for cooling the condenser 10. The atomizing nozzle 8 is supported in such a position by a rod.
  • On the condensate collecting vessel 1 an electronic level control device 3 is provided, which is designed to signal the minimum level of condensate, the maximum level of condensate as well as a level of overflow of condensate, said overflow occuring in the case of malfunctioning of the system.
  • In Fig. 2 there is shown an embodiment wherein the pump 5, instead of being placed directly on the condensate collecting vessel 1, is placed within the condenser. In this case the tube 4 is the suction tube of pump 5 connecting the condensate collecting vessel 1 to the condenser 10, whereas the delivery tube is formed by the tube exiting from the pump and leading to the atomizing nozzle 8.
  • The operation manner of the two embodiments of the invention here represented is the same and is described hereinbelow.
  • The condensate which is formed in the condenser 9 is transported via the tube 2, to the condensate collecting vessel 1. The condensate level is controlled by the electronic device 3 which energizes the pump 5 when the drainage level is attaint.
  • Pump 5 which is positioned in the inside unit (Fig. 1) or in the outside unit (Fig. 2) sucks the condensate from the collecting vessel 1 and delivers it under pressure to the atomizing nozzle which atomizes the condensate by forming a wide jet. Since the nozzle 8 is placed at the center of the heat exchanger 7 of condenser 10, the condensate jet flowing therefrom is subjected to the action of the warm air stream generated by the ventilator 6 provided for cooling the condenser This air stream, by flowing out at a temperature in the range of 45° to 50°C, causes the evaporation of the atomized condensate, so that the latter is substantially fully evaporated before falling on the ground.
  • The regularity of the air stream exiting from the heat exchanger 7 of condenser 10 prevents eventual vortexes from causing the atomized water to drip on the mechanical portions of the condenser unit 10. In order to avoid said dripping at all, the use of an anti-dripping nozzle is provided.
  • Since the pump 5 is a self-priming pump and therefore does not require the presence of liquid for its starting, it is suitable for restarting after long interruption periods (winter pause).
  • Cleaning of the system formed by pump 5, tube 4 and nozzle 8 is assured by the filter 11 placed in the condensate suction opening.
  • In the case of the application of Fig. 1 (with pump arranged inside the evaporator-compressor-ventilator unit) it is possible to have a difference in height between inside unit 9 and outside unit 10 of 3-4 m, but as a counter-item the small noise of the pump operating in the room to be conditioned is to be accepted. With the pump arranged in the outside unit (Fig. 2) the noise produced by the pump is eliminated from the room to be conditioned, but the difference in height which can be overcome is of 1,5 m only.
  • The electronic control device 3, in addition to control the start and the stop operations of the condensate pump in the case of malfunctioning of the condensate drainage system, prevents the overflow of the condensate from the collecting vessel 1 by stopping the conditioner operation. A release push-button (not shown) provides for the manual start of the pump in order to reset the normal operating conditions.
  • From the foregoing, it will be apparent that the condensate drainage system according to the present invention solves in a simple and efficient manner the problem of the condensate disposal from the above mentioned air conditioners because there is no longer the need of having a tube for draining the condensate in the sewer system, the need of leaving to the user attention the drainage operation in the case of air conditioners provided with a condensate collecting tray only and the need of periodically controlling the condensate level in the tray.
  • The system according to the invention is fully automatic because no intervention of the user is required except in the case of a stop of the air conditioner due to a malfuctioning of the system. The condensate flowing from the nozzle in a finely amotized condition is fully evaporated in the open air due to the contribution of warm air flowing from the heat exchanger of condenser and moved by the ventilator, said warm air stream flowing in the direction of the condensate jet exiting from the atomizing nozzle. Therefore, with the system according to the invention there is not formation of condensate droplets flowing along the building walls which leave unaesthetic tracks and of condensate droplets flowing on building portions belonging to rooms placed below the outside unit.

Claims (2)

  1. An air conditioner either of the monobloc type intended to be applied in an opening of a wall or window of the room to be conditioned or of the split type having a unit placed in the inside of the room to be conditioned and unit placed in the outside, comprising a condensate drainage system having a condensate collecting vessel (1), an atomizing nozzle (8) arranged on the outside for atomizing the condensate in the open air, a condensate conduit (4) connecting the condensate collecting vessel (1) to the atomizing nozzle (8), a pump (5) for pumping the condensate from the collecting vessel (1) to the atomizing nozzle (8), characterized in that:
    - said atomizing nozzle (8) is arranged in the warm air stream flowing from the condenser generated by the ventilator (6) provided in the air conditioner for cooling the condenser (10),
    - said warm air stream causing the full evaporation of the atomized condensate before falling on the ground.
  2. An air conditioner according to claim 1, characterized in that said atomizing nozzle (8) is directed in the direction of the air stream flowing from the condenser (10) cooled by the ventilator (6).
EP87113920A 1986-11-25 1987-09-23 Condensate drainage system for air conditioners of the "split" or mono bloc type with condenser exposed to the outside Expired - Lifetime EP0268776B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87113920T ATE71207T1 (en) 1986-11-25 1987-09-23 CONDENSATE DRAIN SYSTEM FOR REMOTE OR COMPACT TYPE AIR CONDITIONERS WITH ONE CONDENSER LOCATED OUTDOORS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT2245786 1986-11-25
IT22457/86A IT1198164B (en) 1986-11-25 1986-11-25 CONDENSATE WATER ELIMINATION SYSTEM FOR SPLIT OR MONOBLOCK TYPE AIR CONDITIONERS WITH CONDENSER MOVED OUTSIDE

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0268776A2 EP0268776A2 (en) 1988-06-01
EP0268776A3 EP0268776A3 (en) 1989-10-04
EP0268776B1 true EP0268776B1 (en) 1992-01-02

Family

ID=11196558

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87113920A Expired - Lifetime EP0268776B1 (en) 1986-11-25 1987-09-23 Condensate drainage system for air conditioners of the "split" or mono bloc type with condenser exposed to the outside

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0268776B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE71207T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3775719D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2028841T3 (en)
IT (1) IT1198164B (en)
PT (1) PT86209B (en)
ZA (1) ZA877353B (en)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3903665C2 (en) * 1989-02-08 1997-08-14 Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg Room air conditioner
AU1134397A (en) * 1996-12-11 1998-07-03 Carrier Corporation Combination room air/split air conditioner
US6336338B1 (en) * 2000-11-13 2002-01-08 Uri Koren Room air conditioner
KR100657461B1 (en) * 2004-12-28 2006-12-14 엘지전자 주식회사 Cooling and heating type air-conditioner with humidification function
US8683821B2 (en) 2010-04-15 2014-04-01 Franklin Electric Company, Inc. Sediment trap system and method
TR201007003A2 (en) * 2010-08-23 2011-09-21 Aks�Yek C�Neyt Cooling system and method for air cooled chillers.
ITAN20110005A1 (en) * 2011-01-28 2012-07-29 Andrea Migani PERFECT AIR CONDITIONER.
IT201600068611A1 (en) * 2016-07-01 2018-01-01 Dagostino Fabio CONDENSATE WATER DISPOSAL DEVICE IN AIR-CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
RU183494U1 (en) * 2018-05-17 2018-09-24 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "АсисГрупп" CONDENSER CONDENSER SPRAYING DEVICE
WO2023177730A1 (en) * 2022-03-16 2023-09-21 Rheem Manufacturing Company Condensate transfer systems for self-contained heat pump room conditioning units

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1200504B (en) * 1962-12-14 1965-09-09 Luwa Ag Method and device for discharging condensation water from air conditioning units installed in particular in vehicles
GB1591713A (en) * 1976-09-07 1981-06-24 Ko Tat Kwong Disposal of condensates formed by room temperature control equipment
GB2126695A (en) * 1982-09-01 1984-03-28 Andrews Ind Equipment Limited Improvements in air conditioning units
ATE61468T1 (en) * 1984-07-25 1991-03-15 Evzone Holding AIR CONDITIONER.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT8622457A0 (en) 1986-11-25
ZA877353B (en) 1988-04-11
PT86209A (en) 1988-12-15
ES2028841T3 (en) 1992-07-16
DE3775719D1 (en) 1992-02-13
EP0268776A2 (en) 1988-06-01
ATE71207T1 (en) 1992-01-15
EP0268776A3 (en) 1989-10-04
IT1198164B (en) 1988-12-21
PT86209B (en) 1993-08-31

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