DE102020125920A1 - Mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air that can be operated by a temperature difference - Google Patents

Abstract

According to Figure 1, mobile device (1) operated by a temperature difference for cleaning and disinfecting room air, comprising a tubular vertical outer wall (1.1) with an upper opening (1.5), a floor area (1.7), a horizontal standing area (1.7.1) , an interior (1.7.2) for the insertion of a rechargeable battery (7) and an electronic control unit (4) for regulating the air flow generated by the chimney effect through a replaceable cartridge (5) with an upper opening (1.6), a circumferential Cartridge holder (5.4), an air-permeable cartridge base (5.3) and a particulate, air-permeable, bactericidal and/or virucidal cartridge filling (5.2) and at least two vertically arranged Peltier elements (2) lying opposite one another, which with their cold sides (2.2) a cooling ring (2.4) in the cartridge wall (5.1) and with its hot sides (2.1) in thermally conductive contact with at least two vertical thermal conductors ments (2.1.1) with which a horizontal heating plate (2.1.2) arranged on the floor area (1.7) is heated, and at least one heating space (2.1.6) above the heating plate (2.1.2) for heating the at least two air inlets (3) incoming air (3.1), with a thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) the at least two Peltier elements (2) laterally and the thermally conductive components (2.1.1) entirely and the heating plates (2.1.2) except for their top sheathed; and a method for cleaning and disinfecting indoor air.

Description

field of invention

The present invention relates to a mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air that can be operated by a temperature difference.

The present invention also relates to a method for cleaning and disinfecting room air using a mobile device operated by a temperature difference.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the mobile device, which can be operated by a temperature difference, for killing microorganisms, specifically viruses and virions, which are collectively referred to below as viruses.

State of the art

Microorganisms are archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, protists, fungi and green algae. It is still a matter of debate whether viruses or virions should be considered organisms at all. Microorganisms and viruses are the source of a number of serious diseases, epidemics and pandemics such as the current Covid-19 pandemic.

Numerous pesticides such as fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, algaecides, molluscicides, rodenticides, acaricides, and slimicides have been developed to combat the deleterious effects on multicellular humans and plants.

Likewise, numerous antimicrobial agents such as germicides, antibiotics, bactericides, virucides, antifungal agents, antiprotozoal agents and antiparasitic agents have been developed to cure the diseases caused by the microorganisms.

• Propioconazol (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorphenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol (IUPAC),
• Folpet N-(Trichlormethylthio)phthalimid,
• Chlorkresole,
• Fludioxonil 4-(2,2-Difluor-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC), and
• Azoxystrobin Methyl-(E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylat (IUPAC)
• werden als genehmigte Schutzmittel für Fasern, Leder, Gummi und polymerisierte Materialien in dem „Helpdesk - Genehmigte Wirkstoffe - Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin‟:
  • https://www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de/DE/Biozide/Wirkstoffe/Genehmigte-Wirkstoffe/Genehmigte-Wirkstoffe-0.html#PT9
  aufgeführt.

The constant threat of microorganisms, especially viruses and virions and especially the coronavirus SARS-Co-V2, has created a growing demand for efficient and effective methods for decontamination and disinfection. The "List N: Products with Emerging Viral Pathogens AND Human Coronavirus Claims for Use against SARS-CoV-2, Date Accessed: 05/31/2020 of the EPA lists, US Govt." lists numerous organic and inorganic active compounds such as HOCI, peroxoacetic acid, quaternary ammonium, potassium peroxomonosulphate, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid, lactic acid, dichloroisocyanurate, sodium hypochlorite or ethanol. However, these disinfectants can only be used in cleaning solutions or wiping solutions and have no permanent disinfecting effect.

• Propioconazole (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazole (IUPAC),
• Folpet N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide,
• chlorocresols,
• Fludioxonil 4-(2,2-Difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC), and
• Azoxystrobin methyl (E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate (IUPAC)
• are listed as approved protective agents for fibers, leather, rubber and polymerized materials in the "Helpdesk - Approved Active Substances - Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health":
  • https://www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de/DE/Biozide/Wirkstoffe/Genahmete-Wirkstoffe/Genahmete-Wirkstoffe-0.html#PT9
  listed.

However, these active ingredients are low molecular weight compounds, so there is always a risk that they will leach out of the protected materials.

For this reason there have already been numerous attempts to immobilize the disinfecting active ingredients and pharmaceuticals in order to achieve a permanent disinfecting and/or pharmaceutically active surface.

The international patent application discloses this WO 96/39821 Reagents and methods for modifying textiles to inactivate viruses on contact. To do this, the textiles are modified by photochemically immobilizing hydrophilic polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups and hydrocarbon chains, resulting in a surface capable of disrupting lipid-enveloped viruses on contact. However, when these hydrophilic polymers are applied to non-woven fabrics, there is no guarantee that they will be fully crosslinked by the light because portions will necessarily be shaded. As a result, a certain proportion of the polymers always remains soluble.

From the American patent U.S. 5,883,155 produce films of elastomers in which active chemicals such as biocides for medical use are uniformly dispersed in the form of gel inclusions. For example, the elastomeric film contains as active ingredients quaternary ammonium, phthalaldehyde, phenol derivatives, formalin, nonionic surfactants containing at least one polyoxyethylene block, hexamidine, iodine compounds, surface-active substances with a virucidal effect, sodium and potassium dichromate and hydrochlorites. However, these active ingredients are toxic and carcinogenic and are released into the environment.

The American Patent US 6,180,584 B1 discloses disinfectant mixtures with a longer-lasting biocidal effect. The mixtures form an adhesive, transparent, water-insoluble polymer film on the substrate surfaces, which has a longer-lasting antimicrobial disinfecting effect. The effect lasts longer even without a new order. The disinfecting effect of the surface is based on direct contact and the components are not released into a contacting solution in an amount that would disinfect the solution. The active ingredient is a metallic material, particularly silver iodide. However, this salt is sensitive to light, so dark spots will form in the mixture over time.

The American patent application 2007/0031512 A1 discloses that layered phyllosilicates are capable of adsorbing and/or binding viruses and thus deactivating them. The layered phyllosilicates can be sprayed into the human nostrils or can be included in a face mask to prevent infection. They can be suspended in water intended for skin contact to inactivate the virus, or be part of an HVAC filter that prevents the transfer of viruses from room to room, for example in a hospital. The phyllosilicates can be incorporated into a paper or wipe to deactivate viruses on hospital and operating room furniture and surgical equipment. In addition, the layered phyllosilicates can be used in paints for clean rooms.

The international patent application WO 2007/120509 discloses a mask containing a plurality of layers, the first layer containing an acid or a salt or ester of the acid. The second layer contains a base or a salt or ester of the base. The third layer of the mask contains a metallic germicide selected from the group consisting of zinc, copper, nickel, iodine, manganese, tin, boron, silver and their salts, complexing agents and surfactants. Apparently the third layer in particular contains toxic substances.

The American patent application U.S. 2007/0292486 A1 discloses biocidal polymer nanoparticle/microparticle composites containing an ionic polymer and biocidal metal salts, particularly silver bromide. The silver bromide is evenly distributed in the polymer matrix. It is believed that the biocidal effect is due to silver particles releasing silver ions and bromide ions. In addition, it is believed that the bromide ions make textiles flame retardant. The disadvantages of these composites are the high price of silver bromide, the sensitivity of the salt to light, which causes dark discolorations in the composite layers, and the leaching of toxic silver ions. In addition, the biocidal metal salts are not concentrated on the surface of the composites, so most of the metal salts do not come into contact with the microorganisms.

The international patent application WO 2008/127416 A2 discloses hydrophobic polymeric coatings that can be applied non-covalently to solid surfaces of metals, plastics, glass, polymers, textiles and other substrates such as fabrics, gauze, bandages, cloths and fibers in the same manner as paints by brushing, spraying or dipping to biocide the surfaces or to make bactericidal. The hydrophobic polymers contain quaternary ammonium groups with long chain aliphatic groups containing more than 10 carbon atoms. However, the hydrophobic polymers can be damaged by organic solvents and even completely removed from the surfaces.

The American patent application U.S. 2009/0081249 A1 discloses antimicrobial compositions containing two or more antiviral agents covalently linked to a polymer. Suitable antiviral agents are sialic acid, zanamivir, oseltamivir, amantadine and rimantadine. The polymer is preferably water-soluble such as poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride), polyaspartic acid, poly(1-glutamic acid), chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl dextran or polyethyleneimine. The compositions can be formulated for enteral or parenteral administration. However, the antimicrobial compositions are difficult to produce on an industrial scale.

The American patent application U.S. 2009/0320849 A1 discloses a face mask containing a filter material made from a fibrous substrate. Its fibers contain, on their surface, in particular a fleece made of polypropylene or polyester, which contains an acidic polymer, in particular of the polycarboxylic acid type. The face mask has an antiviral effect against inhaled or exhaled air. However, since the polycarboxylic acids, such as polyacrylic acid, are water-soluble, they can be corroded by aqueous aerosols

The American patent application U.S. 2012/0016055 A1 discloses biocidal coating compositions containing a biocide and nonionic polymers and solvents. The coating compositions form clear and non-tacky films and surfaces, but because of their solubility they can be easily removed.

The American patent application U.S. 2013/0344122 A1 discloses medical articles with antimicrobial properties and good barrier properties. The medical articles contain non-woven fabrics made of polypropylene and a coating containing chlorhexidine acetate and trichlosan. For example, these pharmaceuticals are dissolved in ethanol and sprayed onto the tissue until it is evenly saturated. The fabric samples are then dried. The medical articles can be gowns, shoe covers, drapes, wraps, caps, lab coats, and face masks. The disadvantage of these medical articles is that the pharmaceuticals are not firmly bound to the fibers of the non-woven material and can easily be dusted off or washed away by solvents.

The international patent application WO 2014/149321 A1 discloses a coating with a reactive surface that has disinfectant and biocidal properties. The reactive compositions are renewable or "rechargeable" through the reapplication of the active component and do not need to be removed, discarded, or replaced. The reactive composition includes a hygroscopic polymer film, such as crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, which has been treated with a liquid or gaseous oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, peracetic acid, iodine, or mixtures thereof, long enough for the oxidizing agent to react with or become absorbed in the polymer film. The disadvantages of these reactive surface coatings are that they must be activated with toxic and corrosive or gaseous oxidants, which oxidants are then released from the coatings.

The American patent application U.S. 2014/0127517 A1 discloses films of linear or branched polyethylene cores having antiviral properties. These films are covalently bound to surfaces and quaternized with hydrophobic side chains and modified with groups crosslinkable with actinic radiation. The disadvantages of these films are that the polyethyleneimines have to be modified by polymer-analogous reactions. After their application to surfaces, they must be irradiated with UV light. However, if they are applied to non-woven materials, it cannot be guaranteed that all of the modified polyethylenimine will be reached and crosslinked by the UV radiation.

The international patent application WO 2016/116259 A1 discloses biocidal materials containing an organic polymer matrix or an inorganic ceramic matrix in which biocidal polyoxometalates are inhomogeneously distributed. The concentration of the polyoxometalates on the surface of the matrices can be higher than on the inside.

The American patent application 2017/0275472 A1 discloses antimicrobial coating materials for surface coating containing (i) biocides such as chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacids, alcohols, essential oils, antimicrobial components of essential oils, bleach, antibiotics, phyto chemicals and mixtures thereof, (ii) inorganic-organic hollow bodies which are permeable to biocides, the inorganic materials being metal oxides, metal complexes, metal salts, metal particles and mixtures thereof and the organic materials being non-ionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The antimicrobial coating material is believed to have durable and versatile antimicrobial activity at high temperatures through contact kill, release, non-stick, and self-cleaning. The disadvantage is that volatile biocides are used, which are permanently released from the coating materials.

That American Patent 10,227,495 B2 claims biocidal biopolymer coatings made from crosslinked functionalized triglycerides and covalently bonded quaternary ammonium compounds. Crosslinking can take place by irradiation with actinic light or by polyisocyanates. The disadvantage is that the biocidal effect is limited to the use of one class of compounds, namely quaternary ammonium compounds.

Since the start of the SARS-Co-V2 pandemic, numerous attempts have been made to develop new methods and materials to prevent the spread of the virus.

Thus, A.J. Galante et al. from the Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, and The Department of Ophthalmology, Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, superhemophobic anti-virofouling coatings for medical apparel (see also: SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, "Researchers Create New Washable, Textile, Coating the Can Repel Viruses.", Published on 2020-05-26"; and "New coating could improve medical gear by making the coronavirus slide right off."; https ://www.zmescience.com/science/newsscience/coating-personal-protection-equipment-252342/) The tough, multilayer coatings are made by sintering polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles in a solvent onto polypropylene microfibers is that their production requires a lot of energy and solvents, expensive PTFE and they do not kill the viruses.

Researchers from Ben Gurion University, Israel, have developed coatings based on nanoparticles to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. They have found that copper nanoparticles are the most effective in this regard. The antiviral coatings can be brushed or sprayed onto surfaces. Conventional and known polymers containing nanoparticles of copper can be used. The nanoparticles enable the controlled release of metal ions onto the coated surfaces (see also SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, published on 2020-05-21). However, the copper nanoparticles and the copper ions are not only toxic for microorganisms and viruses, but also for higher animals and humans.

Bio-Fence, Inc., Israel, has developed new antimicrobial coatings intended to provide durable protection against coronavirus. Apparently the coatings contain a polymer comprising active chlorine that can be replenished by hydrochlorite solutions (see SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, published on 2020-05-12). The disadvantage of these coatings is the use of corrosive hypochlorite and active chlorine presumably bound to nitrogen atoms in the form of >N-Cl groups. Thus, these materials are toxic and have an intense unpleasant odor.

• https://physicsworld.com/a/cellular-nanosponges-could-neutralize-sars-cov-2/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=iop&utm_term=&utm_campaign=14258-46562&utm_content=Title%3A%20Cellular%20nanosponges%20could%20neutralize%20SARS -CoV-2%20%20-%20research_update&Campaign+Owner=

On June 30, 2020, the SpecialChem website published a note regarding "New Hybrid Coatings to Protect Interior Walls from Microbial Contamination" based on polyacrylates that contain 3-(methacrylamino)propyltrimethylammonium chloride as a comonomer. The pendant quaternary ammonium groups act as biocidal centers:

• https://physicsworld.com/a/cellular-nanosponges-could-neutralize-sars-cov-2/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=iop&utm_term=&utm_campaign=14258-46562&utm_content=Title%3A%20Cellular%20nanosponges%20could%20neutralize%20SARS -CoV-2%20%20-%20research_update&Campaign+Owner=

• https://www.conordia.ca/content/shared/en/news/stories/2020/05/28/a-canada-wide-research-network-based-at-concordia-is-ready-to-make-work-surfeces-safer-for-frontline-staff.html

A different approach is being pursued at Concordia University, Canada, and the Canada-wide research network based at Concordia. These are copper and titanium dioxide spray paints intended to prevent the spread of Covid 19:

• https://www.conordia.ca/content/shared/en/news/stories/2020/05/28/a-canada-wide-research-network-based-at-concordia-is-ready-to-make- work-surfaces-safer-for-frontline-staff.html

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/siegwerk-to-distribute-varcotecantimicrobial-coating-innovation-000221983?lr=ipc20061570&li=200165733&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campai gn=ipc20061570&m_i=NcWvxMS lgE4uDtFR2SUvnvKpGP6scLXvpSt5WIN3KriGtDbdz%2Bxz VTOAM%2Bqw0%2BV%2B21wdgflul3gQabGieKUHdjkvRbBNp

Yet another approach is being pursued by researchers at the University Hospitals of the University of Regensburg, Germany, by the company TriOptoTec. (See "SpecialChem" June 29, 2020:

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/siegwerk-to-distribute-varcotecantimicrobial-coating-innovation-000221983?lr=ipc20061570&li=200165733&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campai gn = ipc20061570 & m_i = NcWvxMS lgE4uDtFR2SUvnvKpGP6scLXvpSt5WIN3KriGtDbdz% 2Bxz VTOAM% 2Bqw0 %2BV%2B21wdgflul3gQabGieKUHdjkvRbBNp

The paint in question apparently contains dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in butyl diglycol. It also contains 10H-Benzo[G]pteridine-2,4-dione derivatives (cf. American patents U.S. 10,227,348 B2 and U.S. 9,796,715 B2 ) or phenalen-1-one derivatives (cf. the American patent U.S. 9,302,004 B2 ) as photosensitizers. The varnish is mainly applied to paper or cardboard. When exposed to visible light, the photosensitizer produces singlet oxygen that kills the microorganisms on the surface of the paper or board. The disadvantage is that this reaction only takes place in the light and not in the shade, so that numerous applications are ruled out.

In the field of surface technology, it is generally known that a particularly strong lotus effect or super hydrophobicity can be achieved through a hierarchically structured surface design. This is what the American patent application discloses US 2014/0238646 A1 describe a method for the fabrication of hierarchically arranged structures of nanoscale inorganic phosphate particles homogeneously distributed on the surface of micrometer-scale phyllosilicate particles. Because these surfaces are not wetted and condensed moisture immediately forms droplets that roll off the surfaces, the contact time is too short for a biocidal or virucidal effect.

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-superhydrophobic-antiviral-coatingself-cleaning-properties-000221961?lr=ipc20061569&li=200165733&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campai gn=ipc20061569&m_i=owCobZpJ7BFfD70L%2BHEhcWDRZ0rH4AKAPPd5yGetHRPb8itAEQ FCfeJRcddTTWGNwEzLArkBh9IQcRenmqXfr87TrjboV
• https://www.technicaltextile.net/news/iit-ism-s-silver-nanoparticle-anti-viral-textile-coating-268082.html
• (Vgl. auch SpecialChem for Coatings, Industry News, 23. 6. 2020). Wegen der Superhydrophobie sind aber auch hier die vorstehend geschilderten Nachteile zu erwarten.

Aditya Kumar, Kalpita Nath and Poonam Chauhan from the Department of Chemical Engineering developed a superhydrophobic antiviral coating with self-cleaning properties based on silver nanoparticles irradiated with UV radiation and subsequently treated with perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane:

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-superhydrophobic-antiviral-coatingself-cleaning-properties-000221961?lr=ipc20061569&li=200165733&utm_source=NL&utm_medium=EML&utm_campai gn = ipc20061569 & m_i = owCobZpJ7BFfD70L% 2BHEhcWDRZ0rH4AKAPPd5yGetHRPb8itAEQ FCfeJRcddTTWGNwEzLArkBh9IQcRenmqXfr87TrjboV
• https://www.technicaltextile.net/news/iit-ism-s-silver-nanoparticle-anti-viral-textile-coating-268082.html
• (See also SpecialChem for Coatings, Industry News, June 23, 2020). Because of the superhydrophobicity, however, the disadvantages described above are also to be expected here.

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-way-cu-coatings-masks-covid19-transmission-000222593?lr=ipc20091591&li=200165733&utm_source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm_campai gn=ipc20091591&m_i=LKHowSxEDOQqaf6IRKgtys82qQFcOeUHDQgfVqznX2JyZxguMONNd HnP8q95KPhnJ0ofLb9h8b0_4U4K4g4szOnptKr2LD&status=valid
• und „Anti-viral copper coatings could help slow the transmission of COVID 19“, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, lynsey@mie.utoronto.ca; 31.8.2020.

Yet another approach is followed by J. Mostaghimi of the University of Toronto, Canada. See "SpecialChem The material selection platform, September 7th, 2020", Twin-wire Arc Spray Technology to Deposit Cu on Fabrics):

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-way-cu-coatings-masks-covid19-transmission-000222593?lr=ipc20091591&li=200165733&utm_source=NL&utm medium = EML & utm_campai gn = ipc20091591 & m_i = LKHowSxEDOQqaf6IRKgtys82qQFcOeUHDQgfVqznX2JyZxguMONNd HnP8q95KPhnJ0ofLb9h8b0_4U4K4g4szOnptKr2LD & status = valid
• and "Anti-viral copper coatings could help slow the transmission of COVID 19", Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, lynsey@mie.utoronto.ca; 8/31/2020.

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/cu-coating-plastic-mask-filters-reducevirus-spread-000222707?lr=ipc20091594&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20091594&m_i=fM1fEM0ZwQ1A6LPH0ipPWKoH2EusD4Rm30xmwWHtDbV2rPu33i6w C0fu0%2Bwy4Rm1vNWcGxaS2K9Fxo_WpaHR7r3%2B8aWffp&status=valid

vgl. auch:

• https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/09/iupui/releases/16-copper-coating-3d-printed-plastic-fillers-pandemic-fighter.html).

Jinghzi Pu et al. mask filter developed by the School of Science at IUBUI, Iniana, USA, which mimics the internal structure of fish gills. The complex structures are produced by 3D printing and subsequent coating of the surface with copper by electroplating. By increasing the surface area over which the air passes, the biocidal effect of the copper is said to increase. The developers speculate that these structures could also be suitable for filters for air conditioning systems in buildings and airplanes (see SpecialChem, Industry News, Researchers Use Cu Coating on Plastic Mask Filters to Reduce Virus Spread, Publ. September 17, 2020:

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/cu-coating-plastic-mask-filters-reducevirus-spread-000222707?lr=ipc20091594&li=200165733&utm source = NL & UTM medium = EML & UTM Campai gn = ipc20091594 & m_i = fM1fEM0ZwQ1A6LPH0ipPWKoH2EusD4Rm30xmwWHtDbV2rPu33i6w C0fu0 %2Bwy4Rm1vNWcGxaS2K9Fxo_WpaHR7r3%2B8aWffp&status=valid

see also:

• https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/09/iupui/releases/16-copper-coating-3d-printed-plastic-fillers-pandemic-fighter.html).

However, it is to be feared that these complex structures will generate intense noises such as hissing or whistling if there is a high air throughput with high flow velocities.

• - Hochleistungs-Partikelfilter (EPA = Efficient Particulate Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 100 nm,
• - Schwebstofffilter (HEPA = High Efficiency Particulate Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 100 nm,
• - Hochleistungs-Schwebstofffilter (ULPA = Ultra Low Penetration Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 50 nm,
• - Medium-Filter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 300 nm,
• - Vorfilter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 1000 nm, und
• - Automobilinnenraumfilter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 500 nm

unterteilt werden. Für den Bereich von 1 nm bis 50 nm stehen somit keine Filter zur Verfügung.Air purifiers are mobile devices for cleaning air using filters. According to their separation efficiency, the filters can be

• - High-performance particle filter (EPA = Efficient Particulate Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 100 nm,
• - Particle filter (HEPA = High Efficiency Particulate Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 100 nm,
• - High-performance particulate filter (ULPA = Ultra Low Penetration Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 50 nm,
• - Medium filter, smallest filterable particle size: 300 nm,
• - Pre-filter, smallest filterable particle size: 1000 nm, and
• - Automotive cabin filter, smallest filterable particle size: 500 nm

be subdivided. There are therefore no filters available for the range from 1 nm to 50 nm.

• - Diffusionseffekt: Sehr kleine Partikel (Partikelgröße: 50 nm bis 100 nm) folgen nicht dem Gasstrom, sondern haben durch ihre Zusammenstöße mit den Gasmolekülen einer der Brownschen Bewegung ähnliche Flugbahn und stoßen dadurch mit den Filterfasern zusammen, woran sie haften bleiben. Dieser Effekt wird auch als Diffusionscharakteristik (diffusion regime) bezeichnet.
• - Sperreffekt: Kleinere Partikel (Partikelgröße: 100 nm bis 500 nm), die dem Gasstrom um die Faser folgen, bleiben haften, wenn sie der Filterphase zu nahekommen. Dieser Effekt wird auch als Abfangcharakteristik (interception regime) bezeichnet.
• - Trägheitseffekt: Größere Partikel (Partikelgröße: 500 nm bis >1 µm) folgen nicht dem Gasstrom um die Faser, sondern prallen aufgrund ihrer Trägheit dagegen und bleiben daran haften. Dieser Effekt wird auch als inerte Einschlags- und Abfangcharakteristik (inertial impaction regime) bezeichnet.

Depending on the particle size, their filter effect is based on the following effects:

• - Diffusion effect: Very small particles (particle size: 50 nm to 100 nm) do not follow the gas flow, but have a trajectory similar to Brownian movement due to their collisions with the gas molecules and thus collide with the filter fibers, to which they adhere. This effect is also known as the diffusion regime.
• - Barrier effect: Smaller particles (particle size: 100 nm to 500 nm) following the gas flow around the fiber will stick if they get too close to the filter phase. This effect is also known as the interception regime.
• - Effect of inertia: Larger particles (particle size: 500 nm to >1 µm) do not follow the gas flow around the fiber but, due to their inertia, collide against it and stick to it. This effect is also referred to as the inertial impaction regime.

In the particle size range from 100 nm to 500 nm, the diffusion effect and the blocking effect occur together. In the particle size range from 500 nm to >1 µm, the inertia effect and the blocking effect also occur together.

According to the filter effects, particles with a particle size of 200 nm to 400 nm are the most difficult to separate. They are also referred to as MMPS = most penetrating particle size. The filter efficiency drops to 50% in this size range. Larger and smaller particles are better separated due to their physical properties.

EPA, HEPA and UPLA are classified according to their effectiveness for these grain sizes using a test aerosol of di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS). K.W. Lee and B.Y.H. Liu give formulas in their article "On the Minimum Efficiency and the Most Penetrating Particle Size for Fibrous Filters" in Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 30, No. 4, April 1980, pages 377-381 which allow to calculate the minimum efficiency and MMPS for fiber filters due to the diffusion effect and the inertial effect. The results show that MMPS decreases with increasing filtration speed and fiber volume fraction and increases with increasing fiber size.

However, the fact that there are no filters for nanoparticles with an average particle size d ₅₀ of 1 nm to <50 nm is also particularly critical. Ironically, these particles are easily deposited in the bronchi and alveoli and generally have the highest mortality and toxicity. They can therefore cause diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, dermatitis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, Crohn's disease or organ failure.

This is particularly critical since the depth filters or HEPA filters are used in medical areas such as operating rooms, intensive care units and laboratories, as well as in clean rooms, in nuclear technology and in air washers.

1. 1. Freisetzung von elektrischen Ladungen, meist Elektronen,
2. 2. Aufladung der Staubpartikel im elektrischen Feld oder Ionisator,
3. 3. Transport der geladenen Staubteilchen zu der Niederschlagselektrode
4. 4. Anhaftungen der Staubpartikel an der Niederschlagselektrode und
5. 5. Entfernung der Staubschicht von der Niederschlagselektrode.

Another technology that is problematic in this respect is electrostatic precipitators for electric gas cleaning, electric dust filters or electrostatic stats, which are based on the separation of particles from gases using the electrostatic principle. Separation in the electrostatic precipitator can take place in five separate phases:

1. 1. Release of electrical charges, mostly electrons,
2. 2. charging of the dust particles in the electric field or ionizer,
3. 3. Transport of the charged dust particles to the collecting electrode
4. 4. Adherence of the dust particles to the collecting electrode and
5. 5. Removal of the dust layer from the collecting electrode.

However, it is not possible to completely separate particles in the nanometer range, so that there is a risk of contamination with respirable particles in the vicinity of such systems.

These electric dust filters are often used in exhaust gas treatment. Amines, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases are removed from the exhaust gas flow using membranes. Since the electrostatic accumulation filters cannot completely remove the finest particles, they damage the membranes and reduce their separation efficiency.

For details regarding the toxicology, see the review articles by Günter Oberdörster, Eva Oberdörster and Jan Oberdörster, “Nanotoxicology. An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles”, in Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 113. (7), 2005, 823-839, and Günter Oberdörster, Vicki Stone and Ken Donaldson, “Toxicology of nanoparticles: A historical perspective”, Nanotoxicology, March 2007; 1(1): 2-25, referenced.

Viruses present outside of cells are scientifically called virions. They have a diameter of 15 nm to 440 nm and are significantly smaller than bacteria, most of which have a diameter of 1 µm to 5 µm. The viruses or virions thus have sizes that fall within the "filter gaps" of 1 nm to 50 nm and 200 nm to 400 nm.

Therefore, the air purifiers equipped with filters can at best reduce the concentration of viruses or virions in the indoor air, but they cannot completely remove or destroy them because of the lack of a disinfecting effect.

Non-sedimenting aerosols generated by humans and animals, particularly aerosols created by breathing, coughing or sneezing and which disperse very rapidly in large volumes in enclosed spaces, play a central role in the transmission of viruses from human to human, from animal to animal Human, animal to animal and human to animal. They contribute significantly to the spread of diseases. Since the non-sedimenting aerosols generally have a particle diameter of 0.1 nm to 100 nm, they can only be intercepted incompletely - if at all - by the air filters.

If you want to keep the concentration of viruses and virions in the air in closed rooms below a threshold above which there is a high risk of infection, the air must be constantly circulated in large quantities. However, this currently only works with stationary air conditioning systems, which often cannot be retrofitted to buildings, means of transport, etc. Another disadvantage is that powerful air conditioners, blowers and mobile air purifiers often make a loud noise, which is perceived as annoying. Their particularly strong air currents often cause health problems such as colds and joint pain.

• „Luftreiniger gegen Viren & Bakterien - auch gegen den Coronavirus? Ein Luftreiniger gegen Bakterien und Viren ist besonders sinnvoll für Warteräume von Arztpraxen, für Büros oder Pakete, für andere öffentliche Räume wie Kantinen, Friseursalons oder Nagelstudios. Überall dort, wo Menschen zusammenkommen und die Luft mehr oder weniger steht, steigt nämlich die Ansteckungsgefahr, die durch den Einsatz von Luftreinigern gesenkt werden kann. Ob Luftreiniger auch konkret gegen den Covid 19 Coronavirus wirken, ist aufgrund dessen, dass es Ihn noch nicht lange gibt noch nicht getestet worden. Da es kein komplett neuer Virus ist, sondern eine mutierte Form bereits bekannter Viren, spricht jedoch sehr viel für eine Wirksamkeit.
• Welche Luftreiniger besonders gut gegen Bakterien und Viren geeignet sind, erfahren Sie weiter unten.
• WICHTIGER HINWEIS:
  • Bitte beachten Sie, dass Luftreiniger zwar die Konzentration von Viren und Bakterien in der Luft erheblich reduzieren, jedoch nicht komplett verhindern können. Der beste Schutz vor dem Coronavirus ist die Meidung sozialer Kontakte sowie häufiges und gründliches Händewaschen. Bitte leisten Sie in jedem Fall den Auflagen der Bundes- und Landesregierungen folge.
• „Aufgrund der geringen Größe von Bakterien und Viren müssen Luftreiniger über die richtigen Filter verfügen, um schwebende Gefahren aus der Luft sicher einfangen zu können. Luftreiniger mit HEPA-Filter arbeiten sehr effektiv gegen mikroskopisch kleine Infektionsherde und filtern auch besonders winzige Bakterien mit einer Partikelgröße von nur 0,3 Mikrometer (µm) sicher aus der Raumluft. Zusätzliche Methoden wie photokatalytische Filter, Nano-Silber-Filter oder zugeschaltete Ionisatoren können dabei helfen, den Wirkungsgrad von Luftreinigern noch weiter zu verbessern. Um Bakterien und Viren möglichst schnell in die verfügbaren Filter einzufangen ist auch ein hoher Luftdurchsatz bei Luftreinigern wichtig. Ein Luftreiniger sollte in der Lage sein, die komplette Raumluft mindestens zwei Mal pro Stunde zu reinigen. Hersteller von Premium Geräten visieren eine komplette Reinigung der Raumluft bis zu 5 Mal pro Stunde an.“

In the company publication of "LUFTREINIGERDEPOT your specialist for healthy indoor air",
https://www.luftreinigungdepot.de/gegen/bakterien-und-viren?p=1&o=2&n=20&f=784
downloaded on August 25th, 2020, the problems are clarified again (original quote at the beginning):

• "Air purifier against viruses & bacteria - also against the corona virus? An air purifier against bacteria and viruses is particularly useful for waiting rooms in medical practices, for Offices or packages, for other public spaces such as canteens, hair salons or nail salons. Wherever people come together and the air is more or less still, the risk of infection increases, which can be reduced by using air purifiers. Whether air purifiers also work specifically against the Covid 19 corona virus has not yet been tested due to the fact that it has not been around for long. Since it is not a completely new virus, but a mutated form of already known viruses, there is a lot to be said for its effectiveness.
• You can find out below which air purifiers are particularly suitable against bacteria and viruses.
• IMPORTANT NOTE:
  • Please note that while air purifiers significantly reduce the concentration of viruses and bacteria in the air, they cannot completely prevent them. The best protection against the corona virus is avoiding social contacts and washing your hands frequently and thoroughly. In any case, please follow the requirements of the federal and state governments.
• “Due to the small size of bacteria and viruses, air purifiers must have the right filters to safely capture airborne hazards. Air purifiers with HEPA filters work very effectively against microscopic sources of infection and also reliably filter particularly tiny bacteria with a particle size of just 0.3 micrometers (µm) from the room air. Additional methods such as photocatalytic filters, nano-silver filters or switched-on ionizers can help to further improve the efficiency of air purifiers. In order to catch bacteria and viruses as quickly as possible in the available filters, a high air flow rate is also important for air purifiers. An air purifier should be able to clean the entire room air at least twice an hour. Manufacturers of premium devices are targeting a complete cleaning of the room air up to 5 times per hour.”

(End of original quote).

Another way to reduce the concentration of virions and aerosols in closed rooms is intensive forced ventilation with outside air. On the one hand, this presupposes that the rooms are on the outside of buildings so that such ventilation options are available at all and, if so, that the weather conditions permit ventilation. This is likely to be difficult at low outside temperatures, driving rain, thunderstorms, hail, snow, freezing rain, etc.

Object of the present invention

The present invention was based on the object of proposing a low-noise or ideally noiseless, mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air, which no longer has the disadvantages of the prior art, but which allows contaminated room air from a wide variety of noxae and Permanently rid of microorganisms. In particular, the mobile device should eliminate bacteria and/or viruses and aerosols contaminated by bacteria and/or viruses, specifically SARS-Co-V2 viruses and aerosols contaminated by SARS-Co-V2 viruses, and absorb and/or the resulting decomposition products adsorb.

This is also intended to ensure that the volume of air that has to be circulated in order to achieve a lasting effect can be significantly reduced. This should also reduce energy consumption in the long term. Overall, an optimal balance should be achieved between the air volume to be circulated, the contact time of the viruses and bacteria with the biocides and the size of the devices.

Furthermore, the devices should be easy to produce and only contain bactericidal and virucidal substances that are officially approved for these purposes.

In addition, the devices should not emit any dust, vapors or aerosols into the cleaned and disinfected room air.

The solution according to the invention

Accordingly, the operable by temperature difference mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting indoor air was found according to independent claim 1, hereinafter referred to as "device according to the invention" is referred to. Advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention are the subject matter of dependent claims 2 to 23.

In addition, the method for cleaning and disinfecting room air using the device according to the invention according to claim 24 was found. The method is referred to below as the “method according to the invention”. Advantageous embodiments of the method according to the invention are the subject matter of dependent claims 25 to 28.

Furthermore, the use of the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention for eliminating free or aerosol-bound bacteria, viruses and other noxae in the air according to independent patent claim 29 was found. This use is referred to below as “use according to the invention”.

Advantages of the Invention

In view of the prior art, it was surprising and unforeseeable for the person skilled in the art that the object on which the present invention is based could be achieved with the aid of the device according to the invention, the method according to the invention and the use according to the invention.

In particular, it was surprising that the device according to the invention no longer had the disadvantages of the prior art, but instead allowed contaminated room air to be permanently freed from a wide variety of noxae and microorganisms. In particular, using the device and method according to the invention, bacteria and viruses and aerosols contaminated by bacteria and/or viruses, specifically SARS-Co-V2 viruses and aerosols contaminated by SARS-Co-V2 viruses, could be eliminated by contact and the resulting Decay products are absorbed and / or adsorbed.

This also made it possible to significantly reduce the volume of air that had to be circulated in order to achieve a lasting effect. This also resulted in a sustained reduction in energy consumption. Overall, an optimal balance was achieved between the volume of air to be circulated, the contact time of the viruses and bacteria with the biocides and the size of the devices.

Furthermore, the device according to the invention could be manufactured and operated automatically in a simple manner and contained only bactericidal and virucidal substances that are also officially approved for these purposes. In addition, all components of the device according to the invention could also be provided with a coating with a permanent virucidal and bactericidal effect, which advantageously further increased the overall effect.

In addition, the device according to the invention did not release any dust, vapors or aerosols into the cleaned and disinfected room air.

The device according to the invention and the method according to the invention could be used in a wide variety of closed rooms, with their mobility proving to be a further particular advantage.

Another significant advantage of the device according to the invention was that used virucidal and/or bactericidal bulk materials and the adsorbents and adsorbents of the cartridge to be used according to the invention could be decontaminated in a simple manner directly by mechanochemical processes in which harmful organic waste products were converted into carbon.

Because of their significantly smaller dimensions and space requirements compared to fans with filters or electrostatic fans, the devices according to the invention are particularly well suited to cleaning and decontaminating the room air in the corners of rooms silently or almost silently. Therefore, they can also be used particularly well in classrooms or conference rooms, where loudly noisy fans are particularly annoying.

Further advantages of the invention appear from the following description.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The device according to the invention is used to clean and disinfect the air in rooms of all kinds. In particular, it is used to eliminate free bacteria or bacteria, viruses and other noxae bound to aerosols in the air of living rooms, sick rooms, operating theaters, treatment rooms in doctor's offices and physiotherapy facilities, laboratories of all kinds, pubs, restaurants, bistros, hotel rooms, classrooms, classrooms, fitness centers, trains, cars, buses, taxis, caravans, mobile homes, camping tents, airplanes, ship cabins, offices, conference rooms, meeting rooms, theaters, cinemas, ship terminals, train stations, airport terminals , elevators, workshops, factory buildings, stairwells and shops of all kinds.

The device according to the invention comprises the components described below.

In an advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, the surfaces of the components, in particular the surfaces that come into contact with air, are provided with at least one of the bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings described below.

The device according to the invention has a vertical, tubular outer wall with a base area with a horizontal standing base and an upper opening at the upper end.

In the floor area there is at least one space, in particular one space for inserting at least one rechargeable accumulator and an electronic control unit for regulating the air flow generated by the chimney effect through the cartridge described below.

The diameter of the tubular outer wall and thus of the device according to the invention can vary widely and depends primarily on the volume of air that is to be decontaminated. The diameter is preferably 5 cm to 50 cm. The wall thickness is preferably 0.2 cm to 2 cm, particularly preferably 0.3 cm to 1.5 cm and in particular 0.5 cm to 1 cm. In particular, the clear width for accommodating the components in the tubular outer wall is between 4.6 cm and 49.6 cm.

The height of the tubular outer wall and thus of the device according to the invention can also vary widely and depends primarily on the volume of air that is to be decontaminated. The height is preferably 30 cm to 300 cm, preferably 50 cm to 300 cm and in particular 60 cm to 300 cm.

The outline of the tubular outer wall is preferably square, hexagonal or octagonal. The connecting lines between the corners can be rectilinear or convexly bent outwards. In the case of a square outline, two opposing surfaces are preferably rectilinear, whereas the other two opposing surfaces can be rectilinear or convexly curved outwards. In the case of a hexagonal outline, there are preferably three rectilinear surfaces which are connected by rectilinear or convexly outwardly curved surfaces. Preferably, for an octagonal outline, four opposing surfaces are straight, while the other four connecting surfaces may be straight or convex outwardly curved.

The outer wall can be constructed from a wide variety of materials. These materials preferably have a low thermal conductivity λ. The thermal conductivity λ is preferably below 80 W/(m.K). Examples of suitable materials are plastics, glasses, hardwoods and metals and composites thereof.

Suitable plastics are customary and known linear and/or branched and/or block, comb and/or random polyaddition resins, polycondensation resins and/or (co)polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

Examples of suitable (co)polymers are (meth)acrylate (co)polymers and/or polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylamides, polyacrylonitriles, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, polyisoprenes and/or their copolymers.

Examples of suitable polyaddition resins or polycondensation resins are polyesters, alkyds, polylactones, polycarbonates, polyethers, proteins, epoxy resin-amine adducts, polyurethanes, alkyd resins, polysiloxanes, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, cellulose, Polysulfides, polyacetals, polyethylene oxides, polycaprolactams, polylactones, polylactides, polyimides, and/or polyureas.

As is known, thermosets are produced from multifunctional, low molecular weight and/or oligomeric compounds by (co)polymerization initiated thermally and/or with actinic radiation.

The plastics can contain customary and known reinforcing fibers and fillers, provided the latter do not increase the thermal conductivity λ to more than 80 W/(m.K).

Examples of suitable metals are chromium steel, high-alloy steel, low-alloy ferritic steel, unalloyed steel and titanium.

Examples of suitable hardwoods are beech, oak and ash.

Examples of suitable glasses are in Rompp-Online under the keywords "glass", "hard glass" or "safety glass" or in the German translation of the European patent EP 0 847 965 B1 with the case number DE 697 312 168 T2 , page 8, paragraph [0053]. Examples of particularly suitable glasses are non-tempered, partially tempered and tempered float glass, cast glass or ceramic glass.

The vertical, tubular outer wall has at least one circumferential separation point and preferably two circumferential separation points at which or at which the outer wall can be disassembled and reassembled. These separation points are, in particular, plug connections or flange connections. The separation points facilitate assembly and maintenance of the device according to the invention.

The Peltier elements preferably have a circular, square or rectangular outline.

The number, size, shape, number of stages (single-stage or multi-stage) and power output of the Peltier elements can vary widely and depends primarily on the desired temperature difference between the hot and cold sides and the amount of air that is to be implemented during a unit of time, and thus according to the size of the device according to the invention. Those skilled in the art can easily select suitable, commercially available Peltier elements based on these specifications.

The hot sides of the Peltier elements are in thermally conductive contact with at least two, in particular four, vertical thermal lines of high thermal conductivity λ. The end areas are in turn in thermally conductive contact with the horizontal heating plate arranged on the floor area, which is heated by the hot sides of the vertical Peltier elements via the vertical heat pipes.

The at least two, in particular at least four, heat lines preferably have contact surfaces which are as large as the hot sides of the vertical Peltier elements. Below the contact surfaces, the heat lines can have smaller widths. The heat lines are preferably 0.2 cm to 1 cm, preferably 0.3 cm to 0.8 cm and in particular 0.13 m to 0.7 cm thick. Their length depends basically on the dimensions of the device according to the invention and in particular on the height of the boiler room.

The circumferential cooling ring, the heating lines and the heating plates preferably have a thermal conductivity λ of 20 W/(m.K) to 430 W/(m.K). The components can be constructed from a wide variety of solid materials, as long as they have the desired thermal conductivity. Examples of suitable materials of this type are low-alloy ferritic steel, chromium steel, unalloyed steel, lead, titanium, tantalum, tin, platinum, iron, nickel, tungsten, zinc, brass, molybdenum, aluminum, aluminum alloys, gold, copper alloys, copper and silver.

Above the upper level of the heating platen are at least two, preferably at least four, opposed air inlets in the form of air ducts through the outer wall and through the thermal insulation coating. A grille or pre-filter can be attached to the air inlets at their inlet openings, with the help of which larger parts are prevented from entering the boiler room.

The at least two, preferably at least four and in particular at least eight air tubes can have different cross sections. Thus, the cross-section can be circular, elliptical, oval, rectangular, square, or columnar. The at least two air pipes can be straight or curved so that the air enters the boiler room tangentially, creating turbulence in the incoming air that promotes heat transfer. The clear width of the cross section can expand in a funnel-like or horn-like manner from the inlet to the outlet. For better air guidance towards the inlet of the at least two air tubes, the outer wall can each have a correspondingly shaped air guiding groove. The walls of the at least two air tubes can be constructed from a wide variety of materials, with the materials described above having low thermal conductivity preferably being considered.

The horizontal Peltier elements are lateral, i. H. except for the contact surfaces with the heat pipes and the cooling ring, with a thermal insulation coating. The vertical heat lines are also covered with a thermal insulation coating, except for the contact surfaces with the horizontal heating plate. The remaining free vertical peripheral surface of the heating plate and its bottom are also covered with a thermal insulation coating. The inner surface of the outer tube also has a thermal barrier coating.

The thermal insulation coating preferably has a thermal conductivity λ of 0.001 W/(m.K) to 1.0 W/(m.K).

The thermal insulation coatings are preferably made from insulating paints selected from the group consisting of cork paints, silicone-based insulating paints open to diffusion, insulating paints with a high proportion of ceramic hollow spheres, insulating paints with aerogels, foam cement and insulating paints with microfine hollow glass beads.

Above the heating space above the heating plate is the replaceable cartridge described above, open at the top, with the thermally and electrically insulating cartridge wall, the air-permeable, sieve-like cartridge base, the openings of which are on the one hand so small that the beds described below cannot fall out, and the on the other hand are so large that the air resistance remains low.

In the embodiment in which the cartridge is in the form of a Venturi tube, there are (i) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and /or a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and (ii) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic adsorbents and/or absorbents as a mixed bed.

This is advantageously achieved in that the inside wall of the cartridge is fitted with circumferential supports for air-permeable intermediate floors, the openings of which are on the one hand so small that the fill cannot fall out and on the other hand are so large that the air resistance remains low. The intermediate bases are preferably constructed from the same material as the cartridge wall.

In the embodiment in which the cartridge is in the form of a Venturi tube, there are (i) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and /or a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and (ii) the bed of at least one type of particulate particulate, inorganic absorbents and/or adsorbents as a mixed bed.

Preferably, the at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material from the group consisting of packing for columns such as Raschig rings, spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings , spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, parallelepipeds, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular , quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates of curved in at least one direction of space layered silicates, foam glass, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, zeolites, expanded clay, expanded glass, expanded mica, expanded perlite, foam cement and ceramic foams.

Preferably, at least one type of one of the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials described below from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core Shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, parallelepipeds, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards bent in at least one direction of space, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates and foams.

• - Inselsilikate
• - Gruppensilikate
• - Ringsilikate
• - Ketten- und Bandsilikate
• - Übergangsstrukturen zwischen Ketten- und Schichtsilikaten
• - Schichtsilikate
• - Gerüstsilikate

Due to their structural peculiarity, phyllosilicates are preferably used or at least used as well. The elemental composition and the structure of the layered silicate microparticles can vary widely. For example, the classification of silicates into the following structures is known:

• - Island silicates
• - group silicates
• - ring silicates
• - chain and ribbon silicates
• - Transitional structures between chain and sheet silicates
• - layered silicates
• - tectosilicates

Layered silicates are silicates whose silicate cations consist of layers of corner-linked SiO ₄ tetrahedrons. These layers and/or double layers are not further linked to one another. The technically important clay minerals that are widespread in sedimentary rock are also phyllosilicates. The layered structure of these minerals determines the shape and properties of the crystals. They are mostly tabular to laminar with good to perfect cleavage parallel to the layers. The number of rings that make up the silicate layers often determines the symmetry and shape of the crystals. Water molecules, large cations and/or lipids can be stored between the layers.

In Table 1 below, layered silicates are listed by way of example and not exhaustively. The person skilled in the art can easily select further phyllosilicates that are particularly well suited for the respective individual case. Table 1: Molecular formulas of suitable phyllosilicates ^a) No. Type molecular formula 1 martinite (Na,Ca) ₁₁ Ca ₄ (Si,S,B) ₁₄ B ₂ O ₄₀ F ₂ 4(H ₂ O) 2 Apophyllite-(NaF) NaCa ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ F 8H ₂ O 3 Apophyllite-(KF) (K,Na)Ca ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (F,OH) 8H ₂ O 4 Apophyllite-(KOH) KCa ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH,F) 8H ₂ O 5 Cuprorivait _{CaCuSi4O10 _} 6 wesselsite (Sr,Ba) _Cu [ _Si4O10 ] 7 effenbergerite _BaCu [ _Si4O10 ] 8th Gillespit BaFe ²⁺ Si ₄ O ₁₀ 9 sanbornite _{BaSi2O5 _} 10 Bigcreekit _{BaSi2O5.4H2O _ _} 11 davanite _{K2TiSi6O15 _ _} 12 Dalyit _{K2ZrSi6O15 _ _} 13 fenaksite _{KNaFe2 +} ^Si4O10 14 Manaksite ^KNaMn2 ₊ [ _Si4O10 ] 15 Ershovit K ₃ Na ₄ (Fe,Mn,Ti) ₂ [Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ ] 4H ₂ O 16 Paraershovit Na ₃ K ₃ Fe ³⁺ ₂ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 4H ₂ O 17 Natrosilite _{Na2Si2O5 _ _} 18 kanemite _{NaSi2O5.3H2O _ _} 19 revdit Na ₁₆ Si ₁₆ O ₂₇ (OH) ₂₆ .28H ₂ O 20 Latiumit (Ca,K) ₄ (Si,Al) ₅ O ₁₁ (SO ₄ ,CO ₃ ) 21 Tuscanite K(Ca,Na) ₆ (Si,Al) ₁₀ O ₂₂ (SO ₄ ,CO ₃ ,(OH) ₂ ) H ₂ O 22 carletonite KNa ₄ Ca ₄ Si ₈ O ₁₈ (CO ₃ ) ₄ (OH,F) H ₂ O 23 pyrophyllite _Al2Si4O10 ( _{OH ) 2} 24 ferripyrophyllite Fe ³⁺ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) 25 Macaulayite (Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₂₄ Si ₄ O ₄₃ (OH) ₂ 26 talc _Mg3Si4O10 ( _{OH ) 2} 27 Minnesota Fe ²⁺ ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 28 Willemseit (Ni, _Mg ) _3Si4O10 (OH _{) 2} 29 pimelite _{Ni3Si4O10 ( OH ) 2.4H2O} 30 Kegelite Pb ₄ Al ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (SO ₄ )(CO ₃ ) ₂ (OH) ₄ 31 aluminoseladonite K(Mg,Fe ²⁺ )Al[(OH) ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 32 ferroaluminoseladonite K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg)(Al,Fe ³⁺ )[(OH) ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 33 celadonite K(Mg,Fe ²⁺ )(Fe ³⁺ ,Al)Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 34 chromium celadonite KMgCr[(OH) ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 35 Ferroseladonite K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg)(Fe ³⁺ ,Al)[(OH) ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 36 paragonite NaAl ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 37 boromuscovite KAl ₂ (Si ₃ B)O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 38 Muscovite KAl ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 39 Chromphyllite K(Cr,Al) ₂ [(OH,F) ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 40 roscoelite K(V,Al,Mg) ₂ AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 41 ganterite (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg) ₂ [(OH,F) ₂ |(Al,Si)Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 42 Tobelith (NH ₄ ,K)Al ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 43 Nanpingit CsAl ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 44 polylithionite KLi ₂ AlSi ₄ O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 45 tainiolite _{KLiMg2Si4O10F2 _ _ _} 46 Norrishit KLiMn ³⁺ ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₂ 47 shirokshinite KNaMg ₂ [F ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 48 Montdorite KMn _0.5 ²⁺ Fe _1.5 ²⁺ Mg _0.5 [F ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 49 trilithionite KLi _1.5 Al _1.5 [F ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 50 masutomilite K(Li,Al,Mn ²⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 51 Aspidolite-1M NaMg ₃ (AlSi ₃ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 52 fluorophlogopite _KMg3 ( _{AlSi3 ) O10F2} 53 phlogopite KMg ₃ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 54 tetraferriphlogopite KMg ₃ [(F,OH) ₂ |(Al,Fe ³⁺ )Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 55 Hendricksit K(Zn,Mn) ₃ Si ₃ AlO ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 56 Shirozulite K(Mn ²⁺ ,Mg) ₃ [(OH) ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 57 Fluorannite KFe ₃ ²⁺ [(F,OH) ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 58 annit KFe ²⁺ ₃ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 59 tetraferriannite KFe ²⁺ ₃ (Si ₃ Fe ³⁺ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 60 Ephesite NaLiAl2( _{Al2Si2 ) O10} (OH _{) 2} 61 price work kit _{NaMg2Al3Si2O10 ( OH ) 2} 62 eastonite KMg ₂ Al[(OH) ₂ |Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 63 siderophyllite KFe ₂ ²⁺ Al(Al ₂ Si ₂ )O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 64 anandite (Ba,K)(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg) ₃ (Si,Al,Fe) ₄ O ₁₀ (S,OH) ₂ 65 bitit CaLiAl ₂ (AlBeSi ₂ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 66 oxykinoshitalite (Ba,K)(Mg,Fe ²⁺ ,Ti ⁴⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ O ₂ 67 Kinoshitalith (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn,Al) ₃ Si ₂ Al ₂ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 68 ferrokinoshitalite Ba(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg) ₃ [(OH,F) ₂ |Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 69 margarita CaAl ₂ (Al ₂ Si ₂ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 70 Chernykhit BaV2( _{Si2Al2 ) O10} (OH _{) 2} 71 clintonite Ca(Mg,Al) ₃ (Al ₃ Si)O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 72 wonesite (Na,K,)(Mg,Fe,Al) ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH,F) ₄ 73 Brammallite (Na,H ₃ O)(Al,Mg,Fe) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ [(OH) ₂ ,H ₂ O] 74 illiterate (K,H ₃ O)Al ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (H ₂ O,OH) ₂ 75 glauconite (K,Na)(Fe ³⁺ ,Al,Mg) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 76 agrelite _{NaCa2Si4O10F _ _} 77 glagolevite NaMg ₆ [(OH,O) ₈ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] H ₂ O 78 erlianite Fe ²⁺ ₄ Fe ³⁺ ₂ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ 79 bannisterite (Ca,K,Na)(Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Zn) ₁₀ (Si,Al) ₁₆ O ₃₈ (OH) ₈ nH ₂ O 80 barium bannisterite (K,H ₃ O)(Ba,Ca)(Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,Mg) ₂₁ (Si,Al) ₃₂ O ₈₀ (O,OH) ₁₆ 4-12 H ₂ O 81 Lennilenapei K _6-7 (Mg,Mn,Fe ²⁺ ,Fe ³⁺ ,Zn) ₄₈ (Si,Al) ₇₂ (O,OH) ₂₁₆ ·16H ₂ O 82 style pnomelane K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₈ (Si,Al) ₁₂ (O,OH) ₂₇ .2H ₂ O 83 Franklin Philite (K,Na) _1-x (Mn ²⁺ ,Mg,Zn,Fe ³⁺ ) ₈ (Si,Al) ₁₂ (O,OH) ₃₆ nH ₂ O 84 parsette site (K,Na,Ca) _7.5 (Mn,Mg) ₄₉ Si ₇₂ O ₁₆₈ (OH) ₅₀ nH ₂ O 85 Middendorfit K ₃ Na ₂ Mn ₅ Si ₁₂ (O,OH) ₃₆ .2H ₂ O 86 Eggletonite (Na,K,Ca) ₂ (Mn,Fe) ₈ (Si,Al) ₁₂ O ₂₉ (OH) ₇ 11H ₂ O 87 ganophyllite (K,Na) _x Mn ²⁺ ₆ (Si,Al) ₁₀ O ₂₄ (OH) ₄ nH ₂ O {x = 1-2}{n = 7-11} 88 Tamait (Ca,K,Ba,Na) _3-4 Mn ²⁺ ₂₄ [(OH) ₁₂ |{(Si,Al) ₄ (O,OH) ₁₀ } ₁₀ ] 21H ₂ O 89 Ekmanite (Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Mn,Fe ³⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ .2H ₂ O 90 Lunijianlait Li _0.7 Al _6.2 (Si ₇ AlO ₂₀ )(OH,O) ₁₀ 91 saliotite Na _0.5 Li _0.5 Al ₃ [(OH) ₅ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 92 coolness Na _0.35 Mg ₈ Al(AlSi ₇ )O ₂₀ (OH) ₁₀ 93 Aliettit Ca _0.2 Mg ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 4H ₂ O 94 rectorite (Na,Ca)Al ₄ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ .2H ₂ O 95 Tarasovite (Na,K,H ₃ O,Ca) ₂ Al ₄ [(OH) ₂ |(Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ ] ₂ H ₂ O 96 tosudit Na _0.5 (Al,Mg) ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₁₈ (OH) ₁₂ 5H ₂ O 97 Corrupt site (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al) ₉ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₁₀ nH ₂ O 98 Brinrobertsit (Na,K,Ca) _0.3 (Al,Fe,Mg) ₄ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 3.5H ₂ O 99 montmorillonite (Na,Ca) _0.3 (Al,Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ nH ₂ O 100 beidellite (Na,Ca _0.5 ) _0.3 Al ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ .4H ₂ O 101 nontronite Na _0.3 Fe ₂ ³⁺ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 102 Volkonskoit Ca _0.3 (Cr ³⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 103 Swinefordite (Ca,Na) _0.3 (Al,Li,Mg) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 2H ₂ O 104 Yakhontovit (Ca,Na,K) _0.3 (CuFe ²⁺ Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 3H ₂ O 105 hectorite Na _0.3 (Mg,Li) ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 106 saponite (Ca| ₂ ,Na) _0.3 (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 107 ferrosaponite Ca _0.3 (Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ) ₃ [(OH) ₂ |(Si,Al)Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 4H ₂ O 108 spadait MgSiO ₂ (OH) ₂ H ₂ O 109 Stevensite (Ca| ₂ ) _0.3 Mg ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 110 Sauconite Na _0.3 Zn ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 111 zinc silite Zn ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 112 vermiculite Mg _0.7 (Mg,Fe,Al) ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 8H ₂ O 113 rilandite (Cr ³⁺ ,Al) ₆ SiO ₁₁ .5H ₂ O 114 Donbasit Al _2.3 [(OH) ₈ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 115 sudoit _Mg2Al3 ( _Si3Al ) _O10 ( _OH ) ₈ 116 clinochlore (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 117 chamosite (Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,O) ₈ 118 orthochamosite (Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,O) ₈ 119 Baileychlor (Zn,Fe ²⁺ ,Al,Mg) ₆ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 120 pennantite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 121 Nimit (Ni,Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 122 Gonyerite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Fe ³⁺ (Si ₃ Fe ³⁺ O ₁₀ )(OH) ₈ 123 Cookeit LiAl ₄ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 124 Borocooness Li _1-1.5 Al _4-3.5 [(OH,F) ₈ |(B,Al)Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 125 manandonite _Li2Al4 [( _Si2AlB ) _O10 ]( _OH ) ₈ 126 Franklinfurnaceit Ca ₂ (Fe ³⁺ Al)Mn ³⁺ Mn ₃ ²⁺ Zn ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 127 Kämmererite(var.v. clinochlor) Mg ₅ (Al,Cr) ₂ Si ₃ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 128 niksergievit (Ba,Ca) ₂ Al ₃ [(OH) ₆ |CO ₃ |(Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ ] 0.2H ₂ O 129 surit Pb ₂ Ca(Al,Mg) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ (CO ₃ ,OH) ₃ 0.5H ₂ O 130 ferrisurite (Pb,Ca) _2-3 (Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₂ [(OH,F) _2.5-3 |(CO ₃ ) _1.5-2 |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 0.5H ₂ O 131 kaolinite _Al2Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 132 dickit _Al2Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 133 Halloysite-7Å _Al2Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 134 sturtit Fe ³⁺ (Mn ²⁺ ,Ca,Mg)Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₃ .10H ₂ O 135 allophane Al ₂ O ₃ ·(SiO ₂ ) _1.3-2 ·(H ₂ O) _2.5-3 136 imogolite _Al2SiO3 (OH _{) 4} 137 Odinite (Fe ³⁺ ,Mg,Al,Fe ²⁺ ,Ti,Mn) _2.4 (Si _1.8 Al _0.2 )O ₅ (OH) ₄ 138 Hisingerite Fe ₂ ³⁺ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 2H ₂ O 139 neotokite (Mn,Fe ²⁺ )SiO ₃ .H ₂ O 140 chrysotile _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 141 clinochrysotile _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 142 maufit (Mg,Ni)Al ₄ Si ₃ O ₁₃ .4H ₂ O 143 orthochrysotile _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 144 parachrysotile _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 145 antigorite (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 146 lizardite _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 147 karyopilite Mn ²⁺ ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 148 Greenalith (Fe ²⁺ ,Fe ³⁺ ) _2-3 Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 149 Berthierin (Fe ²⁺ ,Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₃ (Si,Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 150 Fraipontite (Zn,Al) ₃ (Si,Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 151 zinalsite Zn ₇ Al ₄ (SiO ₄ ) ₆ (OH) ₂ 9H ₂ O 152 Dozyit Mg ₇ (Al,Fe ³⁺ ,Cr) ₂ [(OH) ₁₂ |Al ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₅ ] 153 amesite _Mg2Al (SiAl) _O5 (OH) ₄ 154 kellyite (Mn2 ⁺ ,Mg,Al) ₃ (Si,Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 155 Cronstedtite Fe ₂ ²⁺ Fe ³⁺ (SiFe ³⁺ )O ₅ (OH) ₄ 156 carp kite (Mg,Ni) ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₂ 157 Nepouit (Ni, _Mg ) _3Si2O5 (OH _{) 4} 158 pecoraite _Ni3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 159 brindleyite (Ni,Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₂ Al(SiAl)O ₅ (OH) ₄ 160 Carlosturanite (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ,Ti) ₂₁ (Si,Al) ₁₂ O ₂₈ (OH) ₃₄ H ₂ O 161 Pyrosmalite-(Fe) (Fe ²⁺ ,Mn) ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (Cl,OH) ₁₀ 162 Pyrosmalite-(Mn) (Mn,Fe ²⁺ ) ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH,Cl) ₁₀ 163 Brokenhillite (Mn,Fe) ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH,Cl) ₁₀ 164 nelenite (Mn, Fe ²⁺ ) ₁₆ Si ₁₂ AS ³⁺ ₃ O ₃₆ (OH) ₁₇ 165 sonic rite (Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ) ₁₆ Si ₁₂ As ³⁺ ₃ O ₃₆ (OH) ₁₇ 166 Friedelit Mn ²⁺ ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH,Cl) ₁₀ 167 Mcgillit Mn ²⁺ ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ Cl ₂ 168 bementite Mn ₇ Si _e O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ 169 varennesite Na ₈ (Mn, Fe ³⁺ ,Ti) ₂ [(OH, Cl) ₂₁ |(Si ₂ O ₅ ) ₅ ] 12H ₂ O 170 naujakasite Na ₆ (Fe ²⁺ ,Mn)Al ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₆ 171 manganese aujacasite Na ₆ (Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ )Al ₄ [Si ₈ O ₂₆ ] 172 spodiophyllite (Na,K) ₄ (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ (Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₂ (Si ₈ O ₂₄ ) 173 Sazhinite-(Ce) Na ₂ CeSi ₆ O ₁₄ (OH) nH ₂ O 174 Sazhinite-(La) Na ₃ La[Si ₆ O ₁₅ ] 2H ₂ O 175 Burckhardtit Pb ₂ (Fe ³⁺ Te ⁶⁺ )[AlSi ₃ O ₈ ]O ₆ 176 Tuperssuatsiait Na ₂ (Fe ³⁺ ,Mn ²⁺ ) ₃ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₂ .4H ₂ O 177 palygorskite (Mg,Al) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) 4H ₂ O 178 Yofortierite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₂ 7H ₂ O 179 sepiolite Mg ₄ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₂ 6H ₂ O 180 Falcondoit (Ni,Mg) _4Si6O15 ( _{OH ) 2.6H2O} 181 loughlinite Na ₂ Mg ₃ Si ₆ O ₁₆ 8H ₂ O 182 caliber site (K,Na) ₅ Fe ₇ ³⁺ [(OH) ₃ | Si ₁₀ O ₂₅ ] ₂ .12H ₂ O 183 minehillite (K,Na) _2-3 Ca ₂₈ (Zn ₄ Al ₄ Si ₄₀ )O ₁₁₂ (OH) ₁₆ 184 truscottite (Ca,Mn) ₁₄ Si ₂₄ O ₅₈ (OH) ₈ 2H ₂ O 185 orlymanite Ca ₄ Mn ₃ ²⁺ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₆ 2H ₂ O 186 fedorite (Na,K) _2-3 (Ca,Na) ₇ [Si ₄ O ₈ (F,Cl,OH)2|(Si ₄ O ₁₀ ) ₃ ] 3.5H ₂ O 187 reyerite (Na,K) ₄ Ca ₁₄ Si ₂₂ Al ₂ O ₅₈ (OH) ₈ 6H ₂ O 188 gyrolite NaCa ₁₆ Si ₂₃ AlO ₆₀ (OH) ₈ .14H ₂ O 189 tungusite Ca ₁₄ Fe ₉ ²⁺ [(OH) ₂₂ |(Si ₄ O ₁₀ ) ₆ ] 190 zeophyllite Ca ₄ Si ₃ O ₈ (OH,F) ₄ .2H ₂ O 191 armstrongite CaZr(Si6O ₁₅ ) 3 H ₂ O 192 jagoite Pb ₁₈ Fe ³⁺ ₄ [Si ₄ (Si, Fe ³⁺ ) ₆ ][Pb ₄ Si ₁₆ (Si, Fe) ₄ ]O ₈₂ Cl ₆ 193 Hyttsjoit Pb ₁₈ Ba ₂ CasMn ₀ ²⁺ Fe ₂ ³⁺ [Cl|(Si ₁₅ O ₄₅ )2]6H ₂ 0 194 Maricopait Ca ₂ Pb ₇ (Si ₃₆ ,Al ₁₂ )(O,OH) ₉₉ ·n(H ₂ O,OH) 195 cavansite Ca( _{VO ) Si4O10.4H2O} 196 pentagonite Ca( _{VO ) Si4O10.4H2O} 197 Weeksit (K,Ba) ₂ [(UO ₂ ) ₂ |Si ₅ O ₁₃ ]-4H ₂ O 198 Coutinhoit Th _0.5 (UO ₂ ) ₂ Si ₅ O ₁₃ .3H ₂ O 199 Haiwide Ca[(UO ₂ ) ₂ | Si ₅ O ₁₂ (OH) ₂ ] 6H ₂ O 200 Metahaiwide Ca(UO ₂ ) ₂ Si ₆ O ₁₅ .nH ₂ O 201 Monteregianite-(Y) _{KNa2YSi8O19-5H2O _ _ _} 202 mountainite KNa ₂ Ca ₂ [Si ₈ O ₁₉ (OH)] 6H ₂ O 203 Rhodesite _{KHCa2Si8O19.5H2O _ _ _} 204 Delhayelith K ₇ Na ₃ Ca ₅ Al ₂ Si ₁₄ O ₃₈ F ₄ Cl ₂ 205 hydrodel hayelite KCa ₂ AlSi ₇ O ₁₇ (OH) ₂ .6H ₂ O 206 Macdonaldite BaCa ₄ Si ₁₆ O ₃₆ (OH) ₂ .10H ₂ O 207 cymrite Ba(Si,Al) ₄ (O,OH) ₈ H ₂ O 208 battle it Ba ₁₂ (Si ₁₁ Al ₅ )O ₃₁ (CO ₃ ) ₈ Cl ₅ 209 Lourenswalsite (K,Ba) ₂ (Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe) ₄ (Si,Al,Fe) ₆ O ₁₄ (OH) ₁₂ 210 Tienshanite (Na,K) _9-10 (Ca,Y) ₂ Ba ₆ (Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,Ti ⁴⁺ ,Zn) ₆ (Ti,Nb) [(O,F,OH) ₁₁ | B ₂ O ₄ | Si ₆ O ₁₅ ] ₆ 211 wickenburgite Pb ₃ CaAl[Si ₁₀ O ₂₇ ] 3H ₂ O 212 silhydrite _{Si3O6.H2O _ _} 213 magadiite _{Na2Si14O29.11H2O _ _ _} 214 Stratlingit Ca ₂ Al[(OH) ₈ AlSiO ₂ (OH) ₄ ] 2.5 H ₂ O 215 vertumnit Ca ₄ Al4Si ₄ O ₈ (OH) ₂₄ 3H ₂ O 216 Zussmanit K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Mn) ₁₃ (Si,Al) ₁₈ O ₄₂ (OH) ₁₄ 217 coombsite K(Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,M ₉ ) ₁₃ [(OH) ₇ |(Si,A1) ₃ O ₃₁ Si ₆ O ₁₈ ] ₂
a) cf. Mineralienatlas, mineral class VIII/H - sheet silicates (phyllosilicates), Strunz 8 systematics

Very particular preference is given to using bentonite from the group of montmorillonites ((Na,Ca) _0.3 (Al,Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ .nH ₂ O). Bentonite is a mixture of different clay minerals and contains montmorillonite as the most important component.

Other suitable carrier materials are sclerites and skeletons of diatoms, radiolarians, starfish, corals and sponges.

The carrier material preferably has a thermal conductivity λ of 0.001 W/(m.K) to 1.0 W/(m.K).

The at least one type of particulate adsorbent and/or absorbent from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, Blocks, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections , in at least one direction of space curved shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and platelets of particulate adsorbents and / or adsorbents selected.

Particulate absorbents and/or adsorbents are preferably selected from the group consisting of activated coke, activated coke/lime hydrate, phyllosilicates, zeolites, silica gels, aluminum oxide, alumina, activated alumina, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and trass.

The particulate, inorganic carrier materials, the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials and the particulate adsorbents and/or absorbents preferably have an average particle size of 0.5 cm to 10 cm, determined by sieve analysis.

According to the present invention, the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material has a coating which preferably has a thickness of 100 nm to 100 μm. The coating preferably has a contact angle θ with water of ≦90°. Without being bound to a theory, it is assumed that as a result aerosols wet the virucidal and/or bactericidal coatings better and the contact of the microorganisms contained therein, in particular the bacteria and/or viruses, with the biocides is intensified.

The coating contains at least one biocide, in particular at least one bactericide and/or virucide, in particular at least one pharmaceutical and/or disinfectant, which is or are fixed to the cured binder matrix of the coating in the form of microparticles and/or dispersed or dissolved in the cured binder matrix are.

The biocides are preferably solids or liquids with a boiling point at atmospheric pressure above 150° C. or a decomposition temperature above 150°. Or they have no boiling point and/or a very low vapor pressure at their service temperature. They do not emit unpleasant odors and harmful, toxic and/or corrosive substances such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, organic halogen compounds, organic and inorganic acids, ammonia, organic amines, inorganic and organic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or mercaptans, ozone, organic or inorganic phosphorus compounds such as Phosphines or organic compounds such as formaldehyde, ketones, esters or terpenes at the temperatures at which the coated substrates are used.

The solid biocides, in particular the solid bactericides and/or virucides, are preferably microparticles at their temperature of use, which can be produced, for example, by spray drying (cf. R. Vehring in "Pharmaceutical Particle Engineering via Spray Drying", in Pharmaceutical Research 2007, Expert Review ).

Like the carrier materials, the microparticles can have a wide variety of morphologies such as spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses , dodecahedron, truncated dodecahedron, icosahedron, truncated icosahedron, dumbbell, tori, platelet, needle with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections and/or in at least one direction of space curved shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates. In addition, the corners and edges can be rounded. Two or more microparticles can form aggregates or agglomerates. The microparticles can be of the same or different types. Two or three cylindrical microparticles may be bonded to each other in a T or Y-shape. Last but not least, theirs can Surface contain indentations resulting in strawberry, raspberry or blackberry morphologies.

In the context of the present invention, the diameter of microparticles that do not have a spherical shape is considered to be the longest distance laid through the microparticles.

The average diameter or the average particle size of the microparticles is preferably determined by light microscopy, dry sieving, wet sieving, Coulter Counter measurements or Fraunhofer scattering.

• Biphenyl-2ol
• DCCP 1-(2,3-Dichlorphenyl)piperazin L(+)-Milchsäure
• Zitronensäure
• Ascorbinsäure
• MIT Methylisothiazolinon
• CMIT, CMI, MCI Chloromethylisothiazolinon
• BIT Benzisothiazolinon
• OIT, Ol Octylisothiazolinon
• DCOIT, DCOI Dichlorooctylisothiazolinon
• BBIT Butylbenzisothiazolinon
• PHMB polvhexanid Poly(iminocarbonylimidoyl-iminocarbonylimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl)-hydrochlorid
• Propioconazol (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorphenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol (IUPAC)
• Folpet N-(Trichlormethylthio)phthalimid
• Chlorkresole,
• Fludioxonil 4-(2,2-Difluor-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC),
• Azoxystrobin Methyl-(E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylat (IUPAC)
• Quaternäres Ammonium Reaktionsprodukt von N-(C₁₀-C₁₆)-N-Trimethylamin mit Chloressigsäure
• Calcium/Magnesium-Oxid
• Calcium/Magnesium-Oxidtetrahydrate
• Kalkhydrat
• Kalk
• IPBC 3-lod-2-propinyl-butylcarbamat
• Bronopol 2-Brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol
• 1R-trans-Phenothrine 3-Phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropancarboxylat
• 2-Phenoxvethanol
• Diamin N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropan-1,3-diamin
• DTBMA 2,2'-Dithiobis[N-methylbenzamid]
• DBDCB 2-Brom-2-(brommethyl)pentandinitril
• IPBC 3-lod-2-propynylbutylcarbamat
• DDAC (C8-10) Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid
• BBIT 2-Butyl-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-on
• PHMB (1600:1.8) Polyhexamethylenebiguanidehydrochlorid mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht (Mn) von 1600 und einer mittleren Polydispersität (PDI) von 1.8
• MBIT Poly[iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1, 6-hexandiyl]hydrochloride 49
• Mischung von CMIT/MIT
• Natriumpyrithion 2-Methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3(2H)-on
• Pvridin-2-thiol-1-oxid- Natriumsalz
• Reaktionsmasse von Titandioxid und Silberchlorid
• DBNPA 2,2-Dibrom-2-cyanoacetamide
• Zinkpyrithion
• Dodecylguanidinmonohydrochlorid
• p-Diiodmethyl)sulphonyl]toluol
• Dichlofluanid, Euparen N-(Dichlorfluormethylthio)-N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamid (IUPAC)
• Thiachloprid, Calypso {(2Z)-3-[(6-Chlor-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yliden}cyanamid (IUPAC)
• Chlothianidin (E)-1-(2-chlor-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine
• Etofenprox, Trebon 2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzylether
• Tebuconazol (RS)-1-tert-Butyl-1-(4-chlorphenethyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol
• K-HDO N-Cyclohexylhydroxydiazen-1-oxid-Natriumssalz
• Thiabendazol 2-(4-Thiazolyl)-1H-benzimidazol
• Thiamethoxam 3-(2-Chlor-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl(1,3,5)oxadiazinan-4-yliden-N-nitroamin (Zersetzung bei 147°C)
• Fenpropimorph (t)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholin (IUPAC; bp. 120°C)
• Borsäure
• Boroxid
• Dinatriumoctaborattetrahydrat
• Dinatriumoctaboratpentahydrat
• Dinatriumtetraboratdecahydrat
• Tolylfluanid N-[Dichlor(fluor)methyl]sulfanyl-N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-4-methylanilin (IUPAC; Zersetzung ab 150 °C)
• Dazomet 3,5-Dimethylperhydro-1,3,5-thiadiazin-2-thion (Schmelzpunkt 140°C unter Zersetzung)
• Fenoxycarb Ethyl-N-[2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamat
• Bifentrin (1R*,3R*)-3-(2-Chlor-3,3,3-trifluor-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropan-carbonsäure(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methylester
• DCOIT 4,5-Dichlor-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-on
• Kupferhydroxid
• Basisches Kupfercarbonat
• Flufenoxuron N-[[4-[2-Chlor-4-(trifluormethyl)phenoxy]-2-fluorphenyl]carbamoyl]-2,6-difluorbenzamid
• DDA carbonate N,N-Didecyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumcarbonat
• ADBAC N-Alkyl-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumchlorid
• Chlorfenpyr 4-Bromo-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5-trifluormethyl-pyrrol-3-carbonitril
• Cypermethrin (R, S)-a-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropan-carboxylat
• Cu-HDO Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-kupfer
• Cyproconazol 2-(4-Chlorphenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (IUPAC)
• Permethrin 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarbonsäure-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester
• Natriumsorbat
• Granuliertes Kupfer
• Didecylmethylpoly(oxyethyl)ammoniumpropionat
• ATMAC/TMAC Cocoalkyltrimethylammoniumchlorid
• OIT 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-on (Siedepunkt 120°C)
• Penflufen 2'-[(RS)-1,3-Dimethylbutyl]-5-fluor-1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-carboxanilid
• MBM Natriumdiethyldithiocarbamat
• Difethialon 3-[3-(4'-Brom[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzothiopyran-2-on
• Difenacoum 3-(3-(1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on
• Chloralose C1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichlorethyliden)-α-D-glucofuranose
• Bromadiolon 3-(3-(4'-Brom(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on
• Chlorphacinon (RS)-2-(α-(4-Chlorphenyl)phenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dion
• Coumatetralyl 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)cumarin
• Flocumafen 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-(4-(4-trifluormethylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1-naphthyl)-cumarin
• Warfarin (RS)-4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl-butyl)-cumarin (IUPAC)
• Warfarin Natrium
• Brodifacum 3-[3-(4'-Bromo-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl]-4-hydroxycumarin
• Cholecalciferol 3-[2-[7a-Methyl-1-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)- 2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yliden]ethyliden]-4-methyliden-cyclohexan-1-ol
• Indoxocarb (RS)-Methyl-7-chlor-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl-(4-trifluormethoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazin-4a-carboxylat
• Methofluthrin (1RS,3RS;1SR,3SR)-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(EZ)-(prop-1-enyl)cyclopropancarbonsäure-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzylester
• Spinosad
  
• Imidacloprid 1-(6-Chlor-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylidenamin
• Abamectin
  
• Fipronil (RS)-5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichlor-α,α,α-trifluor-p-tolyl)-4-trifluormethylsulfinyl-1H-pyrazol-3-carbonitril
• Lamba-Cyhalotrin 3-(2-Chlor-3,3,3-trifluor-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropan-carbonsäure-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester
• Deltamethrin (1R,3R)-[(S)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dibromvinyl)]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (IUPAC)
• Bendiocarb 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-N-methylcarbamat
• Pyriproxyfen (RS)-4-Phenoxyphenyl2-(2-pyridyloxy)propylether
• Diflubenzuron N-{[(4-Chlorphenyl)amino]carbonyl}-2,6-difluorbenzamid
• 1R-trans-Phenothrin 2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropancarbonsäure-m-phenoxybenzylester
• S-Methopren 11-Methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadiensäure-1-methylethylester
• Transfluthrin (1R)-trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorvinyl)-2-dimethylcyclopropancarbonsäure-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorbenzylester
• Synthetisches amorphes Siliziumdioxid
• Oberflächenmodifiziertes synthetisches amorphes Siliziumdioxid
• Dinotefuran (RS)-N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N''-[(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)methyl]guanidin
• Hexaflumuron 1-[3,5-Dichlor-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluorethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorbenzoyl)harnstoff (IUPAC)
• Cvromazin N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-triamin
• Cvfluthrin alpha-Cyano-4-fluor-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• PBO 5-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxymethyl]-6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxol
• Epsilon-Momfluorothrin 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluor-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl (1R,3R)-3-[(Z)-2-cyanoprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• Imiprothrin (2,5-Dioxo-3-prop-2-inylimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropan-1-carboxylat
• Acetamiprid (E)-N¹-[(6-Chlor-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N²-cyano-N¹-methylacetamidin (IUPAC)
• Cyphenotrin [Cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropan-1-carboxylat
• DEET N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamid
• Nonansäure
• Decansäure
• (Z,E)-TDA (Z,E)-Tetradeca-9, 12-dienylacetat
• Methyl nonyl ketone 2-Undecanon
• Zineb Zink-ethylen-1,2-bis-dithiocarbamat
• cis-9-Tricosen
• DCOIT Dichloroctyl-isothiazolinone
• OBPA 10,10'-Oxybisphenoxoarsin
• Kupfer-Pyrithion Pyridin-2-thiol-1-oxid-Kupfer
• Trichlosan Polychlorierte Phenoxyphenole
• Medetomidin (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1 H-imidazol
• Tralopyril 4-Brom-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-5-(trifluormethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC)
• Kupferflocken beschichtet mit einem Film aus einer aliphatischen Carbonsäuren
• Dikupferoxid-Mikropartikel
• Kupferoxid-Mikropartikel
• Kupferthiocvanat-Mikropartikel.
• Silbermikropartikel
• Siberchloridmikropartikel
• Chlorhexidin (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazolchlorid und -gluconat
• Octenidin N,N'-(Decan-1,10-diyldi-1 (4H)-pyridyl-4-yliden)bis(octylammonium)dichlorid
• Taurolidin 4-[(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 2-Oxido-4-f(2-oxido-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-4-yl)methyll-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-1-oxide
• 4-[(1,1-Dioxothiadiazinan-4-yl)methyllthiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 2-[(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-yl)methyll-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 3-[(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-3-vl)methyll-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 2-Hydroxy-4-r(2-hvdroxy-1-oxo-1.2.4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyll-1.2 ,4-thiadiazinan-1-oxid
• N-(4-Azidobutyl)-2-methvlsulfonylethansulfonamid
• 4-N-Cyclopropylpiperazin-1,4-disulfonamid
• (2,2-Dimethyl-1-methylsulfonylpropyl)-(methyldiazenyl)sulfonyldiazen
• 6-Methyl-N-[1-(methylamino)ethenyll-1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazinan-2-sulfonamid
• Azodicarbonamid
• Cicloxolone Natrium 18beta-glycyrrhetinsäure-(H)-(1R)-cis-cyclohexan-1,2-dicarboxylat
• Dichlorisocyanursäure-Natriumsalz
• Kongorot Dinatrium-3,3'-[4,4'-biphenyldiyldi(E)-2,1-diazenediyl]bis(4-amino-1-naphthalinsulfonat) (IUPAC)
• Para-aminobenzoesäure
• Bis(monosuccinamid)-Derivat von p,p'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)diphenyl-C60 (Fulleren)
• Merocyanin 1-Methyl-4-[(oxocyclohexadienyliden)ethyliden]-1,4-dihydropyridin
• Bengal Rosa, Acid Red 94 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H,9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-on
• Hypericin 1,3,4,6,8,13-Hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylen-7,14-dion (IUPAC)
• Hypocrellin (12R,13S)-12-Acetyl-9,13,17-trihydroxy-5,10,16,21-tetramethoxy-13-methylhexacyclo[13.8.0.0^2,11.0^3,8.0^4,22.0^18,23]tricosa-1(15),2(11),3(8),4(22),5,9,16,18(23),20-nonaen-7,19-dion
• Von Pflanzen extrahierte Anthrachinone
• Sulfonierte Anthrachinone
• Anthrachinonderivative Acid blue 40 und 129, Acid black 48, Alizarin violet R, Reactive blue 2
• Gramicidin Lineares Pentadecapeptid
• Gossypol 2,2'-Bis(formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalin)
• Extrakte von ledum palustre, leonurus cardiaca, Celandine, Schwarzer Johannisbeere, Preiselbeere und Blaubeere
• Alkaloide und Phytosterylester Marigenolkonzentrate, enthaltend Taxol und/oder Taxanester als Wirkstoffe
• Extrakte von Cordia salicifolia
• Dampfdestillat von Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) und seinen Bestandteilen 5,6,7-Trimethoxvflavon von Calicarpa iaponica
• Isocullarein 5,7,8,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavon von Scutellaria baikalensis undnd Isocutellarein-8-methylether
• Amantadin 1-Tricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decylamin (IUPAC)
• Sialinsäure Neuraminsäure
• Zanamivir (4S, 5R, 6R)-5-Acetylamino-4-guanidino-6-[(1R,2R)-1 ,2, 3-trihydroxypropyl]-5, 6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2-carbonsäure
• Oseltamivir (3R,4R,5S)-4-Acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)cyclohex-1-en-1-carbonsäureethylester
• Rimantadin (RS)-Adamantan-1-yl-ethylamin (IUPAC)
• Diuron 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff
• Quaternisiertes Chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., „New method for the quaternization of chitosan“, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Band 8, Ausgabe 2, April, 1986, Seiten 105-107).
• (Eine detaillierte Beschreibung einiger dieser Viruzide findet sich in A. S. Galabov, „Virucidal agents in the of manorapid synergy™“, in GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinär, 2007 2(1): Doc 18).

Biocides, in particular bactericides and/or virucides, which are approved by state or interstate authorities are preferably used. In particular, the biocides are selected from the following group:

• biphenyl-2ol
• DCCP 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine L(+)-lactic acid
• citric acid
• ascorbic acid
• WITH methylisothiazolinone
• CMIT, CMI, MCI Chloromethylisothiazolinone
• BIT Benzisothiazolinone
• OIT, Ol Octylisothiazolinone
• DCOIT, DCOI Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone
• BBIT butylbenzisothiazolinone
• PHMB polyhexanide Poly(iminocarbonylimidoyl-iminocarbonylimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl) hydrochloride
• Propioconazole (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazole (IUPAC)
• Folpet N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide
• chlorocresols,
• fludioxonil 4-(2,2-difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC),
• Azoxystrobin methyl (E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate (IUPAC)
• Quaternary ammonium reaction product of N-(C ₁₀ -C ₁₆ )-N-trimethylamine with chloroacetic acid
• Calcium/Magnesium Oxide
• Calcium/Magnesium Oxide Tetrahydrate
• hydrated lime
• lime
• IPBC 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate
• Bronopol 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
• 1R-trans-Phenothrine 3-Phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
• 2-Phenoxvethanol
• Diamine N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropane-1,3-diamine
• DTBMA 2,2'-dithiobis[N-methylbenzamide]
• DBDCB 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile
• IPBC 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate
• DDAC (C8-10) didecyldimethylammonium chloride
• BBIT 2-butyl-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one
• PHMB (1600:1.8) Polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 and an average polydispersity (PDI) of 1.8
• MBIT Poly[iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl]hydrochloride 49
• Mixture of CMIT/MIT
• Sodium pyrithione 2-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3(2H)-one
• Pvridine-2-thiol-1-oxide sodium salt
• Reaction mass of titanium dioxide and silver chloride
• DBNPA 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide
• zinc pyrithione
• dodecylguanidine monohydrochloride
• p-diiodomethyl)sulphonyl]toluene
• Dichlofluanide, Euparen N-(Dichlorofluoromethylthio)-N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamide (IUPAC)
• Thiachlopride, Calypso {(2Z)-3-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene}cyanamide (IUPAC)
• Clothianidin (E)-1-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine
• Etofenprox, Trebon 2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzyl ether
• Tebuconazole (RS)-1-tert-butyl-1-(4-chlorophenethyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol
• K-HDO N-cyclohexylhydroxydiazene-1-oxide sodium salt
• Thiabendazole 2-(4-thiazolyl)-1H-benzimidazole
• Thiamethoxam 3-(2-Chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl(1,3,5)oxadiazinan-4-ylidene-N-nitroamine (decomp. at 147°C)
• Fenpropimorph (t)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (IUPAC; bp. 120°C)
• boric acid
• boron oxide
• disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
• disodium octaborate pentahydrate
• disodium tetraborate decahydrate
• Tolylfluanid N-[Dichloro(fluoro)methyl]sulfanyl-N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-4-methylaniline (IUPAC; decomposition above 150 °C)
• Dazomet 3,5-dimethylperhydro-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (mp 140°C with decomposition)
• Fenoxycarb Ethyl N-[2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate
• Bifentrin (1R*,3R*)-3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl ester
• DCOIT 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
• copper hydroxide
• Basic copper carbonate
• Flufenoxuron N -[[4-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-fluorophenyl]carbamoyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide
• DDA carbonate N,N-didecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium carbonate
• ADBAC N-alkyl-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride
• Chlorfenpyr 4-Bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
• Cypermethrin (R,S)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate
• Cu-HDO bis(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy) copper
• Cyproconazole 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (IUPAC)
• Permethrin 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
• sodium sorbate
• Granulated Copper
• didecylmethyl poly(oxyethyl)ammonium propionate
• ATMAC/TMAC cocoalkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
• OIT 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (bp 120°C)
• Penflufen 2'-[(RS)-1,3-dimethylbutyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxanilide
• MBM sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
• Difethialone 3-[3-(4'-Bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzothiopyran- 2-on
• Difenacoum 3-(3-(1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
• Chloralose C1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-α-D-glucofuranose
• Bromadiolone 3-(3-(4'-Bromo(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
• Chlorphacinone (RS)-2-(α-(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dione
• Coumatetralyl 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)coumarin
• Flocumafen 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-(4-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1-naphthyl)coumarin
• Warfarin (RS)-4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)coumarin (IUPAC)
• warfarin sodium
• Brodifacum 3-[3-(4'-Bromo-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl]-4-hydroxycoumarin
• Cholecalciferol 3-[2-[7a-Methyl-1-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4- methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol
• Indoxocarb (RS)-methyl-7-chloro-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine- 4a-carboxylate
• Methofluthrin (1RS,3RS;1SR,3SR)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(EZ)-(prop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl ester
• spinosad
  
• Imidacloprid 1-(6-Chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine
• abamectin
  
• Fipronil (RS)-5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulphinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile
• Lamba-Cyhalotrin 3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
• Deltamethrin (1R,3R)-[(S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (IUPAC)
• Bendiocarb 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl N-methylcarbamate
• Pyriproxyfen (RS)-4-phenoxyphenyl 2-(2-pyridyloxy)propyl ether
• Diflubenzuron N -{[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl}-2,6-difluorobenzamide
• 1R-trans-Phenothrin 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid m-phenoxybenzyl ester
• S-Methoprene 1-Methylethyl 11-Methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate
• Transfluthrin (1R)-trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl ester
• Synthetic amorphous silica
• Surface modified synthetic amorphous silica
• Dinotefuran (RS)-N-methyl-N'-nitro-N''-[(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)methyl]guanidine
• Hexaflumuron 1-[3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea (IUPAC)
• Cvromazine N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
• Cvfluthrin alpha-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• PBO 5-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxymethyl]-6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxole
• Epsilon momfluorothrin 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl (1R,3R)-3-[(Z)-2-cyanoprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• Imiprothrin (2,5-dioxo-3-prop-2-inylimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
• Acetamiprid (E)-N ¹ -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N ² -cyano-N ¹ -methylacetamidine (IUPAC)
• Cyphenotrin [cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
• DEET N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide
• nonanoic acid
• decanoic acid
• (Z,E)-TDA (Z,E)-Tetradeca-9,12-dienyl acetate
• Methyl nonyl ketone 2-undecanone
• Zineb zinc ethylene 1,2-bis-dithiocarbamate
• cis-9-tricoses
• DCOIT Dichloroctyl-isothiazolinone
• OBPA 10,10'-oxybisphenoxoarsine
• Copper pyrithione pyridine-2-thiol-1-oxide copper
• Trichlosan Polychlorinated Phenoxyphenols
• Medetomidine (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1 H -imidazole
• Tralopyril 4-Bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC)
• Copper flakes coated with a film of an aliphatic carboxylic acid
• Dicopper Oxide microparticles
• copper oxide microparticles
• Copper thiocyanate microparticles.
• silver microparticles
• silver chloride microparticles
• Chlorhexidine (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole chloride and gluconate
• Octenidine N,N'-(decane-1,10-diyldi-1(4H)-pyridyl-4-ylidene)bis(octylammonium) dichloride
• Taurolidine 4-[(1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxides
• 2-Oxido-4-f(2-oxido-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-4-yl)methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-1-oxide
• 4-[(1,1-Dioxothiadiazinan-4-yl)methylthiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
• 2-[(1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-yl)methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 3-[(1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazine-3-vl)methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazine-1,1-dioxide
• 2-Hydroxy-4-r(2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1.2.4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl-1.2,4-thiadiazinan-1-oxide
• N-(4-Azidobutyl)-2-methylsulfonylethanesulfonamide
• 4-N-Cyclopropylpiperazine-1,4-disulfonamide
• (2,2-dimethyl-1-methylsulfonylpropyl)-(methyldiazenyl)sulfonyldiazene
• 6-Methyl-N-[1-(methylamino)ethenyl-1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-2-sulfonamide
• azodicarbonamide
• Cicloxolone sodium 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (H)-(1R)-cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate
• Dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt
• Congo Red disodium 3,3'-[4,4'-biphenyldiyldi(E)-2,1-diazenediyl]bis(4-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate) (IUPAC)
• para-aminobenzoic acid
• Bis(monosuccinamide) derivative of p,p'-bis(2-aminoethyl)diphenyl-C60 (fullerene)
• Merocyanine 1-Methyl-4-[(oxocyclohexadienylidene)ethylidene]-1,4-dihydropyridine
• Bengal Rosa, Acid Red 94 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H,9'-[9H] xanthene]-3-one
• Hypericin 1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione (IUPAC)
• Hypocrellin (12R,13S)-12-acetyl-9,13,17-trihydroxy-5,10,16,21-tetramethoxy-13-methylhexacyclo[13.8.0.0 ^2.11 .0 ^3.8 .0 ^4.22 . 0 ^18.23 ]tricosa-1(15),2(11),3(8),4(22),5,9,16,18(23),20-nonaen-7,19-dione
• Anthraquinones extracted from plants
• Sulfonated Anthraquinones
• Anthraquinone derivatives Acid blue 40 and 129, Acid black 48, Alizarin violet R, Reactive blue 2
• Gramicidin Linear Pentadecapeptide
• Gossypol 2,2'-bis(formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalene)
• Extracts of ledum palustre, leonurus cardiaca, celandine, black currant, lingonberry and blueberry
• Alkaloids and phytosteryl esters Marigenol concentrates containing taxol and/or taxane esters as active ingredients
• Cordia salicifolia extracts
• Steam distillate of Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) and its constituents 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone from Calicarpa iaponica
• Isocullarein 5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone from Scutellaria baikalensis and isocutellarein 8-methyl ether
• Amantadine 1-Tricyclo[3.3.1.1 ^3,7 ]decylamine (IUPAC)
• sialic acid neuraminic acid
• Zanamivir (4S,5R,6R)-5-acetylamino-4-guanidino-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid
• Oseltamivir (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
• Rimantadine (RS)-adamantan-1-yl-ethylamine (IUPAC)
• Diuron 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
• Quaternized chitosan (cf., A. Domard et al., "New method for the quaternization of chitosan", International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 8, Issue 2, April, 1986, pages 105-107).
• (A detailed description of some of these virucides can be found in AS Galabov, "Virucidal agents in the of manorapid synergy™", in GMS Hospital Hygiene Interdisciplinary, 2007 2(1): Doc 18).

Other suitable bactericides and/or virucides are polyoxometalates, which are referred to below with the abbreviation “POM”.

The elemental composition and the structure of the POM can vary widely.

• - das Lindquist-Hexamolybdatanion, Mo₆O₁₉ ^2-,
• - das Decavanadatanion, V₁₀O₂₈ ^6-,
• - das Paratungstatanion, H₂W₁₂O₄₂ ^10-,
• - Mo₃₆-Polymolybdate, Mo₃₆O₁₁₂(H₂O)^8-,
• - die Strandberg-Struktur, HP₂Mo₅O₂₃ ^4-,
• - die Keggin-Struktur, XM₁₂O₄₀ ^n-,
• - die Doppel-Keggin-Struktur,
• - die Keggin-Sandwichstruktur,
• - die monolacunare Keggin-Struktur,
• - die dilacunare Keggin-Struktur,
• - die Wells-Dawson-Struktur, X₂M₁₈O₆₂ ^n-,
• - die Anderson-Struktur, XM₆O₂₄ ^n-,
• - die Allman-Waugh-Struktur, X₁₂M₁₈O₃₂ ^n-,
• - die Weakley-Yamase- Struktur, XM₁₀O₃₆ ^n-, und
• - die Dexter-Silverton-Struktur, XM₁₂O₄₂ ^n-.

For example, the classification of the POM into the following structures is known:

• - the Lindquist hexamolybdate anion, Mo ₆ O ₁₉ ^2- ,
• - the decavanadate anion, V ₁₀ O ₂₈ ^6- ,
• - the paratungstate anion, H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₂ ^10- ,
• - Mo ₃₆ -polymolybdates, Mo ₃₆ O ₁₁₂ (H ₂ O) ^8- ,
• - the Strandberg structure, HP ₂ Mo ₅ O ₂₃ ^4- ,
• - the Keggin structure, XM ₁₂ O ₄₀ ^n- ,
• - the double Keggin structure,
• - the Keggin sandwich structure,
• - the monolacunar Keggin structure,
• - the dilacunar Keggin structure,
• - the Wells-Dawson structure, X ₂ M ₁₈ O ₆₂ ^n- ,
• - the Anderson structure, XM ₆ O ₂₄ ^n- ,
• - the Allman-Waugh structure, X ₁₂ M ₁₈ O ₃₂ ^n- ,
• - the Weakley-Yamase structure, XM ₁₀ O ₃₆ ^n-, and
• - the Dexter-Silverton structure, XM ₁₂ O ₄₂ ^n- .

Here, the exponent n is an integer from 3 to 20 denotes the valency of an anion, which varies depending on the X and M variables.

Formulas I to XIII can serve as a further organizing principle for POM: - (BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ) ^5- (I), - (W ₁₀ O ₃₂ ) ^4- (II), - (P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ) ^6- (III), - (PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ) ^7- (IV), - (SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ) ^8- (V), - (HSiW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^9- (VI), - (HPW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^8- (VII), - (TM) ₄ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^t - (VIII), - (TM) ₄ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ ^t - (IX), - (NaP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ) ^14- (X), - (TM) ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ ^12- (XI) and -( _P2W18O6 ^)6- _{( XII} ).

In formulas I to XII, TM represents a divalent or trivalent transition metal ion such as Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Co ³⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ and Zn ²⁺ . The exponent t is an integer and denotes the valency of an anion, which varies depending on the valency of the variable TM.

POMs of the general formula XIII can also be considered: - (A,Ga _y Nb _a O _b ) ^z - (XIII).

In formula XIII, the variable A is phosphorus, silicon or germanium and the subscript x is 0 or an integer from 1 to 40. The subscript y is an integer from 1 to 10, the subscript a is one is an integer from 1 to 8 and the subscript b is an integer from 15 to 150. The exponent z varies depending on the nature and degree of oxidation of the variable A. Aqua complexes and active fragments of POM XIII can also be considered.

When the index x is 0, y is preferably 6-a, where the index a is an integer from 1 to 5 and the index b is 19.

When the variable A is silicon or germanium, the subscript x is 2, the subscript y is 18, the subscript a is 6, and the subscript b is 77.

If the variable A is P, then the index x is 2 or 4, the index y is 12, 15, 17, or 30, the index a is 1, 3, or 6, and the index b is 62 or 123.

In addition, the isomers of the POM come into consideration. Thus, the Keggin structure has five isomers, the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon structure. Furthermore, defect structures or lacunar structures as well as partial structures come into consideration.

The anions I to XIII are preferably used in the form of salts with cations which are approved for cleaning and personal care and pharmaceutical use.

• - einwertige Kationen wie Wasserstoff-, Lithium-, Natrium-, Kalium-, Rubidium-, Cäsium-, Kupfer(I)- und Silberionen;
• - zweiwertige Kationen wie Magnesium-, Calcium-, Strontium-, Barium-, Kupfer (II)-, Eisen (II)-, Nickel-, Kobalt-, Zinn (II) und Zinkionen;
• - dreiwertige Kationen wie Aluminium-, Eisen (III)-, Lanthanoid- und Actinoidionen;
• - vierwertige Kationen wie Blei (IV)-Kationen;
• - Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetra-(C₁-C₂₀-alkylammonium) wie Pentadecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, Undecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium, Octadecyltrimethylammonium, Didodecyldimethylammonium, Ditetradecyldimethylammonium, Dihexadecyl-dimethylammonium, Dioctadecyldimethylammonium, Dioctadecylviologen, Trioctadecylmethylammonium und Tetrabutylammonium;
• - Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetra-(C₁-C₂₀-alkanolammonium) wie Ethanolammonium Diethanolammonium und Triethanolammonium; und
• - Monokationen natürlich vorkommender Aminosäuren wie Histidinium (HISH⁺), Argininium (ARGH⁺) oder Lysinium (LYSH⁺) oder Oligo- oder Polypeptide mit einem oder mehreren protonierten basischen Aminosäurerest(en).

[Vgl. z.B. US 6,020,369 , Spalte 3, Zeile 6, bis Spalte 4, Zeile 29]Examples of suitable cations are

• - monovalent cations such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, cuprous and silver ions;
• - divalent cations such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper(II), iron(II), nickel, cobalt, tin(II) and zinc ions;
• - trivalent cations such as aluminum, ferric, lanthanide and actinide ions;
• - tetravalent cations such as lead (IV) cations;
• - mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-(C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkylammonium) such as pentadecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, undecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, hexadecyltrimethylammonium, octadecyltrimethylammonium, didodecyldimethylammonium, ditetradecyldimethylammonium, dihexadecyldimethylammonium, dioctadecyldimethylammonium, dioctadecylviologen, trioctadecylmethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium;
• - mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-(C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkanolammonium) such as ethanolammonium, diethanolammonium and triethanolammonium; and
• - Monocations of naturally occurring amino acids such as histidinium (HISH ⁺ ), argininium (ARGH ⁺ ) or lysinium (LYSH ⁺ ) or oligo- or polypeptides with one or more protonated basic amino acid residue(s).

[See. eg U.S. 6,020,369 , column 3, line 6, to column 4, line 29]

Also contemplated are natural, modified natural, and synthetic cationic oligomers and polymers, i.e., oligomers and polymers bearing primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary ammonium groups, primary, secondary, and tertiary sulfonium groups, and/or primary, secondary, and tertiary phosphonium groups. Synthetic oligomers and polymers are common and well known and are used, for example, in electrocoatings. Examples of natural cationic oligomers and polymers are polyaminoaccharides such as polyglucosamines such as chitin, N-acetylglycosides and in particular chitosan.

The chain length and the molecular weight of the chitosan can be varied very widely. Thus, short and long chain length and/or low and high molecular weight chitosans can be used. They can be connected to the POM by chemical crosslinking, entanglement with the polymeric chains and/or by covalent and/or ionic bonds, by hydrogen bonds and/or by Van der Waals forces and/or London forces.

Table 2 shows examples of suitable POMs. Table 2: Molecular formulas of suitable POM ^a) no . molecular formula structural family 1 [( _{NMP ) 2H} ] _3PW12O40 2 [( _{DMA ) 2H} ] _3PMo12O40 3 (NH ₄ ) ₁₇ Na[NaSb ₉ W ₂₁ O ₈₆ ] Inorganic Crypt 4 a- and bH ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 5 _{a- and bH6ZnW12O40} " 6 a- and bH ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ " 7 alpha-(NH ₄ ) ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ Wells-Dawson structure 8th _{K10CU4 ( H2O )2 ( PW9O34 ) 2.20H2O} " 9 _{K10CO4 ( H2O )2 ( PW9O34 ) 2.20H2O} " 10 Na ₇ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ Na ₇ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .20H ₂ O + 2 C ₆ H ₅ P(O)(OH) ₂ "" 11 [(n-butyl) ₄ N] ₄ H ₃ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 12 _{b - Na8HPW9O34} " 13 [(n-butyl) ₄ N] ₃ PMoW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 14 a-[(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₄ Mo8O26 " 15 [(n-butyl) ₄ N] ₂ W ₆ O ₁₉ " 16 [(n-butyl) ₄ N] ₂ Mo ₆ O ₁₉ " 17 a-(NH ₄ ) _n H( _4-n )SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 18 a-(NH ₄ ) _n H( _5-n )BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 19 aK ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 20 _{K4W4O10 ( O2 ) 6} " 21 _{b - Na9HSiW9O34} " 22 _{Na6H2W12O40 _ _ _} 23 (NH ₄ ) ₁₄ [NaP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ] Preyssler structure 24 a-(NH ₄ ) ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 25 a- _{Na5 BW12 O40} " 26 _{( NH4 ) 4W10O32} " "27 _{( Me4N ) 4W10O32} " 28 (HISH ⁺ ) _n H _(5-n) BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 29 (LYSH ⁺ ) _n H _(5-n) BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 30 (ARGH ⁺ ) _n H _(5-n) BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 31 (HISH ⁺ ) _n H _(4-n) SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 32 ( _LYSH ⁺ ),H _{(4-n) SiW12O40} " 34 (ARGH ⁺ ) _n H _(4-n) SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 35 K ₁₂ [EuP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ].22H ₂ O ^b) " 36 _{aK8SiW11O39 _ _} " 37 _{K10 ( H2W12O42 )} " 38 K ₁₂ Ni ₃ (II)(PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 39 (NH ₄ ) ₁₀ Co ₄ (II)(PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 40 K ₁₂ Pd ₃ (II)(PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 41 _{Na12P2W15O56.18H2O _ _ _ _} Lacunar (defective) structure 42 Na ₁₆ Cu ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 43 Na ₁₆ Zn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 44 Na ₁₆ Co ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 45 _{Na16N14 ( H2O ) 2 ( P2W15O56 ) 2.nH2O} Wells-Dawson sandwich structure 46 _{Na16Mn4 ( H2O ) 2 ( P2W15O56 ) 2.nH2O} " 47 Na ₁₆ Fe ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 48 K ₁₀ Zn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .20H ₂ O Keggin sandwich structure 49 K ₁₀ Ni ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 50 K ₁₀ Mn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 51 K ₁₀ Fe ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 52 K ₁₂ Cu ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 53 K ₁₂ (CoH ₂ O) ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 54 K ₁₂ Zn ₃ (PN ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .15H ₂ O " 55 K ₁₂ Mn ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .15H ₂ O " 56 K ₁₂ Fe ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .25H ₂ O " 57 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₁₀ (NH ₄ ) ₇ Na[NaSb ₉ W ₂₁ O ₈₆ ] " 58 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₅ HW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .17H ₂ O " 59 _{K7Ti2W10O40 _ _ _} " 60 _[ ( _{CH3 ) 4N ] 7Ti2W10O40} " 61 _{Cs7Ti2W10O40 _ _ _} " 62 [HISH ⁺ ] ₇ Ti ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 63 [LYSH ⁺ ] _n Na _7-n PTi ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 64 [ARGH ⁺ ] _n Na _7-n PTi ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 65 [n-Butyl ₄ N ⁺ ] ₃ H ₃ V ₁₀ O ₂₈ " 66 _{K7HNb6O19.13H2O _ _} " 67 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C(O)OCH ₃ ] ₂ Organically modified structure 68 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN) " 69 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) " 70 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ =CH ₂ ) " 71 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C(O)OCH ₃ ) ₂ ] ₄ " 72 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN)] ₄ " 73 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) ₂ ] ₄ " 74 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ =CH ₂ )] ₄ " 75 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O-(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) ₂ " 76 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN) ₂ " 77 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N+] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₂ =CH ₂ ) ₂ " 78 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiC(CH ₃ )] ₂ " 79 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )] ₂ " 80 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C(O)OCH ₃ ] ₂ " 81 K ₅ Mn(II)PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .nH ₂ O Structure substituted with transition metals 82 K ₈ Mn(II)P ₂ W ₁₇ O ₆₁ .nH ₂ O " 83 K ₆ Mn(II)SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .nH ₂ O " 84 K ₅ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si(CH ₃ ) ₂ ].nH ₂ O " 85 K ₃ PW ₁₁ O ₄₁ (PC ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 86 _{Na3PW11O41 ( PC6H5 ) 2.nH2O _ _} " 87 _{K5PTiW11O40 _ _} " 88 _{Cs5PTiW11O39 _ _} " 89 K ₆ SiW ₁₁ [Si(CH ₃ ) ₂ ].nH ₂ O " 90 KSiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si(C ₆ H ₅ )(tert-C ₄ H ₉ )].nH ₂ O " 91 K ₆ SiW _n O ₃₉ [Si(C ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ ].nH ₂ O " 92 _{K7SiW9Nb3O40.nH2O _ _ _ _} " 93 _{Cs7SiW9Nb3O40.nH20 _ _ _ _} " 94 Cs ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O " 95 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O Substituted Keggin structure 96 _{( CN3H6 ) 7SiW9Nb3O40.nH2O _ _ _} " 97 _{( CN3H6 ) 8Si2W18Nb6O77.nH2O _ _ _ _} " 98 Rb ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O " 99 Rb ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O " 100 _{K8Si2W18Nb6O77.nH2O _ _ _ _ _} " 101 _{K6P2Mo18O62.nH2O _ _ _ _} " 102 _{( C5H5N ) 7HSi2W18Nb6O77.nH2O _ _ _ _} " 103 _{( C5H5N ) 7SiW9Nb3O40.nH2O _ _ _} " 104 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₈ SiW ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .18H ₂ O " 105 (LYSH ⁺ ) ₇ KSiW ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .18H ₂ O " 106 _{( HISH} ⁺ _{) 6K2SiW18Nb6O77.18H2O _ _} " 107 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₂ CH ₃ ) ₂ " 108 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₃ ) ₂ " 109 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiC ₁₆ H ₃₃ ) ₂ " 110 _{Li9P2V3 ( CH3 ) 3W12O62 _ _} " 111 _{Li7HSi2W18Nb6O77 _ _ _ _} " 112 _{Cs9P2V3CH3W12O62 _ _ _ _ _} " 113 _{Cs12P2V3W12O62 _ _ _ _} " 114 _{K4H2PV4W8O40 _ _ _ _} " 115 _{Na12P4W14O58 _ _ _} " 116 _{Na14H6P6W18O79 _ _ _ _} " 117 _aK5 ( _{NbO2 ) SiW11O39} " 118 _{aO2 ) SiW11O39} " 119 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ) ₅ NbSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 120 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ TaSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 121 _{K6Nb3PW9O40 _ _ _} Peroxo Keggin structure 122 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ (NbO ₂ )SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 123 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ (TaO ₂ )SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 124 K4 ( _{NbO2 ) PW11 O39} " 125 _{K7 ( NbO2 ) P2W12O61} " 126 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₇ (NbO ₂ ) ₃ SiW ₉ O ₃₇ " 127 _{Cs7 ( NbO2 ) 3SiW9O37} " 128 _{K6 ( NbO2 ) 3PW9O37} " 129 _{Na10 ( H2W12O42 )} " 130 _{K4NbPW11O40 _ _} " 131 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH+] ₄ NbPW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 132 _{K5NbSiWnO40 _ _} " 133 _{K5TaSiW11O40 _ _} " 134 _{K7NbP2W17O62 _ _ _} Wells-Dawson structure 135 _{K7 ( TiO2 ) 2PW10O38} " 136 _{K7 ( TaO2 ) 3SiW9O37} " 137 _{K7Ta3SiW9O40 _ _ _} " 138 _{K6 ( TaO2 ) 3PW9O37} " 139 _{K6Ta3PW9O40 _ _ _} " 140 _{K8Co2W11O39 _ _ _} " 141 H ₂ [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ]4(C ₂ H ₅ Si) ₂ CoW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 142 H ₂ [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ (iso-C ₄ H ₉ Si) ₂ CoW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 143 _{K9Nb3P2W15O62 _ _ _ _} " 144 _{K9 ( NbO2 ) 3P2W15O59 _} " 145 _{K12 ( NbO2 ) 6P2W12O56 _} Wells-Dawson peroxo structure 146 _{K12Nb6P2W12O62 _ _ _ _} Wells-Dawson structure ff . 147 _{a2 - K10P2W17O61 _ _} " 148 K ₆ Fe(III)Nb ₃ P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₆₂ " 149 _{K7Zn ( II ) Nb3P2W15O62} " 150 (NH ₄ ) ₆ (aP ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ).nH ₂ O " 151 K ₁₂ [H ₂ P ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₈ ].24H ₂ O " 152 _{K2Na15H5 [ PtMo6O24 ] .8H2O _} " 153 K ₈ [a ₂ -P ₂ W ₁₇ MoO ₆₂ ].nH ₂ O " 154 _{KHP 2V3W15O62.34H2O _ _ _} " 155 K ₆ [P ₂ W ₁₂ Nb ₆ O ₆₂ ].24H ₂ O " 156 _Na6 [ _{V10O28 ] .H2O} " 157 (guanidinium) ₈ H[PV ₁₄ O ₆₂ ].3H ₂ O " 158 K8H[PV14O62] " 159 Na ₇ [MnV ₁₃ O ₃₈ ].18H ₂ O " 160 K ₆ [BW ₁₁ O ₃₉ Ga(OH) ₂ ].13H ₂ O " 161 _K7H [ _{Nb6O19 ] .13H2O} " 162 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ /Na ⁺ /K ⁺ ] ₄ [Nb ₂ W ₄ O ₁₉ ] " 163 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₉ [P ₂ W ₁₅ Nb ₃ O ₆₂ ] " 164 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₁₅ [HP ₄ W ₃₀ Nb ₆ O ₁₂₃ ].16H ₂ O " 165 [Na/K] ₆ [Nb ₄ W ₂ O ₁₉ ] " 166 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ /Na ⁺ /K ⁺ ]5[ _Nb3W3O19] .6H ₂ O " 167 K ₅ [CpTiSiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ].12H ₂ O " 169 b ₂ -K ₈ [SiW _n O ₃₉ ].14H ₂ O " 170 aK ₈ [SiW ₁₀ O ₃₆ ].12H ₂ O " 171 Cs ₇ Na ₂ [PW ₁₀ O ₃₇ ].8H ₂ O " 172 CS ₆ [P ₂ W ₅ O ₂₃ ].7.5H ₂ O " 173 g-Cs ₇ [PW ₁₀ O ₃₆ ].7H ₂ O " 174 K ₅ [SiNbW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ].7H ₂ O " 175 K ₄ [PNbW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ].12H ₂ O " 176 _{Na6 [ Nb4W2O19 ] .13H2O} " 177 _{K6 [ Nb4W2O19 ] .7H2O} " 180 _{K4 [ V2W4O19 ] .3.5H2O} " 181 _{Na5 [ V3W3O19 ] .12H2O} " 182 K ₈ [PV ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ].14H ₂ O " 183 Na ₉ [Ab-GeW ₉ O ₃₄ ].8H ₂ O " 184 Na ₁₀ [Aa-GeW ₉ O ₃₄ ].9H ₂ O " 185 K ₇ [BV ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ ].6H ₂ O " 186 Na ₅ [CH ₃ Sn(Nb ₆ O ₁₉ )].10H ₂ O " 187 Na ₈ [Pt(P(m-SO ₃ C ₆ H ₅ ) ₃ ) ₃ Cl].3H ₂ O " 188 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₁₀ (H)[Si(H) ₃ W ₁₈ O ₆₈ ].10H ₂ O " 189 K ₇ [Aa-GeNb ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ].18H ₂ O " 190 K ₇ [Ab-SiNb ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ].20H ₂ O " To need [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₉ [Aa-HGe ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₈ " 191 192 K ₇ (H)[Aa-Ge ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ].18H ₂ O " 193 K ₈ [Ab-Si ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ] " 194 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₈ [AB-Si ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ] "
a) cf. U.S. 6,020,369 , TABLE 1, columns 3 to 10;
b) Tierui Zhang, Shaoquin Liu, Dirk G. Kurth, and Charl FJ Faul, >>Organized Nanostructured Complexes of Polyoxometalates and Surfactants that Exhibit Photoluminescence and Electrochromism, Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19, pp. 642–652;
n A number, in particular an integer, from 1 to 50.

Further examples of suitable POM are from the American patent U.S. 7,097,858 B2 , column 14, line 56, to column 17, line 19, and from TABLE 8a, column 22, line 41, to column 23, line 28, compounds number 1-53, and TABLE 8b, column 23, line 30 to column 25, line 34, compounds number 1 to 150.

Other preferred POMs are those of J.T.Rhule, CL Hill and DA Judd in the article >>Polyoxometalates in Medicine<< in Chemical Reviews, Volume 98, pages 327 to 357, in Table 1 >>In Vitro Antiviral Activities of Polyoxometalates«, Pages 332 to 347, and in Table 2 >>In Vivo Activities of Polyoxometalates<<, page 351, listed polyoxometalates that have been tested for their antiviral activity.

POMs with a Keggin structure, double Keggin structure and Wells-Dawson structure are preferably used.

• - Ammoniumheptamolybdat-Tetrahydrat {(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄] · 4H₂O, CAS-Nr.13106-76-8 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 12054-85-2 (Tetrahydrat), AHMT},
• - Wolframatophosphorsäure-Hydrat {H₃[P(W₃O₁₀)₄] · xH₂O, CAS-Nr. 1343-93-7 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 12067-99-1 (Hydrat), Wo-Pho},
• - Molybdatophosphorsäure-Hydrat, {H₃P(MO₃O₁₀)₄] · xH2O, CAS-Nr.:12026-57-2 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 51429-74-4 (Hydrat), Mo-Pho} und/oder
• - Wolframatokieselsäure {H₄[Si(W₃O₁₀)₄] · xH₂O, CAS-Nr. 12027-43-9, CAS-Nr. WKS}

und/oder ihre Salze verwendet.are most particularly preferred

• - Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate {(NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ ] 4H ₂ O, CAS no.13106-76-8 (anhydrous), CAS no. 12054-85-2 (tetrahydrate), AHMT},
• - Tungstophosphoric acid hydrate {H ₃ [P(W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] xH ₂ O, CAS no. 1343-93-7 (anhydrous), CAS no. 12067-99-1 (hydrate), Wo-Pho},
• - Molybdophosphoric acid hydrate, {H ₃ P(MO ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] xH2O, CAS no.: 12026-57-2 (anhydrous), CAS no. 51429-74-4 (hydrate), Mo-Pho} and/or
• - tungstosilicic acid {H ₄ [Si(W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] xH ₂ O, CAS no. 12027-43-9, CAS no. WCS}

and/or their salts are used.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, a POM-chitosan composite is used.

The POM microparticles described above are unmodified, oxygen-substituted, functionalized, aggregated, and/or agglomerated. For example, they can be functionalized and agglomerated. However, they can also be non-functionalized and aggregated.

The POM microparticles to be used according to the invention can be produced with the aid of customary and known wet-chemical processes such as precipitation processes. However, it is also possible to dissolve the POM in water and spray the resulting solution against a stream of warm air. It is also possible to evaporate the solution in vacuo by irradiating it with IR radiation. It is also possible to apply solutions, in particular aqueous solutions, of POM to cold surfaces such as deep-frozen, smooth metal surfaces, dry ice, deep-frozen organic solvents and liquefied gases such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, methylcyclohexane or petrol, liquid nitrogen or liquid helium to spray and to vaporize the dry ice or liquid substances.

Other suitable bactericides and/or virucides are ionic liquids. They consist exclusively of ions (cations and anions). They can consist of organic cations and organic or inorganic anions or of inorganic cations and organic anions.

In principle, ionic liquids are molten salts with a low melting point. Not only those salt compounds which are liquid at ambient temperature are included, but also all salt compounds which preferably melt below 150.degree. C., preferably below 130.degree. C. and in particular below 100.degree. In contrast to conventional inorganic salts such as table salt (melting point 808°C), the lattice energy and symmetry of ionic liquids are reduced due to charge delocalization, which can lead to freezing points down to -80°C and below. Due to the numerous possible combinations of anions and cations, ionic liquids with very different properties can be produced (see also Römpp Online 2007, >>ionic liquids<<).

Suitable organic cations are all cations that are customarily used in ionic liquids. The onium compounds are preferably non-cyclic or heterocyclic.

Preferred are non-cyclic and heterocyclic onium compounds from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium, oxonium, sulfonium and phosphonium cations and uronium, thiouronium and guanidinium cations in which the single positive charge is delocalized over several heteroatoms, used.

Particular preference is given to using quaternary ammonium cations and very particular preference to using heterocyclic quaternary ammonium cations.

In particular, the heterocyclic quaternary ammonium cations are selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, 1H-pyrazolium, 3H-pyrazolium, 4H-pyrazolium, 1-pyrazolinium, 2-pyrazolinium, 3-pyrazolinium, 2,3-dihydro-imidazolinium, 4,5-dihydro-imidazolinium, 2,5-dihydro-imidazolinium, pyrrolidinium, 1,2,4-triazolium (quaternary nitrogen atom in 1-position), 1,2 ,4-Triazolium (4-position quaternary nitrogen), 1,2,3-Triazolium (1-position quaternary nitrogen), 1,2,3-Triazolium (4-position quaternary nitrogen), oxazolium- , isooxazolium, thiazolium, isothiazolium, pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, piperidinium, morpholinium, pyrazinium, indolium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, quinoxalinium and indolinium cations.

• - DE 10 2005 055 815 A , Seite 6, Absatz [0033], bis Seite 15, Absatz [0074],
• - DE 10 2005 035 103 A1 , Seite 3, Absatz [0014], bis Seite 10, Absatz [0051], und
• - DE 103 25 050 A1 , der die Seiten 2 und 3 übergreifende Absatz [0006] in Verbindung mit Seite 3, Absatz [0011], bis Seite 5, Absatz [0020],
• - WO 03/029329 A2 , Seite 4, letzter Absatz, bis Seite 8, zweiter Absatz,
• - WO 2004/052340 A1 , Seite 8, erster Absatz, bis Seite 10, erster Absatz,
• - WO 2004/084627 A2 , Seite 14, zweiter Absatz, bis Seite 16, erster Absatz, und Seite 17, erster Absatz, bis Seite 19, zweiter Absatz,
• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Seite 11, Zeile 20, bis Seite 12, Zeile 19,
• - WO 2005/017001 A1 , Seite 7, letzter Absatz, bis Seite 9, viertletzter Absatz,
• - WO 2005/023873 A1 , Seite 9, Zeile 7, bis Seite 10, Zeile 20,
• - WO 2006/116126 A2 , Seite 4, Zeile 1, bis Seite 5, Zeile 24,
• - WO 2007/057253 A2 , Seite 4, Zeile 24, bis Seite 18, Zeile 38,
• - WO 2007/085624 A1 , Seite 14, Zeile 27, bis Seite 18, Zeile 11, und
• - US 2007/0006774 A1 Seite 17, Absatz [0157], bis Seite 19, Absatz [0167],

im Detail beschrieben werden. Auf die aufgeführten Passagen der Patentanmeldungen wird zu Zwecken der näheren Erläuterung der vorliegenden Erfindung ausdrücklich Bezug genommen.The organic cations described above are species known per se, for example in the German and international patent applications and in the American patent application

• - DE 10 2005 055 815 A , page 6, paragraph [0033], to page 15, paragraph [0074],
• - DE 10 2005 035 103 A1 , page 3, paragraph [0014], to page 10, paragraph [0051], and
• - DE 103 25 050 A1 , paragraph [0006] covering pages 2 and 3 in connection with page 3, paragraph [0011], to page 5, paragraph [0020],
• - WO 03/029329 A2 , page 4, last paragraph, to page 8, second paragraph,
• - WO 2004/052340 A1 , page 8, first paragraph, to page 10, first paragraph,
• - WO 2004/084627 A2 , page 14, second paragraph, to page 16, first paragraph, and page 17, first paragraph, to page 19, second paragraph,
• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , page 11, line 20, to page 12, line 19,
• - WO 2005/017001 A1 , page 7, last paragraph, to page 9, fourth last paragraph,
• - WO 2005/023873 A1 , page 9, line 7, to page 10, line 20,
• - WO 2006/116126 A2 , page 4, line 1, to page 5, line 24,
• - WO 2007/057253 A2 , page 4, line 24, to page 18, line 38,
• - WO 2007/085624 A1 , page 14, line 27, to page 18, line 11, and
• - US 2007/0006774 A1 Page 17, paragraph [0157], to page 19, paragraph [0167],

be described in detail. Express reference is made to the passages of the patent applications listed for the purpose of explaining the present invention in more detail.

Of the organic cations described above, imidazolium cations, in particular the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (EMIM) or the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMIM), in which the quaternary nitrogen is in the 1st -position is used.

Suitable inorganic cations are all cations which do not form crystalline salts whose melting point is above 150° C. with the organic anions of the ionic liquids (C). Examples of suitable inorganic cations are the lanthanide cations.

Suitable inorganic anions are basically all anions which do not form crystalline salts with the organic cations of the ionic liquids (C) and whose melting point is above 150°C, and which also do not enter into any undesirable interactions with the organic cations, such as chemical reactions.

The inorganic anions are preferably selected from the group consisting of halide, pseudohalide, sulfide, halometallate, cyanometallate, carbonylmetallate, haloborate, halophosphate, haloarsenate and haloantimonate anions and the anions of the oxygen acids of the halides, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, boron and transition metals.

Fluoride, chloride, bromide and/or iodide ions are preferred as halide anions, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate and/or azide anions as pseudohalide anions, sulfide, hydrogensulfide, polysulfide and/or hydrogenpolysulfide anions as sulfide anions, Chlorine and/or bromoaluminates and/or ferrates as halometallate anions, hexacyanoferrate(II) and/or -(III) anions as cyanometallate anions, tetracarbonylferrate anions as carbonylmetallate anions, tetrachloro and/or tetrafluoroborate anions as haloborate anions, halophosphate, haloarsenate anions and haloantimonate anions hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexachloroantimonate and/or hexafluoroantimonate anions and as anions of the oxygen acids of the halides, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, boron and the transition metals chlorate, perchlorate, bromate , iodate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, thiosulfate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphinate, pho sphonate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, glyoxylate, oxalate, deltaate, squarate, croconate, rhodozonate, silicate, borate, chromate, peroxometallate and/or Permanganate anions used.

The POM anions listed above are particularly preferably used.

In the same way, suitable organic anions are basically all anions which do not form crystalline salts with the organic or inorganic cations of the ionic liquids, whose melting point is above 150° C. and which also have no undesirable interactions with the organic or inorganic cations how chemical reactions occur.

The organic anions of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic acids are preferably derived from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, acidic sulfate esters, phosphonic acids, phosphinic acids, acidic phosphate esters, hypodiphosphinic acids, hypodiphosphonic acids, hypodiphosphonic acids, acidic boric acid esters, boric acids, acidic silicic acid esters and acidic silanes, or they are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic thiolate, alcoholate, phenolate, methide, bis(carbonyl)imide, bis(sulfonyl)imide and carbonylsulfonylimide anions.

• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Seite 7, Seite 14, bis Seite 11, Seite 6, und
• - WO 2007/057235 A2 , Seite 19, Zeile 5, bis Seite 23, Seite 23,

bekannt.Examples of suitable inorganic and organic anions are from the international patent applications

• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , page 7, page 14, to page 11, page 6, and
• - WO 2007/057235 A2 , page 19, line 5, to page 23, page 23,

famous.

In particular, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM Ac) and tetra-(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium)tungstate silicate are used as the ionic liquid.

Materials that are only poorly soluble in water are preferably used as particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or biocidal materials, so that the materials are not attacked by aerosols. In addition, they should not be highly toxic or carcinogenic to humans or animals and should be safe to handle and dispose of.

Examples of suitable particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or biocidal materials are boric acid, boron oxide, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, copper hydroxide, basic copper carbonate, granulated copper, copper flakes, dicopper oxide, copper oxide, copper thiocyanate, silver, silver chloride, silver bromide, calcium carbonate, hydrated lime, lime , calcium magnesium oxide tetrahydrate, calcium magnesium oxide and/or titanium dioxide.

The bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings on the carrier materials described above, containing the biocides described above, are preferably produced from liquid or pulverulent coating materials. Water-based coating materials or those based on organic solvents are used. The liquid coating materials can contain dissolved substances in molecularly disperse form, or they can preferably be dispersions.

The powdered coating materials are applied with the help of customary and known processes such as electrostatic spraying, fluidized bed coating and coil coating processes and subsequent melting. It is advantageous if the substrates are thermally stable, so that they are not damaged by heating. It is a further advantage of powder coating that the solid biocides and/or virucides described above can be sprayed simultaneously with the powders. As a result, the microparticles are concentrated at the surface of the powder coating, where they firmly adhere to the curing coating, making them available for the elimination of bacteria and viruses.

The liquid coating compositions or coating materials can be applied using customary and known coating methods such as dipping methods, spraying methods, in particular compressed air spraying, airless spraying, air-mix spraying, brushing, hot spraying, curtain pouring, knife coating, two-component coating, electrostatic spraying, electrostatically assisted spraying, roller application, wiping, pouring , troweling, strip coating, centrifugation and drum coating.

The solid biocides described above can be dispersed as solid microparticles in the liquid coating materials. However, it is advantageous if some or all of the microparticles are applied to the coated substrate before the liquid coating materials harden. This creates easily accessible virucidal and/or bactericidal centers which can also serve as spacers and thus prevent the coated carrier materials from sticking together.

In the case of thermoplastic powder coating materials, the applied coating materials are physically cured. That is, they solidify on cooling.

Depending on which reactive functional groups are present in the coating materials, the latter are cured thermally or by free-radical polymerization, which is set in motion by actinic radiation or by free-radical initiators. However, both mechanisms can also be combined in one coating material. One speaks then of "Dual Cure". Table 3 gives an overview of suitable functional groups for the crosslinking reactions. Table 3: Examples of complementary reactive functional groups for thermal curing and radiation curing binder and crosslinking agent or crosslinking agent and binder -SH -C(O)-OH -OH -C(O)-OC(O)- -NH-C(O)-OR ¹ _-CH2 -OH _-CH2 -O- _CH3 -NH-C(O)-CH(-C(O)OR ¹ ) ₂ -NH-C(O)-CH(-C(O)OR1 )(-C(O) ^{-R1 )} >Si(OR ¹ ) ₂ -C(O)-OH O-CH-CH ₂ -OC(O) ^-CR5 = ^CH5 -OH -O-CR=CH ₂ -C(O)-CH ₂ -C(O)-R ¹ -O-CR=CH ₂ -CH= _CH2 -CR= _CH2 -CH= _CH2

In a preferred process for coating the particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials described above, a system is used which includes automatic feeding of the particulate carrier materials onto an endless belt with a vibrating section, which is guided over at least two transport rollers. The supplied particulate carrier materials are vibrated and sprayed in a first station with at least one of the liquid coating materials described below. The shaking ensures that the substrates are coated as evenly as possible. Before the coating materials are cured, they are sprayed with microparticles of at least one type of biocide while being shaken in a second station, so that the microparticles are evenly distributed on and in the coating materials and remain sticky. In a third station, the coating materials are cured - also with shaking - thermally in a continuous oven, with IR radiators and/or with UV radiation, so that the biocidal coating forms on the carrier materials. The shaking prevents the particles from sticking together and the hardened coating materials from forming firmly adhering films on the endless belt. If this does happen to a certain extent, the particles are separated in a third station and then discharged into a storage vessel. The residues of cured coating materials adhering to the endless belt are scraped off with squeegees after the endless belt has been deflected.

The coating compositions or coating materials can be divided into groups on the basis of their binders.

Coating materials based on oils

These coatings contain natural, drying oils that undergo auto-oxidative polymerization in the presence of catalysts and atmospheric oxygen. Chemically modified oxidative drying oils such as polyurethane oils or low molecular weight polybutadiene oils can also be used.

Coating materials based on cellulose

Nitrocellulose paints usually contain additional resins and solvents to improve their performance properties. Other coating materials based on cellulose contain organic cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate or cellulose acetate propionate.

Rubber-based coating materials

These coating materials based on chlorinated rubber, chlorinated rubber-alkyd resin combinations and chlorinated rubber-acrylic resin combinations are resistant to water, which can be of advantage for the present invention in special applications.

Coating materials based on vinyl resins

These coating materials contain polyolefins and polyolefin derivatives such as polyethylene and polyisobutene. Ethylene copolymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers or ethylene maleic anhydride copolymers are water soluble and can form salts. Chlorosulfonated polyethylenes have a very high chemical resistance, especially against oxidizing agents.

Coating materials based on polyvinyl halides and vinyl halide copolymers

Coating materials containing polyvinyl chloride and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride have advantageous mechanical properties and high abrasion resistance. Coating materials with vinylidene chloride copolymers have numerous technical applications. Important examples of copolymers without additional functional groups are vinyl acetate, dibutyl maleate or isobutyl vinyl ether copolymers. Terpolymers with carboxyl groups are made with dibutyl maleate or vinyl acetate and a dicarboxylic acid. Copolymers and terpolymers with hydroxyl groups are obtained with hydroxyacrylates or with vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol. Vinylidene chloride copolymers with acrylonitrile or acrylic resins have excellent chemical resistance and are primarily used as films for food packaging. Polyvinylidene difluoride is a thermoplastic fluoropolymer and can therefore be used for powder coatings. Further examples of fluoropolymers for coating materials are cyclic perfluorinated polymers. Crosslinkable perfluorinated polymers contain epoxy groups, ether groups, hydroxyl groups or carboxyl groups as crosslinking functional groups.

Coating materials based on vinyl ester polymers and copolymers

Coating materials based on vinyl acetate polymers and vinyl acetate copolymers with vinyl laurate, dibutyl maleate or crotonic acid have particularly high lightfastness and strong adhesion to metals. Polyvinyl alcohol is commonly produced by the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. It has a high water solubility and is resistant to oils and fats, lubricants and waxes. Polyvinyl acetals such as polyvinyl formal and polyvinyl butyral are made by reacting polyvinyl acetate with aldehydes. They can be viewed as terpolymers of vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol and vinyl acetal. They are physically crosslinkable, but can also be chemically crosslinked through hydroxyl groups.

Coating materials based on vinyl ether polymers

Vinyl ether polymers are made from methyl vinyl ether or isobutyl vinyl ether and are often used as plasticizing resins in coatings.

polystyrene and styrene copolymers

Because of their high glass transition temperature, polystyrene dispersions do not form films at room temperature. However, the hardness of polystyrene can be adapted to the specific application of the coating material over a wide temperature range by copolymerization with soft monomers such as butadiene and acrylate ester.

Coating materials based on acrylates

Polyacrylates are only slightly attacked by chemicals and therefore give the coating materials a high level of resistance. They are colourless, transparent and do not yellow even after prolonged thermal stress. They do not absorb radiation above 300 nm and are therefore not degraded by UV radiation as long as they do not contain styrene or similar aromatic compounds. They have no unstable double bonds, but have a high, lasting gloss and are hydrolytically stable. Depending on their lateral functional groups, they can be crosslinked in a variety of ways (see Table 3).

alkyd coating materials

Alkyd resin binders contain oils/fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids (mainly phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride) and polyalcohols. They are classified as short oil, medium oil or long oil resins. They are modified with natural fatty acids or oils. For special technical applications, the alkyd resins are additionally modified with resin acids, benzoic acid, styrene, vinyl toluene, isocyanates, acrylates, epoxides and silicone compounds.

Coating materials based on saturated polyesters

Saturated polyesters are made by the polycondensation of polycarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid and polyalcohols such as ethylene glycol. Polyesters containing hydroxyl groups can be crosslinked with melamine resins, benzoguanamine resins and blocked isocyanates. Saturated polyesters containing carboxyl groups can be crosslinked with triglycidyl isocyanurate or epoxy resins. Saturated polyesters containing lateral acrylate groups can be cured by UV radiation and electron beams.

Coating materials based on unsaturated polyesters

Unsaturated polyester resins or UP resins are soluble linear polycondensation products made by the reaction of commonly unsaturated polybasic carboxylic acids such as maleic acid or fumaric acid and dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol. Curing is initiated by peroxide or C-C radical initiators. However, they can also be cured by UV radiation in the presence of photoinitiators.

Coating materials based on polyurethanes

Polyurethanes are binders with urethane, urea, biuret, or allophanate groups as linking groups. The coating materials contain low-molecular, oligomeric or polymeric components that can be crosslinked with blocked polyisocyanates in one-component systems and with free polyisocyanates in two-component systems. The cured coatings have high chemical resistance and excellent light and weather stability.

Coating materials based on epoxy resins

There are different types of epoxy resins such as bisphenol A resins, bisphenol F resins, epoxy novolacs, aliphatic epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, glycidyl esters and heterocyclic epoxy compounds. They can be crosslinked with amines, polyesters, phenolic resins, amino resins or polyisocyanates. In addition, they can be chemically modified so that epoxy resin esters and epoxy resin (meth)acrylic acid esters result.

Coating materials based on urea, benzoguanamine and melamine resins

Alkylated urea, benzoguanamine, glycoluril, toluenesulfonamide and melamine formaldehyde resins are a versatile group of crosslinking agents for hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl containing polymers. They are used in both waterborne and solventborne coatings.

Coating materials based on phenolic resins

Phenolic resins are polycondensation products of phenols and formaldehyde and are self-crosslinking in the presence of bases or basic salts. Phenolic resins are pale yellow to dark brown in color and are therefore not suitable for color applications. Because they form hard and brittle films, they must be mixed with other resins such as epoxy resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, or polyester resins.

Coating materials based on silicone resins and organic-inorganic hybrid resins

Polysiloxane or silicone resins for coating purposes are prepared from mixtures of di- or trifunctional organosilane monomers such as phenyl- and methyltriethoxysilane, methylphenyldichlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane by controlled hydrolysis and condensation. However, pure silicone resins are often too soft and too thermoplastic for coating purposes. Therefore, they are mixed with common and well-known resins such as alkyd resins, acrylic resins, epoxy resins and phenolic resins.

A particularly well suited group of silicone resins are hybrids of siloxane-polyurethane and siloxane-epoxy or siloxane-acrylate and sol-gel polymers.

The sol-gel hybrid polymers are prepared by the polycondensation of siloxanes containing hydrolyzable groups and the organic moieties described below.

The essential component of the hybrid dispersions are surface-modified, cationically stabilized, inorganic nanoparticles of at least one type, in particular one type.

The nanoparticles to be modified are preferably selected from the group consisting of main and subgroup metals and their compounds. The main and subgroup metals are preferably selected from metals of the third to fifth main group, the third to sixth and the first and second subgroup of the periodic table of the elements, and the lanthanides. Boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, tin, arsenic, antimony, silver, zinc, Titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and cerium, in particular aluminum, silicon, silver, cerium, titanium and zirconium, are used.

The compounds of the metals are preferably the oxides, oxide hydrates, sulfates or phosphates.

Silver, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide hydrate, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide and mixtures thereof are preferably used, particularly preferably silver, cerium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide hydrate and mixtures thereof, very particularly preferably aluminum oxide hydrate and in particular boehmite.

The nanoparticles to be modified preferably have a primary particle size <50 nm, preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, in particular 10 nm to 30 nm.

The nanoparticles or their surface are with at least one compound of the general formula XIV: [(S-) _o -L-] _m M(R) _n (H) p (XIV), modified.

S

reaktive funktionelle Gruppe;

L

mindestens zweibindige organische verknüpfende Gruppe;

H

hydrolysierbare einbindige Gruppe oder hydrolysierbares Atom;

M

zwei- bis sechswertiges Hauptgruppen- und Nebengruppen-Metall;

R

einbindiger organischer Rest;

o

eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 5, insbesondere 1;

m + n + p

eine ganze Zahl von 2 bis 6, insbesondere 3 oder 4;

p

eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 6, insbesondere 1 bis 4;

m und n

Null oder eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 5, vorzugsweise 1 bis 3, insbesondere 1, speziell m = 1 und n = 0.

In the general formula XIV, the indices and the variables have the following meaning:

S

reactive functional group;

L

at least divalent organic linking group;

H

hydrolyzable monovalent group or atom;

M

divalent to hexavalent main group and subgroup metal;

R

monovalent organic radical;

O

an integer from 1 to 5, especially 1;

m + n + p

an integer from 2 to 6, especially 3 or 4;

p

an integer from 1 to 6, especially 1 to 4;

m and n

Zero or an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, in particular 1, especially m = 1 and n = 0.

The modification can be carried out by physical adsorption of the compounds XIV on the surface of the unmodified nanoparticles and/or by chemical reaction of the compounds XIV with suitable reactive functional groups on the surface of the unmodified nanoparticles. The modification preferably takes place via chemical reactions.

Examples of suitable metals M are those described above.

Preferably, the reactive functional group S is selected from the group consisting of (S 1) reactive functional groups containing at least one bond which can be activated with actinic radiation, and (S 2) reactive functional groups which are linked to groups of their own kind (“with themselves “) and/or undergo thermally initiated reactions with complementary reactive functional groups. Examples of suitable reactive functional groups (S 2) are the groups described above, in particular epoxide groups.

In the context of the present invention, a bond which can be activated with actinic radiation is understood as meaning a bond which becomes reactive when irradiated with actinic radiation and undergoes polymerization reactions and/or crosslinking reactions with other activated bonds of its type, which proceed according to free-radical and/or ionic mechanisms. Examples of suitable bonds are carbon-hydrogen single bonds or carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-phosphorus or carbon-silicon single bonds or double bonds. Of these, the carbon-carbon double bonds are particularly advantageous and are therefore used in accordance with the invention very particularly preferably used. For the sake of brevity, they are hereinafter referred to as “double bonds”.

Accordingly, the reactive group (S1) preferred according to the invention contains one double bond or two, three or four double bonds. If more than one double bond is used, the double bonds can be conjugated. According to the invention, however, it is advantageous if the double bonds are isolated, in particular each terminally, in the group (S1) in question here. According to the invention, it is of particular advantage to use two double bonds, in particular one double bond.

The bonds that can be activated with actinic radiation can be via carbon-carbon bonds or ether, thioether, carboxylic acid ester, thiocarboxylic acid ester, carbonate, thiocarbonate, phosphoric acid ester, thiophosphoric acid ester, phosphonic acid ester, thiophosphonic acid ester, phosphite, thiophosphite, sulfonic acid ester , amide, amine, thioamide, phosphoric acid amide, thiophosphoric acid amide, phosphonic acid amide, thiophosphonic acid amide, sulfonic acid amide, imide, urethane, hydrazide, urea, thiourea, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, sulfone or sulfoxide groups , but in particular via carbon-carbon bonds, carboxylic acid ester groups and ether groups, be connected to the linking group L.

Particularly preferred reactive functional groups (S1) are therefore (meth)acrylate, ethacrylate, crotonate, cinnamate, vinyl ether, vinyl ester, dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl groups; Dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl ether groups or dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl ester groups, but especially methacrylate groups (S 1).

The variable H represents a hydrolyzable monovalent group or a hydrolyzable atom.

Examples of suitable hydrolyzable atoms are hydrogen and halogen, especially chlorine and bromine.

Preferably the hydrolyzable monovalent groups are used. Examples of suitable groups of this type are groups of the general formula XV: -XR (XV).

In the general formula XV, the variable X represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom and/or a group >NR ² , in which R ² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl and n-butyl. Preferably X is an oxygen atom.

R represents a monovalent organic radical. The monovalent radical R can be substituted or unsubstituted; preferably it is unsubstituted. It can be aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic. A monovalent radical R is considered to be aromatic if X is linked directly to the aromatic radical. This rule applies analogously to aliphatic and cycloaliphatic radicals. Linear or branched, in particular linear, aliphatic radicals are preferably used. Lower aliphatic radicals are preferred. Of these, the methyl group or the ethyl group is most preferably used.

The variable L represents an at least divalent, especially divalent, organic linking group.

1. (1) substituierte oder unsubstituierte, bevorzugt unsubstituierte, lineare oder verzweigte, vorzugsweise lineare, Alkandiyl-Reste mit 3 bis 30, bevorzugt 3 bis 20 und insbesondere 3 Kohlenstoffatomen, die innerhalb der Kohlenstoffkette auch cyclische Gruppen enthalten können, insbesondere Trimethylen, Tetramethylen, Pentamethylen, Hexamethylen, Heptamethylen, Octamethylen, Nonan-1,9-diyl, Decan-1,10-diyl, Undecan-1,11-diyl Dodecan-1,12-diyl, Tridecan-1,13-diyl, Tetradecan-1,14-diyl, Pentadecan-1,15-diyl, Hexadecan-1,16-diyl, Heptadecan-1,17-diyl, Octadecan-1,18-diyl, Nonadecan-1,19-diyl oder Eicosan-1,20-diyl, bevorzugt Tetramethylen, Pentamethylen, Hexamethylen, Heptamethylen, Octamethylen, Nonan-1,9-diyl, Decan-1,10-diyl, 2-Heptyl-1-pentyl-cyclohexan-3,4-bis(non-9-yl), Cyclohexan-1,2-, -1,4- oder -1,3-bis(methyl), Cyclohexan-1,2-, 1,4- oder 1,3-bis(eth-2-yl), Cyclohexan-1,3-bis(prop-3-yl) oder Cyclohexan-1,2-, 1,4- oder 1,3-bis(but-4-yl);
2. (2) substituierte oder unsubstituierte, bevorzugt unsubstituierte, lineare oder verzweigte, vorzugsweise lineare, Oxalkandiyl-Reste mit 3 bis 30, bevorzugt 3 bis 20 und insbesondere 3 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen, die innerhalb der Kohlenstoffkette auch cyclische Gruppen enthalten können, insbesondere Oxapropan-1,4-diyl, Oxabutan-1,5-diyl, Oxapentan-1,5-diyl, Oxahexan-1,7-diyl oder2-Oxapentan-1,5-diyl;
3. (3) zweiwertige Polyesterreste mit wiederkehrenden Polyesteranteilen der allgemeinen Formel XV: -(-CO-(CHR³)_r-CH₂-O-)- (XVI). Hierbei ist der Index r bevorzugt 4 bis 6 und der Substitutent R³ = Wasserstoff, ein Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- oder Alkoxy-Rest. Kein Substituent enthält mehr als 12 Kohlenstoffatome;
4. (4) lineare Polyetherreste, vorzugsweise mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht von 400 bis 5.000, insbesondere von 400 bis 3.000, die sich von Poly(oxyethylen)glykolen, Poly(oxypropylen)glykolen und Poly(oxybutylen)glykolen ableiten;
5. (5) lineare Siloxanreste, wie sie beispielsweise in Siliconkautschuken vorliegen, hydrierte Polybutadien- oder Polyisoprenreste, statistische oder alternierende Butadien-Isopren-Copolymerisatreste oder Butadien-Isopren-Pfropfmischpolymerisatreste, die noch Styrol einpolymerisiert enthalten können, sowie Ethylen-Propylen-Dienreste;
6. (6) Phen-1,4-, -1,3- oder -1,2-ylen, Naphth-1,4-, -1,3-, -1,2-, -1,5- oder -2,5-ylen, Propan-2,2-di(phen-4'-yl), Methan-di(phen-4'-yl), Diphenyl-4,4'-diyl oder 2,4- oder 2,6-Toluylen; oder
7. (7) Cycloalkandiyl-Reste mit 4 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen, wie Cyclobutan-1,3-diyl, Cyclopentan-1,3-diyl, Cyclohexan-1,3- oder -1,4-diyl, Cycloheptan-1,4-diyl, Norbornan-1,4-diyl, Adamantan-1,5-diyl, Decalin-diyl, 3,3,5-Trimethyl-cyclohexan-1,5-diyl, 1-Methylcyclohexan-2,6-diyl, Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4'-diyl, 1,1'-Dicyclohexan-4,4'-diyl oder 1,4-Dicyclohexylhexan-4,4"-diyl, insbesondere 3,3,5-Trimethyl-cyclohexan-1,5-diyl oder Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4'-diyl.

Examples of suitable divalent organic linking groups L are optionally heteroatom-containing, aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aromaticcycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radicals, such as

1. (1) substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, linear or branched, preferably linear, alkanediyl radicals having 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20 and in particular 3 carbon atoms, which can also contain cyclic groups within the carbon chain, in particular trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene , Hexamethylene, Heptamethylene, Octamethylene, Nonane-1,9-diyl, Decane-1,10-diyl, Undecane-1,11-diyl Dodecane-1,12-diyl, Tridecane-1,13-diyl, Tetradecane-1, 14-diyl, pentadecane-1,15-diyl, hexadecane-1,16-diyl, heptadecane-1,17-diyl, octadecane-1,18-diyl, nonadecane-1,19-diyl or eicosane-1,20- diyl, preferably tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, nonane-1,9-diyl, decane-1,10-diyl, 2-heptyl-1-pentylcyclohexane-3,4-bis(non-9-yl ), Cyclohe xane-1,2-, -1,4- or -1,3-bis(methyl), cyclohexane-1,2-, 1,4- or 1,3-bis(eth-2-yl), cyclohexane- 1,3-bis(prop-3-yl) or cyclohexane-1,2-, 1,4- or 1,3-bis(but-4-yl);
2. (2) substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, linear or branched, preferably linear, oxalkandiyl radicals having 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20 and in particular 3 to 6 carbon atoms, which can also contain cyclic groups within the carbon chain, in particular oxapropane-1 ,4-diyl, oxabutane-1,5-diyl, oxapentane-1,5-diyl, oxahexane-1,7-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl;
3. (3) divalent polyester residues with repeating polyester parts of the general formula XV: -(-CO-(CHR ³ ) _r -CH ₂ -O-)- (XVI). Here, the index r is preferably 4 to 6 and the substituent R ³ = hydrogen, an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkoxy radical. No substituent contains more than 12 carbon atoms;
4. (4) linear polyether radicals, preferably having a number average molecular weight of 400 to 5000, more preferably 400 to 3000, derived from poly(oxyethylene) glycols, poly(oxypropylene) glycols and poly(oxybutylene) glycols;
5. (5) linear siloxane radicals, such as those present in silicone rubbers, hydrogenated polybutadiene or polyisoprene radicals, random or alternating butadiene-isoprene copolymer radicals or butadiene-isoprene graft copolymer radicals, which may also contain styrene in copolymerized form, and ethylene-propylene-diene radicals;
6. (6) Phen-1,4-, -1,3- or -1,2-ylene, naphth-1,4-, -1,3-, -1,2-, -1,5- or -2 ,5-ylene, propan-2,2-di(phen-4'-yl), methane-di(phen-4'-yl), diphenyl-4,4'-diyl or 2,4- or 2,6 -tolylene; or
7. (7) Cycloalkanediyl radicals having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, such as cyclobutane-1,3-diyl, cyclopentane-1,3-diyl, cyclohexane-1,3- or -1,4-diyl, cycloheptane-1,4-diyl , Norbornane-1,4-diyl, Adamantane-1,5-diyl, Decalin-diyl, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane-1,5-diyl, 1-Methylcyclohexane-2,6-diyl, Dicyclohexylmethane-4 ,4'-diyl, 1,1'-dicyclohexane-4,4'-diyl or 1,4-dicyclohexylhexane-4,4"-diyl, in particular 3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane-1,5-diyl or Dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diyl.

Particularly preferred are the linking groups L(1) and L(2), most particularly trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, oxapropane-1,4-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl and especially trimethylene, oxapropane-1,4-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl is used.

In the general formula XIV, the variable o is an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 3 and particularly preferably 1 and 2. In particular, o is 1.

The compounds XIV can also be used in complexed form, as is the case, for example, in the international patent application WO 09/52964 , page 8, lines 12-20.

• - internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 99/52964 , Seite 6, Zeile 1, bis Seite 8, Zeile 20,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 197 26 829 A 1, Spalte 2, Zeile 27, bis Spalte 3, Zeilen 38,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 199 10 876 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 35, bis Seite 3, Zeile 12,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 38 28 098 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 27, bis Seite 4, Zeile 43, oder
• - der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0 450 625 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 57, bis 5, Zeile 32,

bekannt.The compounds XIV are customary and known and to a large extent commercially available. Well suited compounds XIV are for example from

• - international patent application WO 99/52964 , page 6, line 1, to page 8, line 20,
• - the German patent application DE 197 26 829 A 1, column 2, line 27, to column 3, lines 38,
• - the German patent application DE 199 10 876 A 1, page 2, line 35, to page 3, line 12,
• - the German patent application DE 38 28 098 A 1, page 2, line 27, to page 4, line 43, or
• - the European patent application EP 0 450 625 A 1, page 2, line 57, to 5, line 32,

famous.

• - 3-Glycidyloxypropytrimethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glyxidyloxypropyldiethoxydimethoxysilan und
• - 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilan.

Preferred hydrolyzable siloxanes or silanes intended for polymerisation or for crosslinking or as starting materials therefor (optionally in the form of precondensates and polycondensates).

• - 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane,
• - 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane,
• - 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane,
• - 3-glyxidyloxypropyldiethoxydimethoxysilane and
• - 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

Other alkoxysilanes which, as such or preferably in combination with the alkoxysilanes listed above, have groups capable of polyaddition or polycondensation are tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetra-n-propoxysilane, tetra-n-butoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, phenylethyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexylmethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, phenylmethyldimethoxysilane, phenylethyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, phenylmethyldiethoxysilane and phenyldimethylethoxysilane.

Furthermore, alkoxides of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, tin, zinc, tungsten, germanium and boron having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in their alkyl radicals can also be used. Suitable representatives of such alkoxides are aluminum sec-butoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium propoxide, titanium butoxide, zirconium isopropoxide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium butoxide, zirconium ethoxide, tantalum ethoxide, tantalum butoxide, niobium ethoxide, niobium butoxide, tin tert-butoxide, tungsten(VI) ethoxide, germanium ethoxide, germanium isopropoxide and di-tert-butoxyaluminum triethoxysilane.

In the case of the particularly reactive alkoxides of titanium, aluminum or zirconium, it is advantageous to use the compounds in complexed form. Examples of suitable complexing agents are unsaturated carboxylic acids and beta-dicarbonyl group compounds such as methacrylic acid, acetylacetone and ethyl acetate.

From a methodological point of view, the modification of the surface of the nanoparticles does not offer any special features, but is carried out according to the usual and known methods, which can be found, for example, in the international patent application WO 99/52964 , page 10, line 22 to page 11, line 17, and examples 1 to 20, page 14, line 10 to page 20, line 24, or from the German patent application DE 197 26 829 A 1, examples 1 to 6, column 5, line 63, to column 8, line 38 are known. Preference is given to using the proportions of compounds XIV to unmodified nanoparticles specified there.

The content of the surface-modified, inorganic nanoparticles in the dispersions can vary widely and depends on the requirements of the individual case. The nanoparticles are preferably present in the dispersions in an amount of 60 to 98% by weight, based on the total amount of the components.

In addition to the resins or binders described above, the coating materials may contain customary and known additives. Preferably, these are reactive diluents that can be cured thermally or by actinic radiation, in particular by UV radiation, low-boiling organic solvents and high-boiling organic solvents, water, UV absorbers, free-radical scavengers, thermolabile free-radical initiators, photoinitiators, catalysts for the thermal crosslinking, deaerating agents, slip additives, polymerization inhibitors, defoamers, wetting agents, dispersants, adhesion promoters, smoothing agents, film-forming aids, anti-sag agents, rheology aids (thickeners), flame retardants, drying agents, anti-skinning agents, corrosion inhibitors, waxes and matting agents.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings are applied to the above-described particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials by spraying on biocidal metals such as copper using electric twin-wire arc spraying. This has the significant advantage that this technology is a mature process and that considerable amounts of expensive biocidal copper or silver can be saved as a result, which also reduces the weight of the device according to the invention.

The contact points in the thermal conduction system and the cold conduction system of the device according to the invention to intensify the thermal conduction preferably contain layers of a thermally conductive paste, in particular a graphite, nanocarbon, silver, diamond or aluminum nitride thermally conductive paste and/or AlN ceramic discs.

At least one rechargeable accumulator is built into the horizontal base of the device according to the invention as a power source for the at least one Peltier element. The at least one battery mulator is inserted into a correspondingly shaped opening and can be removed again. It is connected to an electronic control unit in the horizontal floor to regulate the power output of the at least two Peltier elements.

The electronic control unit is preferably connected via signal lines to a miniature anemometer arranged in the upper opening of the cartridge and to a temperature sensor, as well as to a temperature sensor in the heating chamber. The electronic control unit regulates the air flow through the device according to the invention on the basis of the signals received from the sensors.

The front of the electronic control unit preferably includes a turning knob for switching on and for manual control, a socket for the plug of a charging cable, LEDs for indicating operation and a visual display showing the temperature difference between the temperature sensor in the cartridge opening and the temperature sensor in the boiler room.

Below the air-permeable cartridge base, an automatically or manually switchable axial fan with an electronically controlled electric motor with at least two blades can be attached horizontally as an auxiliary unit to a suspension in the second inner tube. In particular, Pope fans, such as those used to ventilate electronic devices, come into consideration as axial fans. The horizontal axial fan can be integrated into the electronic control system and can be activated when needed to start airflow through the cartridge. If the chimney effect then increases the airflow and keeps it running, the axial fan can be switched off automatically or manually.

The cartridge may also be stabilized by a circumferential, heat-resistant, low thermal conductivity supporting member Ä in the form of a funnel top for air directing. In addition, the cartridge can be stabilized by thermally insulating plugs, preferably made of heat-resistant elastomers, for vibration damping or with lateral horizontal extensions for vibration damping and flow blocking.

The device according to the invention can also stand on a support such as a horizontal plate with a larger cross-section or on sloping or straight legs. Your outside and the standing aids can be decorative, for example painted.

1. (A) Ansaugen von Luft durch mindestens einen Lufteinlass in den Heizraum oberhalb der heißen Seite des mindestens einen Peltier-Elements,
2. (B) Aufheizen der einströmenden Luft,
3. (C) Erzeugen eines Kamineffekts in der Kartusche durch die Kühlung der umlaufenden, wärmeleitfähigen, kühlbaren Kartuschenhalterung der Kartusche mithilfe der kalten Seite des mindestens einen Peltier-Elements und des Kälteleitsystems oder Kühlsystems, wodurch ein Luftstrom durch (i) die mindestens eine Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art eines partikulären, anorganischen, bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichteten, inerten Trägermaterials und/oder durch eine Schüttung aus einem partikulären, anorganischen, bakteriziden und/oder viruziden Material und durch (ii) eine Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art von eines partikulären Absorbens und/Adsorbens und
4. (D) Eliminierung der in dem Luftstrom vorhandenen freien oder an Aerosole gebundenen Bakterien, Viren, Virionen und anderen Noxen durch Kontakt-Eliminierung an dem partikulären, anorganischen, bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichteten, inerten Trägermaterial und/oder an dem partikulären, anorganischen, bakteriziden und/oder viruziden Material und Adsorption und/oder Absorption der durch die Eliminierung erzeugten Zerfallsprodukte und Noxen an und/oder in der mindestens einen Art eines partikulären Adsorbens und/oder Adsorbens.

The method according to the invention for cleaning and disinfecting room air is carried out using the device according to the invention, which is operated by a temperature difference, and comprises at least the following method steps:

1. (A) drawing in air through at least one air inlet into the heating space above the hot side of the at least one Peltier element,
2. (B) heating the incoming air,
3. (C) Creating a chimney effect in the cartridge by cooling the circumferential, heat-conductive, coolable cartridge holder of the cartridge using the cold side of the at least one Peltier element and the cold conduction system or cooling system, whereby an air flow through (i) the at least one bed of at least a type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or by a bed of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and by (ii) a bed of at least one type of particulate absorbent and /Adsorbent and
4. (D) Elimination of the free bacteria, viruses, virions and other noxae present in the air stream or those bound to aerosols by contact elimination on the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or on the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and adsorption and/or absorption of the decomposition products and noxae produced by the elimination on and/or in at least one type of particulate adsorbent and/or adsorbent.

• - eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in einer mit einer Dichtung abgedichteten, geschlossenen Kammer,
• - eine Abzugshaube mit einer Luftableitung für die Abluft,
• - eine Aerosolzuleitung mit einem Gebläse, einem Absperrventil und einer Vernebelungsdüse im Inneren der Kammer zur Erzeugung einer Aerosolwolke,
• - einen Anschluss für gereinigte trockene Luft mit einem Absperrventil und einer Lufteinlassdüse im Inneren der Kammer,
• - einen Sensor für die Partikelzählung durch Laserbeugung in der Luftableitung, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem Partikelmessgerät verbunden ist,
• - einen weiteren Sensor für die Partikelzählung durch Laserbeugung in der Kammer, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem weiteren Partikelmessgerät verbunden ist,
• - einen Sensor für die Strömungsmessung in der Luftableitung, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem Strömungsmessgerät verbunden ist, wobei
• - die Partikelmessgeräte und das Strömungsmessgerät über die Signalleitungen mit der zentralen Datenverarbeitungsanlage zur Verarbeitung der Signale der Messgeräte verbunden sind und wobei
• - die in der Datenverarbeitungsanlage verarbeiteten Signale auf dem Anzeigegerät ausgegeben werden.

The biocidal, in particular bactericidal and virucidal, effect of the device according to the invention can be measured quantitatively and qualitatively using a test device. The test device according to the invention comprises

• - a device according to the invention in a closed chamber sealed with a gasket,
• - an extractor hood with an air duct for the exhaust air,
• - an aerosol supply line with a blower, a shut-off valve and a nebulization nozzle inside the chamber to generate an aerosol cloud,
• - a connector for cleaned dry air with a shut-off valve and an air inlet nozzle inside the chamber,
• - a sensor for particle counting by laser diffraction in the air discharge, which is connected to a particle measuring device with a signal line,
• - another sensor for particle counting by laser diffraction in the chamber, which is connected with a signal line to another particle measuring device,
• - a sensor for flow measurement in the air discharge, which is connected to a signal line with a flow meter, wherein
• - the particle measuring devices and the flow measuring device are connected via the signal lines to the central data processing system for processing the signals from the measuring devices and wherein
• - the signals processed in the data processing system are output on the display device.

• 1 die Draufsicht auf einen mittigen Längsschnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1;
• 2 die Draufsicht auf das Heizsystem mit Peltier-Elementen 2, Wärmeleitungen 2.1.1 und Heizplatte 2.1.2;
• 3 die Draufsicht auf einen Querschnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1 auf der Höhe des umlaufenden Kühlrings 2.4 und
• 4 die frontale Ansicht einer erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1 mit elektronischem Steuergerät 4.

the 1 until 4 serve to illustrate the structure of the device according to the invention and its mode of operation. They are therefore not drawn to scale, but instead emphasize their essential features. They are also to be construed as exemplary only and not limiting. It shows

• 1 the plan view of a central longitudinal section through the inventive device 1;
• 2 the top view of the heating system with Peltier elements 2, heat pipes 2.1.1 and heating plate 2.1.2;
• 3 the top view of a cross section through the device 1 according to the invention at the level of the rotating cooling ring 2.4 and
• 4 the front view of a device 1 according to the invention with an electronic control unit 4.

1

Durch eine Temperaturdifferenz betriebene, mobile Vorrichtung zur Reinigung und Desinfizierung von Raumluft

1.1

Vertikale Außenwand

1.2

Obere Trennstelle

1.3

Untere Trennstelle

1.4

Oberes Ende der Außenwand 1.1

1.5

Obere Öffnung der Vorrichtung 1

1.6

Obere Öffnung der Kartusche 5

1.7

Bodenbereich

1.7.1

Standfläche

1.7.2

Raum für den Einschub des wieder aufladbaren Akkumulators 7 und des elektronischen Steuergeräts 4

1.7.3

Einschubschiene

1.8

Horizontaler Innenboden

1.9

Vertikale Innenwand

2

Peltier-Element

2.1

Heiße Seite des Peltier-Elements

2.1.1

Wärmeleitung

2.1.2

Heizplatte

2.1.3

Heiz- und Luftlenkkegel

2.1.4

Wärmedämmbeschichtung, Wärmedämmfarbe

2.1.5

Thermisch isolierender Pfropfen zur Schwingungsdämpfung oder mit seitlicher horizontaler Verlängerung zur Schwingungsdämpfung und als Strömungssperre

2.1.6

Heizraum

2.2

Kalte Seite des Peltier-Elements

2.3

Wärmeleitpaste, AIN-Keramikplatte

2.4

Kühlring im oberen Bereich der Kartusche 5

3

Lufteinlass

3.1

In den Heizraum 2.1.5 einströmende Luft 3

3.2

Durch die Kartusche 5 aufwärtsströmende Luft, Luftstrom

4

Elektronisches Steuergerät

4.1

Einschalt- und Regelknopf

4.2

Buchse für Ladekabel

4.3

Leuchtdioden

4.4

Anzeige der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen dem Heizraum 2.1.6 und dem Kühlring 2.4

5

Auswechselbare Kartusche

5.1

Kartuschenwand mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit Ä

5.2

Biozide partikuläre Kartuschenfüllung oder luftdurchlässige, biozide Schüttung mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit Ä

5.2.1

Partikuläre, anorganische, bakterizid und viruzid beschichtete, inerte Trägermaterialien

5.2.2

Partikuläre, anorganische, bakterizide und/oder viruzide Materialien

5.3

Luftdurchlässiger Kartuschenboden mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit Ä

5.4

Umlaufende Kartuschenhalterung mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit Ä

5.5

Umlaufendes, wärmebeständiges stützendes Bauteil mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit Ä in der Form eines Trichteroberteils mit Standbeinen 5.5.1 zur Luftlenkung und Stütze der Kartusche 5

5.5.1

Standbeine für 5.5

5.6

Gitterstreben mit hoher Wärmeleitfähigkeit λ

6

Filter

A-B

Lange Achse des Oktagons

C-D

Kurze Achse des Oktagons

In the 1 until 4 the reference symbols have the following meaning:

1

Mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air, operated by a temperature difference

1.1

Vertical outer wall

1.2

Upper separation point

1.3

Lower separation point

1.4

Upper end of the outer wall 1.1

1.5

Upper opening of the device 1

1.6

Top opening of the cartridge 5

1.7

floor area

1.7.1

floor space

1.7.2

Space for inserting the rechargeable battery 7 and the electronic control unit 4

1.7.3

slide-in rail

1.8

Horizontal interior floor

1.9

Vertical interior wall

2

Peltier element

2.1

Hot side of the Peltier element

2.1.1

heat conduction

2.1.2

hotplate

2.1.3

Heating and air deflection cone

2.1.4

Thermal insulation coating, thermal insulation paint

2.1.5

Thermally insulating plug for vibration damping or with lateral horizontal extension for vibration damping and as a flow barrier

2.1.6

boiler room

2.2

Cold side of the Peltier element

2.3

Thermal paste, AIN ceramic plate

2.4

Cooling ring in the upper part of the cartridge 5

3

air intake

3.1

Air flowing into the boiler room 2.1.5 3

3.2

Air flowing up through the cartridge 5, air flow

4

Electronic control unit

4.1

Power and control button

4.2

Socket for charging cable

4.3

light-emitting diodes

4.4

Display of the temperature difference between the heating room 2.1.6 and the cooling ring 2.4

5

Replaceable cartridge

5.1

Cartridge wall with low thermal conductivity Ä

5.2

Biocidal particulate cartridge filling or air-permeable, biocidal bed with low thermal conductivity Ä

5.2.1

Particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials

5.2.2

Particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials

5.3

Air-permeable cartridge base with low thermal conductivity Ä

5.4

Circumferential cartridge holder with low thermal conductivity Ä

5.5

Circumferential, heat-resistant supporting component with low thermal conductivity Ä in the form of a funnel top with legs 5.5.1 for air guidance and support of the cartridge 5

5.5.1

Legs for 5.5

5.6

Lattice struts with high thermal conductivity λ

6

filter

AWAY

Long axis of the octagon

CD

Short axis of the octagon

Detailed description of the figures

Figure 1 in connection with Figures 2 to 4

manufacturing example

The production of bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert, particulate carrier materials 5.2.1 - General regulation

The production of a boehmite sol

2.78 parts by weight of boehmite (Disperal® P 3 from Sasol Germany GmbH) were added to 25 parts by weight of dilute hydrochloric acid (0.1N) and stirred at room temperature until the boehmite was full was always resolved. The colloidal solution was then treated in an ultrasonic bath for 5 minutes. A homogeneous boehmite sol resulted.

The production of a dispersion of a copolymer

1,361.1 parts by weight of deionized water were placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and four feed vessels and heated to 75.degree. At this temperature, three feeds were metered in parallel and simultaneously over a period of 30 minutes. Feed 1 consisted of 24.4 parts by weight of acrylic acid, 44 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate and 3.6 parts by weight of diphenylethylene. Feed 2 consisted of a 25 percent ammonia solution. Feed 3 consisted of a solution of 5.4 parts by weight of ammonium peroxodisulfate in 138.7 parts by weight of deionized water. After the addition, the resulting reaction mixture was polymerized at 75° C. for a further hour and then heated to 90° C. At this temperature, feed 4 was added to the reaction mixture over a period of 4 h. Feed 4 consisted of 191.7 parts by weight of n-butyl methacrylate, 153.4 parts by weight of styrene, 93.3 parts by weight of hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 424.9 parts by weight of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 173.1 parts by weight of ethylhexyl methacrylate and 207.3 parts by weight of a 50 percent solution of tris(alkoxycarbonylamino) triazine (TACT®; crosslinking agent; see Table 3) in n-butanol. The reaction mixture was then polymerized for a further 2 h at 90° C. and then cooled.

The production of an organic-inorganic hybrid polymer dispersion as a coating material or coating agent

To 5.5 parts by weight of the boehmite sol described above was added 3.3 parts by weight of GLYEO. The reaction mixture thus obtained was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. Then 2.2 parts by weight of glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) were added. After stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, 0.55 part by weight of ethyl acetoacetate (EEA) was added, after which the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for a further 2 hours. Then 0.75 part by weight of isopropanol was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, 1.25 parts by weight of the dispersion of the copolymer were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for a further 2 hours.

Coating Procedure 1 - General Rule

• - Als beschichtetes Trägermaterial 5.2.1 wurden bei einer ersten Ausführungsform die Granulate aus unregelmäßig geformten Schaumglasschottern mit einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 2 mm mit der viruziden und bakteriziden Beschichtung dünn beschichtet. Die Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 3,2 Gewichtsteile 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-on, 2,0 Gewichtsteile, 1,0 Gewichtsteile Zinkpyrithion und 2,0 Gewichtsteile (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-yl]-methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol.
• - Bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform wurden die gemahlenen Brocken aus Bimsstein einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 2,5 mm verwendet. Die dünne, biozide und/oder viruzide Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 1,1 Gewichtsteile Mikrokristalle von Cu₂{H₄[Si(W₃O₁₀)₄]} · xH₂O, 1,0 Gewichtsteile Fludioxonil: 4-(2,2-Difluor-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC) und 2,0 Gewichtsteile Octenidin: N,N'-(Decan-1,10-diyldi-1(4H-pyridyl-4-yliden)bis(octylammonium)dichlorid.
• - Bei einer dritten Ausführungsform wurden die Raschigringe aus Glas einer Länge von 1 cm, eines Wandstärke von 2 mm und einer lichten Weite von 1,6 cm verwendet. Die dünne, biozide und/oder viruzide Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 2 Gewichtsteile Diuron: 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff und 3 Gewichtsteile Quaternisiertes Chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., „New method for the quaternization of chitosan“, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Band 8, Ausgabe 2, April, 1986, Seiten 105-107).

The coating system used was protected against electrostatic charges and had an extraction system. The uncoated, particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials 5.2.1 were metered using an automatic feed device onto a smooth endless belt coated with a non-stick layer and having a total length of 42 m and a horizontal vibrating section of 20 m length and guided over at least two transport rollers. The vibrating section had side walls to prevent the uncoated carrier material from falling down. The supplied uncoated carrier materials 5.2.1 were vibrated and sprayed with the liquid coating material in a first station over a length of 8 m at 30 °C, so that a thin, uncured liquid Layer formed on the carrier material, which gradually became sticky through evaporation. The shaking ensured that the carrier materials were coated as evenly as possible and did not stick together. Before the coating material was cured, it was sprayed with microparticles of at least one type of biocide and/or virucide while being shaken in a second station with a length of 5 m, so that the microparticles were evenly distributed on and in the coating material and stuck. In a third station, the now biocidal and/or virucidal coating material was thermally cured—also with shaking—in a 5 m long continuous oven at 110° C., so that the biocidal and/or virucidal coating formed on the carrier material 5.2.1. The shaking prevented the particles 5.2.1 from sticking together and/or sticking to the endless belt. If this did happen to a certain extent, the particles 5.8 were separated in a 2 m long third station and then discharged into a storage vessel. Any residues of cured coating material adhering to the endless belt were scraped off with scrapers after the endless belt had been deflected.

• - As a coated carrier material 5.2.1, in a first embodiment, the granules of irregularly shaped foam glass gravel with a mean particle size determined by sieve analysis of 2 mm were thinly coated with the virucidal and bactericidal coating. The coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 3.2 parts by weight 2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2.0 parts by weight, 1.0 part by weight zinc pyrithione and 2.0 parts by weight (±)-1-{[ 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazole.
• - In a second embodiment, the ground lumps of pumice stone with a mean particle size determined by sieve analysis of 2.5 mm were used. The thin, biocidal and/or virucidal coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 1.1 parts by weight of microcrystals of Cu ₂ {H ₄ [Si(W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ]}.xH ₂ O, 1.0 part by weight of fludioxonil : 4-(2,2-difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC) and 2.0 parts by weight of octenidine: N,N'-(decane-1,10-diyldi -1(4H-pyridyl-4-ylidene)bis(octylammonium)dichloride.
• - In a third embodiment, the Raschig rings made of glass with a length of 1 cm, a wall thickness of 2 mm and an inside diameter of 1.6 cm were used. The thin, biocidal and/or virucidal coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 2 parts by weight diuron: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 3 parts by weight quaternized chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., "New method for the quaternization of chitosan", International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 8, Issue 2, April, 1986, pages 105-107).

Coating Method 2 - General Rule

• - Als beschichtetes Trägermaterial 5.2.1 wurden bei einer ersten Ausführungsform die vorstehend beschriebenen Granulate aus unregelmäßig geformten Schaumglasschottern mit elektrischem Doppeldrahtsprühen Kupfer besprüht.
• - Bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform wurden die vorstehend beschriebenen gemahlenen Brocken aus Bimsstein verwendet, die ebenfalls mit Kupfer besprüht wurden.
• - Bei einer dritten Ausführungsform wurden die vorstehend beschriebenen Raschigringe aus Glas mit Kupfer besprüht.
• - In den vierten fünftens und sechsten Ausführungsformen wurden die Trägermaterialien 5.2.1 der ersten, zweiten und dritten Ausführungsformen nach dem analogen Verfahren mit Silber besprüht.

The coating system described in coating method 1 was modified in that, instead of a spray system for liquid coating materials, a spray system for electric double-wire spraying (twin-wire arc spraying) was used.

• - As a coated carrier material 5.2.1, the above-described granules of irregularly shaped cellular glass gravel were sprayed copper with electric double-wire spraying in a first embodiment.
• - In a second embodiment, the ground lumps of pumice stone described above were used, which were also sprayed with copper.
• In a third embodiment, the glass Raschig rings described above were sprayed with copper.
• - In the fourth, fifth and sixth embodiments, the carrier materials 5.2.1 of the first, second and third embodiments were sprayed with silver using the analogous method.

In all cases, island-like and point-like, bactericidal and virucidal, highly effective, thin metal coatings resulted. Because of this type of coating, significant amounts of expensive biocidal metals could be saved without impairing the biocidal effect. In addition, a great deal of weight could be saved compared to a bed made of pure metal.

The devices according to the invention 1 - General description

In order to carry out the effectiveness tests, several devices 1 according to the invention were produced and filled with beds of the coated carrier materials 5.2.1 described above and the biocidal materials 5.2.2 as described below. Dried, platelet-shaped bentonite (sheet silicate, phyllosilicate) with an average particle size of 3 mm determined by sieve analysis was used as the adsorbent and/or absorbent.

The devices 1 according to the invention were 100 cm high from their base 1.7.1 to their upper ends 1.4. They had octagonal outer walls 1.1, each with two opposing vertical planar surfaces or sides, each with a horizontal outer diameter of 4 cm. The vertical flat surfaces were connected to convex curved surfaces each with a horizontal outside diameter of 5 cm. The outer walls 1.1 consisted of polished solid beech wood with a wall thickness of 0.8 cm. The outer walls 1.1 each had an upper horizontally circumferential separation point 1.2 halfway up the outer walls 1.1 and a lower horizontally circumferential separation point 1.3 above the air inlets 3 at the level of the heating rooms 2.1.6. Both separation points 1.2; 1.3 were made of plug-in connections. They served for easier assembly and easier maintenance of the devices 1 according to the invention. In the areas of the horizontal standing areas 1.7.1, the outer walls 1.1 were 1.5 cm thick. The floor areas 1.7 were 6 cm thick up to the horizontal inner floors 1.8 and had horizontal spaces 1.7.2 for the insertion of rechargeable accumulators 7 and electronic control devices 4. These components were pushed into the floor areas 1.7 on slide-in rails 1.7.3. The vertical inner walls 1.9 were 94 cm high. They and the horizontal inner floors 1.8 were coated with a 1 cm thick thermal insulation coating 2.1.4 containing an airgel thermal insulation paint.

The horizontal cross-sections formed by the outer walls 1.1 were thus octagons with a long axis AB from outer wall to opposite outer wall with a length of 13 cm and an axis CD running transversely through the center of the axis AB from outer wall to opposite outer wall with a length of 9.5 cm . Along the four flat sides ran the 4 cm wide, 88 cm long and 0.5 cm thick vertical flat heat lines 2.1.1 made of an aluminum alloy with a thermal conductivity λ of 200 W/mK), which at their upper end areas are in thermally conductive contact with the four Peltier elements 2 measuring 4 cm by 4 cm by 1.5 cm stood. In their lower end areas they were in thermally conductive contact with the 1.5 cm thick, octagon-shaped heating plates 2.1.2 made of the aluminum alloy. The heating plates 2.1.2 were placed on the thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 on the horizontal inner floors 1.8. Between the contact points were thin layers of thermal paste containing carbon nanoparticles.

In the center of the heating plates 2.1.2 were 2 cm high heating and air deflection cones 2.1.3 each of which had a base diameter of 2 cm. The heating and air deflection cones 2.1.3 were integral parts of the heating plates 2.1.2.

The inner sides and upper ends of the heat pipes 2.1.1 and the three free side surfaces of the Peltier elements 2 and the surrounding vertical sides of the heating plates 2.1.2 were also coated with 1 cm thick thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 from the thermal insulation paint listed above. This thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 reached to the surfaces of the heating plates 2.1.2. Circumferential, heat-resistant, supporting components 5.5 made of the high-performance plastic polyethersulfone (PES) with a glass transition temperature of 225° C. and a thermal conductivity λ of 0.17 W/(m.K) stood on the heating plates. Components 5.5 were in the form of inverted funnel tops with an octagonal outline of 0.3 cm wall thickness and 2 cm height. They each stood on four 3 cm high legs 5.5.1 made of PES with a circular cross section and a diameter of 0.3 cm, which were spatially assigned to the four heat pipes 2.1.1.

The components 5.5 supported the air-permeable cartridge bases 5.3 with a wall thickness of 0.4 cm and bores with a clear width of 0.15 cm in the transition areas from the air-permeable cartridge bases 5.3 into the surrounding octagon-shaped cartridge walls 5 made of PES with a wall thickness of 0.4 cm away. The insides of the cartridges 5 were 81.5 cm high overall. At their upper ends, the cartridge walls 5.1 merged into peripheral octagon-shaped flanges as cartridge holders 5.4 with a wall thickness of 0.4 cm and a width of 3 cm, which rested on the horizontal thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4. The cartridges 5 had outer wall to opposing outer wall spacings along the long axes A-B of 7.7 cm. Along the short axes C-D they had outer wall to opposite outer wall distances of 4.2 cm.

1.4 cm below the upper openings 1.6 of the cartridges 5 were 2 cm high circumferential octagonal cooling rings 2.4 made of copper with a wall thickness of 0.4 cm, which were in thermally conductive contact with the cold sides 2.3 of the Peltier elements 2. To attach the cooling ring 2.4, the pre-products of the cartridges 5 produced by injection molding were cut at the appropriate points, and the cooling rings 2.4 were inserted and glued using a construction adhesive. The walls of the cooling rings 2.4 were connected to a wide-meshed grid of 1 mm thin copper wire struts 5.6. This significantly increased the cooling effect and thus the chimney effect.

In each of the four convexly curved surfaces of the outer walls 1.1 there were two tubular air inlets 3 made of PES with a circular cross-section, a wall thickness of 0.15 cm and a clear width of 1.5 cm, slightly above the level of the heating plates 2.1.2. The tubular air inlets 3 ran horizontally through the thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 between the heat pipes 2.1.1 into the boiler rooms 2.1.6. In the heating rooms 2.1.6 the incoming air was heated 3.1 and sucked with the help of the chimney effect as an air flow 3.2 through the permeable cartridge bases 5.3 and the cartridges 5 with the biocidal particulate cartridge fillings and through the upper openings 1.5; 1.6 decontaminated blown into the room air. The inlets themselves were sealed with pre-filters with a smallest filterable particle size of 1 µm to prevent coarse particles from entering.

The inside of the cartridge walls 5.1 each had two circumferential rings 0.3 cm horizontally protruding and 0.3 cm thick for supporting thin, air-permeable intermediate bases with bores with a clear width of 0.15 cm (not shown). The first intermediate floors were arranged 30 cm above the cartridge floors 5.3. The second shelves were 35 cm above the first shelves. As a result, three chambers were formed, of which the lowest was filled with particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal, loose, air-permeable fills 5.2.2 made of irregularly shaped chunks of a mixture of lime and magnesium-calcium oxide in a weight ratio of 1:1 with an average particle size of 2.5 mm determined by sieve analysis. The second chambers were each filled with loose beds of one type of the above-described particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials 5.2.1. The top chambers were filled with loose beds of bentonite particles up to the upper openings 1.6 of the cartridges 5.

If necessary, filters 6 with different smallest filterable particle sizes could be inserted into the upper openings 1.5 of the devices 1.

A miniature anemometer and a temperature sensor (not shown) were located in the upper openings 1.6 of the cartridges 5, and a temperature sensor (not shown) was located in each of the heating chambers 2.1.6, which were connected to the electronic control units 4 were connected. As a result, the power output of the Peltier elements 2 and thus the temperatures in the heating plates 2.1.2 and the cooled openings 1.6 of the cartridges 5 and thus also the chimney effect and the strength of the air currents 3.2 could be regulated. The temperature differences between the lower and the upper temperature sensors could be read on the displays 4.4 of the electronic control units 4 and adjusted using the on and control buttons 4.1. In addition, the electronic control units 4 also contained light-emitting diodes 4.3 for the function display and a socket 4.2 for a charging cable for charging the accumulators 7.

As shown above, the construction according to the invention made it possible to realize the most diverse devices 1 according to the invention, which could be excellently adapted to the conditions of the individual case.

If the beds in the cartridges 5, in particular the beds of the absorbents and/or adsorbents, were so heavily contaminated by the decomposition products of the bacteria, viruses and virions after a very long period of use that it was necessary to exchange the materials, the contaminated beds could be removed by mechanochemical processes , as for example in the German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2019 006 084 A1 are described, processed. In these processes, the organic materials adsorbed and/or absorbed on and/or in the beds were converted into activated carbon. Due to its lower density, the activated carbon produced could be separated from the higher-density inorganic materials by sifting and used elsewhere. This was also another important advantage of the device 1 according to the invention and the method according to the invention.

Test of the effectiveness of the devices according to the invention 1

The effectiveness of the devices 1 according to the invention described above was tested using a test device. For this purpose, a device 1 according to the invention was placed in a correspondingly dimensioned, closed chamber. The outlet opening of the device 1 according to the invention was connected to a fume hood with an air outlet through which the exhaust air could be discharged. The transition from the device 1 according to the invention to the exhaust hood was sealed at the upper end with a circumferential seal. A solid cell-biological nutrient medium was placed on a previously sterilized film on an air-permeable carrier via a sluice in the hood. A laser diffraction particle counting sensor connected to a signal line connected to a particle meter and a flow measurement sensor connected to a signal line connected to a flow meter were arranged in the air duct. Another sensor for particle counting was placed in the area of the air inlets of the respective device according to the invention and connected to another particle measuring device via a signal line. The two measuring devices and the measuring device sent the measurement signals to a central data processing system, where they were evaluated and displayed on a display device.

Before determining the effectiveness, the respective chamber and the respective device 1 according to the invention were flushed with high-purity zero-point air (analytical air) at 23° C. and 1.2 bar via a connection, an automatically controlled shut-off valve and an air inlet nozzle. As soon as no more particle signals appeared on the display device, the flushing was ended by closing the shut-off valve, and aerosol clouds containing harmless intestinal bacteria such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobateria for safety reasons were opened via an aerosol feed line, a blower, a tes shut-off valve and an atomizing nozzle located inside the chamber at 23 ° C and 1.2 bar blown into the chamber, passed through the respective device 1 according to the invention and discharged via the hood and the air discharge.

In the fume hood, the exhaust air was blown directly onto the solid cell biological culture medium on the previously sterilized film.

After exposure for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, the cell biological culture medium on the previously sterilized foil was removed from the removal lock and a new culture medium was introduced immediately. Thereafter, it was tested in the usual and known manner whether there were still intestinal bacteria capable of reproduction on the nutrient medium. It was found that after just 15 minutes of exposure there were no viable intestinal bacteria present. This was in agreement with the particle measurement with the sensor and the particle measuring device in the exhaust air, with which no more particles of the size in question could be detected.

QUOTES INCLUDED IN DESCRIPTION

This list of documents cited by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

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Claims (29)

Mobile device (1) that can be operated by a temperature difference for cleaning and disinfecting room air, comprising, seen from the outside inwards, - A vertical, tubular outer wall (1.1) with a base area (1.7) with a horizontal standing base (1.7.1), at least one upper separating point (1.2), at least one lower separating point (1.3), an upper opening (1.5) at the upper end (1.5), at least one space (1.7.2) for inserting at least one rechargeable accumulator (7) and an electronic control unit (4) for regulating the air flow (3.2) through the cartridge (5) that can be generated by the chimney effect, - An exchangeable cartridge (5) with an upper opening (1.5), a cartridge holder (5.4) surrounding the upper opening (1.5) with low thermal conductivity λ, a cartridge wall (5.1) with low thermal conductivity Ä and an air-permeable cartridge base (5.3) with low thermal conductivity λ and a cooling ring (2.4) with high thermal conductivity λ in the upper area of the cartridge (5), which is in thermally conductive contact with the cold sides (2.2) of at least two Peltier elements (2), - at least one biocidal, particulate cartridge filling (5.2) contained in the replaceable cartridge (5) in the form of at least one air-permeable bed, containing (i) at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2 .1) and/or (ii) at least one type of particulate, inorganic, per se bactericidal and/or virucidal material (5.2.2) and (iii) at least one type of particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic absorbent and/or adsorbent (5.2.3), - At least two opposite, below the upper opening (1.6) of the cartridge (5) and the peripheral cartridge holder (5.4) vertically arranged Peltier elements (2), which with their cold sides (2.2) with the cooling ring (2.4) and with their hot sides (2.1) are in thermally conductive contact with at least two vertical heat pipes (2.1.1), - a horizontal heating plate (2.1.2) arranged on the floor area (1.7), which is in thermally conductive contact with the at least two vertical heating pipes (2.1.1), so that it can be heated, - a heating chamber (2.1.6) above the heating plate (2.1.2) for heating the air (3.1) flowing in through at least two air inlets (3), - A thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) that completely encloses the inside of the outer wall (1.1) and the heat pipes (2.1.1), the at least two Peltier elements (2) laterally and the heating plate (2.1.2) up to the top . Mobile device behind claim 1 , characterized in that the cartridge wall (5.1) is held by at least two thermally insulating plugs (2.1.5) for vibration damping or with a lateral horizontal extension as a flow barrier or by a circumferential, heat-resistant component (5.5) with low thermal conductivity λ that serves as an air guide in the form of a funnel top is supported at the lower end of the cartridge wall (5.1). Mobile device behind claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) is made from insulating paints selected from the group consisting of cork paints, diffusion-open insulating paints based on silicone, insulating paints with a high proportion of ceramic hollow spheres, insulating paints with aerogels, foamed cement and insulating paints with microfine hollow glass spheres . Mobile device according to one of Claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that the at least one air-permeable biocidal bed (5.2) (i) at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2.1) and / or (ii) at least one type of particulate , inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material (5.2.2). Mobile device (1) after claim 4 , characterized in that - the at least one type of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2.1) from the group consisting of packing for columns, spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, Shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, in at least one spatial direction curved shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and platelets of layered silicates, foam glass, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, zeolites, expanded clay , expanded glass, expanded mica, expanded perlite, foam cement and ceramic foam is selected t, - At least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material (5.2.2) from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core Shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, parallelepipeds, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates and foams curved in at least one spatial direction, and - the at least one type of a particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic adsorbent and/or Absorbents (5.2.3) from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, shards un d Granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval , elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates curved in at least one direction of space. Mobile device (1) after claim 4 or 5 , characterized in that the bactericidal and virucidal coatings on the inert carrier material (5.2.1) contain at least one type of bactericidal and virucidal pharmaceuticals and/or disinfectants which are fixed to a cured binder matrix in the form of microparticles and/or in the cured Binder matrix are dispersed and / or dissolved therein, and / or can be applied by electric twin wire spraying contain bactericidal and virucidal metal particles Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 4 until 6 , characterized in that the bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings on the inert carrier material (5.2.1) have a contact angle θ with water of ≤90°. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 7 , characterized in that the cross-section of the replaceable cartridge (5) is circular, elliptical, oval, square, quadrilateral, hexagonal or octagonal and has a constant light over the entire length of the cartridge wall (5.1) up to the peripheral cartridge holder (5.4). wide or in the form of a venturi tube. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th , characterized in that the inside of the cartridge wall (5.1) of the replaceable cartridge (5) with a constant clear width has at least two horizontally circumferential and vertically spaced supports for at least two air-permeable intermediate floors, resulting in at least three separate chambers, of which at least one is filled with a bed (5.2) of particulate absorbents and/or adsorbents (5.2.3) and at least two with (i) a bed (5.2) of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials (5.2.1) and /or (ii) are filled with a bed (5.2) of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials (5.2.2). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 5 until 9 , characterized in that the replaceable cartridge (5) in the form of a Venturi tube is filled with a bed (5.2) containing a mixture containing (i) particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials (5.2.1) and /or particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials (5.2.2) and (ii) particulate, inorganic adsorbents and/or absorbents (5.2.3). Mobile device according to one of Claims 1 until 10 , characterized in that the particulate adsorbents and/or adsorbents (5.2.3) are selected from the group consisting of activated coke, activated coke/lime hydrate, phyllosilicates, zeolites, silica gels, aluminum oxide, alumina, activated alumina, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and trass are Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 5 until 11 , characterized in that the particulate, inorganic carrier materials (5.2.1), the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials (5.2.2) and the particulate absorbents and / or adsorbents (5.2.3) determined by sieve analysis mean Have particle size of 0.5 mm to 20 mm. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 12 , characterized in that the circumferential cooling ring (2.4), the heating plate (2.1.2) and the heat pipes (2.1.1) have a thermal conductivity λ of 20 W/(mK) to 430 W/(mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 13 , characterized in that the outer wall (1.1), the carrier material (5.2.1), the thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) and the component (5.5) have a thermal conductivity A of 0.001 W/(mK) to 1.0 W/(mK ) to have. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 14 , characterized in that between the cold sides (2.2) of the at least two Peltier elements (2) and the cooling ring (2.4), the hot sides (2.1) of the at least two Peltier elements (2) and/or the heat pipes (2.1 .1) an aluminum nitride ceramic plate (2.3) and/or a layer of thermally conductive paste (2.3) is arranged. Mobile device (1) according to any one of Claims 1 until 15 , characterized in that in the center of the heating plate (2.1.2) a thermally conductive heating and air deflection cone is arranged. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 16 , characterized in that the cartridge wall (5.1) consists of at least one plastic with a thermal conductivity λ of 0.1 W/(mK) to 0.5 W/(mK) and/or at least one glass with a thermal conductivity λ of 0.5 W/ (mK) to 1.5 W/(mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 17 , characterized in that in the boiler room (2.1.6) below the air-permeable cartridge base (5.3) an axial fan with an electronically controlled electric motor and at least two blades is arranged as an auxiliary unit. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 18 , characterized in that it has an electronic control system which has a miniature anemometer arranged in the upper opening (1.6) of the cartridge (5) and a temperature sensor as well as a temperature sensor in the heating chamber (2.1.6), which are connected to the electronic control unit with signal lines (4) for controlling the power of the at least two Peltier elements (2). Mobile device (1) after claim 19 , characterized in that the axial fan is integrated into the electronic control system and, if required, can be switched on automatically to start an air flow (3.2) and switched off again after the onset of the chimney effect. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 20 , characterized in that the outer wall (1.1) has at least two peripheral separation points (1.2; 1.3) arranged one above the other. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 21 , characterized in that it has a diameter of 5 cm to 50 cm and a height of 30 cm to 300 cm. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 22 , characterized in that the surfaces of at least one of its components are provided with at least one bactericidal and/or virucidal coating. Method for cleaning and disinfecting room air using a mobile device (1) operated by a temperature difference according to one of Claims 1 until 23 , characterized by the following method steps: (A) sucking in air (3) through at least one air inlet (3.1) into the heating space (2.1.6) above the heating plate (2.1.2), (B) heating the incoming air (3) using the hot sides (2.1) of the at least two Peltier elements (2) via the at least two heat pipes (2.1.1) heated heating plate (2.1.2) (C) generating a chimney effect in the cartridge (5) through the cooling the circulating cooling ring (2.4) in the upper area of the cartridge (5) using the cold sides (2.2) of the at least two Peltier elements (2), whereby an air flow (3.3) through (i) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2.1) and / or (ii) the bed of at least one type of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal material (5.2.2) and (D) elimination of in the air flow (3.2) existing free or at Ae rosole bound bacteria, Viruses, virions and other noxae by contact elimination on the carrier material (5.2.1) and/or the material (5.2.2). procedure after Claim 23 , characterized in that the power output of the at least two Peltier elements (2) is controlled using a miniature anemometer and a temperature sensor in the upper area of the cartridge (5) and a temperature sensor in the heating chamber (3.2), which are connected to the electronic control unit (4) via signal lines are automatically regulated. procedure after Claim 24 or 25 , characterized in that the chimney effect is set in motion using an electronically controlled axial fan as an auxiliary unit. Procedure according to one of claims 24 until 26 , characterized in that the organic waste products of the microorganisms and other noxae resulting from the elimination of particulate adsorbents and / or adsorbents from the group consisting of activated coke, activated coke / hydrated lime, phyllosilicates, zeolites, silica gels, aluminum oxide, alumina, activated alumina, metal-organic framework compounds (MOFs) and Trass, are adsorbed and/or absorbed. Procedure according to one of Claims 23 until 27 , characterized in that the used cartridge fillings (5.2) are processed by mechanochemical processes, the organic waste being converted into carbon. Use of the mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 23 and the method according to any one of claims 24 until 28 for the elimination of free or aerosol-bound bacteria, viruses, virions and other noxae in the air of living rooms, sick rooms, operating theatres, treatment rooms in medical practices and physiotherapy facilities, laboratories of all kinds, pubs, restaurants, bistros, hotel rooms, classrooms, classrooms, fitness centers , trains, cars, buses, taxis, caravans, mobile homes, camping tents, airplanes, ship cabins, offices, conference rooms, meeting rooms, theaters, cinemas, ship terminals, railway stations, airport terminals, elevators, workshops, factory buildings, stairwells, and shops of all kinds.

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