DE102011014811A1 - Bus e.g. electric bus, has electrical energy storage comprising energy battery, where energy battery including higher power density and lower energy density than that of power battery - Google Patents
Bus e.g. electric bus, has electrical energy storage comprising energy battery, where energy battery including higher power density and lower energy density than that of power battery Download PDFInfo
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- DE102011014811A1 DE102011014811A1 DE102011014811A DE102011014811A DE102011014811A1 DE 102011014811 A1 DE102011014811 A1 DE 102011014811A1 DE 102011014811 A DE102011014811 A DE 102011014811A DE 102011014811 A DE102011014811 A DE 102011014811A DE 102011014811 A1 DE102011014811 A1 DE 102011014811A1
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- battery
- energy
- bus
- power
- density
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Omnibus mit einer elektrischen Antriebseinheit, welche zum Antreiben des Omnibusses dient. Der Omnibus beinhaltet auch einen elektrischen Energiespeicher, der elektrische Energie für die elektrische Antriebseinheit bereitstellt. Die Erfindung bezieht sich außerdem auf eine Verwendung eines besonderen Energiespeichers in einem Omnibus.The invention relates to a bus with an electric drive unit, which serves to drive the bus. The bus also includes an electrical energy storage that provides electrical power to the electric drive unit. The invention also relates to a use of a special energy store in a bus.
Also richtet sich das Interesse vorliegend auf Busse mit einem elektrischen Antrieb, also auf einen so genannten Batteriebus bzw. Hybrid-Bus. Insbesondere bei Omnibussen mit einem elektrischen Antrieb hat man mit folgender Problematik zu tun: Es muss ein ausreichend dimensionierter Energiespeicher vorhanden sein, damit der Omnibus entsprechend lange Strecken auf rein elektrischem Wege fahren kann. Zugleich besteht auch der Bedarf an einer ausreichenden elektrischen Leistung, um entsprechend hohe mechanische Leistung des Busses bzw. entsprechend hohe Performance zu gewährleisten. Einerseits muss somit entsprechend viel Energie bevorratet werden; auf der anderen Seite soll auch eine hohe momentane elektrische Leistung bereitgestellt werden können. Im Stand der Technik wird bei Omnibussen in der Regel eine einzige Batterie als Energiespeicher eingesetzt, welche eine relativ hohe Energiedichte, jedoch eine verhältnismäßig geringe Leistungsdichte aufweist. Somit ist ein rein elektrisches Fahren des Omnibusses über längere Strecken möglich, jedoch erleidet der Omnibus Einbußen an der entsprechenden Leistung, insbesondere während der Beschleunigungsphasen. Daraus ergibt sich der Bedarf eines Energiespeichers, welcher einerseits elektrische Energie für längere Strecken bevorraten kann und andererseits auch entsprechend hohe Leistungen bereitstellen kann und eine relativ lange Lebensdauer aufweist.Thus, the interest in this case is directed to buses with an electric drive, so on a so-called battery bus or hybrid bus. In particular, in buses with an electric drive has to do with the following problem: It must be a sufficiently sized energy storage available so that the bus can travel correspondingly long distances on purely electrical means. At the same time there is also the need for a sufficient electrical power to ensure correspondingly high mechanical performance of the bus or correspondingly high performance. On the one hand, therefore, a corresponding amount of energy must be stored; On the other hand, high instantaneous electrical power should also be available. In the prior art, buses generally use a single battery as an energy store, which has a relatively high energy density, but a relatively low power density. Thus, a purely electric driving of the bus over longer distances is possible, however, the bus suffers losses in the corresponding performance, especially during the acceleration phases. This results in the need for an energy storage device, which on the one hand can store electrical energy for longer distances and on the other hand can also provide correspondingly high levels of performance and has a relatively long service life.
Energiespeicher für Personenkraftwagen sind bereits beispielsweise aus dem Dokument
Es ist Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen Weg aufzuzeigen, wie bei einem Omnibus der eingangs genannten Gattung einerseits entsprechend viel Energie für die elektrische Antriebseinheit gespeichert werden kann, damit der Omnibus relativ lange Strecken rein elektrisch fahren kann, und andererseits auch eine verhältnismäßig hohe elektrische Leistung bereitgestellt werden kann, nämlich insbesondere im Hinblick auf Beschleunigungsphasen des Omnibusses.It is an object of the invention to show a way, as in a bus of the type mentioned on the one hand a corresponding amount of energy for the electric drive unit can be stored so that the bus can drive relatively long distances purely electric, and on the other hand also provided a relatively high electrical power can be, namely in particular with regard to acceleration phases of the bus.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch einen Omnibus mit den Merkmalen gemäß Patentanspruch 1 gelöst, wie auch durch eine Verwendung mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 9. Vorteilhafte Ausführungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Patentansprüche, der Beschreibung und der Figur.This object is achieved by a bus with the features according to
Ein erfindungsgemäßer Omnibus umfasst eine elektrische Antriebseinheit, die zum Antreiben des Omnibusses ausgebildet ist. Ein elektrischer Energiespeicher stellt elektrische Energie für die elektrische Antriebseinheit bereit. Erfindungsgemäß ist vorgesehen, dass der Energiespeicher eine erste Batterie (Energiebatterie) sowie eine zweite Batterie (Leistungsbatterie) mit einer gegenüber der ersten Batterie höheren Leistungsdichte und einer geringeren Energiedichte umfasst. Die erste und die zweite Batterie sind elektrisch parallel zueinander geschaltet.An inventive bus comprises an electric drive unit which is designed to drive the bus. An electrical energy store provides electrical energy for the electric drive unit. According to the invention, it is provided that the energy store comprises a first battery (energy battery) and a second battery (power battery) with a higher power density compared to the first battery and a lower energy density. The first and the second battery are electrically connected in parallel with each other.
Der erfindungsgemäße Effekt wird also dadurch erzielt, dass der Energiespeicher einerseits eine – nachfolgend als Energiebatterie bezeichnete – erste Batterie, welche eine relativ hohe Energiedichte und geringe Leistungsdichte aufweist und somit für längere Fahrten des Omnibusses sorgt, und andererseits auch eine – nachfolgend als Leistungsbatterie bezeichnete – zweite Batterie beinhaltet, welche eine relativ geringe Energiedichte, dafür jedoch eine hohe Leistungsdichte aufweist und somit für ein leistungsoptimiertes bzw. leistungsstarkes Fahren des Omnibusses sorgt. Der Energiespeicher des erfindungsgemäßen Omnibusses verbindet also die besonderen Merkmale einer Leistungsbatterie einerseits und einer Energiebatterie andererseits, und zwar aufgrund der Parallelschaltung der beiden Batterien. Bei einer besonders langen Lebensdauer des Energiespeichers kann somit der Omnibus relativ lange Strecken rein elektrisch zurücklegen, während die Leistungsbatterie für entsprechende Performance des Omnibusses sorgt. Die Energiebatterie weist dabei eine relativ hohe Spannungsstabilität über den Energiehub auf und besitzt einen relativ hohen Ohmschen Innenwiderstand, so dass auch die gesamte Parallelschaltung eine entsprechend hohe Spannungsstabilität aufweist. Demgegenüber besitzt die Leistungsbatterie insbesondere einen verhältnismäßig geringen Innenwiderstand. Aufgrund der Parallelschaltung der beiden Batterien ergibt sich gegenüber dem Einsatz einer einzelnen Leistungsbatterie bzw. einer einzelnen Energiebatterie folgender Vorteil: In so genannten Rekuperationsphasen und im so genannten Boost-Betrieb (z. B. beim Beschleunigen) soll die maximale Leistung maßgeblich von der Leistungsbatterie bereitgestellt werden, nämlich aufgrund des geringeren Innenwiderstands. Dies führt automatisch zu einer raschen Spannungsänderung bzw. einem Spannungseinbruch an der Leistungsbatterie gegenüber der Energiebatterie. Aufgrund der Parallelschaltung der beiden Batterien muss nun die Energiebatterie zunehmend die von der Leistungsbatterie abgegebene Leistung umsetzen und schützt somit die Leistungsbatterie vor großen Energiehüben. Aufgrund dieser Parallelschaltung ergibt sich somit eine Optimierung sowohl für die Leistungsbatterie als auch für die Energiebatterie. Bei der Leistungsbatterie ergibt sich nämlich eine Reduzierung des Energiehubs; auf der anderen Seite ergibt sich für die Energiebatterie eine Reduzierung der Leistungsaufnahme bzw. Leistungsabgabe. Die Parallelschaltung der beiden Batterien sorgt somit also für ein selbstregelndes System bzw. für einen Energiespeicher, der sich über den Innenwiderstand der Leistungsbatterie und die Batteriespannung „selbst regelt”.The effect of the invention is thus achieved in that the energy storage on the one hand - referred to as energy battery - first battery, which has a relatively high energy density and low power density and thus provides for longer trips of the bus, and on the other hand, a - hereinafter referred to as power battery - second battery includes, which has a relatively low energy density, but for a high power density and thus ensures a performance-optimized or powerful driving the bus. The energy storage of the bus according to the invention thus combines the special features of a power battery on the one hand and a power battery on the other hand, due to the parallel connection of the two batteries. In the case of a particularly long service life of the energy store, the omnibus can thus travel relatively long distances purely electrically, while the power battery ensures appropriate performance of the bus. The energy battery has a relatively high voltage stability over the energy swing and has a relatively high internal resistance ohms, so that the entire parallel circuit has a correspondingly high voltage stability. In contrast, the power battery in particular has a relatively low internal resistance. Due to the parallel connection of the two batteries, the following advantage results over the use of a single power battery or a single energy battery: In so-called recuperation phases and in so-called boost mode (eg during acceleration), the maximum power is to be provided substantially by the power battery because of the lower internal resistance. This automatically leads to a rapid voltage change or a voltage dip on the power battery with respect to the energy battery. Due to the parallel connection of the two batteries, the energy battery must now increasingly implement the output of the power battery power and thus protects the power battery from large energy surges. Due to this parallel connection, this results in an optimization for both the power battery and the energy battery. In the case of the power battery, this results in a reduction of the energy swing; On the other hand, there is a reduction in power consumption or power output for the energy battery. The parallel connection of the two batteries thus provides for a self-regulating system or for an energy storage, which "self-regulates" on the internal resistance of the power battery and the battery voltage.
Erfindungsgemäß wird darüber hinaus bereitgestellt eine Verwendung eines elektrischen Energiespeichers, welcher eine Parallelschaltung aus einer Leistungsbatterie einerseits und einer Energiebatterie andererseits umfasst, in einem Omnibus, der mittels einer elektrischen Antriebseinheit angetrieben wird, die mit elektrischer Energie aus dem Energiespeicher versorgt wird.According to the invention, a use of an electrical energy store, which comprises a parallel connection of a power battery, on the one hand, and an energy battery, on the other hand, is provided in a bus, which is driven by means of an electric drive unit, which is supplied with electrical energy from the energy store.
Die mit Bezug auf den erfindungsgemäßen Omnibus vorgestellten Ausführungsformen und deren Vorteile gelten entsprechend für die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung.The embodiments presented with reference to the omnibus according to the invention and their advantages apply correspondingly to the use according to the invention.
Weitere Merkmale der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Ansprüchen, der Figur und der Figurenbeschreibung. Alle vorstehend in der Beschreibung genannten Merkmale und Merkmalskombinationen sowie die nachfolgend in der Figurenbeschreibung genannten und/oder in der Figur alleine gezeigten Merkmale und Merkmalskombination sind nicht nur in der jeweils angegebenen Kombination, sondern auch in anderen Kombinationen oder aber in Alleinstellung verwendbar.Further features of the invention will become apparent from the claims, the figure and the description of the figures. All of the features and feature combinations mentioned above in the description and the features and feature combination mentioned below in the description of the figures and / or shown alone in the figure can be used not only in the respectively indicated combination but also in other combinations or alone.
Die Erfindung wird nun anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert, wie auch unter Bezugnahme auf die beigefügte Zeichnung. Dabei veranschaulicht die einzige Figur in schematischer Darstellung einen Energiespeicher für einen Omnibus gemäß einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung.The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to an embodiment, as well as with reference to the accompanying drawings. The single figure illustrates in schematic representation an energy storage device for a bus according to an embodiment of the invention.
Ein in der Figur dargestellter Energiespeicher
Die Energiebatterie
Die Energiebatterie
Der positive Pol
Also sind die Energiebatterie
Bei der Wahl der Energiebatterie
Es erweist sich als besonders vorteilhaft, wenn die Energiebatterie
Mit den oben genannten Eigenschaften der Energiebatterie
Wie bereits ausgeführt, können die Gleichspannungswandler
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
- 11
- Energiespeicherenergy storage
- 22
- Energiebatteriepower battery
- 33
- Leistungsbatteriepower battery
- 44
- Gehäusecasing
- 55
- positiver Polpositive pole
- 66
- negativer Polnegative pole
- 77
- negativer Polnegative pole
- 88th
- negativer Anschlussnegative connection
- 99
- positiver Polpositive pole
- 1010
- positiver Anschlusspositive connection
- 1111
- GleichspannungswandlerDC converter
- 1212
- GleichspannungswandlerDC converter
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
- DE 102009031295 A1 [0003] DE 102009031295 A1 [0003]
- WO 2009/111999 A1 [0003] WO 2009/111999 A1 [0003]
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102011014811A DE102011014811A1 (en) | 2011-03-23 | 2011-03-23 | Bus e.g. electric bus, has electrical energy storage comprising energy battery, where energy battery including higher power density and lower energy density than that of power battery |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102011014811A DE102011014811A1 (en) | 2011-03-23 | 2011-03-23 | Bus e.g. electric bus, has electrical energy storage comprising energy battery, where energy battery including higher power density and lower energy density than that of power battery |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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DE102011014811A1 true DE102011014811A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
Family
ID=44650294
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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DE102011014811A Withdrawn DE102011014811A1 (en) | 2011-03-23 | 2011-03-23 | Bus e.g. electric bus, has electrical energy storage comprising energy battery, where energy battery including higher power density and lower energy density than that of power battery |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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DE (1) | DE102011014811A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2993511A1 (en) * | 2012-07-19 | 2014-01-24 | Renault Sa | Electricity supply device for arranging on board of car for supplying electricity to electric traction motor, has power- and energy batteries placed in housing whose interface is provided with connector for supplying power for motor |
DE102013021637A1 (en) | 2013-12-18 | 2014-07-24 | Daimler Ag | Battery system for electric car, has switch arranged with switching state in which current flow is released along series connection of all controllable cells, and another switching state in which current flow is passed via bypass cell |
EP3098108A1 (en) * | 2015-05-25 | 2016-11-30 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Electric motor vehicle and battery pack |
DE102015007405A1 (en) * | 2015-06-08 | 2016-12-08 | ASD Automatic Storage Device GmbH | Energy storage system |
DE102016009016A1 (en) | 2016-07-23 | 2017-02-16 | Daimler Ag | Energy storage for a motor vehicle and method for operating an energy storage device for a motor vehicle |
DE102015012415A1 (en) | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | Audi Ag | Predicting a voltage dip in a motor vehicle |
EP3261161A1 (en) * | 2016-06-22 | 2017-12-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Battery energy storage system |
DE102016221514A1 (en) * | 2016-11-03 | 2018-05-03 | Audi Ag | Energy-technical coupling of a high-voltage on-board electrical system with a low voltage on-board electrical system |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009111999A1 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2009-09-17 | Ydun S.R.O. | Leadless starting accumulator battery, processing method and its use, particularly for combustion engines and motor vehicles |
DE102009031295A1 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-05 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Power storage device |
-
2011
- 2011-03-23 DE DE102011014811A patent/DE102011014811A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009111999A1 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2009-09-17 | Ydun S.R.O. | Leadless starting accumulator battery, processing method and its use, particularly for combustion engines and motor vehicles |
DE102009031295A1 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-05 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Power storage device |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2993511A1 (en) * | 2012-07-19 | 2014-01-24 | Renault Sa | Electricity supply device for arranging on board of car for supplying electricity to electric traction motor, has power- and energy batteries placed in housing whose interface is provided with connector for supplying power for motor |
DE102013021637A1 (en) | 2013-12-18 | 2014-07-24 | Daimler Ag | Battery system for electric car, has switch arranged with switching state in which current flow is released along series connection of all controllable cells, and another switching state in which current flow is passed via bypass cell |
EP3098108A1 (en) * | 2015-05-25 | 2016-11-30 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Electric motor vehicle and battery pack |
DE102015007405A1 (en) * | 2015-06-08 | 2016-12-08 | ASD Automatic Storage Device GmbH | Energy storage system |
DE102015012415A1 (en) | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | Audi Ag | Predicting a voltage dip in a motor vehicle |
US10670640B2 (en) | 2015-09-25 | 2020-06-02 | Audi Ag | Prediction of a voltage dip in a motor vehicle |
DE102015012415B4 (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2021-06-10 | Audi Ag | Prediction of a voltage drop in a motor vehicle |
EP3261161A1 (en) * | 2016-06-22 | 2017-12-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Battery energy storage system |
DE102016009016A1 (en) | 2016-07-23 | 2017-02-16 | Daimler Ag | Energy storage for a motor vehicle and method for operating an energy storage device for a motor vehicle |
DE102016221514A1 (en) * | 2016-11-03 | 2018-05-03 | Audi Ag | Energy-technical coupling of a high-voltage on-board electrical system with a low voltage on-board electrical system |
US10730456B2 (en) | 2016-11-03 | 2020-08-04 | Audi Ag | Electrically coupling a high-voltage on-board electrical system to a low-voltage on-board electrical system |
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