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EP0105350A1 - Methods and apparatus for relieving arterial constrictions - Google Patents

Methods and apparatus for relieving arterial constrictions

Info

Publication number
EP0105350A1
EP0105350A1 EP83901648A EP83901648A EP0105350A1 EP 0105350 A1 EP0105350 A1 EP 0105350A1 EP 83901648 A EP83901648 A EP 83901648A EP 83901648 A EP83901648 A EP 83901648A EP 0105350 A1 EP0105350 A1 EP 0105350A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plague
solution
catheter
solubilizing
chamber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP83901648A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0105350A4 (en
Inventor
Harvey Wolinsky
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0105350A1 publication Critical patent/EP0105350A1/en
Publication of EP0105350A4 publication Critical patent/EP0105350A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/683—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols
    • A61K31/685—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols one of the hydroxy compounds having nitrogen atoms, e.g. phosphatidylserine, lecithin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
    • A61L29/04—Macromolecular materials
    • A61L29/041—Macromolecular materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
    • A61M25/0105—Steering means as part of the catheter or advancing means; Markers for positioning
    • A61M25/0108—Steering means as part of the catheter or advancing means; Markers for positioning using radio-opaque or ultrasound markers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/10—Balloon catheters
    • A61M25/104—Balloon catheters used for angioplasty
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/22038—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with a guide wire
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/22051—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with an inflatable part, e.g. balloon, for positioning, blocking, or immobilisation
    • A61B2017/22055—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with an inflatable part, e.g. balloon, for positioning, blocking, or immobilisation with three or more balloons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/22051—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with an inflatable part, e.g. balloon, for positioning, blocking, or immobilisation
    • A61B2017/22062—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for with an inflatable part, e.g. balloon, for positioning, blocking, or immobilisation to be filled with liquid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/22082—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance
    • A61B2017/22084—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance stone- or thrombus-dissolving
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/10—Balloon catheters
    • A61M2025/1043—Balloon catheters with special features or adapted for special applications
    • A61M2025/1052—Balloon catheters with special features or adapted for special applications for temporarily occluding a vessel for isolating a sector
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/10—Balloon catheters
    • A61M25/1011—Multiple balloon catheters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods, apparatus and solutions for relieving arterial constrictions caused by deposition of plaque in arteries, particularly coronary arteries.
  • a catheter with an inflatable balloon at the distal end is inserted into the femoral artery or by brachial cutdow , and is positioned by fluoroscopic control at the appropriate coronary ostiu .
  • the process is known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) .
  • the balloon at the distal end of the catheter has a predetermined maximum diameter. It is filled with a radio opaque dye to permit visualization. Alternatively, the balloon itself may be radio opaque. ' When the balloon is positioned in the stenosis it is inflated for from 3 to 5 seconds and then deflated. The inflation cycle may be repeated several times to achieve satis ⁇ factory results. Normally the luminal diameter of the stenotic -2- vessel increases at least 20% as a result of the treatment.
  • the procedure has been employed for treatment of single, large artherosclerotic lesions of the coronary, renal, iliac and even vertebral arteries.
  • the effect of the expanded balloon is to literally blow open the stenotic zone.
  • Disruption of the wall is marked, including fracture of the calcium in the lesion, tearing of the plaque itself and extravasation of plaque lipid and gruel into the adjacent vessel wall.
  • Complications include hemorrhage, tears of the wall and sudden blockage of the damaged area with a clot. It is standard procedure to conduct the treatment with a standby surgical team. Emergency surgery is required from time to time.
  • PTCA does not generally dissolve the plaque. It merely compresses it and forces it into the arterial wall. The total mass of the plaque is not appreciably reduced. It is, however, possible that the alteration of the atheroma structure, perhaps by redistribution of its elements, permits the eventual dissolution of at least some of the plaque. It appears that the remaining plaque body resulting from PTCA may serve as the nucleus for the -3- formation of new plaque since restenosis has been observed in some patients.
  • Atherosclerotic plaques vary considerably in their composition from site to site, but certain features are common to all of them. They contain many cells, mostly these are derived from cells of the wall that have divided wildly and have grown into the surface layer of the blood vessel, creating a mass lesion. Plaques also contain cholesterol and cholesterol esters, commonly referred to as fat. This lies freely in the space between the cells and in the cells themselves. A large amount of collagen is present in the plaques, particularly advanced plaques of the type which cause clinical problems. Additionally, human plaques contain calcium to varying degrees, he orrhagic material including clot and gru ous material composed of dead cells, fat and other debris. Relatively large amounts of water are present as is typical of all tissue.
  • arterial constrictions are relieved, not by forcing them into the arterial wall, or by fracturing or tearing, but by dissolving at least a portion of the plaque.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a catheter element of the invention at the distal end of a main catheter body.
  • Figure 2 is a cross section taken along the line 2-2 of Figure 1.
  • Figure 3 is a view of the catheter element of Figure 1 operatively positioned within a stenotic artery.
  • Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the solubilizing fluid delivery, balloon carrying element of the catheter of this inven ⁇ tion.
  • a main catheter body generally designated as 1 with a distal end 2 and a proximate end 3 formed with a main catheter body wall 4.
  • the main catheter body 1 is formed with three conduits; a ring balloon expansion conduit 5, a central balloon expansion conduit 6 and a fluid delivery conduit 7.
  • the catheter body 1 carries two ring balloons 8 and 9 at either end, and an optional central balloon 10 disposed intermediate the spaced balloons. It also carries a third conduit 7 which exits through the catheter body. Conduits 5, 6 and 7 are fitted with appropriate valves 11, 12 and 13.
  • FIG. 3 The operation of a catheter of this invention is schematically illustrated in Figure 3.
  • the figure 14 is the arterial wall of an artery constricted due to the presence of plaque body 15.
  • the figure shows the main catheter body 1 held in place by the inflation of spaced balloons 8 and 9.
  • the inflation of the balloons forms a chamber 16 in the artery and, as shown, surrounding the plaque.
  • the catheter 1 is shown with the central balloon 10 in the deflated configuration. It also shows the delivery end of the third conduit 7.
  • the catheter 1 is guided by standard pro- cedures which may include the use of a flexible probe, a guide wire and/or a fluoroscope to a position overlaying the plaque body 15 preferably, but not necessarily, in the position shown in Figure 3 with the distal end balloon 8 just beyond the distal end of the plaque and proximate end balloon 9 just ahead of the proximate end of the plaque.
  • " ftien the balloons 8 and 9 are inflated by forcing air or other fluid such as isotonic saline through valve 11 and conduit 5, the catheter is held in place by the pressure of the balloons and a chamber 16 is formed surrounding the plaque 15. The closing of valve 11 will maintain the pressure in the conduit 5 and balloons 8 and 9 so that the catheter is held in place.
  • the position of the catheter can be checked fluoro- scopically or by passing a small amount of solubilizing liquid containing a dye into the chamber. If the position is not satis ⁇ factory the pressure can be released sufficiently to slightly deflate ring balloons 8 and 9, the catheter moved in the appropriate direction, and the balloons reinflated.
  • a solubilizing liquid is forced into the chamber through conduit 7.
  • the pressure may be just sufficient to fill the chamber, i.e., from about 100 to 150 mm Hg. Alternatively it may be high enough to force some of the liquid into the plaque. Pressure of 200 to 300 mm Hg are generally sufficient for this purpose.
  • the pressure at which the fluid is forced into the chamber may be generated by a pump upstream of -6- valve 12. It may be augmented by expansion of the central balloon 10. This procedure has the added advantage that the expanding central balloon may compress the plaque.
  • the procedure may be combined with conventional PTCA.
  • the pressure may be as high as 5 to 7 atmospheres, but it will not necessarily be that high.
  • the central balloon 10 may be inflated after the solubilizing fluid has entered the chamber, or simultaneously with the release of the fluid into the chamber. In either event it will assist in forcing the solubilizing fluid into the plaque.
  • the catheter- body may be held in place 3 to 5 seconds before deflating the balloons.
  • the cyclic procedure may be repeated up to 4 or more times to force as much fluid as possible into the plaque.
  • the sequence is programed so that the inflation of the ring balloons, insertion of the solubilizing liquid and inflation of the central balloon takes place sequentially over a period of about 4 seconds.
  • the catheter is then held in place up to a total of about 30 to 50 seconds to maximize contact of the solubilizing fluid with the plaque while controlling the interruption of blood flow at a safe level.
  • the catheter body can be prepared from any of a number of readily available, non-toxic, flexible polymers including, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene and polyvinyl halides such as polyvinyl chloride or polyvinylidene chloride.
  • the balloon can be fabricated from similar materials manufactured so as to be expansible under pressure and with sufficient elasticity to contract when the pressure is released. -7-
  • the dimensions of the balloons will be such that they will reach the desired diameter at a pressure of from about 75 to 100 mm Hg and hold the dimensions even if the pressure is increased to as high as 5 or more atmospheres.
  • the absolute dimensions selected for the balloons will depend upon the diameter of the arteries involved.
  • the ring balloons may be from 2 to 5 mm in length and their expanded diameters will be approximately the same.
  • the central balloon will be of the same diameter range as the end balloons, but the length will be from about 10 to 50 mm.
  • solubilizing liquid will be forced into the plaque by the application of pressure through the central conduit 7 or by the expansion of the central balloon 10.
  • the liquid will not immediately wash out of the plaque, but will remain in the plaque in equilibrium with the arterial blood. It will be slowly replaced over the period of several hours and, as it exits the plaque, will take with it those plaque components which have dissolved in it.
  • solubilizing liquids are available.
  • the liquids should be non-toxic. They should not cause clotting of the blood. Because of the low volumes involved, e.g. 0.1 to 0.5 cc, any of * a number of polar organic solvents which will dissolve cholesterol and its esters, and would normally be considered too toxic for internal use can be employed. These include, for example, ether, ethanol and mixtures thereof.
  • Isotonic aqueous buffers containing phospholipids at a pH of from about 7.2 to 7.6 are useful.
  • Phospholipids are naturally available compounds which on hydrolysis yield fatty acids; -8- phosphoric acid; an alcohol, usually glycerol; and a nitrogenous base such as choline or ethanolamine. They include lecithins, cephalins and sphingomyelins. Lecithins, particularly egg lecithin, are preferred because of their easy availability and efficiency.
  • the efficiency of the solubilizing liquids containing egg lecithin or other phospholipid can be improved by the addition of bile acids such as cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxy- cholic, lithocholic, glycocholic and taurocholic acid.
  • the preferred solubilizing agents will contain at least one bile acid and at least one phospholipid in aqueous, buffered solutions at a pH of from about 7.2 to 7.6 with a total solids content of from about 10 to 30% and a water content 90 to 70% weight.
  • the ratio of bile acid to phospholipid by weight is from 50:50 to 85:15, preferably 60:40 to 65:35.
  • the preferred bile acids are cholic, deoxycholic, taurocholic and glycocholic acids.
  • any of a number of physiologically acceptable buffers including phosphate buffered saline, tris buffer, Ringer's lactate buffer and the like can be employed in the practice of this invention.
  • Especially preferred solubilizing liquids for use in this invention are buffered solutions containing phospholipid and bile acid as described above together with a collagenase, typically a mammalian collagenase, or one derived from bacteria.
  • the collagen- ase concentration is normally from about 20 to 400j.-g/cc of solution.
  • the collagenase cleaves the collagen which is the main supportive structure of the plaque. The plaque body then collapses. This result together with the solubilization of the fat and other -9- components of the plague serves to decrease markedly the total volume of the plaque and increase the flow through of blood in the artery.
  • the selected collagenase may be employed in aqueous buffer, such as one of those mentioned above, either with or without bile acid or phospholipid.
  • Other proteases such as papain, or chymotrypsin may also be employed together with the collagenase or as an alternative thereto.
  • the concentration of proteases in such solutions is from about 20 to 400-jg
  • chondroitinase or hyaluronidase may also be employed alone or as one of the active components in the solubilizing liquid to assist in the removal of other plague components.

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Abstract

Un cathéter comprend des sections distale et proximale gonflables (8, 9) pouvant être gonflées de façon à créer un espace fermé autour d'un caillot artériel, et un conduit (7) pour injecter un liquide dissolvant dans cet espace fermé. Le cathéter peut aussi comprendre une section gonflable centrale (10) pour aider la pénétration du liquide dans le caillot et pour comprimer le caillot. L'invention porte sur divers liquides dissolvants.A catheter includes inflatable distal and proximal sections (8, 9) which can be inflated to create a closed space around an arterial clot, and a conduit (7) for injecting a dissolving liquid into this closed space. The catheter may also include a central inflatable section (10) to assist penetration of the liquid into the clot and to compress the clot. Various dissolving liquids are provided.

Description

-1-
DESCRIPTION METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR RELIEVING'ARTERIA 'CONSTRICTIONS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to methods, apparatus and solutions for relieving arterial constrictions caused by deposition of plaque in arteries, particularly coronary arteries.
Recently an alternative approach to coronary bypass surgery has been developed. In this non-operative procedure for the improvement of blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease, a catheter with an inflatable balloon at the distal end is inserted into the femoral artery or by brachial cutdow , and is positioned by fluoroscopic control at the appropriate coronary ostiu . The process is known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) .
The balloon at the distal end of the catheter has a predetermined maximum diameter. It is filled with a radio opaque dye to permit visualization. Alternatively, the balloon itself may be radio opaque. 'When the balloon is positioned in the stenosis it is inflated for from 3 to 5 seconds and then deflated. The inflation cycle may be repeated several times to achieve satis¬ factory results. Normally the luminal diameter of the stenotic -2- vessel increases at least 20% as a result of the treatment.
The procedure has been employed for treatment of single, large artherosclerotic lesions of the coronary, renal, iliac and even vertebral arteries. The effect of the expanded balloon is to literally blow open the stenotic zone. Disruption of the wall is marked, including fracture of the calcium in the lesion, tearing of the plaque itself and extravasation of plaque lipid and gruel into the adjacent vessel wall. Complications include hemorrhage, tears of the wall and sudden blockage of the damaged area with a clot. It is standard procedure to conduct the treatment with a standby surgical team. Emergency surgery is required from time to time.
The procedure is, in effect, a vigorous attack on a delicate system. However, with well selected patients in the hands of an experienced balloon team, the success rate is close to 90%. There is room for improvement. A system which would permit a less forceful attack on the plaque and on the arterial walls would generate fewer complications, increase the number of patients who could be successfully treated, and be generally more acceptable.
PTCA does not generally dissolve the plaque. It merely compresses it and forces it into the arterial wall. The total mass of the plaque is not appreciably reduced. It is, however, possible that the alteration of the atheroma structure, perhaps by redistribution of its elements, permits the eventual dissolution of at least some of the plaque. It appears that the remaining plaque body resulting from PTCA may serve as the nucleus for the -3- formation of new plaque since restenosis has been observed in some patients.
Atherosclerotic plaques vary considerably in their composition from site to site, but certain features are common to all of them. They contain many cells, mostly these are derived from cells of the wall that have divided wildly and have grown into the surface layer of the blood vessel, creating a mass lesion. Plaques also contain cholesterol and cholesterol esters, commonly referred to as fat. This lies freely in the space between the cells and in the cells themselves. A large amount of collagen is present in the plaques, particularly advanced plaques of the type which cause clinical problems. Additionally, human plaques contain calcium to varying degrees, he orrhagic material including clot and gru ous material composed of dead cells, fat and other debris. Relatively large amounts of water are present as is typical of all tissue.
In accordance with the methods of this invention arterial constrictions are relieved, not by forcing them into the arterial wall, or by fracturing or tearing, but by dissolving at least a portion of the plaque.
THE INVENTION This invention provides methods and apparatus for alleviation of arterial stenosis by delivery of a solubilizing liquid to the surface of the constricting plaque and into the interior thereof. As a result, at least some of the plaque components are dissolved. -4- The invention will be better understood from the following description and the drawings which are intended for the purpose of illustration only. In the drawings:
Figure 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a catheter element of the invention at the distal end of a main catheter body.
Figure 2 is a cross section taken along the line 2-2 of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a view of the catheter element of Figure 1 operatively positioned within a stenotic artery.
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the solubilizing fluid delivery, balloon carrying element of the catheter of this inven¬ tion. In the embodiment illustrated it comprises a main catheter body generally designated as 1 with a distal end 2 and a proximate end 3 formed with a main catheter body wall 4. The main catheter body 1 is formed with three conduits; a ring balloon expansion conduit 5, a central balloon expansion conduit 6 and a fluid delivery conduit 7. The catheter body 1 carries two ring balloons 8 and 9 at either end, and an optional central balloon 10 disposed intermediate the spaced balloons. It also carries a third conduit 7 which exits through the catheter body. Conduits 5, 6 and 7 are fitted with appropriate valves 11, 12 and 13.
The operation of a catheter of this invention is schematically illustrated in Figure 3. In the figure 14 is the arterial wall of an artery constricted due to the presence of plaque body 15. The figure shows the main catheter body 1 held in place by the inflation of spaced balloons 8 and 9. The inflation of the balloons forms a chamber 16 in the artery and, as shown, surrounding the plaque. The catheter 1 is shown with the central balloon 10 in the deflated configuration. It also shows the delivery end of the third conduit 7.
In operation the catheter 1 is guided by standard pro- cedures which may include the use of a flexible probe, a guide wire and/or a fluoroscope to a position overlaying the plaque body 15 preferably, but not necessarily, in the position shown in Figure 3 with the distal end balloon 8 just beyond the distal end of the plaque and proximate end balloon 9 just ahead of the proximate end of the plaque. "ftien the balloons 8 and 9 are inflated by forcing air or other fluid such as isotonic saline through valve 11 and conduit 5, the catheter is held in place by the pressure of the balloons and a chamber 16 is formed surrounding the plaque 15. The closing of valve 11 will maintain the pressure in the conduit 5 and balloons 8 and 9 so that the catheter is held in place. The position of the catheter can be checked fluoro- scopically or by passing a small amount of solubilizing liquid containing a dye into the chamber. If the position is not satis¬ factory the pressure can be released sufficiently to slightly deflate ring balloons 8 and 9, the catheter moved in the appropriate direction, and the balloons reinflated.
Once the catheter is in place a solubilizing liquid is forced into the chamber through conduit 7. The pressure may be just sufficient to fill the chamber, i.e., from about 100 to 150 mm Hg. Alternatively it may be high enough to force some of the liquid into the plaque. Pressure of 200 to 300 mm Hg are generally sufficient for this purpose. The pressure at which the fluid is forced into the chamber may be generated by a pump upstream of -6- valve 12. It may be augmented by expansion of the central balloon 10. This procedure has the added advantage that the expanding central balloon may compress the plaque. Thus the procedure may be combined with conventional PTCA. For this purpose the pressure may be as high as 5 to 7 atmospheres, but it will not necessarily be that high.
The central balloon 10 may be inflated after the solubilizing fluid has entered the chamber, or simultaneously with the release of the fluid into the chamber. In either event it will assist in forcing the solubilizing fluid into the plaque.
As in conventional PTCA, the catheter- body may be held in place 3 to 5 seconds before deflating the balloons.
The cyclic procedure may be repeated up to 4 or more times to force as much fluid as possible into the plaque. Preferably, however, the sequence is programed so that the inflation of the ring balloons, insertion of the solubilizing liquid and inflation of the central balloon takes place sequentially over a period of about 4 seconds. The catheter is then held in place up to a total of about 30 to 50 seconds to maximize contact of the solubilizing fluid with the plaque while controlling the interruption of blood flow at a safe level.
The catheter body can be prepared from any of a number of readily available, non-toxic, flexible polymers including, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene and polyvinyl halides such as polyvinyl chloride or polyvinylidene chloride. The balloon can be fabricated from similar materials manufactured so as to be expansible under pressure and with sufficient elasticity to contract when the pressure is released. -7-
The dimensions of the balloons will be such that they will reach the desired diameter at a pressure of from about 75 to 100 mm Hg and hold the dimensions even if the pressure is increased to as high as 5 or more atmospheres. The absolute dimensions selected for the balloons will depend upon the diameter of the arteries involved. For example, the ring balloons may be from 2 to 5 mm in length and their expanded diameters will be approximately the same. The central balloon will be of the same diameter range as the end balloons, but the length will be from about 10 to 50 mm.
The solubilizing liquid will be forced into the plaque by the application of pressure through the central conduit 7 or by the expansion of the central balloon 10. When the catheter is removed the liquid will not immediately wash out of the plaque, but will remain in the plaque in equilibrium with the arterial blood. It will be slowly replaced over the period of several hours and, as it exits the plaque, will take with it those plaque components which have dissolved in it.
A variety of solubilizing liquids are available. The liquids, of course, should be non-toxic. They should not cause clotting of the blood. Because of the low volumes involved, e.g. 0.1 to 0.5 cc, any of* a number of polar organic solvents which will dissolve cholesterol and its esters, and would normally be considered too toxic for internal use can be employed. These include, for example, ether, ethanol and mixtures thereof.
Isotonic aqueous buffers containing phospholipids at a pH of from about 7.2 to 7.6 are useful. Phospholipids are naturally available compounds which on hydrolysis yield fatty acids; -8- phosphoric acid; an alcohol, usually glycerol; and a nitrogenous base such as choline or ethanolamine. They include lecithins, cephalins and sphingomyelins. Lecithins, particularly egg lecithin, are preferred because of their easy availability and efficiency.
The efficiency of the solubilizing liquids containing egg lecithin or other phospholipid can be improved by the addition of bile acids such as cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxy- cholic, lithocholic, glycocholic and taurocholic acid. The preferred solubilizing agents will contain at least one bile acid and at least one phospholipid in aqueous, buffered solutions at a pH of from about 7.2 to 7.6 with a total solids content of from about 10 to 30% and a water content 90 to 70% weight. The ratio of bile acid to phospholipid by weight is from 50:50 to 85:15, preferably 60:40 to 65:35. The preferred bile acids are cholic, deoxycholic, taurocholic and glycocholic acids.
Any of a number of physiologically acceptable buffers including phosphate buffered saline, tris buffer, Ringer's lactate buffer and the like can be employed in the practice of this invention.
Especially preferred solubilizing liquids for use in this invention are buffered solutions containing phospholipid and bile acid as described above together with a collagenase, typically a mammalian collagenase, or one derived from bacteria. The collagen- ase concentration is normally from about 20 to 400j.-g/cc of solution. The collagenase cleaves the collagen which is the main supportive structure of the plaque. The plaque body then collapses. This result together with the solubilization of the fat and other -9- components of the plague serves to decrease markedly the total volume of the plaque and increase the flow through of blood in the artery. The selected collagenase may be employed in aqueous buffer, such as one of those mentioned above, either with or without bile acid or phospholipid. Other proteases such as papain, or chymotrypsin may also be employed together with the collagenase or as an alternative thereto. The concentration of proteases in such solutions is from about 20 to 400-jg/cc of solution.
Other enzymes such as chondroitinase" or hyaluronidase may also be employed alone or as one of the active components in the solubilizing liquid to assist in the removal of other plague components.

Claims

-10- HAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A catheter for insertion into an artery for relieving arterial constriction caused by a body of plague, comprising a main catheter body having means including two spaced balloon elements adapted to be positioned on respective proximate and distal ends of the plague body and expansible against the arterial walls for providing a chamber about said plague body, and means carried by said main catheter body for delivering a solution into said chamber for solubilizing said plague body. 2. A catheter for insertion into an artery for relieving constriction caused by a body of plague comprising a main catheter body having means including two spaced balloon elements adapted to be positioned on respective proximate and distal ends of the plague body and expansible against the arterial walls for providing a chamber about said plague body, means carried by said main catheter body for deliver¬ ing a solution into said chamber for solubilizing said plague body, and means including a third balloon element disposed intermediate said two spaced balloon elements and expansible for forcing said solution into said plague body while compressing said plague body. 3. A catheter according to either Claim 1 or Claim 2, each of two spaced balloon elements having a length ranging from about 2mm to 5πm and being expansible to a diameter from about 2mm to 5mm. 4. A catheter according to either Claim 2 or Claim 3, said third balloon element having a length ranging from about 10mm to 5mm and being expansible to a diameter ranging from about 2mm to 5mm.
' -11-
5. A catheter according to either Claim 1 or Claim 2, said two spaced balloon element being expansible by fluid pressure and adapted to remain in a stable, expanded condition at about 5 atmos¬ pheres of pressure. • 6. A method for relieving an arterial constriction caused by a body of plaque which comprises the steps of:
1. inserting into the artery a catheter comprising a main catheter body having means including two spaced balloon elements adapted to be positioned on respective proximate and distal ends of the plague body and expansible against the arterial walls for providing a chamber about said plague body, and means carried by said main catheter body for delivering a solution into said chamber for solubilizing said plague body. 2. inflating said two spaced balloon elements, 3. delivering a solubilizing solution into said chamber through said solution delivering means,
4. deflating said balloon elements, and
5. removing the catheter from the artery.
7. A method for relieving an arterial constriction caused by a body of plague which comprises the steps of:
1. inserting into the artery a catheter comprising a main catheter body having means including two spaced balloon elements adapted to be positioned on respective proximate and distal ends of the plague body and expansible against the arterial walls for providing a chamber about said plague body, means carried by said main catheter body for delivering a solution into said chamber for solubilizing said plague body -12- and means including a third expansible balloon element dis¬ posed intermediate said two spaced balloon elements,
2. inflating said two spaced balloon elements,
3. delivering a solubilizing solution into said chamber through said solution delivering means,
4. inflating said third balloon element,
5. deflating said balloon elements,
6. removing the catheter from the artery.
8. A method as in Claim 7 wherein Steps 3 and 4 are performed simultaneously.
9. A method for relieving an arterial constriction caused by a body of plague which comprises the steps of:
1. inserting into the artery a catheter comprising a main catheter body having means including two spaced balloon elements adapted to be positioned on respective proximate and distal ends of the plague body and expansible against the arterial walls for providing a chamber about said plague body, means carried by said main catheter body for delivering a solution into said chamber for solubilizing said plague body. 2. inflating said two spaced balloon elements.
3. delivering a solubilizing solution into said chamber through said solution delivering means,
4. deflating said balloon elements, and
5. removing the catheter from the artery; said solubilizing solution comprising an isotonic agueous buffered mixture at a pH of from 7.2 to 7.6 of at least one phospholipid and at least one bile acid, having a solids content of frσn about -1 -
10% to 30% by volume and a water content of from 90% to 10% by volume, the ratio of bile acid to phospholipid being frαn 50:50 to 85:15 by weight.
10. A method as in Claim 9 wherein the phospholipid is a lecithin. 11. A method as in Claim 10 wherein the bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic, deoxycholic, taurocholic and blycocholic acids.
12. A method as in Claims 9, 10 or 11 wherein the solubilizing solution additionally contains from about 20 to 400μg/cc of solution of collagenase.
13. A solubilizing solution for solubilizing plague of the type associated with atherosclerosis which comprises an isotonic agueous buffered mixture at a pH of frαn about 7.2 to 7.6 containing at least one phospholipid and at least one bile acid, having a solids content of from about 10% to 30% by weight and a water content of from 90% to 10% by weight, the ratio of bile acid to phospholipid being from 50:50 to 85:15, and additionally, containing collagenase at a concentration of from 20 to 400yg/cc of collagenase solubilizing solution. 14. A solution as in Claim 13 wherein the phospholipid is lecithin. 15. A solution as in Claim 14 wherein the bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic, deoxycholic, taurocholic and clycocholic acids.
EP19830901648 1982-04-02 1983-04-01 Methods and apparatus for relieving arterial constrictions. Withdrawn EP0105350A4 (en)

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US364908 1982-04-02

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US7238673B2 (en) 1989-03-31 2007-07-03 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Treatment of diseases by site-specific instillation of cells or site-specific transformation of cells and kits therefor
DE3915289A1 (en) * 1989-05-10 1990-11-15 Josef Dieter Dr Med Nagel Treatment of disorders of alimentary canal - by injection of therapeutic medium into zone sealed by inflatable balloons
AU6376190A (en) * 1989-10-25 1991-05-02 C.R. Bard Inc. Occluding catheter and methods for treating cerebral arteries
EP0518940A4 (en) * 1990-02-26 1993-05-12 Marvin J. Slepian Method and apparatus for treatment of tubular organs
US5135484A (en) * 1990-05-09 1992-08-04 Pioneering Technologies, Inc. Method of removing plaque from vessels
US5270047A (en) * 1991-11-21 1993-12-14 Kauffman Raymond F Local delivery of dipyridamole for the treatment of proliferative diseases
CN1204932C (en) * 1999-02-10 2005-06-08 太田富雄 Bloodless treating device
WO2000047252A1 (en) * 1999-02-10 2000-08-17 Nikkiso Co., Ltd. Cancer therapeutic agent supply device
BRPI0704785A2 (en) * 2007-12-17 2018-04-10 Brz Biotecnologia Ltda. CATHETER FOR LOCAL PHARMACEUTICAL INFUSION

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WO1983003356A1 (en) 1983-10-13
EP0105350A4 (en) 1987-10-26
CA1208516A (en) 1986-07-29
IT8320442A0 (en) 1983-04-01
MX160113A (en) 1989-11-30
IT1167171B (en) 1987-05-13
JPS59500504A (en) 1984-03-29

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