DE10133733B4 - Cogeneration system - Google Patents
Cogeneration system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE10133733B4 DE10133733B4 DE10133733A DE10133733A DE10133733B4 DE 10133733 B4 DE10133733 B4 DE 10133733B4 DE 10133733 A DE10133733 A DE 10133733A DE 10133733 A DE10133733 A DE 10133733A DE 10133733 B4 DE10133733 B4 DE 10133733B4
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- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- heat
- heat pump
- electrical energy
- evaporator
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
- B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
- B60H1/00899—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system
- B60H1/00921—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system where the flow direction of the refrigerant does not change and there is an extra subcondenser, e.g. in an air duct
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
- B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/02—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant
- B60H1/14—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant otherwise than from cooling liquid of the plant, e.g. heat from the grease oil, the brakes, the transmission unit
- B60H1/143—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant otherwise than from cooling liquid of the plant, e.g. heat from the grease oil, the brakes, the transmission unit the heat being derived from cooling an electric component, e.g. electric motors, electric circuits, fuel cells or batteries
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G5/00—Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D12/00—Other central heating systems
- F24D12/02—Other central heating systems having more than one heat source
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D18/00—Small-scale combined heat and power [CHP] generation systems specially adapted for domestic heating, space heating or domestic hot-water supply
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B27/00—Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
- B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
- B60H2001/00949—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices comprising additional heating/cooling sources, e.g. second evaporator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
- F24D2101/30—Fuel cells
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2103/00—Thermal aspects of small-scale CHP systems
- F24D2103/10—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units
- F24D2103/13—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units characterised by their heat exchangers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
- F24D2200/12—Heat pump
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/06—Heat pumps characterised by the source of low potential heat
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
- H01M2250/405—Cogeneration of heat or hot water
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/52—Heat recovery pumps, i.e. heat pump based systems or units able to transfer the thermal energy from one area of the premises or part of the facilities to a different one, improving the overall efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungssystem mit einer Brennstoffzelle, die elektrische Energie und ein warmes Offgas erzeugt, wobei die Brennstoffzelle (1) mit einem einen ersten Wärmetauscher (12) und einen zweiten Wärmetauscher (13) aufweisenden Wärmepumpenkreis (B) über Leitungen (25, 26) gekoppelt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem als Verdampfer dienenden Wärmetauscher (12) oder einem Nutzkreis (21) Abwärme der Brennstoffzelle (1) zu deren Kühlung zugeführt wird, und dass der als Verdampfer dienende Wärmetauscher (12) den Nutzkreis (21) kühlt.Cogeneration system with a fuel cell, the electrical energy and a warm one Offgas generated, wherein the fuel cell (1) with a first heat exchangers (12) and a second heat exchanger (13) having heat pump circuit (B) via lines (25, 26) is coupled, characterized in that as the evaporator serving heat exchanger (12) or a Nutzkreis (21) waste heat of the fuel cell (1) for their cooling supplied is, and that serving as an evaporator heat exchanger (12) the Nutzkreis (21) cools.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungssystem mit einer Brennstoffzelle, die elektrische Energie und ein warmes Offgas erzeugt.The The invention relates to a combined heat and power system with a fuel cell, the electrical energy and a warm one Offgas generated.
Ein derartiges System dient der Gewinnung von elektrischem Strom und von Wärme für einen Nutzkreis.One Such system is for the production of electricity and of heat for a circle of use.
In
der
In
der
Aus
der
Aus
der
Ein
mit einer Brennstoffzelle angetriebenes elektrisches Fahrzeug ist
in der
Aus
der
Aus
der
Bei üblichen Hausenergiezentralen, die elektrische Energie und Wärme mit einer Brennstoffzelle dezentral erzeugen, wird ein zusätzlicher Gas- oder Öl-Wärmeerzeuger benötigt, um den Spitzenwärmebedarf zu decken. Während der Heizperiode besteht eine gewisse Gleichzeitigkeit der Wärmenachfrage und der Elektrizitätsnachfrage. Außerhalb der Heizperiode ist der Anteil für die Brauchwasserbereitung im Altbaubestand weniger als 5%, bei Neubaustandard etwa 10% des Jahresheizwärmebedarfs. Der Ausnutzungsgrad ist also – abhängig vom Baustandard – gering. Außerdem ist beim stromgeführten Sommerbetrieb, wenn die Brennstoffzelle im wesentlichen der Erzeugung elektrischer Energie dient, nachteilig, dass die Abwärme der Brennstoffzelle über eine zusätzliche Wärmesenke vernichtet werden muss. Dies ist unwirtschaftlich.At usual Home power centers that use electrical energy and heat decentralized generation of a fuel cell will be an additional Gas or oil heat generator needed for the peak heat requirement cover up. While the heating season there is a certain simultaneity of heat demand and the electricity demand. Outside the heating season is the proportion for the service water in the old building less than 5%, with new construction standard about 10% of the annual heating demand. The degree of utilization is thus - depending on Construction standard - low. Furthermore is at the current summer operation, when the fuel cell is essentially the generation of electrical Energy is, disadvantageous, that the waste heat of the fuel cell over a additional heat sink must be destroyed. This is uneconomical.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die Wirtschaftlichkeit eines Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungssystems der eingangs genannten Art zu verbessern.task The invention is the economics of a cogeneration system to improve the type mentioned.
Die vorliegende Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale der unabhängigen Ansprüche erfüllt. Demgemäß ist ein Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungssystem mit einer Brennstoffzelle dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem als Verdampfer dienenden Wärmetauscher oder einem Nutzkreis Abwärme der Brennstoffzelle zu deren Kühlung zugeführt wird, und dass der als Verdampfer dienende Wärmetauscher den Nutzkreis kühlt, oder dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Wärmeenergie der Brennstoffzelle oder des Offgases der Brennstoffzelle dem Verdampfer zugeführt wird, wobei der Verflüssiger einen Nutzkreis beheizt oder dessen Abwärme der Brennstoffzelle dem Nutzkreis zugeführt wird, um die Brennstoffzelle zu kühlen, wobei die Brennstoffzelle eine in ein Kraftfahrzeug für dessen Betrieb eingebaute Brennstoffzelle ist und die Wärmepumpe bei oder in einem Haus oder in einem Kraftfahrzeug eingebaut ist, und dass lösbare Kupplungselemente vorgesehen sind, über die elektrische Energie und/oder thermische Energie der Brennstoffzelle auf die Wärmepumpe oder das Haus übertragbar ist.The The present object is achieved by the features of the independent claims. Accordingly, a Cogeneration system with a fuel cell, characterized in that as the evaporator serving heat exchanger or a Nutzkreis waste heat the fuel cell for their cooling supplied is, and that serving as an evaporator heat exchanger cools the Nutzkreis, or characterized in that the heat energy of the fuel cell or the off-gas of the fuel cell is supplied to the evaporator, the liquefier heated a Nutzkreis or its waste heat of the fuel cell the Supplied to the starting circuit is to cool the fuel cell, the fuel cell one in a motor vehicle for whose operation is built-in fuel cell and the heat pump is installed in or in a house or in a motor vehicle, and that releasable Coupling elements are provided, via the electrical energy and / or thermal energy of the fuel cell to the heat pump or the house transferable is.
Durch die Kopplung der Brennstoffzelle mit der Wärmepumpe wird im Winterbetrieb (Heizperiode), wenn der Kältemittelkreislauf als Wärmepumpe arbeitet, die Wärmeenergie zur Beheizung des Nutzkreises verwendet. Zusätzlich ist über die Wärmepumpe Umweltenergie zugeführt. Im Sommerbetrieb ist die Stromerzeugung mit der Brennstoffzelle dadurch uneingeschränkt möglich, dass der Kältekreis der Wärmepumpe invertiert ist und für die Rückkühlung in der Brennstoffzelle nutzbar gemacht ist. Der Rest der Kälteleistung kann für weitere Zwecke bereitgestellt werden. Die gewonnene elektrische Energie der Brennstoffzelle ist in vorteilhafter Weise der Wärmepumpe direkt zugeleitet. Bei einer indirekten Wärmepumpen-Stromversorgung speist die Brennstoffzelle den Strom ins Netz, an das der Verdichter der Wärmepumpe angeschlossen ist.By coupling the fuel cell with the heat pump is in winter operation (heating period), when the refrigerant circuit operates as a heat pump, the heat energy to heat the Nutz circle used. In addition, environmental energy is supplied via the heat pump. In summer mode, power generation with the fuel cell is possible without restriction because the refrigerant circuit of the heat pump is inverted and made usable for the re-cooling in the fuel cell. The rest of the cooling capacity can be provided for other purposes. The recovered electrical energy of the fuel cell is advantageously fed directly to the heat pump. In an indirect heat pump power supply, the fuel cell feeds the electricity into the grid, to which the compressor of the heat pump is connected.
Die in der Brennstoffzelle im Brennstoffzellenprozess entstehende Wärme führt einerseits zu einem warmen Offgas und andererseits zu einer Erhitzung des Brennstoffzellenstapels selbst. Damit die Temperatur des Brennstoffzellenstapels einen zulässigen Wert nicht übersteigt, muss sie gekühlt werden. Hierzu kann in der Heizperiode die Abwärme der Brennstoffzelle auf den Nutzkreis direkt oder indirekt über den Verdampfer übertragen werden.The Heat generated in the fuel cell in the fuel cell process leads on the one hand to a warm offgas and on the other hand to a heating of the fuel cell stack itself. So that the temperature of the fuel cell stack is a permissible value does not exceed it has to be cooled become. For this purpose, the waste heat of the fuel cell in the heating period transmit the user cycle directly or indirectly via the evaporator become.
Für den Sommerbetrieb lässt sich der Wärmepumpenkreis derart umschalten, dass der Verdampfer als Verflüssiger und der Verflüssiger als Verdampfer arbeiten, wobei der Kältemittelkreis den Nutzkreis kühlt.For the summer operation let yourself the heat pump cycle switch so that the evaporator as a condenser and the condenser as Evaporator work, the refrigerant circuit cools the user cycle.
Im Sommerbetrieb wird die Brennstoffzelle dadurch gekühlt, dass deren Abwärme dem Verdampfer bzw. dem Nutzkreis zugeführt wird. Im Sommerbetrieb kann das Offgas auf den Verflüssiger wirken oder so abgeleitet werden, dass es nicht auf den Verflüssiger wirkt. Die Wärmepumpe kann eine Absorptions- oder Kompressionswärmepumpe sein.in the Summer operation, the fuel cell is cooled by that their waste heat the evaporator or the Nutzkreis is supplied. In summer operation can the offgas on the liquefier act or be derived so that it does not affect the liquefier. The heat pump may be an absorption or compression heat pump.
Das
beschriebene System hat verschiedene Vorteile:
Eine Hausenergiezentrale
lässt sich
mit geringem Primärenergiebedarf
und hohem Nutzungsgrad im Sommer und im Winter betreiben, weil die
Abwärme der
Brennstoffzelle auch außerhalb
der Heizperiode weitgehend vollständig nutzbar ist. Außerhalb
der Heizperiode wird die Kältemaschine
(umschaltbare Wärmepumpe)
zur Kühlung
der Brennstoffzelle und des Gebäudes
verwendet.The system described has several advantages:
A domestic energy center can be operated with low primary energy demand and a high degree of utilization in summer and winter, because the waste heat of the fuel cell is largely completely usable even outside the heating season. Outside the heating season, the chiller (reversible heat pump) is used to cool the fuel cell and the building.
Bei geeigneter Dimensionierung der Wärme/Kälteleistung der Kältemaschine kann auf eine zusätzliche Gas-, Öl- oder elektrische Heizquelle verzichtet werden. Das beschriebene System deckt den gesamten Wärmebedarf für die Brauchwassererwärmung und die Raumheizung.at suitable dimensioning of the heat / cooling capacity the chiller can on an additional Gas, oil or electric heating source can be omitted. The described System covers the entire heat requirement for the Water heating and the space heating.
Außerdem wird bei Verwendung einer Wärmepumpe und einer Niedertemperatur-Brennstoffzelle deren vergleichsweise niedrige Offgastemperatur von etwa 50°C bis 75°C besser genutzt als beim Stand der Technik, da das Offgas bis unter die Kondensationstemperatur des Wasserdampfes abgekühlt wird.In addition, will when using a heat pump and a low-temperature fuel cell whose comparatively low off-gas temperature of about 50 ° C to 75 ° C better used than at the stand the technology because the offgas is below the condensation temperature cooled of the water vapor becomes.
Das beschriebene System ist für Gebäude oder Kraftfahrzeuge einsetzbar. Das beschriebene System kann auch so aufgebaut sein, dass eine in einem Kraftfahrzeug vorhandene Brennstoffzelle zusammen mit einer stationären Wärmepumpe eines Hauses verwendet wird, wobei entsprechende Kupplungselemente vorgesehen sind.The described system is for Building or Motor vehicles used. The described system can also do so be constructed that a present in a motor vehicle fuel cell along with a stationary one heat pump a house is used, with corresponding coupling elements are provided.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen und der folgenden Beschreibung. In der Zeichnung zeigen:Further advantageous embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims and the following description. In the drawing show:
Das
System weist eine Brennstoffzellenstufe A, eine Wärme/Kälteprozessstufe
B und eine Verbraucherstufe C auf. Die Stufen A und B bilden beispielsweise
eine Hausenergiezentrale, wobei die Stufe C der Raumheizung oder
Raumkühlung und/oder
Brauchwassererwärmung
dient. Die Stufen A, B und C können
auch in einem Kraftfahrzeug installiert sein (vgl.
Die
Stufe A umfasst eine Brennstoffzelle
Ein
elektrischer Gleichstromausgang
Um
den die Brennstoffzelle
Die
Stufe B umfasst als Kältemaschine
eine von Heizen auf Kühlen
umschaltbare Wärmepumpe, die
im Kältemittelkreis
einen vom Gleichstrom der Brennstoffzelle
Die
Verbrauchsstufe C weist einen Nutzkreis
Das
Temperaturniveau des den Verdampfer
Um
eine Bereifung des Verdampfers
Im
Winterbetrieb (vgl.
In
einer weiteren Ausgestaltung arbeitet das Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungssystem netzunabhängig und versorgt
sich selbst mit elektrischer Energie, wobei der Leistungsbedarf
der Wärmepumpe
in vorteilhafter Weise an das Leistungsvermögen der Brennstoffzelle
Im
Winterbetrieb wird die Wärmeenergie
des Offgases dem Verdampfer
Im
Sommerbetrieb (Kühlbetrieb,
siehe
Beim
Ausführungsbeispiel
nach
Im
Heizbetrieb wird die Wärme
der Brennstoffzelle
Mit
einem zweistufigen Wärmetauscher
(Verdampfer) ist eine Überhitzung
des Kältemittels
außerhalb
oder innerhalb der Brennstoffzelle
Im
Kühlbetrieb
(Sommerbetrieb) – nach
Umkehr des Wärmepumpenprozesses – ist ein
Kühlluftstrom
durch den Wärmetauscher
Der
Wärmetauscher
Die
Im
Sommerbetrieb oder im Bedarfsfall dient die von der Brennstoffzelle
Das
Offgas der Brennstoffzelle
Bei
der Ausführung
nach
Zwischen
der Brennstoffzelle
Die
Brennstoffzelle
Eine
weitere Ausführung
kann darin bestehen, dass die Brennstoffzelle
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10133733A DE10133733B4 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2001-07-11 | Cogeneration system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10133733A DE10133733B4 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2001-07-11 | Cogeneration system |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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DE10133733A1 DE10133733A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 |
DE10133733B4 true DE10133733B4 (en) | 2006-05-24 |
Family
ID=7691420
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DE10133733A Expired - Fee Related DE10133733B4 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2001-07-11 | Cogeneration system |
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DE (1) | DE10133733B4 (en) |
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DE102020101294A1 (en) | 2020-01-21 | 2021-07-22 | Audi Aktiengesellschaft | Motor vehicle and combinations with such |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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DE10133733A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 |
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