DE4126692A1 - Immuno-sensor for sensitive detection of low mol. wt. antigen - uses displacement of enzyme conjugate, reaction with substrate and prod. amplification on bio-sensor, used esp. for drugs, herbicides and explosives - Google Patents
Immuno-sensor for sensitive detection of low mol. wt. antigen - uses displacement of enzyme conjugate, reaction with substrate and prod. amplification on bio-sensor, used esp. for drugs, herbicides and explosivesInfo
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- DE4126692A1 DE4126692A1 DE4126692A DE4126692A DE4126692A1 DE 4126692 A1 DE4126692 A1 DE 4126692A1 DE 4126692 A DE4126692 A DE 4126692A DE 4126692 A DE4126692 A DE 4126692A DE 4126692 A1 DE4126692 A1 DE 4126692A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
- C12Q1/005—Enzyme electrodes involving specific analytes or enzymes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
- G01N33/5438—Electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
- G01N33/946—CNS-stimulants, e.g. cocaine, amphetamines
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- Immunology (AREA)
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- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Immunosensor-Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Antigenen < 2000 Dalton, wie Rauschmittel, Herbizide, Sprengstoffe. Anwendung findet die Erfindung vorwiegend in der Umweltanalytik und Rauschgift detektion.The invention relates to an immunosensor device and a Methods for the determination of antigens <2000 daltons, such as Intoxicants, herbicides, explosives. The Invention mainly in environmental analysis and drugs detection.
Bekannt sind indirekte Immunosensoren, die Markersysteme zur Quantifizierung der Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion nutzen, d. h. auch zur Konzentrationsbestimmung. Dabei besitzen Enzyme als Marker den entscheidenden Vorteil, daß sie als Biokatalysato ren die Bildung eines leicht anzeigbaren Produktes kataly sieren, wobei die Produktmenge der Enzymaktivität proportio nal ist und damit in einem direkten oder indirekten Verhält nis zur Antigenmenge steht.Indirect immunosensors are known, the marker systems for Use quantitation of the antigen-antibody response, d. H. also for determining the concentration. Enzymes have as Marker has the decisive advantage that it is a biocatalyst the formation of an easily displayable product sieren, the product amount of the enzyme activity proportio nal and thus in a direct or indirect relationship stands for the amount of antigen.
Ein Nachweis von kleinen Mengen an Rauschgift und anderen Um weltgiften ist äußerst kompliziert. Es handelt sich dabei um Antigene mit relativ kleinen Molekulargewichten, zu deren Nachweis nur kompetitive oder Verdrängungsimmunoassays in Be tracht kommen. Um Spuren dieser Mittel nachweisen zu können, ist eine Verstärkung notwendig.Evidence of small amounts of drug and other order world toxins is extremely complicated. It's about Antigens with relatively small molecular weights Detection of only competitive or displacement immunoassays in Be come. In order to be able to prove traces of these agents, reinforcement is necessary.
Eine Kopplung von einem Enzymimmunoassay und enzymatischer bzw. chemisch/enzymatischer Signalverstärkung ist für Sandwich-Assays bekannt, wobei als Markerenzym alkalische Phosphatase benutzt wird (EP 60 123: C. Stanley. F. Paris, A. Plumb, A. Weleb and A. Johannsson. Amer. Biotechnol. Lab. May/June 1985).A coupling of an enzyme immunoassay and an enzymatic one or chemical / enzymatic signal amplification is for Sandwich assays are known, being alkaline as a marker enzyme Phosphatase is used (EP 60 123: C. Stanley. F. Paris, A. Plumb, A. Weleb and A. Johannsson. Amer. Biotechnol. Lab. May / June 1985).
Dieses Sandwich Assay ist jedoch nur anwendbar zur Bestimmung von Antigenen mit hohen Molekulargewichten ( <10 000 Dalton). Außerdem ist ein Immunosensor zur kontinuierlichen Anzeige von Analytkonzentrationen in einem Medienstrom bekannt (W. Schramm und Se-Hwab Paek, Reproductive Sciences Program and Bioengineering Program. 300 N. Ingalls, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. MI 48 105, USA).However, this sandwich assay is only applicable for determination of antigens with high molecular weights (<10,000 daltons). There is also an immunosensor for continuous display of analyte concentrations in a media stream (W. Schramm and Se-Hwab Paek, Reproductive Sciences Program and Bioengineering Program. 300 N. Ingalls, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. MI 48 105, USA).
Dieser Immunosensor besteht in seinen Grundkomponenten aus einer Kombination von 2 monoklonalen Antikörpern, die an se paraten Sensoren immobilisiert sind, und einem heterobifunk tionellen Konjugat zwischen dem Analyt und einem Enzym (Enzym-Analyt-Konjugat), das als Signal-Generator für die Analytbestimmung dient, wobei das Medium von den Sensorabtei lungen durch eine semipermeable Membran getrennt ist. Dieser Immunosensor hat den Nachteil, daß wegen des langsamen Abdis soziierens des Antigens der Meßprozeß sehr zeitaufwendig ist. Weiterhin wird die Empfindlichkeit durch die katalytische Ak tivität des Markerenzyms bestimmt, d. h., es wird keine enzymatische Verstärkungsreaktion eingesetzt. Aufgabe der Er findung ist es, eine Immunosensorvorrichtung und ein Verfah ren zur Bestimmung von Antigenen < 2000 Dalton zu entwic keln.The basic components of this immunosensor consist of a combination of 2 monoclonal antibodies, which on se separate sensors are immobilized, and a heterobifunk tional conjugate between the analyte and an enzyme (Enzyme-analyte conjugate), which acts as a signal generator for the Analyte determination is used, the medium from the sensor abbey lungs is separated by a semipermeable membrane. This Immunosensor has the disadvantage that because of the slow abdis sociating the antigen the measuring process is very time consuming. Furthermore, the sensitivity by the catalytic Ak activity of the marker enzyme is determined, d. that is, it will not enzymatic amplification reaction used. Task of he the invention is an immunosensor device and a method for the determination of antigens <2000 Dalton keln.
Erfindungsgemäß wurde die Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß ein oder zwei Enzym-Immunoreaktoren mit einem Biosensor gekoppelt wurden, der eine Verstärkung des anzeigbaren Produktes be wirkt. Die Erfindung wird gemäß der Ansprüche 1, 9 und 10 realisiert. Die Unteransprüche sind entsprechende vorteilhaf te Ausführungen.According to the invention the object was achieved in that a or two enzyme immunoreactors coupled to a biosensor were that a reinforcement of the displayable product be works. The invention is in accordance with claims 1, 9 and 10 realized. The subclaims are correspondingly advantageous versions.
Erfindungsgemäß wird folgendes Prinzip realisiert: Das zu be stimmende Antigen (AG) wird in einen Enzym-Immunoreaktor ge geben. Dieser besteht aus an unlöslichen Trägermaterialien nach bekannten Methoden immobilisierten Antikörpern (Ak), die vor dem Meßvorgang mit einem Enzymkonjugat (Ag-Eg) des zu be stimmenden Antigens beladen werden. Die Affinität der immobi lisierten Antikörper wird so gewählt, daß bei Anwesenheit der zu bestimmenden Antigene bereits bei der Schwellkonzentration die Enzymkonjugate verdrängt werden.The following principle is realized according to the invention: tuning antigen (AG) is placed in an enzyme immunoreactor give. This consists of insoluble carrier materials Antibodies immobilized according to known methods before measuring with an enzyme conjugate (Ag-Eg) of the be tuning antigen are loaded. The affinity of the immobi lized antibody is chosen so that in the presence of Antigens to be determined already at the threshold concentration the enzyme conjugates are displaced.
Die Verdrängung des Enzymkonjugates wird nach Verlassen des Immunoreaktors mittels eines Biosensors (Amplifizierungs- Enzymsensor), der mit Biokatalysatoren (mindestens 1 Enzym) beschichtet ist, hoch empfindlich angezeigt. Dazu wird das Substrat S des Enzymkonjugates nach dem Passieren des Immun reaktors in den Fluß injiziert. Nur in Gegenwart des zu be stimmenden Antigens wird daraus das Produkt P gebildet, das als gemeinsamer Reaktionspartner zyklisch durch die Biokata lysatoren, vorzugsweise 2 Amplifizierungsenzyme Ea1 und Ea2 unter Bildung oder Verbrauch eines elektrodenaktiven Cosub strates Cx umgesetzt wird. Die Signalverstärkung beruht dar auf, daß in jedem Reaktionszyklus ein Teilchen des Coreaktan den C umgesetzt wird.The displacement of the enzyme conjugate is displayed after leaving the immunoreactor with a biosensor (amplification enzyme sensor), which is coated with biocatalysts (at least 1 enzyme), highly sensitive. For this purpose, the substrate S of the enzyme conjugate is injected into the river after passing through the immune reactor. Only in the presence of the antigen to be determined the product P is formed, which is cyclically converted as a common reaction partner by the biocatalysts, preferably 2 amplification enzymes Ea 1 and Ea 2, with the formation or consumption of an electrode-active cosubstrate C x . The signal amplification is based on the fact that a particle of the coreactane is converted to the C in each reaction cycle.
Bei Verwendung eines 2. Immunoreaktors enthält dieser die gleichen Antikörper wie der 1. Immunoreaktor oder Antikörper gegen ein anderes Epitop des Antigen-Enzymkonjugates, die die Aktivität des Markerenzyms bei der Bindung nicht ernie drigen.If a second immunoreactor is used, it contains the same antibodies as the 1st immunoreactor or antibody against another epitope of the antigen-enzyme conjugate, the the activity of the marker enzyme in binding does not decrease drigen.
Die eingesetzten Biosensoren sind Elektroden, ionensensitive Feldeffekttransistoren oder Thermistoren mit immobilisierten Enzymen. Diese Biosensoren gewährleisten eine Amplifizierung. Die verwendeten Biosensoren sind z. T. bekannt, so aus DD 2 22 896, DD 2 22 897, DD 2 72 311 und DE-OS 39 40 072. The biosensors used are electrodes, ion-sensitive Field effect transistors or thermistors with immobilized Enzymes. These biosensors ensure amplification. The biosensors used are e.g. T. known, so from DD 2 22 896, DD 2 22 897, DD 2 72 311 and DE-OS 39 40 072.
Mit der erfindungsgemäßen Immunosensor-Vorrichtung ist es möglich, niedermolekulares Antigen und auch bereits Antigen spuren aus der Luft nachzuweisen. Durch die enzymatische Ver stärkung wird eine Signalamplifizierung um den Faktor 10-20 (bei Verwendung eines Enzyms) und um den Faktor 100-1000 durch den Einsatz von Biosensoren mit 2 Enzymen. Dies führt zu einer beträchtlichen Verkürzung der Inkubationszeit. Besonders geeignet ist die Erfindung für den Nachweis von Rauschmitteln, Herbiziden und Sprengstoffen.It is with the immunosensor device according to the invention possible, low molecular weight antigen and already antigen evidence of traces from the air. Due to the enzymatic ver Signal amplification by a factor of 10-20 is strengthened (when using an enzyme) and by a factor of 100-1000 through the use of biosensors with 2 enzymes. this leads to to a significant reduction in the incubation period. The invention is particularly suitable for the detection of Intoxicants, herbicides and explosives.
Monoklonale Antikörper gegen Cocain werden nach bekannten Verfahren (G. Wemhoff et al, NRL Review 199f, 103-105) an hydrophile Träger gebunden und die Partikel in eine Säule von 100 µl Innenvolumen eingefüllt. Dieser Immunoreaktor wird mit einer Durchflußmeßzelle verbunden, die die bekannte "Ver stärkungsenzymelektrode auf der Basis von LOD/LDH enthält. Die amperometrische Elektrode ist auf -600 mV polarisiert und an einen üblichen Meßverstärker angeschlossen. Der Träger strom (0,05 mM Trispuffer, pH 8) wird mittels Pumpe mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 0,5 ml/min aus dem Vorratsgefäß durch das Probeninjektionsventil, den Immunoreaktor, ein Injektions-T- Stück und die Meßzelle mit Verstärkungsenzymelektrode ge pumpt.Monoclonal antibodies against cocaine are known according to Method (G. Wemhoff et al, NRL Review 199f, 103-105) hydrophilic carrier bound and the particles in a column of 100 µl internal volume filled. This immunoreactor will connected to a flow measuring cell, the well-known "Ver strengthening enzyme electrode based on LOD / LDH contains. The amperometric electrode is polarized to -600 mV and connected to a common measuring amplifier. The carrier current (0.05 mM Tris buffer, pH 8) is pumped with a Speed of 0.5 ml / min from the storage vessel through the Sample injection valve, the immunoreactor, an injection T Piece and the measuring cell with reinforcing enzyme electrode ge pumps.
Zum Erzielen der Meßbereitschaft wird der Immunoreaktor mit einem Konjugat aus Cocain und alkalischer Phosphatase bela den, wozu 1 ml einer konjugatenthaltenden Lösung durch den Immunoreaktor mit sehr niedriger Fließgeschwindigkeit (0,1 ml/min) gepumpt wird, wobei die Konjugatlösung die Fließapparatur über das T-Stück vor der Verstärkungsenzym elektrode verläßt. Danach wird mit 10 ml Trägerlösung ge spült, und vor der Injektion von Proben, die auf die Gegen wart von Cocain geprüft werden, wird über eine 2. Pumpe mit 0,1 ml/min eine 50 μM Phosphoenolpyruvat (PEP)Losung, die 10 mM NADH in Trispuffer enthält, über das InJektions-T-Stück vor der Durchflußmeßzelle in den Trägerstrom kontinuierlich eingebracht.To achieve readiness for measurement, the immunoreactor is used a conjugate of cocaine and alkaline phosphatase bela for which 1 ml of a conjugate-containing solution by the Very low flow rate immunoreactor (0.1 ml / min) is pumped, the conjugate solution the Flow equipment over the T-piece in front of the reinforcing enzyme electrode leaves. Then it is ge with 10 ml of carrier solution rinses, and before injecting samples onto the counter were checked by cocaine, is using a second pump 0.1 ml / min a 50 μM phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) solution that Contains 10 mM NADH in Tris buffer via the injection tee continuously in front of the flow measuring cell in the carrier stream brought in.
Vor der Messung erfolgt eine Kalibrierung durch die Injektion von 5, 10 und 20 ng Cocain/ml enthaltenden Lösungen über das Probeninjektionsventil. Aus der Stromerniedrigung der Ver stärkungsenzymelektrode (O2 Anzeige!) wird eine Kalibrierungs kurve erstellt. Das Meßsignal entsteht dadurch, daß Cocain- Phosphatase-Konjugate durch das freie Cocain der Kalibrier oder Probelösung von den im Immunoreaktor fixierten Antikör pern verdrängt werden. Nach Erreichen des Injektionsventils, durch das Phosphoenolpyruvat dem Trägerstrom zugemischt wird, wird Pyruvat unter der Wirkung der Phosphatase aus dem PEP gebildet. Das Pyruvat wird durch die Verstärkungsenzymelek trode mit extremer Empfindlichkeit angezeigt, wobei der O₂- Verbrauch durch die LOD-katalysierte Teilreaktion das Meß signal liefert.Before the measurement, calibration is carried out by injecting solutions containing 5, 10 and 20 ng cocaine / ml via the sample injection valve. A calibration curve is created from the current reduction of the amplification enzyme electrode (O 2 display!). The measurement signal arises from the fact that cocaine-phosphatase conjugates are displaced by the free cocaine of the calibration or sample solution from the antibodies fixed in the immunoreactor. After reaching the injection valve, through which phosphoenol pyruvate is mixed into the carrier stream, pyruvate is formed from the PEP under the action of the phosphatase. The pyruvate is indicated by the amplification enzyme electrode with extreme sensitivity, the O₂ consumption by the LOD-catalyzed partial reaction providing the measurement signal.
In analoger Weise wie bei den cocainhaltigen Kalibrierungslö sungen werden Urinproben (50 µl) in das Fließsystem injiziert. Auch hier führt die oben geschilderte Reaktionskette zur hochempfindlichen Anzeige von Cocain. Nach der Untersu chung von 50 Meßproben wird das System erneut kalibriert. Hat die Gegenwart hoher Cocainkonzentrationen zur weitgehenden Verdrängung der Enzymkonjugate im Immunoreaktor geführt, wird bei der Kalibrierung eine erniedrigte Empfindlichkeit gefun den. Danach erfolgt die erneute Beladung des Immunoreaktors mit dem Enzymkonjugat, wie oben beschrieben wurde.In an analogous manner to the calibration solutions containing cocaine urine samples (50 µl) are injected into the flow system. The reaction chain described above also leads here for the highly sensitive display of cocaine. After the Untersu After 50 measuring samples, the system is calibrated again. Has the presence of high cocaine concentrations to a large extent Displacement of the enzyme conjugates in the immunoreactor is carried out found a lower sensitivity during calibration the. Then the immunoreactor is loaded again with the enzyme conjugate as described above.
Der in Beispiel 1 beschriebene Immunoreaktor mit monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen Cocain wird in einer analogen Fließappara tur eingesetzt. Die Durchflußzelle mit der Verstärkungsenzym elektrode besitzt zusätzlich eine semipermeable Membran vor der Enzymschicht, an deren Lösungsseite nichtinhibierende An tikörper gegen alkalische Phosphatase kovalent fixiert sind. Weiterhin befindet sich ein Injektionsventil für die PEP- und NADH-haltige Lösung (anstelle des T-Stücks in Beispiel 1) be ziehungsweise eine Glycin-HCl-Lösung von pH 2,5 zwischen Im munoreaktor und Durchflußmeßzelle.The monoclonal immunoreactor described in Example 1 Antibodies to cocaine are placed in an analog flow apparatus tur used. The flow cell with the enhancement enzyme electrode also has a semipermeable membrane the enzyme layer, on the solution side of which non-inhibiting An antibodies against alkaline phosphatase are covalently fixed. There is also an injection valve for the PEP and NADH-containing solution (instead of the T-piece in Example 1) be or a pH 2.5 glycine-HCl solution between Im Munoreaktor and flow measuring cell.
Die Kalibrierung und Untersuchung von Proben erfolgt analog zu Beispiel 1. Allerdings wird bei dieser Anordnung die PEP- und NAPH-haltige Tris-Lösung nicht kontinuierlich dem Träger strom nach Verlassen des Immunoreaktors zugemischt, sondern es erfolgt nur nach jeder Injektion einer Kalibrierungslösung oder Probe eine Injektion zum Nachweis von aus dem Immuno reaktor verdrängten Enzymkonjugaten, die dann unmittelbar auf der semipermeablen antikörpertragenden Membran vor der Enzym schicht gebunden werden. Dadurch wird eine um den Faktor 20 höhere Empfindlichkeit gegenüber der in Beispiel 1 beschrie benen Anordnung erreicht.The calibration and examination of samples is carried out analogously to example 1. However, with this arrangement the PEP and NAPH-containing Tris solution is not continuous to the wearer Electricity mixed after leaving the immunoreactor, but it only occurs after each injection of a calibration solution or sample an injection to detect from the immuno Reactor displaced enzyme conjugates, which are then immediately on the semipermeable antibody-bearing membrane in front of the enzyme layer bound. This makes it a factor of 20 higher sensitivity to that described in Example 1 reached arrangement.
Nach dem Vermessen cocainhaltiger Lösungen werden die Enzym konjugate von der Ak-Membran auf der Amplifizierungsenzym elektrode durch Spülen mit Glycin-HCl-Puffer von pH 2,5 ge spalten und damit aus dem Meßsystem entfernt.After measuring solutions containing cocaine, the enzyme conjugate from the Ak membrane to the amplification enzyme electrode by rinsing with glycine-HCl buffer of pH 2.5 ge split and thus removed from the measuring system.
Claims (10)
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DE19914126692 DE4126692C2 (en) | 1991-08-13 | 1991-08-13 | Immunosensor device and method for determining antigens <2,000 daltons |
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Cited By (9)
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DE19545974A1 (en) * | 1995-07-15 | 1997-01-16 | Frieder Prof Dr Scheller | Enzyme immunoassay kit for hapten or antigen determn. - including enzyme amplification system |
US7005273B2 (en) | 2001-05-16 | 2006-02-28 | Therasense, Inc. | Method for the determination of glycated hemoglobin |
EP1693642A1 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2006-08-23 | Heinrich Meurer | Method for detecting land mines from the air |
EP1693687A2 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2006-08-23 | Heinrich Meurer | Airborne method for exploration of hydrocarbon deposits |
US7528949B2 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2009-05-05 | Heinrich Meurer | Aerial-supported procedure for exploration of hydrocarbon deposits |
US7673551B2 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2010-03-09 | Heinrich Meurer | Aerial-supported procedure for the detection of landmines |
US7811689B2 (en) | 1998-06-17 | 2010-10-12 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Biological fuel cell and methods |
US8759055B2 (en) | 2002-05-02 | 2014-06-24 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Miniature biological fuel cell that is operational under physiological conditions, and associated devices and methods |
US9668684B2 (en) | 2009-02-26 | 2017-06-06 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Self-powered analyte sensor |
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