CN1863519A - 具有可消蚀的背称元件的水凝胶组合物 - Google Patents
具有可消蚀的背称元件的水凝胶组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1863519A CN1863519A CNA2004800291054A CN200480029105A CN1863519A CN 1863519 A CN1863519 A CN 1863519A CN A2004800291054 A CNA2004800291054 A CN A2004800291054A CN 200480029105 A CN200480029105 A CN 200480029105A CN 1863519 A CN1863519 A CN 1863519A
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- cellulose
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- ZDPHROOEEOARMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZDPHROOEEOARMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003424 uricosuric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供一种组合物,该组合物包含可水溶胀的不溶于的聚合物、和亲水性聚合物与能以氢键或静电键合亲水聚合物的互补低聚物的混合物。该组合物还包括一背称元件。也可包含活性成份,例如增白剂。该组合物能用于口腔敷料,例如,施加在需要增白的牙齿的牙齿增白组合物。该组合物可设计成达到增白程度时可取下、或留于原处得以完全消蚀。在某些实施方式中,该组合物是半透明的。本发明还涉及该组合物的制备和使用方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明主要涉及水凝胶组合物。更具体说,本发明涉及能用于伤口处理和用于在皮肤和如口腔等的粘膜组织施用各种活性制剂的水凝胶组合物,所述活性制剂包括牙齿增白剂。
背景技术
社会上普遍存在牙齿变色现象,据估计三个成年人中就会出现两例。牙齿变色认为是一种美容上的瑕疵和缺陷,并因自我意识甚至抑制微笑而对个人生活产生负面影响。在显示干净洁白的牙齿为基本条件的职业中,牙齿变色可能特别令人苦恼或讨厌。
牙齿包括牙质内层和有稍许孔隙的硬珐琅质外层。外层是牙齿的保护层。牙齿的本色是不透明到半透明的白色或乳白色。由于牙齿接触某些化合物(如丹宁酸和其它多酚化合物)而出现牙齿着色。这些化合物截留或结合于牙齿表面的蛋白质层上,并渗透到珐琅质中,甚至渗透到牙质中。有时,着色来自牙齿中的物质,如四环素,若个体年幼时服用四环素可能会沉积到牙齿中。
牙表面着色通常可以通过机械方法清洁牙齿来除去。但是,变色的珐琅质或牙质不适应牙齿的机械清洁方法,而需要化学方法(会渗入牙齿结构中)除去色斑。牙齿变色的最有效治疗方法是采用含有氧化剂如过氧化氢的组合物,它能与产生变色的色素原分子反应,使它们变得无色或可溶于水,或者两者。
因此,牙齿增白组合物通常分为两类:(1)能在着色牙齿表面上机械搅动,通过磨蚀表面的颜色来除去牙齿着色的凝胶、糊剂或液体,包括牙膏;(2)通过化学方法进行牙齿漂白作用的凝胶、糊剂或液体,当它们与着色的牙齿表面接触一段特定时间后,除去所述制剂。在一些情况下,使用辅助化学方法(可以是氧化或酶解)来补充机械方法。
一些牙齿用组合物如牙粉(dentrifice)、牙膏、凝胶和粉末包含能释放活性氧或过氧化氢的漂白剂。这种漂白剂包括碱金属和碱土金属的过氧化物、过碳酸盐和过硼酸盐,或包含过氧化氢的复合物。而且,已知碱金属或碱土金属的过氧化物盐可用于牙齿增白。
在牙齿增白组合物配方师可以获得的许多过氧化物中,几乎专门采用过氧化氢(及其加成物或缔合络合物,如过氧化脲和过碳酸钠)。虽然对其与牙齿色素原相互作用的具体性质缺乏了解,但是熟知过氧化氢的化学性质。认为过氧化氢可通过氧化着色分子中的不饱和碳-碳、碳-氧以及碳-氮键而破坏了牙齿中的色素原,使它们无色或可溶。
相关的一类化合物(过氧酸)已经用作洗衣的洗涤剂中,以有效地增白衣服,这主要由于它们在溶液中稳定以及对某些类型着色分子有特异性结合能力。已采用了许多稳定的固体过氧酸,包括二过氧化十二烷酸和单过氧化邻苯二甲酸的镁盐。其它过氧酸类如过氧乙酸可作为含有乙酸、过氧化氢、过氧乙酸和水平衡分布的溶液获得。或者,可以将过氧化物供体如过硼酸钠或过碳酸钠与过氧酸前体一起配制。在接触水时,过氧化物供体释放过氧化氢,后者与过氧酸前体反应,形成实际的过氧酸。原位产生过氧酸的例子包括过氧乙酸(产生自过氧化氢和四乙酰基乙二胺的反应)以及过氧化壬酸(产生自过氧化氢和壬酰氧基苯磺酸酯的反应)。
在口腔护理组合物中也已使用了过氧酸来使着色的牙齿增白。美国专利No.5279816(Church等)说明了使牙齿增白的方法,该方法包括施用具有酸性pH的含过氧乙酸的组合物。EP 545594A1(Church等)说明了过氧乙酸在制备牙齿增白组合物中应用。该组合物中可存在过氧乙酸,或者在使用过程中通过混合过氧化物源和过氧乙酸前体在原位产生。例如,美国专利No.5302375(Viscio)描述了通过混合水、乙酰基水杨酸和可溶于水的碱金属过碳酸盐在运载体中原位产生过氧乙酸的组合物。
最常用的牙齿增白剂是过氧化脲(CO(NH2)2H2O2),也称为脲过氧化氢,过氧化氢脲以及强双氧水-脲。临床牙医已采用过氧化脲作为口腔杀菌剂好几十年,其牙齿漂白作用在长期接触时观察到有副作用。10%过氧化脲的柜台(over thecounter)组合物可以从Marion Laboratories以商品名GLY-OXIDE和从Reedand Carnrick以商品名PROXIGEL购得,它们是低粘度组合物,必须放置在牙托或类似容器中,使之和牙齿接触。能将舒适-合适的牙托长时间固定在位置上的漂白凝胶可以商品名OPALESCENCE从South Jordan,Utah的UltradentProducts,Inc.购得。
为了使这种组合物固定在位,所述组合物必须是粘性液体或凝胶。使用牙托还要求牙托舒适和合适,使牙托不会向使用人的牙齿或牙龈施压,或者引起刺激。必须将这种增白组合物配制成足够粘稠,方能抵制唾液稀释。
增白个体牙齿的一种方法中,职业牙医将患者牙列制成的牙印模为患者定制牙齿漂白牙托,并开出分散有氧化凝胶的漂白牙托处方,采用间歇佩戴约两周到6个月,这取决于牙齿着色的严重程度。这些氧化组合物通常包装在小的塑料注射器或管子中,由患者直接将其分散加入到定制的牙齿漂白牙托中,再固定在嘴中,接触时间需约60分钟以上,有时长达8-12小时。漂白速度缓慢大部分由于制剂的性质是逐步释放以维持氧化组合物的稳定性。
例如,美国专利No.6368576(Jensen)描述的牙齿增白组合物能较好地与牙托一起使用,该组合物固定在要治疗的牙齿表面相毗邻的位置上。这些组合物描述为粘性基质材料,通过混合足够量的增粘剂如羧基聚亚甲基与溶剂如甘油、聚乙二醇或水而形成。
在另一个例子中,美国专利No.5718886(Pellico)说明了一种凝胶组合物形式的牙齿增白组合物,它包含分散在无水胶凝状运载体(包括多元醇)中的过氧化脲、增稠剂和黄原胶。
美国专利No.6419905(Hernandez)描述了另一个例子,说明了采用含有过氧化脲(0.3-60%)、木糖醇(0.5-50%)、钾盐(0.001-10%)和氟盐(0.15-3%)的组合物,将其配制成包含0.5-6重量%合适胶凝剂的凝胶。
在美国专利No.5989569和6045811(Dirksing)中说明了可粘附于牙齿的牙齿增白组合物。在这些专利中,所述凝胶含有30-85%甘油或聚乙二醇,10-22%的脲/过氧化氢配合物、0-12%的羧基聚亚甲基、0-1%氢氧化钠、0-100%三乙醇胺(TEA)、0-40%水、0-1%香料、0-15%柠檬酸钠和0-5%乙二胺四乙酸。Dirksing优选凝胶的粘度在低剪切速度(小于1秒-1)下为200-1000000厘泊,这足够粘,因而不需要使用牙托。
目前可获得的牙齿漂白组合物存在导致50%以上患者牙齿过敏的明显缺点。由于这些组合物中存在甘油、丙二醇和聚乙二醇,牙齿过敏是流体在牙质小管中移动(被牙齿中神经末梢所感觉到)所致。在牙齿接触热、冷、过甜物质以及其它致病药剂时,可导致不同程度的牙齿过敏。
如目前所实施的方法,延长牙齿与漂白组合物的接触时间除导致牙齿过敏外还有许多不利影响。这些不利影响包括在pH小于5.5时珐琅质层钙的沥出,漂白剂可能穿透完整珐琅质和牙质并危及牙髓组织,以及唾液对漂白组合物的稀释,使之从牙托中沥出,随后被使用者吞咽。
一些氧化组合物(通常具有较高浓度的氧化剂)在牙科诊所牙医或牙科保健员的监控下直接施加到患者的牙齿表面。理论上,这种牙齿增白方法产生效果较快,患者总体满意度较好。但是,由于这些所谓的“医院内”组合物中含有高浓度的氧化剂,因此若操作不小心会危害患者和医师。患者的软组织(牙龈、嘴唇和其它粘膜表面)必须先用打孔的橡胶片(称为橡胶隔片)隔离防止可能接触活性氧化剂,只凸出牙齿。或者,采用可聚合性组合物覆盖软组织,使软组织与增白方法中所用的氧化剂隔离;上述组合物按牙龈轮廓定型后使之暴露在高强度光源下而固化。一旦所述软组织受到隔离和保护,医师可以直接将氧化剂置于着色牙齿表面一段特定时间,或者直到牙齿颜色发生显著变化。使用医院内牙齿增白剂所获得的典型效果是牙色可达到约2-3级(如VITA ShadeGuide,VITA Zahnfarbik所测定的)。
在VITA Shade Guide中牙色范围从极浅色(B1)变化到极深色(C4)。总共有16级牙色构成了这两端之间整个颜色范围(以亮度计分)。患者对牙齿增白方法的满意度随所达到的牙色变化的量而提高,通常可接受的要求的最小变化是VITA色约为4-5级。
对于牙齿增白的牙齿护理产品,要求提供采用粘性水凝胶的牙齿护理产品中,含有用于除去个体牙齿颜色的增白剂。此外,一直需要开发能对皮肤和粘膜表面提供防护性化妆品或保护剂的产品,或例如对皮肤、粘膜组织、牙齿表面、牙龈、粘膜和其它口腔组织提供活性制剂输送如透皮和透粘膜输送的产品。要求这些组合物不需要使用牙托来使活性制剂与牙齿或其它口腔表面接触。这种产品理想的应导致最小牙齿过敏或不会导致牙齿过敏,使活性制剂泄漏最小或消除,不致被使用者吞食或者损伤或刺激口腔的牙龈或粘膜,提供更长的佩戴时间,缓慢溶解活性制剂、提高效力并为患者很好地耐受。也要求提供一种牙齿护理产品,它是固体组合物,具有自我粘合性,但不会粘着到使用者的手指,或者它是非固体(例如,液体或凝胶),当干燥时会形成薄膜。最后,现有的牙齿护理产品需求体系在被使用者取下之前,要戴特定长的时间,例如30分钟。还需求开发这样的制品,它在活性剂释放之后或要求的治疗或化妆效果达到之后,能够自消蚀,因为这样的体系可以改善患者的舒适性。本发明解决了这些需求。
发明内容
本发明一方面涉及一种水凝胶组合物,包含可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、亲水性聚合物与能以氢键或静电键合亲水聚合物的互补低聚物的混合物。也可包括如牙齿增白剂的活性制剂。所述组合物还包括能以低于水凝胶的速率在潮湿环境下消蚀的背称元件。所述水凝胶可为固体,可于使用前附着于背称元件。所述水凝胶也可为非固体,在使用时附着于背称元件。
在优选的实施方式中,可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物是纤维素酯、或丙烯酸酯聚合物;所述亲水聚合物是聚(N-乙烯基内酰胺)、聚(N-乙烯基酰胺)、聚(N-烷基丙烯酰胺)、或它们的共聚物和共混物;所述能与亲水聚合物氢键或静电键合的互补低聚物是多元醇、聚亚烷基二醇、或者羧基封端的聚亚烷基二醇。优选的活性制剂是增白剂如过氧化物。
所述组合物任选包含低分子量的增塑剂,也可以包含选自:填料、防腐剂、pH调节剂、软化剂、增稠剂、着色剂(如,颜料、染料、折射粒子等)、调味剂(如,甜味剂、香料)、稳定剂、表面活性制剂、增韧剂和防粘剂中的至少一种添加剂。
在使用所述组合物的优选实施方式中,所述组合物是牙齿增白组合物,将其施加到需要增白的牙齿上,当达到增白程度后除去。在某些实施方式中,所述牙齿增白组合物是半透明的,当使用者达到满意的增白程度时除去所述组合物。
本发明另一方面涉及一种组合物,它包含可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物;亲水聚合物和能与所述亲水聚合物氢键或静电键合的互补低聚物的掺混物;以及一种活性制剂。一方面,活性制剂可选自下组物质:过氧化物、亚氯酸金属盐、过硼酸盐、过碳酸盐、过氧酸及其组合。组合物还包括能以低于水凝胶的速率在潮湿环境下消蚀的背称元件.
本发明另一方面涉及制备水凝胶薄膜的方法,所述水凝胶薄膜适于加入口腔护理产品中,提供透粘膜的或透皮的组合物或系统。这种方法包括在溶剂中制备可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、亲水聚合物、和能与所述亲水聚合物氢键或静电键合的互补低聚物的溶液或凝胶;将一层溶液沉积到基材上形成涂层;将涂布的基材加热至约80-100℃的温度保持约1-4小时,由此在基材上形成水凝胶薄膜。
在形成本发明组合物的另一方法中,所述方法包括通过挤出机熔融加工可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、亲水聚合物和能与所述亲水聚合物氢键键合或静电键合的互补低聚物的混合物,形成挤出的组合物;其中,所述组合物以所需厚度的薄膜挤出到合适的基材上。该基材可以是可消蚀的背称元件、或是可以而后挤压或层压到可消蚀的背称元件上的组合物。本方法还包括用如增白剂等的活性制剂加载水凝胶膜,从而提供牙齿增白组合物。
相比现有技术,本发明的粘合性组合物提供许多显著优点。具体来说,本发明组合物相对现有技术提供一种或多种优势。
(1)制备操作简易;
(2)在制造过程中容易修改,可控制和优化诸如粘合性、吸收性、半透明性和溶胀性等性能;
(3)可以配制,使粘性在湿气存在下增大或降低,使所述组合物被弄湿后才具有粘性;
(4)使所述活性制剂从组合物漏到皮肤表面或粘膜表面(如漏入使用者口腔中)最少;
(5)可以制成半透明的形式,使使用者无需除去牙齿或粘膜表面上的水凝胶组合物就可以观察增白程度;
(6)对牙龈或口腔中粘膜的损伤最小;
(7)佩戴舒适且不引人注目;
(8)容易从牙齿或皮肤/粘膜表面上除去,且不留下任何残留物;
(9)适于长时间佩戴或作用;
(10)能提供各种活性制剂的缓释和控释作用;
(11)可经配制以在特定时间后消蚀;
(12)可经配制以单向地释放活性制剂,如仅仅向粘膜组织,或双向地,如向粘膜表面以及向口腔,并且向粘膜表面和口腔的相对释放速率通过具有预定通透性的背称元件来控制。
具体实施方式
I.定义和命名
在详细说明本发明之前,应理解除非另有所述,本发明不限于具体的水凝胶材料或制造方法,它们可以变化。也应理解本文所用的术语目的是仅用于说明具体的实施方式,而非限制。必须注意在本说明书和附带权利要求书中,除非文中有明确说明,所述英文单数形式“a”、“an”和“the”包括复数。因此,例如“亲水聚合物”不仅包括一种亲水聚合物,也包括两种或多种不同亲水聚合物的组合或混合物,对象“增塑剂”包括两种或多种不同增塑剂的组合或混合物以及一种增塑剂等。
在说明和本发明权利要求中,按照以下所述的定义使用以下术语。
“疏水”和“亲水”聚合物的定义是根据在100%相对湿度下聚合物所吸收的水蒸汽量来确定的。按照这种分类,疏水聚合物在100%相对湿度(“rh”)下只能吸收至多1重量%水,而中等亲水的聚合物可吸收1-10重量%水,亲水聚合物能吸收10重量%以上的水,而吸湿聚合物吸收20%以上的水。“可水溶胀的”聚合物是当浸泡在水性介质中时所吸收的水量大于其本身重量至少25重量%,较好是至少其本身重量50重量%水的聚合物。
本文中,术语“交联的”指含有分子内和/或分子间交联的组合物,不论其通过共价或非共价键合。“非共价”键合包括氢键键合和静电(离子)键合。
术语“聚合物”包括线型和支链聚合物结构,也包括交联的聚合物以及共聚物(可以是交联或不交联的),因此包括嵌段共聚物、交替共聚物、无规共聚物等。那些在本文中称为“低聚物”的化合物是分子量低于约1000Da,较好是低于约800Da的聚合物。
术语“水凝胶”采用常规含义,指可水溶胀的聚合物基质,它可以吸收大量的水,形成弹性凝胶,其中,“基质”是通过共价或非共价交联而结合在一起的大分子的三维网状结构。当置于水性环境中时,干燥的水凝胶可溶胀至交联度容许的程度。
术语“消蚀”如用于″水凝胶消蚀″或用于″可消蚀的背称元件″中的“可消蚀的”,旨在包括侵蚀、溶解、崩解和老化的过程,也包括那些常称为可生物消蚀或可生物降解的材料。不考虑水凝胶和背称元件于湿环境下耗散的机理,优选选择背称元件的组成成分,使背称元件以低于水凝胶组分的速率“消蚀”。
术语“活性制剂”、“药理学活性制剂”和“药物”在本文中可以互换使用,指能诱导所需的药理学、生理学作用的化学物质或化合物,包括治疗有效的,预防有效的或化妆美容上有效的(cosmeceutically effective)制剂。这些术语还包括本文具体提到的活性制剂的药学上可接受的、有药理学活性的衍生物和类似物,包括但不限于:它们的盐、酯、酰胺、前药、活性代谢产物、包含体复合物、类似物等。当使用术语“活性制剂”、“药理学活性制剂”和“药物”时,应理解包括该活性制剂本身以及其药学上可接受的药理学活性的盐、酯、酰胺、前药、活性代谢产物、包含体复合物、类似物等。
术语“牙齿增白组合物”指包含本文所述水凝胶和增白剂的组合物。
术语“增白剂”通常是氧化剂,如过氧化物或亚氯酸盐,这在下文中将更详细地说明。在一些情况下,增白剂可以是酶或其它能除去牙齿颜色的催化剂。增白剂包括一种或多种额外的增白剂、表面活性制剂、防牙菌斑制剂、防牙垢剂和研磨剂。所述增白剂可以具有其它治疗益处。
术语美容活性制剂的“有效量”或“美容有效量”指无毒性但足以使美容活性制剂能提供所需的美容作用的量。术语药物或药理学活性制剂的“有效量”或“治疗有效量”意指无毒性但足以使药物或药理学活性制剂能提供所需治疗作用的量。“有效量”对于各对象可以不同,取决于个体的年龄和总体状况、具体的活性制剂或制剂等等。因此,不可能总是能够确定精确的“有效量”。然而,本领域普通技术人员可利用常规实验来确定任何个体的合适的“有效量”。此外,加入到本发明组合物或剂型中的活性制剂的精确“有效量”不是关键性的,只要其浓度在能使该制剂容易施用的范围内,以递送治疗有效量的活性制剂。
术语“表面”用在“口腔”表面或“机体表面”意指包括机体表面如皮肤、指甲和粘膜组织(如,舌下、口颊、阴道、直肠、尿道),以及在口腔内和口腔周围的表面(如,牙齿、唇、牙龈、粘膜),以及各种皮肤伤口的表面。
“透皮的”和“透粘膜的”的药物递送指将药物给予个体的皮肤表面或粘膜组织表面,使药物通过皮肤或粘膜组织进入到个体的血液中,从而提供全身作用。术语“透粘膜的”意指包括将药物给予个体粘膜(如,舌下、口颊、阴道、直肠、尿道)表面,使药物通过粘膜组织进入到个体的血液中。术语“透皮的”和“透粘膜的”意包括局部和全身两种作用,因此包括局部给药,即,将局部用制剂递送到皮肤或粘膜,例如治疗各种皮肤和粘膜疾病时提供局部作用。
术语“粘性”和“粘着性的”是等价的。但是在本文中,术语“基本上不粘着的”、“稍粘着的”和“粘着的”可以用PKI或TRBT粘性测定方法(如下所述)测得的值来定量。“基本上不粘着”指水凝胶组合物的粘性值小于约25gcm/秒,“稍粘着”指水凝胶组合物的粘性值约为25-100gcm/秒;“粘着”指水凝胶组合物的粘性值至少为100gcm/秒。
术语“不溶于水的”指在水中的溶解度小于5重量%,较好是小于3重量%,更好是小于1重量%(在20℃的水中测量)的化合物或组合物。类似地,术语“溶于水的”指在水中溶解度大于5重量%,较好大于3重量%,更好大于1重量%(在20℃的水中测量)的化合物或组合物。
在本文中,术语“半透明”指能透射光的材料,可以透过所述材料看到物体或图像。本文所述半透明材料可以是或不是“透明的”,透明是指所述材料在光学上透明。术语“半透明的”指材料不是“不透明的”,不透明时不能透过所述材料看到物体和图像。
II.水凝胶
本发明的组合物是一种单相水凝胶,包括可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、和亲水聚合物与互补低聚物的混合物和备选的活性制剂例如增白剂。可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物和低聚物都可具有氢键或静电结合至亲水聚合物的能力。
组合物也包括由能以在潮湿环境下以低于水凝胶的速率消蚀的聚合物组合物构成的背称元件。
可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物,即能在浸于含水液体时泡胀、但在一定pH范围(一般低于pH5.5)不溶于水的聚合物,为纤维素酯、藻酸或丙烯酸酯聚合物。术语“丙烯酸酯聚合物”包括丙烯酸酯和丙烯酸酯基的聚合物和共聚物,并且是丙烯酸或丙烯酸酯聚合物。当浸于水或水性溶液中时,该聚合物一般泡胀至至少其自重的25wt%,优选至少50wt%。在一些实施方式中使用某些亲水聚合物,组合物可泡胀高达其干重的1400wt%。
在一个实施方式中,所述组合物是牙齿增白组合物,其中,所述增白剂功能是使施涂该组合物的牙齿表面变白。但是,所述增白剂可具有其它用途,例如,作为治疗剂或其它类型的美容制剂,例如,亮肤剂(skin lightening)。因此,本文所述组合物发现可用作施涂到机体表面(例如牙齿、指甲、皮肤、粘膜等)治疗疾病的药物组合物。例如,过氧化氢也具有抗菌和消痤疮性能,以及增白剂。因此,本发明也考虑通过将本发明包含过氧化氢的组合物施加到机体表面来治疗感染或痤疮。其它疾病包括(用于说明而非限制):真菌感染、痤疮、创伤、亮肤等。此外,可将许多活性制剂加入到本发明的组合物中,来治疗影响口腔的各种疾病。
A.可水溶胀的、不溶于水的聚合物
对于固体组合物,可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物约占1-20wt%,优选组合物的约6-12wt%;亲水聚合物约占20-80wt%、优选组合物的40-60wt%;互补低聚物约占10-50wt%,优选组合物的约15-35wt%;活性制剂,若有,约占0.1-60wt%、优选组合物的约1-30wt%。最适宜地,互补低聚物约占10-80wt%,优选亲水聚合物/互补低聚物混合物的约20-50wt%。
对于非固体组合物,可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物约占0.1-20wt%,优选组合物的约2-6wt%;亲水聚合物约占1-40wt%,优选组合物的约4-10wt%;互补低聚物约占0.1-20wt%,优选组合物的约0.5-10wt%;活性制剂,若有,约占0.1-60wt%,优选组合物的约1-40wt%。最适宜地,互补低聚物约占1-85wt%,优选亲水聚合物/互补低聚物混合物的约5-50wt%。
粘附面可基于聚合物、组分比例和混合物含水量来裁剪,在水合方面,选择可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物以提供所需的粘附面。当可溶胀于水、不溶于水的聚合物是纤维素酯时,所述组合物一般在与水接触(如,与湿表面接触)之前具有粘性,但随着组合物吸收水分而逐渐失去粘性。当可溶胀于水、不溶于水的聚合物是丙烯酸酯聚合物或共聚物时,所述组合物在与水接触之前一般基本上没有粘性,但与湿表面接触后变粘。
可溶胀于水、不溶于水的聚合物能够在浸入水性液体时发生至少一部分的溶胀,但是不溶于水。亲水性聚合物可以有助于增溶不溶于水的聚合物。该聚合物可以包括纤维素酯,例如,乙酸纤维素、乙酸丙酸纤维素(CAP)、乙酸丁酸纤维素(CAB)、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、丙酸纤维素(CP)、丁酸纤维素(CB)、丙酸丁酸纤维素(CPB)、二乙酸纤维素(CDA)、三乙酸纤维素(CTA)等。这些纤维素酯见如美国专利No.1698049、1683347、1880808、1880560、1984147、2129052和3617201中所述,可用本领域已知的技术制备或购得。本文合适的商品化纤维素酯包括CA320、CA398、CAB381、CAB551、CAB553、CAP482、CAP 504,所有均可从Eastman Chemical Company,Kingsport,Tenn购得。这种纤维素酯的数均分子量通常约为10000-75000。
通常,所述纤维素酯包括纤维素和纤维素酯单体单元的混合物,例如,市售的乙酸丁酸纤维素包含乙酸纤维素单体单元以及丁酸纤维素单体单元和未酯化的纤维素单体单元,而乙酸丙酸纤维素包含诸如丙酸纤维素的单体单元。本文优选的纤维素酯是乙酸丙酸纤维素组合物和乙酸丁酸纤维素组合物,其含有的丁酰基、丙酰基、乙酰基和未酯化(OH)纤维素含量如下:
乙酰基(%) | OH(%) | MW(g/mol) | Tg(℃) | Tm(℃) | ||
乙酸丁酸纤维素 | 17-52%丁酸酯 | 2.0-29.5 | 1.1-4.8 | 12000-70000 | 96-141 | 130-240 |
乙酸丙酸纤维素 | 42.5-47.7%丙酸酯 | 0.6-1.5 | 1.7-5.0 | 15000-75000 | 142-159 | 188-210 |
也列出了优选的分子量、玻璃转变温度(Tg)和熔点(Tm)。而且,合适的纤维素聚合物的本征粘度(I.V.)通常约为0.2-3.0分升/克,较好约1-1.6分升/克,如0.5g样品在100毫升60/40重量%的苯酚/四氯乙烷溶液中25℃温度时所测得的。当采用溶剂浇注技术来制备时,应选择能提供更大的内聚强度的可水溶胀不溶于水的聚合物,而促进膜形成(通常例如,乙酸丙酸纤维素倾向于提供比乙酸丁酸纤维素更高程度的强度)。
其它优选的可水溶胀的聚合物是丙烯酸酯聚合物,通常由丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯和/或其它乙烯基单体来形成。合适的丙烯酸酯共聚物是以商品名“Eudragit”从RohmPharma(Germany)购得的共聚物。所述“Eudragit”系列E、L、S、RL、RS和NE共聚物可溶解在有机溶剂、水性分散体中,或作为干粉末。优选的丙烯酸酯聚合物是甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物,如Eudragit L和Eudragit S系列聚合物。尤其优选这些共聚物是Eudragit L-30D-55和EudragitL-100-55(后一聚合物由Eudragit L-30D-55喷雾干燥形成,可用水重新形成Eudragit L-30D-55),以及Eudragit RS 100。所述Eudragit L-30D-55和Eudragit L-100-55共聚物的分子量约为135000Da,游离羧基和酯基的比例约为1∶1。所述共聚物通常不溶于pH低于5.5的水性流体中。另一种尤其合适的甲基丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物是Eudragit S-100,它和Eudragit L-30D-55不同,游离羧基和酯基的比例约为1∶2。Eudragit S-100不溶于pH低于5.5的水性流体中,但是不像Eudragit L-30D-55,Eudragit S-100在pH=5.5-7.0的水性流体中的溶解度差。这种共聚物在pH7.0和以上可溶。也可以使用EudragitL-100,它在Eudragit L-30D-55和Eudragit S-100的溶解度曲线之间具有与pH相关的溶解度曲线,其程度为在pH小于6.0时不溶。本领域那些技术人员应意识到Eudragit L-30D-55、Eudragit L-100-55、L-100和S-100可以用其它可接受的共聚物(具有类似的与pH相关的溶解性特征)替换。其它合适的丙烯酸酯聚合物是以商品名“Kollicoat”从BASF AG(Germany)购得那些甲基丙烯酸/丙烯酸乙酯共聚物。例如,Kollicoat MAE具有和Eudragit L-100-55相同的分子结构。
当所述可水溶胀的聚合物是丙烯酸或丙烯酸酯聚合物时,提供水凝胶,它可以可逆地进行干燥,即在除去水和任何其它溶剂之后,所述干燥的水凝胶可以通过加入水来再形成其原来的状态。此外,用丙烯酸/丙烯酸酯可水溶胀的聚合物制备的亲水水凝胶在和水接触之前通常基本上是不粘的,但是在和湿表面接触时变粘,这种表面可存在于口中,如牙齿表面上。在和水接触之前不粘的性质使得能在水凝胶变粘性前定位或重新定位在所选表面上。一旦水合,所述水凝胶变粘并粘到牙齿或粘膜的表面上。
此外,包含丙烯酸酯的组合物在将水凝胶组合物浸没到水或其它水性液体中时在小于5.5的pH下通常溶胀约400-1500%,虽然可以选择所述丙烯酸酯聚合物和亲水聚合物/补充低聚物掺混物的比例,使在水性环境中的溶胀比例和程度具有预定的pH相关性。这种特征也可以倒过来加入增白剂或其它试剂,如往所述组合物中加入过氧化物、过氧酸、亚氯酸盐、稳定剂、香料等。
相反,在施加到湿表面上之前,加入作为可水溶胀的聚合物的纤维素酯使水凝胶具有粘性,但是在吸收水之后变得不粘。应理解,当为了最终除去牙齿上的产品需要降低粘性时,需要这种组合物。
另一种适合的可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物是藻酸,它在低于pH5.5时不溶于水,但能吸水并泡胀。
B.亲水聚合物
水凝胶组合物的第二组分为亲水性聚合物与能以氢键或静电键合亲水聚合物的互补低聚物的混合物。称其为“混合物”是为了指亲水聚合物和低聚物的相互作用支配了水凝胶的主要特性。然而,加入可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物,有助于配合该混合物的特性,从而获得具有所需特性的单相水凝胶。达到该配合可通过选择特定可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、或加入一定量的聚合物、或甚至是制造时将聚合物加入至其它组分(亲水聚合物、互补低聚物、活性制剂等等)的时间控制。
该亲水聚合物一般为具较高分子量的聚合物,而互补低聚物一般为具较低分子量的聚合物。对于固体组合物,可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物约占组合物的1-20wt%,优选约6-12wt%;亲水聚合物约占组合物的20-80wt%,优选约40-60wt%;互补低聚物约占组合物的10-50wt%,优选约15-35wt%;且增白剂约占0.1-60wt%,优选约组合物的1-30wt%。最适宜地,互补低聚物约占10-80wt%,优选约亲水聚合物/互补低聚物混合物的20-50wt%。
合适的亲水聚合物包括衍生自N-乙烯基内酰胺单体、羧基乙烯基单体、乙烯基酯单体、羧基乙烯基单体的酯、乙烯基酰胺单体和/或羟基乙烯基单体的重复单元。这种聚合物包括例如聚(N-乙烯基内酰胺)、聚(N-乙烯基丙烯酰胺)、聚(N-烷基丙烯酰胺)、取代和未取代的丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸聚合物(例如,聚丙烯酸和聚甲基丙烯酸)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乙烯基胺、其共聚物以及它们与其它类型亲水单体(例如,乙酸乙烯酯)的共聚物。
本文所用的聚(N-乙烯基内酰胺)较好是N-乙烯基内酰胺单体单元的非交联均聚物或者其与N-乙烯基内酰胺单体单元(占聚(N-乙烯基内酰胺)共聚物的总单体单元的大部分)的共聚物。用于本发明的优选聚(N-乙烯基内酰胺)通过一种或多种以下N-乙烯基内酰胺单体的聚合来制备:N-乙烯基-2-吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基-2-戊内酰胺和N-乙烯基-2-己内酰胺。与N-乙烯基内酰胺单体单元一起使用的非-N-乙烯基内酰胺共聚单体的非限制性例子包括:N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、羟基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸或其盐以及乙酸乙烯酯。
聚(N-烷基丙烯酰胺)包括例如聚(甲基丙烯酰胺)和聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)。
羧基乙烯基单体的聚合物通常由丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、异巴豆酸、衣康酸和酐、1,2-二羧酸如马来酸或富马酸、马来酸酐或它们的混合物所形成,这一类中优选的亲水聚合物包括聚丙烯酸和聚甲基丙烯酸,最优选聚丙烯酸。
本文优选的亲水聚合物如下:聚(N-乙烯基内酰胺)类,尤其是聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)和聚乙烯基己内酰胺(PVCap);聚(N-乙烯基乙酰胺)类,尤其是聚乙酰胺本身;羧基乙烯基单体的聚合物,尤其是聚丙烯酸和聚甲基丙烯酸,其共聚物和共混物。尤其优选PVP和PVCap。
所述亲水聚合物的分子量并不关键,但是,该亲水聚合物的数均分子量通常约为100000-2000000,更典型是约500000-1500000。所述低聚物是该亲水聚合物的“互补物”,因为它能与其氢键或静电结合。较好的是,所述互补低聚物具有羟基、氨基或羧基末端。所述低聚物的玻璃转变温度Tg通常约为-100℃到-30℃,熔点Tm低于约20℃。所述低聚物也可以是无定形的。该亲水聚合物和低聚物的Tg值之间的差较好大于约50℃,更好大于约100℃,最好约为150-300℃。所述亲水聚合物和互补低聚物应相容,即能形成均匀共共混物。
C.互补低聚物
同样发现,互补低聚物能以氢键或静电键结合至亲水聚合物。互补低聚物可以是也能共价结合至亲水聚合物。此外,互补低聚物可以是能以氢键或静电键结合至可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物。
互补低聚物的分子量通常约为45-800,较好是约45-600。所述互补低聚物较好是低分子量的聚亚烷基二醇(分子量300-600),如聚乙二醇400,它也可以起到低分子量增塑剂的作用。或者,可以将不同的化合物作为添加的低分子量增塑剂加入,此时,可采用以下所述任何低分子量的增塑剂。在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述互补低聚物是互补性低分子量增塑剂或低聚物增塑剂,其每分子中至少含有两个官能团,能与亲水聚合物氢键或静电键合。
某些情况下,所述互补低聚物还用作低分子量增塑剂。或者,可以将不同的化合物作为添加的低分子量增塑剂加入,如果加入,其量为该组合物的约30-35重量%。
合适的互补低聚物的例子包括但不限于低分子量的多元醇(例如,甘油或山梨糖醇)、单体和低聚亚烷基二醇,如乙二醇和丙二醇、醚醇类(例如,乙二醇醚)、碳二酸、从丁二醇到辛二醇的烷基二醇,包括聚亚烷基二醇的羧基末端和氨基末端的衍生物。本文优选含羧基末端的聚亚烷基二醇,和分子量约为200-600的聚乙二醇是最佳的互补低聚物。
从以上所述可理解,一种化合物(例如,低分子量的聚亚烷基二醇,如分子量约为200-600的聚乙二醇)可起到互补低聚物和低分子量增塑剂双重作用。
如美国专利公报No.2002/0037977(Feldstein等)中所述,上述共混物中亲水聚合物和互补低聚物的比例影响到粘合强度和内聚强度。如在上述专利申请中所述,该互补低聚物降低亲水聚合物/互补低聚物共混物的玻璃转变温度的程度比Fox公式预计的更大,预计值由下面公式(1)给出:
式中,Tg预计是亲水聚合物/互补低聚物共混物的预计的玻璃转变温度,ωpol是亲水聚合物在共混物中的重量分数,ωpl是互补低聚物在共混物中的重量分数,Tgpol是亲水聚合物的玻璃转变温度,Tgpl是互补低聚物的玻璃转变温度。如该专利申请中所述的,通过选择诸组分及其相对量,给出从Tg预计值预计的偏差,可由亲水聚合物和互补低聚物制备具有最佳粘合强度和内聚强度的粘合剂组合物。通常,为了使粘合性最大,从Tg预计值预计的偏差将是最大的负偏差;而为了使粘合性最小,应使从Tg预计值得到的任何负偏差最小。
由于互补低聚物本身可作为增塑剂,通常不需要掺入附加的增塑剂。但是,在组合物中可任选加入低分子量的增塑剂,这在一些情况下是有利的。合适的低分子量增塑剂包括邻苯二甲酸二烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二环烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二芳基酯、以及混合的邻苯二甲酸烷基芳基酯,例如,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丙酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己酯)、邻苯二甲酸二异丙酯、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯;磷酸烷基酯和磷酸芳基酯,如磷酸三丁酯、磷酸三辛酯、磷酸三甲苯基酯和磷酸三苯酯;柠檬酸烷基酯和柠檬酸酯如柠檬酸三甲酯、柠檬酸三乙酯、柠檬酸三丁酯、柠檬酸乙酰基三乙酯和柠檬酸三己酯;己二酸二烷基酯如己二酸二辛酯(DOA);还有己二酸二(2-乙基己酯)、己二酸二乙酯、己二酸二(2-甲基乙酯)和己二酸二己酯;酒石酸二烷基酯,如酒石酸二乙酯和酒石酸二丁酯;癸二酸二烷基酯如癸二酸二乙酯、癸二酸二丙酯和癸二酸二壬酯;琥珀酸二烷基酯如琥珀酸二乙酯和琥珀酸二丁酯;乙醇酸烷基酯、甘油酸烷基酯(alkyl glycerolate)、二醇酯和甘油酯如二乙酸甘油酯、三乙酸甘油酯(三醋精)、单乳酸二乙酸甘油酯、乙醇酸甲基邻苯二甲酰乙酯、乙醇酸丁基邻苯二甲酰丁酯、乙二醇二乙酸酯、乙二醇二丁酸酯、三乙二醇二乙酸酯、三乙二醇二丁酸酯和三乙二醇二丙酸酯;以及它们的混合物。用于连续亲水相的优选低分子量增塑剂是柠檬酸三乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和己二酸二辛酯,最优选己二酸二辛酯。
通过在制造过程中调整一个或多个参数不难控制本发明组合物的性能。例如,可以在制造过程中控制所述组合物的粘合强度来提高、降低或消除其粘合性。这可以通过改变不同组分的类型和/或用量,或者通过改变制造方式来完成。而且,就制造工艺而言,用常规熔融挤出方法制备的组合物通常(虽然不一定)比用溶液铸塑技术制备的组合物的粘性稍低。而且,通过选择不同的可水溶胀的聚合物,以及在那些含有连续亲水相的组合物中通过调整可水溶胀的、不溶于水的聚合物与亲水聚合物/互补增塑剂共混物的比例,可以改变水凝胶组合物在接触水时的溶胀程度。这些组合物的外观可以从清澈、透明变为半透明、变为不透明。此外,通过改变亲水相中诸组分的相对用量(例如,降低纤维素酯的量)或者改变制造方法(与熔融挤出法相比,采用溶液铸塑更容易制得半透明水凝胶),可以使某些组合物变得半透明。在这种方式中,半透明的组合物可使用者能观察到治疗或美容(如增白)过程何时发生并确定牙齿已经充分变白获得所需效果的时间。
D.活性制剂
所述组合物还可以包含用于治疗生理状态(包括牙齿和牙周组织以及皮肤粘膜组织)的任何药物活性制剂。“活性制剂”是可从所述组合物中释放出来的任何用于治疗不良生理状态的物质。适合用本方法治疗的不良生理状态(包括牙齿和牙周组织)包括:口臭、牙周和口腔感染、牙周病损、龋齿或蛀牙、牙龈炎以及其它牙周疾病。活性制剂可以存在于水凝胶和/或背衬元件内。另外,数种制剂都可以加入本发明的组合物中。另外,水凝胶可以包含要释放到牙齿表面上的牙齿增白剂,而背衬可以载一种不同的要释放到口腔中的活性成分,例如口气清新剂。
这类制剂可以以美容有效量或治疗有效量存在。这些制剂包括,例如但不限于:肾上腺能药剂、皮质类固醇、肾上腺皮质抑制剂、alcohol deterrents、醛固酮拮抗剂、氨基酸、氨解毒剂、组成代谢制剂、提神制剂、止痛剂、雄激素制剂、麻醉剂、肛门直肠用化合物、减食欲制剂、拮抗剂、垂体前叶活化剂和垂体前叶抑制剂、驱虫药剂、抗痤疮剂、抗肾上腺素能药剂、抗变态制剂、抗阿巴米药剂、抗雄激素剂、抗贫血剂、抗心绞痛药剂、抗焦虑药剂、抗关节炎药剂、止喘药剂、抗动脉粥样硬化剂、抗菌药剂、anticholelithic agents、防胆石形成药剂、抗胆碱能制剂、抗凝血剂、抗球虫制剂、抗惊厥剂、抗忧郁剂、抗糖尿病药剂、止泻剂、抗利尿剂、解毒剂、抗运动障碍制剂、止吐剂、抗癫痫剂、雌激素对抗剂、抗血纤维蛋白溶解剂、抗真菌剂、防青光眼制剂、抗血友病药剂、抗血友病药因子、止血药剂、抗组织胺药剂、抗高血脂药剂、抗高脂蛋白血症药剂、抗高血压药剂、抗感染剂、消炎药剂、抗角质化剂、防疟疾制剂、抗微生物剂、止偏头痛剂、抗有丝分裂剂、抗霉菌剂、止恶心剂、抗瘤剂、抗癌辅助增效剂、抗中性白细胞减少制剂、抗强迫症剂、抗寄生虫剂、抗帕金森综合征药、抗肺囊虫剂、抗增生性剂、抗前列腺肥大药、抗原虫药剂、止痒剂、抗牛皮癣剂、抗精神病药、抗风湿剂、抗血吸虫药剂、抗皮脂溢剂、镇痉剂、抗凝血剂、止咳剂、抗溃疡药剂、抗尿石剂、抗病毒剂、食欲抑制药剂、良性前列腺增生治疗剂、血糖调节剂、骨吸收抑制剂、支气管扩张药、碳脱水酶抑制剂、心抑制药、心脏保护剂、强心剂、心血管药剂、利胆剂、胆碱能剂、胆碱能促效剂、胆碱脂酶灭活剂、抑球菌制剂、认知辅助剂和认知强化剂、抑制剂、诊断酸、利尿剂、妥巴胺能制剂、杀外寄生虫药剂、催吐剂、酶抑制剂、雌激素、纤维蛋白溶解剂、游离氧基清除剂、肠胃运动剂(gastrointestinal motility agent)、糖皮质素、性腺刺激原理、头发生长促进剂、止血剂、组胺H2受体拮抗剂、荷尔蒙、血胆固醇过少剂、降血糖药、促使血清脂质减少药剂、降血压剂、HMGCoA还原酶抑制剂、免疫剂、免疫修饰剂、免疫调节剂、免疫刺激剂、免疫抑制剂、阳痿治疗辅助剂、抑制剂、角质层分离药剂、LHRH促效剂、肝脏病症治疗剂、溶黄体素剂、记忆辅助剂、心理行为强化剂、情绪调节剂、溶粘蛋白剂、粘膜保护剂、散瞳剂、减轻鼻充血剂、安定药、神经肌肉阻断剂、神经保护剂、NMDA拮抗剂、非激素固醇衍生物(non-hormonal sterol derivative)、催产剂、纤溶酶原活化剂、血小板活化因子拮抗剂、血小板凝聚抑制剂、中风后和头部创伤后治疗剂、增效剂、孕激素、前列腺素、前列腺生长抑制剂、促甲状腺素源制剂、精神药物、放射活性药剂、调节剂、弛缓剂、修复剂、抗疥螨剂、硬化剂、镇静剂、镇静-安眠剂、选择性腺苷Al拮抗剂、血清素拮抗剂、血清素抑制剂、血清素受体拮抗剂、类固醇、刺激剂、遏抑药剂、协同剂、甲状腺激素、甲状腺抑制剂、拟甲状腺剂、安定药、不稳定性咽峡类药剂、促尿酸排泄剂、血管收缩剂、血管扩张剂、创伤药、创伤愈合药、黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂等。
在一个实施方式中,上述水凝胶组合物包含增白剂,当施加到牙齿上时起着输送系统的作用。“负载于”本发明水凝胶组合物中的增白剂的释放,通常包括通过溶胀-控制的扩散机制吸收水和解吸附所述制剂。含有增白剂的水凝胶组合物可以例如以类似于局部给药的药物制剂的方式使用。
合适的牙齿增白剂包括过氧化物、亚氯酸金属盐、过硼酸盐、过碳酸盐、过氧酸以及它们的组合。合适的过氧化物包括过氧化氢、过氧化钙、过氧化脲以及它们的混合物。优选的过氧化物是过氧化氢和过氧化脲。其它合适的过氧化物包括有机过氧化物,包括但不限于二烷基过氧化物,如过氧化叔丁基和2,2-二(叔丁基过氧)丙烷,二酰基过氧化物如过氧化苯甲酰基和过氧化乙酰基,过酸酯如过苯甲酸叔丁酯和过-2-乙基己酸叔丁酯,过氧二碳酸酯如过氧二碳酸二(十六烷基)酯和过氧二碳酸二环己酯,过氧化酮如过氧化环己酮和过氧化甲乙酮,以及氢过氧化物如氢过氧化枯烯和氢过氧化叔丁酯。增白剂较好是过氧化物,如过氧化氢或过氧化脲,最好是过氧化氢。
合适的亚氯酸金属盐包括亚氯酸钙、亚氯酸钡、亚氯酸镁、亚氯酸锂、亚氯酸钠和亚氯酸钾;次氯酸盐和二氧化氯。优选的亚氯酸盐是亚氯酸钠。
在另一个实施方式中,所述药物活性制剂可以是例如非甾族消炎药/止痛药,甾族消炎药,局部麻醉剂、杀菌剂/消毒剂、抗生素、杀真菌剂、牙齿脱敏剂,氟化物防蛀牙药/防龋齿药,防牙垢/防结石剂,抑制牙菌斑、结石和龋齿形成的酶,研磨剂如焦磷酸盐,金属螯合剂如乙二胺四乙酸、四钠盐,抗氧化剂如丁基化羟基苯甲醚,丁基化羟基甲苯,用于局部输送到牙齿和牙周组织的营养补充剂等。
合适的非甾族消炎剂/止痛剂包括对乙酰氨基酚、水杨酸甲酯、水杨酸一甘醇酯、阿司匹林、甲灭酸、氟灭酸、消炎痛、双氯酚酸钠、阿氯芬酸、双氯酚酸钠、布洛芬、氟比洛芬、芬替酸(fentizac)、丁苯羟酸、吡罗昔康、保泰松、羟保松、氯非宗、喷他佐辛、甲嘧啶唑和盐酸噻拉米特。
合适的甾族消炎剂包括氢化可的松、氢化泼尼松、地塞米松、去炎舒松、肤氢松、醋酸氢化可的松、醋酸氢化泼尼松、甲泼尼龙、醋酸地塞米松、倍他米松、戊酸倍他米松、氟米松、氟轻缩松(flourometholone)、布地缩松和二丙酸倍氯米松。
合适的局部麻醉剂包括盐酸待布卡因、待布卡因、盐酸利多卡因、利多卡因、苯坐卡因、盐酸对丁基(buthyl)氨基苯甲酸2-(二乙氨基)乙酯、盐酸普鲁卡因、盐酸四卡因、盐酸氯普鲁卡因、盐酸羟基普鲁卡因(oxyprocaine)、甲哌卡因、盐酸可哔因和皮哌吡卡因盐酸盐。
合适的杀菌剂/消毒剂包括硫柳汞(thimerosol)、苯酚、百里酚、氯扎氯胺、苄索氯铵、洗必太、providone iodide、氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓、丁香酚和溴化三甲铵。
合适的抗生素包括盘尼西林、甲氧西林、苯甲异恶唑青霉素、头孢噻吩、头孢噻啶(cefaloridin)、红霉素、林可霉素、四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、甲烯土霉素、氯霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、杆菌肽和环丝氨酸。合适的杀真菌药包括两性霉素、克霉唑、益康唑、氟康唑、灰黄霉素、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、咪康唑、制霉菌素、盐酸特比萘芬(terbinafine)、十一碳烯酸和十一烷酸锌。
合适的牙齿脱敏剂包括硝酸钾和氯化锶。合适的氟化物防蛀牙药/防龋齿药包括氟化钠、氟化钾和氟化铵。
其它增白剂包括防牙垢/防结石剂,包括磷酸盐,如焦磷酸盐、多磷酸盐、聚膦酸酯(例如,乙烷-1-羟基-1,1-二磷酸酯、1-氮杂环庚烷-1,1-二膦酸酯和直链烷基二磷酸酯)及其盐;直链羧酸和柠檬酸钠锌以及它们的混合物。优选的焦磷酸盐是焦磷酸二碱金属盐、焦磷酸四碱金属盐,以及焦磷酸二氢二钠(Na2H2P2O7)的水合或无水形式、焦磷酸四钠(Na4P2O7)和焦磷酸四钾(K4P2O7)。焦磷酸盐更详细的说明见Krik& Othmer,Encyclopedia of clinicalTechnology,第三版,17卷,Wiley-Interscience Publishers(1982),其揭示的内容引入本文作为参考。任选地,增白剂也可包括溶解牙垢的制剂,如甜菜碱、胺氧化物和季铵盐类,如美国专利No.6315991(Zofchak)所述。
在所述组合物中也可以使用抑制牙菌斑、结石或龋齿形成的酶药剂。所述酶药剂可以和增白剂储存在一起,或者它们可以位于本文所述多层系统中的不同层上。合适的酶包括:能分解唾液蛋白质(吸附在牙齿表面上形成薄膜或第一层牙菌斑)的蛋白酶,通过溶解形成细菌细胞壁和膜结构组分的蛋白质和脂质来破坏细菌的脂肪酶,葡聚糖酶,葡糖水解酶(glucanohydrolase),糖苷内切酶,和能破坏细菌骨架结构(形成细菌粘附于牙齿上的基质)的粘蛋白酶,以及防止因碳水化合物-蛋白质配合物(会结合钙)分解而产生结石的淀粉酶。优选的酶包括任何市售的蛋白酶、葡聚糖酶,葡糖水解酶,糖苷内切酶,淀粉酶,mutanase,脂肪酶,粘蛋白酶以及它们的相容性混合物。在一些实施方式中,可以使用酶增白剂。
任选地,酶增白剂是过氧化酶,其可原位产生过氧化物。当将酶增白剂或防牙菌斑剂加入所述组合物中时,所述组合物应使所述酶保持其活性形式,例如,pH应为中性左右,过氧化物可以删去,或者包含在单独的层中。
用于局部输送给牙齿和牙周组织的合适的营养补充剂包括维生素(例如,维生素C和D、硫胺、核黄素、泛酸钙、烟酸、叶酸、烟酰胺、吡哆醇、氰钴胺、对-氨基苯甲酸和生物类黄酮)和无机物(例如,钙、磷,氟化物、锌、锰和钾)以及它们的混合物。在Drug Facts and Comparisons(loose leaf druginformation service),Wolters Kluer Company,St.Louis,Mo.,1997,第3-17页中公开有本发明所用的维生素和无机物。
所述组合物也包括任何美容活性制剂,以使牙齿或牙周组织的外观发生所需的变化或者给使用者提供社交所需特征如清新的口气。例如,美容活性制剂可以是口气清新剂或者能使牙齿增白或漂白的制剂。认识到在一些文化或在西方社交的某些阶段中,牙齿颜色很重要或者需要,所述美容活性制剂也可以是任何能给牙齿提供颜色或着色的制剂。
在所述组合物中可以加入其它增白剂。例如,也可以存在表面活性制剂如去污剂,并和上述增白剂一起发挥作用,给牙齿提供更亮洁的外观。
在这些实施方式之一中,本发明牙齿增白组合物较好包含用于增白牙齿的过氧化物,也可以包含常规添加剂如填料、防腐剂、pH调节剂、软化剂、增稠剂、着色剂、颜料、染料、折射颗粒、稳定剂、增韧剂、药物制剂、香料或口气清新剂和渗透促进剂。在那些要降低或消除粘性的实施方式中,也可以使用常规防粘剂。选择这些添加剂及其用量,使它们不会明显干扰牙齿增白组合物所需的化学和物理性质,也不会干扰组合物中所含牙齿增白剂的输送。这种额外成分包括着色化合物、食物添加剂、香料、甜味剂和防腐剂。
E.其它成份
可以使用任何天然或合成的食用香料或食物添加剂,如在Chemicals Usedin Food Processing,Pub.No.1274,National Academy of Sciences,第63-258页中所述的那些。合适的食用香料包括本领域已知的冬青、薄荷、荷兰薄荷、薄荷醇、水果香料、香草、肉桂、辣椒、香料油、油树脂,以及它们的混合物。食用香料的用量通常取决于偏爱,取决于诸如香料类型、各香料以及所需的强度。所述组合物优选包含约0.1-5重量%的食用香料。
本发明所用甜味剂包括蔗糖、果糖、阿斯巴甜、木糖醇和糖精。较好的是,所述组合物包含约0.001-5.0重量%的甜味剂。
合适的基材可以是半透明的,当佩戴时所述组合物不显眼。但是,所述基材或组合物可以任选具有颜色,当佩戴时可使组合物显眼。若需要着色,优选颜色存在于基材中。例如,所述基材可以具有明亮或活跃的颜色,使消费者感到愉悦。因此,所述基材可包含有色化合物,如染料、颜料或当加入形成该基材的材料中时可以提供颜色的物质。
例如,常用于食物、药物或人体化妆品的着色化合物,尤其是允许用于食物的色素添加剂(归类为“可证明的”或“免检的”)可用于使基材着色。用于使基材着色的有色化合物可获自天然来源如蔬菜、矿石或动物,或者可以是天然衍生物的人造相似物。
目前经食品、药物和化妆品法(Food Drug & Cosmetic Act)批准的用于食物和吞食药物的着色化合物包括:FD&C红No.3(四碘代荧光素的钠盐)、Food红17(6-羟基-5-{(2-甲氧基-5-甲基-4-磺基苯基)偶氮}-2-萘磺酸的二钠盐)、Food黄13(喹酞酮或2-(2-喹啉基)茚满二酮的一磺酸和二磺酸的混合物的钠盐)、FD&C黄No.5(4-对磺基苯基偶氮-1-对磺基苯基-5-羟基吡唑-3-羧酸的钠盐)、FD&C黄No.6(对磺基苯基偶氮-B-萘酚(napthol)-6-单磺酸的钠盐)、FD&C绿No.3(4-{[4-(N-乙基-对磺基苄基氨基)-苯基]-(4-羟基-2-锍-苯基)-亚甲基}-[1-(N-乙基-N-对磺基苄基)-3,5-环己二亚胺]的二钠盐)、FD&C蓝No.1(二苄基二乙基-二氨基三苯基甲醇三磺酸酐的二钠盐);FD&C蓝No.2(靛蓝的二磺酸的钠盐)、FD&C红No.40、Orange B和Citrus红No.2以及它们各种比例的组合。
免于FDA认证的着色化合物包括:胭脂树橙提取物,β-阿朴胡萝卜素醛,β-胡罗卜素,甜菜根粉,角黄素,焦糖色,胡萝卜籽油,胭脂虫红提取物(洋红色),烘烤的、部分脱酯的、煮熟的棉籽粉,葡糖酸亚铁,果汁,葡萄色素提取物,葡萄皮提取物(enocianina),红辣椒,红辣椒油树脂,核黄素,藏红花色素,姜黄,姜黄油树脂,蔬菜汁以及它们各种比例的组合。
用于所述组合物的着色化合物的形式较好包括干燥形式的添加剂,但是也可包括与包含基材的材料相容的色淀形式,。在本发明的方法中可以使用粉末、颗粒、液体形式或其它专门形式提供的可溶于水的染料。优选采用染料的“色淀”或不溶于水的形式使基材着色。例如,若使用着色化合物的悬浮液,可采用色淀形式的添加剂。合适的不溶于水的染料色淀(通过将FD&C染料的钙盐或铝盐掺杂到氧化铝上来制得)包括FD&C绿#1色淀,FD&C蓝#2色淀,FD&C R&D#30色淀和FD&C#黄15色淀。
其它合适的着色化合物包括无毒性不溶于水的无机颜料,如二氧化钛、氧化铬绿、群蓝和群青粉红(ultramarine pink)以及氧化铁。这种颜料的粒度较好约为5-1000微米,更好是约250-500微米。
基材中着色化合物的浓度较好约为0.05-10重量%,更好是约为0.1-5重量%。
基材中可以存在一种以上的着色化合物,以提供多种颜色。这些多种色彩可以形成条状、点状、螺旋状或任何其它消费者感到愉悦的图案。所述着色化合物也可以和其它外观增强物质如闪光颗粒一起使用。
宜加入吸收性填料来控制粘合剂置于牙齿表面时的水合程度。这种填料可以包括:微晶纤维素、滑石、乳糖、高岭土、甘露醇、胶体二氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化锌、氧化钛、硅酸镁、硅酸铝镁、疏水淀粉、硫酸钙、硬脂酸钙、磷酸钙、磷酸钙二水合物、粘土如合成锂皂石、织造和非织造纸和棉花材料。其它合适的填料是惰性的,即基本上不吸水的,包括例如:聚乙烯类、聚丙烯类、聚氨酯聚醚酰胺共聚物、聚酯类和聚酯共聚物、尼龙和人造丝。优选的填料是胶体二氧化硅,例如,Cab-O-Sil(Cabot Corporation,Boston MA)。
防腐剂包括例如“对-氯-间甲酚、苯基乙醇、苯氧基乙醇、氯代丁醇、4-羟基苯甲酸甲酯、4-羟基苯甲酸丙酯、氯化苄烷铵、氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓、双氯苯双胍已烷二乙酸酯或葡糖酸酯、乙醇和丙二醇。
用作pH调节剂的化合物包括但不限于:甘油缓冲剂、柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、硼酸盐缓冲剂、磷酸盐缓冲剂,或者也可以包括柠檬酸-磷酸盐缓冲剂,以确保水凝胶组合物的pH与口腔环境相容,不会沥出牙齿表面的无机物。为了使增白效果最佳,且不会使牙齿脱失无机物,所述组合物中可以包含钙盐和/或氟盐。
合适的软化剂包括柠檬酸酯,如柠檬酸三乙酯或柠檬酸乙酰基三乙酯、酒石酸酯如酒石酸二丁酯、甘油酯如二乙酸甘油酯和三乙酸甘油酯、邻苯二甲酸酯如邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、和/或亲水表面活性制剂,较好是亲水非离子表面活性制剂,如糖的部分脂肪酸酯、聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯、聚乙二醇脂肪醇醚以及聚乙二醇脱水山梨糖醇-脂肪酸酯。
本文优选的增稠剂是天然存在的化合物或其衍生物,包括例如:胶原,半乳甘露聚糖,淀粉,淀粉衍生物和水解产物,纤维素衍生物如甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素以及羟丙基甲基纤维素,胶体硅酸,以及糖类如乳糖、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖。也可以使用合成性增稠剂如聚乙烯醇、乙烯基吡咯烷酮-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚乙二醇类以及聚丙二醇类。
也可以将所述基材埋入或用装饰物如珠、莱茵石等进行装饰,只要这些装饰物不会干扰组合物适当变形到牙齿上所需的基材的上述粘弹性。也可以设计所述基材显示使人愉悦的或者吸引消费者的字母、文字或图像。
F.可消蚀的背称元件
可消蚀的背称元件包括一种能在潮湿环境下以低于水凝胶的速率消蚀的聚合物组合物,且基本不具粘性。有多种材料可用于背称元件,包括但不限于,丙烯酸酯聚合物、纤维素衍生物聚合物、纤维素酯、淀粉、藻酸、藻酸酯、聚氨基酸。混合物,即例如,这些不同聚合物的混合物,也可作为背称元件材料。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,水凝胶在置于潮湿环境下1秒-24小时内消蚀,在另一实施方式中,水凝胶放置后10秒-8小时消蚀。在一实施方式中,可消蚀的背称元件,在水凝胶消蚀后12-24小时后消蚀,而在另一实施方式中,被衬材料在水凝胶消蚀后约12小时内消蚀。可选择可消蚀的背称元件材料使其以稍微更慢的或几乎等同的速率(如,当它们都在24小时内消蚀)消蚀,但优选选择材料,使它在使用时以较水凝胶组合物更低的速率消蚀。本发明一实施方式中,可消蚀的背称元件以比水凝胶至少慢约200%的速率消蚀;在另一实施方式中,背称至少慢约100%消蚀,在一不同的实施方式中,背称至少慢约50%消蚀,而在另一实施方式中,背称较水凝胶至少慢约25%消蚀。
适合的丙烯酸酯聚合物如上所述为可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物,例如但不限于,由丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯和/或其它乙烯基单体形成的聚合物。优选的丙烯酸酯聚合物为Eudragit聚合物(甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物),例如Eudragit系列E,L,S,RL,RS和NE共聚物。如上所述,这些Eudragit共聚物也用于水凝胶的可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物组分。由于在不同pH值下可得到具有不同的溶解度和渗透特性的各级Eudragit聚合物,可选择可消蚀背称的等级,从而使其具相比水凝胶所用等级更低的溶解度。例如,如果选择L 100-55用于水凝胶,则可使用Eudragit L 100作为背称,如果使用Eudragit L 100用于水凝胶,则可将Eudragit S 100用于背称,依此类推。此外,可使用Eudragit聚合物混合物或Eudragit聚合物同其它聚合物及辅料(如缓冲剂,pH调节剂等)的混合物,以设计背称元件相对水凝胶的消蚀速率。
适合的纤维素衍生聚合物例如但不限于,水合纤维素(玻璃纸)、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素(HEC)、羟丙纤维素(HPC)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和羧甲基纤维素钠(Na-CMC)。优选的纤维素为羟基纤维素(玻璃纸)、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠及其混合物。
适合的纤维素酯据以上描述为可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物,例如但不限于,乙酸纤维素酯、乙酸丙酸纤维素酯、乙酸丁酸纤维素酯、丙酸纤维素酯、丁酸纤维素酯、丙酸丁酸纤维素酯、二乙酸纤维素酯、三乙酸纤维素酯及其混合物。纤维素酯共聚物例子包括乙酸丁酸纤维素和乙酸丙酸纤维素。优选的纤维素酯为乙酸纤维素、乙酸丙酸纤维素(CAP)、乙酸丁酸纤维素(CAB)、丙酸纤维素(CP)、丁酸纤维素(CB)、丙酸丁酸纤维素(CPB)、二乙酸纤维素(CDA)、三乙酸纤维素(CTA)、乙酸丁酸纤维素(CAB)和乙酸丙酸纤维素(CAP)及其混合物。
适合的淀粉包括例如但不限于,例如但不限于,土豆淀粉乙酸酯、玉米淀粉等(如Roquette出售的Clearam淀粉)及其组合物。
适合的藻酸酯例如但不限于,丙二醇藻酸酯、藻酸钠、藻酸钙等等,及其混合物。
适合的聚氨基酸例如但不限于,多聚赖氨酸、多聚甘氨酸、聚丙氨酸、鱼精蛋白等等,及其混合物。
可以理解,活性制剂和其它组分与水凝胶组合物也可用于背称元件。例如,水凝胶可包括释放于牙齿表面或口腔粘膜的活性制剂,而背称可载有调味剂并于口腔内释放。
IV.制造方法
本发明的组合物通常是可熔融挤出的,因此,可以用简单的掺混与挤出方法来制备。称取组合物的组分,然后例如用Brabender或Baker Perkins掺混机混合,通常并不需要在高温下,例如约90-140℃下进行。若需要可以加入溶剂或水。所得组合物可用单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机挤出或粒化。或者,可将所述组合物的诸组分一次性熔融,混合后再挤出。所述组合物可以直接挤到可消蚀的背衬元件。也可以先挤出水凝胶组合物,然后压制到背衬元件上或叠压到背衬元件上。还可以包含有可剥离的衬。对于大多数的应用,所得含水凝胶的薄膜的厚度约为0.050-0.80mm,更好是约0.37-0.47mm。
或者,通过溶液铸塑,在合适的溶剂中通常以约35-60%(重量/体积)的浓度混合组合物诸组分来制备所述组合物,合适的溶剂例如特别优选挥发性溶剂如乙酸乙酯或低级烷醇(例如,乙醇、异丙醇等)。如上所述,将上述溶液铸塑到上述可消蚀背衬元件可剥离衬垫上。混合与铸塑宜在室温下进行。然后,在约80-100℃,最好约90℃下烘烤涂布薄膜的背衬元件约1-4小时,最好约2小时。因此,本发明一个实施方式是制备适于加入本发明组合物中的水凝胶薄膜的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:用溶剂制备可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、亲水聚合物、能与亲水聚合物氢键或静电键合的互补低聚物的溶液;使一层该溶液沉积到可消蚀背衬元件上形成涂层;将涂布的背衬元件加热到约80-100℃约1-4小时,从而在背衬元件上形成水凝胶薄膜。
当需要粘性的水凝胶组合物时,优选溶液铸塑。对于基本上没有粘性的组合物的制备方法,优选熔融挤出。可以用熔融挤出法或溶液铸塑技术来制备半透明的组合物,虽然这些实施方式通常优选溶液铸塑。因此,本发明另一实施方式是形成包含亲水性连续相的组合物的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:通过挤出机熔融加工可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、亲水聚合物、能与亲水聚合物氢键或静电键合的互补低聚物的混合物,形成挤出的组合物;将该组合物以所需厚度的薄膜挤出在合适的可消蚀背衬元件上,当冷却时,在薄膜上加入活性制剂如过氧化物的水溶液,使增白剂浓度约为1-20重量%。
本发明也考虑一种多层系统,它包括一层或多层额外的水凝胶或非水凝胶层。例如,在储存过程中可能需要包含与主要活性制剂不相容的其它活性制剂。在这种方式中,一层可以是含有主要活性制剂的水凝胶层,而其它层可含有其它活性制剂。这些其它层可以由本文所述的水凝胶组合物制得,或者由本领域已知的任何其它生物相容性的制剂(例如,聚异丁烯、二甲基硅氧烷、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、乙酸纤维素、丁酸纤维素、丙酸纤维素、乙基纤维素和不溶于水的丙烯酸酯类)制得。此外,根据诸层的顺序,可能要求具有粘性层(例如,直接位于牙齿上的层)和不粘层(例如,离嘴唇最近的外层)。具有多层体系的另一优点是可改变最外层所用聚合物的比例,以获得不粘层,而避免在产品中包括单独的背衬层。
在一个实施方式中,所述组合物包括:在施加到牙齿、口腔组织、皮肤或粘膜表面之后作为该组合物外表面的外基材层,粘附于其上的表面接触粘合层(通常是本发明的粘合剂组合物,任选包含其它活性制剂),以及可除去的剥离衬垫。在除去剥离衬垫之后,例如,将所述组合物施加到待治疗的表面如牙齿表面上,置于该表面上,使接触口腔表面的层与牙齿或其它口腔表面保持接触。在另一实施方式中,不用剥离衬包装所述组合物。因此,一旦从包装中取出,所述组合物已准备好施加到口腔表面。
所述水凝胶可消蚀背衬元件组合物可以包含额外的基材层,用作主要的结构元件,在制造或使用过程中为该组合物提供支承。用于基材的材料应是惰性的,不能吸收水凝胶可消蚀背衬元件组合物。而且,用于基材的材料应使所述装置按牙齿或其它体表面的轮廓,舒适地配戴在嘴中,不会磨擦或刺激嘴唇或舌头。用于基材的材料的例子包括:聚酯类、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯类和聚醚酰胺类。所述基材的厚度以约为15-250微米,若需要可以着色、金属化或者提供适于书写的光洁衬垫。
在一个实施方式中,虽然所述基材不一定优选闭塞性的(即,不透气的),不允许组合物中的任何活性制剂透过该层泄漏而接触口腔和牙龈粘膜。当准备使用时,要预先润湿所述组合物,使粘性增大,并将组合物粘附牙齿上。这一实施方式的一个好处就是所述活性制剂基本上不会透过基材泄漏而刺激那些对该活性制剂过敏的个体或产生任何令人不快的香味或感觉。
基材其它合适的材料可以是非聚合物材料,如蜡(例如,微晶或石蜡)或蜡/泡沫层压物。石蜡是低分子量的直链烃,其熔点约为48-75℃,分子量约为300-1400g/mol,通常通过Fischer-Tropsch合成反应制得。微晶蜡是柔韧的外观类似于无定形物,其拉伸强度比石蜡高,晶粒则比石蜡小。微晶蜡的熔点通常约为60-95℃,分子量约为580-700g/mol,主要包含支链烃和一些环状化合物,虽然可存在直链烃。所述基材材料也可以是开孔泡沫材料,如聚氨酯、聚苯乙烯或聚乙烯泡沫材料。
或者,在另一实施方式中,所述基材是不闭塞性的,因此可以在牙齿或其它机体表面上原位完全水合。
所述剥离衬垫是一次性使用的元件,作用是在施用前保护所述系统。剥离衬垫由不能透过增白剂和水凝胶组合物的材料制成,容易从接触粘合剂上剥离。剥离衬垫通常用硅酮或氟碳化合物处理,通常由聚酯类和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯制得。
优选的组合物通常用丙烯酸酯聚合物(作为不溶于水的可水溶胀的聚合物)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮与聚乙二醇的共混物(作为亲水聚合物和能与所述亲水聚合物氢键或静电键合的互补低聚物的共混物)制得。
所述组合物的粘合剂薄膜通过在约100-170℃的温度下热熔融和混合上述诸组分来制造。将薄膜以所需厚度挤出到合适基材上。或者,可将诸组分溶解在一种溶剂或混合溶剂中,将其溶液铸塑到剥离或背衬薄膜上。然后,蒸发溶剂,获得水凝胶薄膜。
一种将活性制剂加入所述组合物中的方法包括将所需活性制剂如牙齿增白剂的水溶液层铺到合适基材上的水凝胶表面,或者直接将活性制剂置于基材上。然后将所述剥离衬安装到组合物上面,形成夹心结构,含有增白剂的溶液被吸入到所述组合物中(由于其水溶胀性)。或者,将基材上层铺的组合物浸没在含有所需浓度增白剂的溶液中,该溶液被吸入组合物中。通过测定吸收液体时重量增加的速率,可以确定和控制组合物中加入的活性制剂的百分数。
将活性制剂加入组合物中的另一方法是将固体或溶液形式的活性制剂加入溶解在溶剂中的组合物中。然后,将混合物按常规铸塑到合适基材上并干燥,虽然当使用这种加入方法时需要较低的干燥温度。以这种方式制得的组合物可以在室温下干燥约1小时到几天。
一般薄膜厚度约为0.050-0.80mm,较好是0.25-0.50mm。薄膜的厚度并不关键,可以根据加入薄膜中的增白剂浓度、薄膜接触牙齿的时间长短、佩戴者要求的舒适程度以及所需矫正牙齿的着色程度而不同。
V.使用方法
在实施中,可通过除去包装取出产品,除去剥离衬垫(当有时),将粘合剂层施加到要增白的牙齿(或在使用组合物的另一种应用方式或使用另一种活性制剂时,将其置于到任何潮湿体表或潮湿表面)上。本文所述系统可以各种尺寸提供,使所述组合物能施加到整个牙齿,或牙齿的任何部分上,可一次施加到任何数目的牙齿上,或施加到口腔的任何部分上或其它湿润区域。
背称组件可经配制使其同牙咬合或不渗透活性制剂,从而在使用者经所需时间使用组合物时减少或防止活性制剂自组合物泄漏,即组合物将单向地传递药物,如仅向粘膜组织。备选地,背称组件可经配制使其具有特定的渗透性,从而提供双向的药物传递,如向粘膜表面以及口腔。渗透水平,即其选择本质,也可用于控制向粘膜表面以及口腔传递的相对速率。
组合物可在所需的部位保持少到几分钟、若干小时、一天或过夜,然后当获得所需增白程度或所需治疗效果或美容效果后将其除去。任选地,该组合物留在原处使消蚀去除。因此本发明的一个实施方式中,一种增白牙齿的方法可仅仅包括在需要增白时将组合物施于牙齿,而在另一实施方式中,该方法还可包含获得所需增白程度后将组合物除去。
若需要,可以提供半透明的组合物,佩戴时不会显眼或引起其它人注意。该系统还可以设计成没有活性制剂,发现其可以用作口腔表面的保护性敷料,如创伤敷料。
所述组合物可以长期戴用,但是通常其经受的时间约为10分钟到24小时,然后组合物被移去或是已消蚀去除。对于牙齿增白的应用,佩戴时间宜为约10分钟到8小时(例如,过夜),也优选30分钟到约1小时的实施方式。对于其它活性制剂,治疗有效时间或美容有效时间可根据所用的活性制剂以及所治疗的疾病症不难确定。
本发明一实施方式中水凝胶为固体并在制造时附于背称元件上。因此,组合物以单步骤附着。任选地,水凝胶可为非固体并在制造和包装时与背称元件独立。这例情况中,使用者先粘附水凝胶,然后将背称元件粘至水凝胶的外表面。任一实施方式中,使用者可以通过手指和拇指的指尖对基材施加正常的手压,任选在施用前润湿所述组合物,围绕上齿或下齿使所述组合物成形。假定平均成人的手指或拇指指尖的表面积约为1平方厘米,则手指和拇指指尖产生的正常压力约为100000-150000帕斯卡(即,约3磅-1.36千克)/平方厘米。所述压力通常由各手指和拇指的指尖施加到所述组合物上约1或2秒。一旦除去手指和拇指指尖施加到基材上的压力,所述组合物呈牙齿表面的形状,并附着在牙齿表面上,并邻接在其上组合物成形的软组织。
当使用者准备除去所述组合物时,所述组合物可以通过将其从牙齿表面或其它身体表面上剥离来简单除去。若需要的话,所述组合物可以再次粘附另一增白时间。留下的残留物最少,可以食用一般的刷牙方法来除去。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述组合物是固体,是压敏粘合剂并吸收水。
所述组合物也可以作为非固体组合物施加,例如作为液体或凝胶施加。例如,使用者可以从管子中将组合物挤到手指上,将其施涂到牙齿或其它机体表面;直接从管子中将所述组合物挤到牙齿上,通过牙刷或其它施涂器施涂所述组合物等。在溶剂蒸发之后,所述液体或凝胶组合物干燥,在机体表面形成基质型聚合物薄膜或者凝胶。在这种液体或凝胶成膜组合物的一个实施方式中,所述水凝胶含有足够的水或其它溶剂,能提供流动性能。在这种组合物的另一实施方式中,所述液体或凝胶组合物的聚合物诸组分在室温及冷藏温度(约4℃)下可溶于水-乙醇混合物中,并在溶剂蒸发时混合。在这种液体或凝胶成膜组合物的另一实施方式中,所述聚合物组合物在乙醇-水混合物中的下临界溶液温度约为36℃。所得薄膜(在溶剂蒸发之后)宜在体温下不溶于唾液或溶解缓慢,而使过氧化氢和牙齿珐琅质能长时间接触。最后,在液体或凝胶组合物以及在干燥时的聚合物薄膜中的过氧化氢应稳定。
除非另有所述,本发明的实施采用聚合物化学、粘合剂制造以及水凝胶制备中的常规技术,这些技术均在本领域的技术范围内。在文献中详细说明了这种技术。
应理解,虽然已经结合优选的具体实施方式说明了本发明,但是以上说明以及以下实施例仅用于说明本发明,而不是限制本发明的范围。本发明的其它方面、优点和修改对本发明所涉及领域的技术人员来说显而易见。
阐述以下实施例,为本领域普通技术人员提供全部内容,并说明如何制造和使用本发明的化合物,并不意味着限制发明人所要求的发明范围。已作出努力来确保有关数字(例如,量、温度等)的准确性,但是应考虑到可能有一些错误和偏差。除非另有所述,份数以重量计,温度以℃计,压力为大气压或接近大气压。
在实施例中采用了以下缩写和商品名:
Eudragit L100-55 甲基丙烯酸共聚物,(Rohm America Inc.)
Eudragit L 100 甲基丙烯酸共聚物,(Rohm America Inc.)
PEG 聚乙二醇400
PVP Kollidon90聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(BASF)
实施例
实施例1
固体组合物的制备
使用熔融挤出法由以下成分制备牙齿增白组合物的一个实施方式:
Eudragit L 100-55 9重量%
PVP 44重量%
PEG 22重量%
过氧化氢 6重量%
水、稳定剂、pH调节剂 19重量%
如下所述,将诸成分在Brabender单螺杆挤出机中熔融加工:首先在100-150℃的温度下将Eudragit L-100-55加入挤出机中,之后加入PVP和PEG。将所述组合物挤到聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯剥离衬与可消蚀背衬元件之间,厚度为0.35mm,该背衬元件由Eudragit S 100制成,如果需要,包含合适的增塑剂。将过氧化氢溶液加入挤出的薄膜中。
实施例2
制备非固体组合物
此以下成分制备牙齿增白组合物:
去离子水 35.0重量%
乙醇 35.0重量%
Eudragit L-100-55 4.00重量%
PEG 1.00重量%
PVP 7.00重量%
过氧化脲 18.00重量%
柠檬酸钠 0.13重量%
如下所述,在装有涂布Teflon的桨叶(直径2英寸)的Cole-Parmer高扭矩低速实验室用混合器中混合所述组合物。混合去离子水与乙醇,之后加入PEG。然后在剧烈搅拌条件下加入柠檬酸钠。在剧烈搅拌(500-600rpm)下缓慢加入(2-5分钟)Eudragit L-100-55粉末。在约5-10分钟(不一定要等到Eudragit全部溶解)后,缓慢加入PVP粉末(5分钟内)。保持高搅拌速度5-10分钟。加入过氧化脲粉末(1-2分钟),搅拌混合物制得均匀的溶液(800-900rpm约30分钟)。然后,溶液储存2-5小时以排除气泡。
该牙齿增白组合物可以包装,与Eudragit RL 100可消蚀背衬元件一同使用可消蚀的背称元件。
实施例3
制备非固体组合物
从以下成分制备牙齿增白组合物:
去离子水 35.0重量%
乙醇 35.0重量%
Eudragit L-100-55 2.50重量%
PEG 1.92重量%
PVP 6.00重量%
过氧化脲 18.00重量%
柠檬酸钠 0.08重量%
甲基纤维素A4C 1.50重量%
在装有涂布Teflon的桨叶(直径2英寸)的Cole-Parmer高扭矩低速实验室用混合器中混合所述组合物。混合去离子水与乙醇,之后加入PEG。然后在剧烈搅拌条件下加入柠檬酸钠。在剧烈搅拌(500-600rpm)下缓慢加入(5分钟内)Eudragit L-100-55粉末,之后在剧烈搅拌(500-600rpm)下缓慢加入(5分钟内)甲基纤维素A4C粉末。约10分钟后,缓慢加入PVP粉末(5分钟内)。保持高搅拌速度5-10分钟。加入过氧化脲粉末(1-2分钟内),搅拌混合物制得均匀的溶液(500-800rpm约30-60分钟)。然后,溶液储存2-5小时以排除气泡。
该牙齿增白组合物可以包装,与Eudragit RS 100可消蚀背衬元件一同使用可消蚀的背称元件。
Claims (59)
1.一种组合物,包括:
(a)水凝胶,所述水凝胶包含:
(i)可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物;
(ii)亲水聚合物与互补低聚物的混合物,所述互补低聚物能以氢键或静电结合至亲水聚合物;且
(iii)任选的活性制剂;和
(b)背称元件,该元件包含在湿润环境下消蚀速率低于水凝胶的聚合物组合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物是纤维素酯、藻酸或丙烯酸酯聚合物。
3.如权利要求2所述的组合物,其中纤维素酯包括至少一种这样的纤维素聚合物,它含有未酯化的纤维素单体单位、乙酸纤维素酯单体单位、和丁酸纤维素酯单体单位或丙酸纤维素酯单体单位中的一种。
4.如权利要求2所述的组合物,其中所述丙烯酸酯聚合物选自以下物质的聚合物或共聚物:丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯或甲基丙烯酸乙酯。
5.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述亲水聚合物选自:聚(N-乙烯基内酰胺)类、聚(N-乙烯基酰胺)类、聚(N-烷基丙烯酰胺)类、聚丙烯酸类、聚甲基丙烯酸类、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基胺以及它们的共聚物和掺混物。
6.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中互补低聚物选自多元醇、单体和低聚的亚烷基二醇、聚亚烷基二醇、羧基封端的聚亚烷基二醇、氨基封端的聚亚烷基二醇、醚醇类、烷烃二醇类和碳二酸。
7.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中互补低聚物能以氢键或静电结合至可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物。
8.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件包含选自以下物质的材料:丙烯酸酯聚合物、纤维素衍生物的聚合物、纤维素酯、淀粉、藻酸、藻酸酯、聚氨基酸及其组合。
9.如权利要求8所述的组合物,其中所述丙烯酸酯聚合物选自由以下物质形成的聚合物:丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙烯酸乙酯。
10.如权利要求8所述的组合物,其中所述纤维素衍射聚合物选自:水合纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠及其组合。
11.如权利要求8所述的组合物,其中所述纤维素酯选自:
乙酸纤维素酯、乙酸丙酸纤维素酯、乙酸丁酸纤维素酯、丙酸纤维素酯、丁酸纤维素酯、丙酸丁酸纤维素酯、二乙酸纤维素酯、三乙酸纤维素酯等及其混合物、聚合物和共聚物。
12.如权利要求8所述的组合物,其中所述淀粉选自:土豆淀粉醋酸酯、玉米淀粉及其混合物。
13.如权利要求8所述的组合物,其中所述藻酸盐选自:藻酸丙二醇酯、藻酸钠、藻酸钙及其组合。
14.如权利要求8所述的组合物,其中所述聚氨基酸选自:聚赖氨酸、聚甘氨酸、聚丙胺酸、鱼精蛋白和其组合。
15.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物和背称元件包含:丙烯酸酯聚合物,背称元件丙烯酸酯聚合物有较可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物更低的溶解度。
16.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中选择可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物、亲水聚合物和互补低聚物的相对量,以使水凝胶呈半透明。
17.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述水凝胶为固体。
18.如权利要求17所述的组合物,包含约0.1-60wt%的活性制剂。
19.如权利要求17所述的组合物,包含约1-20wt%的可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物。
20.如权利要求17所述的组合物,包含约20-80wt%的亲水聚合物。
21.如权利要求17所述的组合物,包含约10-50wt%的互补低聚物。
22.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述水凝胶为液体或凝胶。
23.如权利要求22所述的组合物,包含约0.1-60wt%的活性制剂。
24.如权利要求22所述的组合物,包含约0.1-20wt%的可水溶胀的不溶于水的聚合物。
25.如权利要求22所述的组合物,包含约1-40wt%的亲水聚合物。
26.如权利要求22所述的组合物,包含约0.1-20wt%的互补低聚物。
27.如权利要求1所述的组合物,还包含吸收性填料。
28.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述组合物为压敏粘合剂,并吸水。
29.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述水凝胶在置于湿润环境后,在1秒至24小时期间消蚀。
30..如权利要求29所述的组合物,其中水凝胶在置于湿润环境后,在10秒至8小时期间消蚀。
31.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件在水凝胶消蚀后,在湿润环境中在12-24小时期间消蚀。
32.如权利要求31所述的组合物,其中背称元件在水凝胶消蚀后,在湿润环境中消蚀12小时。
33.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件的消蚀至少较水凝胶慢约25%。
34.如权利要求33所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件的消蚀至少较水凝胶慢约50%。
35.如权利要求34所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件的消蚀至少较水凝胶慢约100%。
36.如权利要求35所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件的消蚀至少较水凝胶慢约200%。
37.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述水凝胶是固体并在使用前粘附于背称元件。
38.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述水凝胶为液体或凝胶,在使用是粘附于背称元件。
39.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中存在有活性制剂。
40.如权利要求39所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件不渗透活性制剂。
41.如权利要求39所述的组合物,其中所述背称元件对活性制剂是选择性渗透。
42.如权利要求39所述的组合物,其中所述活性制剂为增白剂,选自下组物质:
过氧化物、亚氯酸金属盐、过硼酸盐、过碳酸盐、过氧酸及其组合。
43.如权利要求42所述的组合物,其中所述过氧化物选自物质:过氧化氢、过氧化钙、过氧化镁、过氧化脲及其组合。
44.如权利要求42所述的组合物,其中所述过氧化物选自下组物质:
二烃基过氧化物、二酰基过氧化物、过酸酯、过二碳酸酯、酮过氧化物和过氧化氢。
45.如权利要求42所述的组合物,其中所述亚氯酸金属盐选自下组物质:
亚氯酸钙、亚氯酸钡、亚氯酸镁、亚氯酸锂、亚氯酸钠、亚氯酸钾、次氯酸盐和二氧化氯。
46.如权利要求1所述的组合物,还包括食用香料。
47.如权利要求46所述的组合物,其中所述食用香料选自:
鹿蹄草、薄荷、留兰香、薄荷醇、水果调味剂、香草、肉桂、香料、调味油和油树脂及其组合。
48.如权利要求1所述的组合物,还包括甜味剂,选自:蔗糖、果糖、天冬甜素、木糖醇和糖精.
49.如权利要求1所述的组合物,还包括至少一种选自下组物质的添加剂:填料、防腐剂、pH调节剂、软化剂、增稠剂、着色剂、颜料、染料、折射颗粒、食用香料、甜味剂、稳定剂、增韧剂、脱粘剂和渗透促进剂。
50.一种增白牙齿的方法,包括:
将权利要求1的组合物施于需要增白的牙齿上。
51.如权利要求50所述的方法,还包括在达到所需的增白程度时取下组合物。
52.如权利要求50所述的方法,其中所述水凝胶为固体并粘附于背称元件,且其中施涂步骤包括将组合物以单个步骤施涂。
53.如权利要求50所述的方法,其中所述水凝胶非固体,且施涂步骤包括将水凝胶施涂于牙齿,并接着将背称元件施于水凝胶。
54.如权利要求50所述的方法,其中所述组合物包括剥离衬,所述剥离衬在将组合物施于牙齿之前被取下。
55.如权利要求50所述的方法,其中所述的所需的增白程度经过一个预定的时间段达到。
56.如权利要求55所述的方法,其中所述预定时间为约10分钟-24小时。
57.如权利要求56所述的方法,其中所述预定时间为约10分钟-8小时。
58.如权利要求57所述的方法,其中所述预定时间为约30分钟-1小时。
59.如权利要求50所述的方法,其中所述组合物可长期戴用。
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US10/661,103 US8206738B2 (en) | 2001-05-01 | 2003-09-12 | Hydrogel compositions with an erodible backing member |
PCT/US2004/029620 WO2005027768A2 (en) | 2003-09-12 | 2004-09-09 | Hydrogel compositions with an erodible backing member |
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EP (2) | EP2601939B1 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP5599548B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1863519B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2004273810B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2538727C (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2394644T3 (zh) |
IL (1) | IL174263A0 (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA06002859A (zh) |
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KR20090009235A (ko) | 2006-04-11 | 2009-01-22 | 니찌방 가부시기가이샤 | 탐스로신 함유 경피흡수형 제재 |
EP2196197A1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2010-06-16 | Bouty S.P.A. | Antiviral patch |
CA2751884C (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2018-09-25 | Corium International, Inc. | Transdermal administration of tamsulosin |
WO2015042165A1 (en) | 2013-09-17 | 2015-03-26 | Corium International, Inc. | Topical adhesive composition, and device, for improving aesthetic appearance of skin |
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2003
- 2003-09-12 US US10/661,103 patent/US8206738B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2004
- 2004-09-09 PL PL04783729T patent/PL1667667T3/pl unknown
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- 2004-09-09 WO PCT/US2004/029620 patent/WO2005027768A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2004-09-09 RU RU2006112005/15A patent/RU2384326C2/ru active
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Cited By (8)
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CN101631533B (zh) * | 2007-02-16 | 2012-08-22 | 株式会社Amorepacific | 含有西洛他唑的控释制剂及其制备方法 |
CN102711661A (zh) * | 2010-01-29 | 2012-10-03 | 高露洁-棕榄公司 | 用于口腔治疗给药的牙条 |
CN105963279A (zh) * | 2010-01-29 | 2016-09-28 | 高露洁-棕榄公司 | 用于口腔治疗给药的牙条 |
CN103764230A (zh) * | 2010-04-21 | 2014-04-30 | 迪斯卡斯牙科有限责任公司 | 同时清洁和美白牙齿的方法 |
US10912717B2 (en) | 2010-04-21 | 2021-02-09 | Oraceutical Llc | Compositions and methods for whitening teeth |
US9662284B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 | 2017-05-30 | Oraceutical Llc | Methods for whitening teeth |
US9775790B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 | 2017-10-03 | Oraceutical Llc | Method and compositions for whitening teeth |
CN108135860A (zh) * | 2015-06-22 | 2018-06-08 | 考里安国际公司 | 包含难溶性治疗剂的透皮粘合剂组合物 |
Also Published As
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IL174263A0 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
US20140271781A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
EP1667667A2 (en) | 2006-06-14 |
JP5599548B2 (ja) | 2014-10-01 |
ES2394644T3 (es) | 2013-02-04 |
EP2601939A2 (en) | 2013-06-12 |
RU2006112005A (ru) | 2007-10-27 |
WO2005027768A3 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
US20160045404A1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
PL1667667T3 (pl) | 2013-03-29 |
JP2007505135A (ja) | 2007-03-08 |
US8206738B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 |
US20130273127A1 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
US20040105834A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
JP2011256208A (ja) | 2011-12-22 |
US8481071B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 |
US10835454B2 (en) | 2020-11-17 |
US20120237579A1 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
RU2384326C2 (ru) | 2010-03-20 |
WO2005027768A2 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
AU2004273810A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
EP2601939B1 (en) | 2020-04-29 |
EP1667667A4 (en) | 2009-07-08 |
EP1667667B1 (en) | 2012-08-22 |
CA2538727C (en) | 2012-09-04 |
US8741331B2 (en) | 2014-06-03 |
US9084723B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 |
CA2538727A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
MXPA06002859A (es) | 2006-06-14 |
EP2601939A3 (en) | 2015-09-02 |
CN1863519B (zh) | 2012-10-10 |
AU2004273810B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
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