CN1439375A - 脱氢表雄酮的治疗用途和传送系统 - Google Patents
脱氢表雄酮的治疗用途和传送系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1439375A CN1439375A CN 02103075 CN02103075A CN1439375A CN 1439375 A CN1439375 A CN 1439375A CN 02103075 CN02103075 CN 02103075 CN 02103075 A CN02103075 A CN 02103075A CN 1439375 A CN1439375 A CN 1439375A
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- dhea
- dehydroepiandrosterone
- vivo
- precursor
- treatment
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Abstract
性甾族化合物前体(如脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变为这两种化合物之一的化合物)可用于治疗和/或预防阴道萎缩、性腺机能减退、性欲减退、骨质疏松症、尿失禁、卵巢癌、子宫癌、皮肤萎缩、避孕、以及与雌激素和/或孕激素并用治疗绝经。可以配制所述前体用于经皮或经粘膜给药。为了施用上述前体,本发明提供了凝胶剂、溶液剂、洗剂、霜剂、软膏剂和经皮给药贴剂的药用组合物以及小药盒,它们可用于预防或治疗与肾上腺分泌的性甾族化合物前体减少有关的多种疾病。
Description
本申请是申请日为1994年1月19日,申请号为94190964.6,发明名称为“脱氢表雄酮的治疗用途和传送系统”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
背景技术
本发明涉及预防和/或治疗敏感的温血动物(包括人)的阴道萎缩、性腺机能减退、性欲降低、骨质疏松、尿失禁、卵巢癌、子宫癌以及绝经的方法或进行避孕的方法,该方法包括施用脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)、硫酸脱氢表雄酮(DHEA-S)或在体内转变成这两种化合物之一的化合物,本发明还涉及药用产品,它包括小药盒和传送本发明有用的活性成分的药用组合物。
灵长目是唯一的有肾上腺的动物,肾上腺可分泌大量前体甾族化合物脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)以及特别是硫酸DHEA(DHEA-S),DHEA和DHEA-S可转变成雄烯二酮(D4-二酮)或雄烯二醇(D5-二醇),并且然后在外周组织中转变成有效的雄激素(Adams,Mol.Cell.Endocrinol.41:1-17,1985;Labrie等,in ImportantAdvances in Oncology(de Vita S,Hellman S,RosenbergSA,eds),JB Lippincott Philadelphia PA,pp 193~200,1985)。存在于男人和女人血液中主要的甾族化合物DHEA-S在外周组织中转变成DHEA和D5-二醇,因此这3个甾族化合物之间在血液中的浓度保持着紧密的关系(Adams,Mol.Cell.Endocrinol.41:1-17,1985)。根据17b-羟基甾族化合物脱氢酶(17-b-HSD)、芳香酶和5a-还原酶的有关活性,DHEA或其衍生物将优先转变成雄激素和/或雌激素。
人们发现在出生时,DHEA和DHEA-S具有低的血清值,并且这种情况持续直到6岁。通常在7岁时上述二种甾族化合物DHEA和DHEA-S的血清含量增加,并且继续上升直到男孩和女孩到16岁(Orentreich等,J.Clin.Endocr.Metab.59:551~555,1984)。然后在男性中进一步地增加,男性通常在20和24岁之间达到最大含量。在女性中,16岁之后通常不再增加。DHEA和DHEA-S随男性和女性衰老而减少(Vermeulen和Verdoreck,J.Steroid Biochem.7:1-10,1976;Vermeulen等,J.Clin.Endocr.Metab.54:187-191,1982)。事实上,在70岁,血清DHEA-S含量约为其峰值的20%,而在85~90岁减少直到95%(Migeon等,J.Clin,Endocr,Metab.17:1051-1062,1957)。在衰老时由肾上腺生成的DHEA-S减少可达70%~95%,这导致外周靶组织中雄激素和雌激素的生成明显减少,结果引起由性甾族化合物诱导的生物化学功能和细胞功能明显降低。
在男人中除了DHEA-S生成减少之外,60-70岁之后还观察到在精索静脉(Giusti等,EXp.Gerontol.10:241-245,1975)和血浆(Lewis等,Acta Endocrinol.82:444-448,1976:Zumoff等,J.Clin.Endocr.Metab.54:534-538,1982)中睾丸酮的浓度逐渐降低。但是上述论据是有争论的(Nieschlag等,J.Clin.Endocr.Metab.55:676-681,1982)。在绝经后的妇女中,血清睾丸酮含量低于生殖期(Forest MG,Physiologicalchanges in circulating androgens,in Androgens inChildhood(Forest MG,ed),Karger Basel,p.104-129,1989)。
皮肤是性甾族化合物生成的重要部位,并且已知它的功能由性甾族化合物进行调节。性甾族化合物可以直接地作用于皮肤上,或者可以通过垂体腺前叶刺激生长激素和催乳激素分泌。事实上已知皮肤萎缩出现在生长激素缺乏的情况,这或许是由于胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)分泌的继发减少所致。已知血清生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)含量随男人和妇女的衰老而减少。
血浆DHEA-S浓度被认为是作为骨质疏松症的预报值(Nordin等,J.Clin.Endocr.Metab.60:651-657,1985;Deutsch等,Int.J.Gynecol.Obstet.25:217-220,1987)。事实上,与正常受试者相比,人们发现骨质疏松症患者中血清DHEA明显的低(Nordin等,J.Clin.Endocr.Metab.60:651-657,1985)。组织Δ4-二酮低,也同样地伴随低的DHEA-S含量。因为Δ4-二酮是雌酮的前体,而在绝经的妇女中雌酮是雌二醇的主要来源(Marshall等,Clin.Endocrinol.9:407,1978),所述雌激素继发的低含量可能也与骨质疏松症有关(Nordin等,Lancet 2:277,1981)。
作为另一机理,导致外周组织中低的雄激素生成的低血清DHEA-S含量也可能导致低的骨生成,这是绝经后骨质疏松的特征(Meunier等,in Histological heterogeneity of apparently idiopathicosteoporosis and treatment(DeLuca HF,Frost HM,JeeWSS,Johnston Jr CC,Parfitt AM,eds),University ParkPress,Baltimore,p.293)。事实上,Deutsch等(Int.J.Gynecol.Obstet.25:217-222,1987)。发现,在后期绝经妇女中,血清DHEA-S和雄烯二酮含量以及骨质疏松症之间有明显的关系,但另一方面发现,在血清雌激素和骨密度之间没有任何关系,这提示在绝经后骨质疏松中雄激素具有较大的重要性。
动物研究表明,雄激素缺乏会导致骨质稀少,而施用睾丸酮可增加所有骨骼的量(Silverberg和Silverberg,1971;参见Finkelstein等,Ann.Int.Med.106:354-361,1987)。切除大鼠的睾丸可以在2个月内引起可检测出的骨质疏松症(Winks和Felts,Calcif.Tissue.Res.32:77-82,1980;Verhas等,Calcif.Tissue Res.39:74-77,1986)。
如以前所述,人们发现在骨质疏松症中肾上腺雄激素含量减少(Nordin等,J.Clin.Endocr.Metab.60:651,1985)。此外,以绝经后的妇女中升高的雄激素可以防止加速的骨损失(Deutsch等,Int.J.Gynecol.Obstet.25:217-222,1987;Aloia等,Arch.Int.Med.143:1700-1704,1983)。与上述雄激素的作用一致,在绝经后有症状的绝经症患者中尿的雄激素代谢产物含量比相应的对照要低,并且发现在骨质疏松患者血浆中结合的脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)明显减少(Hollo和Feher,Acta Med.Hung.20:133,1964;Urist和Vincent,J.Clin.Orthop.18:199,1961;Hollo等,Acta Med.Hung.27:155,1970)。人们认为,绝经后骨质疏松症是由雌激素缺乏和雄激素缺乏所引起的(Hollo等,Lancet,1357,1976)。由于衰老(和骨质疏松)伴有几乎不定数量的参数减少,并且各个组织不同的反应(包括没有反应)取决于存在的产生甾体的酶,因此在本申请人发现下面叙述的有关DHEA对骨细胞生产过程的作用之前,人们认为在DHEA含量变化和骨损失之间没有关系。
如上面提出的在骨质疏松症中雌激素和雄激素作用的机理,在雌激素和雄激素减少之后,成骨细胞中存在雌激素(Komm等,Science241:81-84,1988;Eriksen等,Science 241:84-86,1988)和雄激素(Colvard等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.86:854-857,1989)受体可以解释增加的骨的再吸收。
妇女在绝经中开始了迅速的骨损失,而男性中骨损失被认为在约65岁(Riggs等,J.Clin.Invest.67:328-335,1987)。在男性约80岁时有较明显的骨损失,并伴有髋、脊柱和腕裂痕。几项研究表明,骨质疏松是男性中雄激素缺乏的临床表现(Baran等,Calcif.Tissue Res.26:103-106,1978;Odell和Swerdloff,West J.Med.124:446-475,1976;Smith和Walker,Calif.Tissue Res.22(Suppl.):225-228,1976)。
绝经后妇女用19-去甲睾酮治疗可提高皮质骨无机物含量(Clin.Orthop.225:273-277)。但是,据报道雄激素对50%患者有副作用。该论据是有趣的,因为虽然大多数治疗仅限于阻止骨损失,但人们发现可用组织代谢的甾族化合物19-去甲睾酮增加骨质。人们提出在性腺机能减退的男性中可采用雄激素促进骨生成的类似方法(Baran等,Calcif.Tissue Res.26:103,1978)。
随年龄增长DHEA-S和DHEA血清含量的降低引起下述令人好奇的可能性,即DHEA和DHEA-S低血清含量可能与乳腺癌和心血管疾病有关。事实上,一系列的研究表明,DHEA低于正常含量与患乳腺癌的高度危险有关(Bulbrook等,Lancet 2:395-398,1971:Rose等,Eur.J.Cancer 13:43-47,1977:Thijssen等,J.SteroidBiochem.6:729-734,1975:Wang等,Eur.J.Cancer 10:477-482,1974;Gomes等,C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris 306:261-264,1978;Brownsez等,Eur.J.Cancer 8:131-137,1972)。人们发现,患有乳腺癌妇女的尿具有低的雄酮和5β-雄酮,它们是DHEA的2个代谢产物(Bulbrook等,Lancet 2:1238-1240,1962;Cameron等,Br.Med.J.4:768-771,1970)。Bulbrook等(Lancet 2:1235-1240,1962)报道,患有可动手术的初期乳腺癌妇女尿的11-脱氧-17-酮甾族化合物含量(主要从DHEA-S和DHEA得到)与正常人相比要低,这提示DHEA和DHEA-S的低分泌率可能先于乳腺癌的形成。
已发展成的乳腺癌的主要治疗方法涉及抑制雌激素作用和/或生成。雌激素在促进雌激素敏感的乳腺癌生长中的作用已被人们认识(Lippman,Semin.Oncol.10(Suppl.4):11-19,1983;Sledge和McGuire,Cancer Res.38:61-75,1984;Witliff,Cancer 53:630-643,1984;Poulin和Labrie,Cancer Res.46:4933-4937,1986)。
DHEA(450mg/kg体重,每周3次)明显地延缓了C3H小鼠中乳腺肿瘤的出现,C3H小鼠先天性会患乳腺癌(Schwartz,Cancer Res.39:1129-1132,1979)。此外,现已发现具有低血清DHEA含量的男性患膀胱癌的危险增加(Gordon等,Cancer Res.51:1366-1369,1991)。
共同未决的美国专利申请No 07/785,890(申请日期1991年11月4日)涉及治疗敏感的温血动物中乳腺癌和子宫内膜癌的方法,该方法包括用外科方法(卵巢切除术)或化学方法(用LHRH激动剂,例如[D-Trp6,des-Gly-NH2 10]LHRH乙酰胺或拮抗剂)作为合并治疗的部分来抑制卵巢激素分泌。讨论了抗雌激素、雄激素、孕激素、性甾族化合物生成的抑制剂(尤其是17β-羟基甾族化合物脱氢酶或芳香酶催化产生的性甾族化合物)、泌乳素分泌和生长激素分泌以及ACTH分泌的抑制剂。其相似内容已在WO 90/10462中公布。
共同未决的美国专利申请07/724,532和07/900,817(申请日期分别为1991年6月28日和1992年6月24日)涉及应用低剂量的雄激素类化合物预防和治疗乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、骨质疏松症和子宫内膜异位症的方法。其1992年申请的相似内容已作为WO 93/00070公布。
近期体外研究叙述了雄激素对雌激素敏感的人哺乳癌细胞株ZR-75-1生长的有关抗增生活性(Poulin等,“在ZR-75-1入乳腺癌细胞株中雄激素抑制基底和雌激素诱导的细胞增生作用”,Breast Cancer Res.Treatm.12:213-225,1989)。如以上所述,Poulin等(Breast Cancer Res.Treatm.12:213-225,1989)发现,ZR-75-1人乳腺癌细胞的生长可被雄激素抑制,雄激素的抑制作用可增加抗雌激素的抑制作用。裸鼠体内试验也观察到雄激素对人乳腺癌细胞系ZR-75-1的生长抑制作用(Dauvois和Labrie,Cancer Res.51:3131-3135,1991)。
DHEA被认为对肥胖、糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、化学上诱导的乳腺癌、皮肤和结肠癌(预防)、自动免疫疾病、疲劳、肌肉块的减小、结缔组织疾病、衰老和长寿均具有有益的作用(Orentreich等,J.Clin.Endocrinol Metab.59:551-555,1984;Regelson,Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.521:260-273,1988;Gordon等,Adv.Enzyme Regul.26:355-383,1987;Schwartz,Adv.CancerRes.51:391-423,1988:Barrett-Connor等,New Engl.J.Med.315:1519-1524,1986)。
在老年的Sprague-Dawley大鼠中,Schwartz(in Kent,Geriatrics 37:157-160,1982)观察到,用DHEA使体重从600g减到550g而不影响大鼠进食。Schwartz(Cancer 39:1129-1132,1979)发现,给予DHEA(450mg/kg,每周3次)的C3H小鼠达到充分减轻的体重,寿命比对照动物长,并且身体脂肪较少和较活泼。体重减轻了而又不失去食欲,或者体重减轻了但没有食物限制。此外,DHEA可以防止饲养的成年期变得肥胖的动物的体重增加(in Kent,Geriatrics 37:157-160,1982)。
在饲料中加入DHEA对遗传性不耐葡萄糖的肥胖综合症的小鼠是有效的抗高血糖剂和抗糖尿病剂(Coleman等,Diabetes 33:26-32,1984)。
DHEA降低了以胆固醇喂食的兔的动脉粥样硬化的发生率(Gordon等,J.Clin.Invest.82:712-720,1988;Arad等,Arteriosclerosis 9:159-166,1989)。此外据报道,血清高浓度DHEA-S可预防心血管病患者的死亡(Barrett-Connor等,N.Engl.J.Med.315:1519-1524,1986)。人们发现,DHEA和DHEA-S的循环含量与心血管疾病的死亡率具有相反的关系(Barret-Connor等,N.Engl.J.Med.315:1519-1524,1986),并且DHEA和DHEA-S循环含量的减少与降低的免疫活性平行(Thoman和Weigle,Adv.Immunol.46:221-222,1989)。在人体中的研究表明,胎儿血清DHEA-S和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量之间有相反的关系(Parker等,Science 208:512,1980)。
在正常人中用安慰剂对照的试验研究了每天口服1.6g DHEA,连服28天的效果。在DHEA处理组中血清DHEA的含量增加2.5-3.5倍,同时总的胆固醇和血清LDL胆固醇分别降低7.1和7.5%(Nestler等,J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.66:57-61,1988)。在用DHEA处理的5名男性中有4名身体中脂肪减少,平均为身体脂肪的31%,而且总的体重没有变化,这说明相应地增加了肌肉块。
Drucker等(J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.35,48,1972)、Buster等,(Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol.166,1163,1992)和Welle等,(J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.71,1259,1990)也进行过人口服DHEA的试验。
人们发现在AVY变异的小鼠(Yen等,Lipids 12:409-413,1977)和Zucker大鼠(Cleary和Zisk,Fed.Proc.42:536,1983)中肥胖已有改善。与对照相比,用DHEA处理的C3H小鼠显得较年青(Schwartz,Cancer Res.39:1129-1132,1979)。
与相应血浆中的浓度比较,DHEA的脑浓度高6.5倍(Lacroix等,J.Steroid Biochem.28:317-325,1987)。DHEA和DHEA-S改善了衰老小鼠的记忆(Flood和Roberts,Brain Res.448:178-181,1988)。人们发现,与年龄相当的对照组比较,在阿尔茨海默氏疾病患者中血清DHEA-S的浓度平均低48%(Sunderland等,Lancet ii:.570,1989)。如以上所述,在饮食中长期服用DHEA,通过延缓某些疾病的生成(尤其是动物)从而可延长寿命。
美国专利4,496,556叙述应用DHEA或其衍生物通过局部给药治疗皮肤干燥。对皮脂腺仅有局部作用,未见有任何全身作用。
美国专利4,542,129叙述了用于治疗患者干燥皮肤的局部用药组合物,该组合物含有DHEA和/或其衍生物、角质层分离剂和皮肤病学上可接受的无毒载体。
英国专利1246639叙述了脱氢表雄酮的酯的制备方法,它们可用作为治疗绝经前期和绝经后期心动过速与头疼的药物。
人们应用DHEA面临的一个问题是显然需要高剂量,因为口服之后在其到达血流之前该化合物的大部分在肝脏中降解。
已知传送一些药物的效果可以通过应用某些药理学上无活性的衍生物加以改进,这些药理学上无活性的衍生物在体内经酶或自发的反应可转变成有活性的药物(一般见H.Bundgaard,Design andapplication of prodrugs.In A textbook of Drug Designand Development.Edited by p.Krogsgaard-Larsen and H.Bundgaard.Harwood Academic Publishers GmfH,Chur,Switzerland,1991,pp.113-191)。例如Druzgala等(J.SteroidBiochem.Molec.Biol.38,149-154,1991)叙述了糖皮质激素的前体药物。Bodor等在美国专利申请号4,213,978和德国专利申请公布号2948733中公开了黄体酮的噻唑烷衍生物作为局部药物的应用。Friend DR报道了经皮吸收的雌激素和孕激素的前体药物衍生物(Critical Reviews in Therapeufic Drug Carrier Systems,Vol.7(2),pp.149-186,1990)。有关药物经皮吸收的资料还可在Skin Permeability一书(H.Schaefer,A.Zesch和G.Stuttgen,eds,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1982,pp.896)中找到。
为了解除血管舒缩的症状、泌尿生殖器的萎缩、骨质疏松和其他症状以及与绝经有关的体征,现在低剂量的雌激素治疗是常用于更年期和绝经期妇女的标准方法(综述见:Edman,C.D.,EstrogenReplacement Therapy.In:The menopause,Springer-Verlag,New York,(edited by H.J.Buchsbaum),pp.77-84,1983)。有关绝经与其治疗的详细资料可在该书的其他章节中找到。很显然,所述方法限于与孕激素有关或无关的雌激素取代治疗,而不重显雌激素与雄激素之间的平衡,该平衡在各个靶组织中从DHEA转变成其活性代谢产物中自然发生。
在以下文献中已经叙述了DHEA 3位的一些酯:Riva等,J.Org.Chem.54:3161-4,1989;Parish和Chistrakom,Synth.Commun.15:393-9,1985;Rom Patent No RO 66924B;Jarosz和Zamojski,Tetrahedron 38:1453-6,1982;Heublin等,Z.Chem.22:178,1982;German Patent Application No DE2534911:Khaidem等,Indian J.Chem.Sect.B,27B:850-1,1988;Pettit等,J.Org.Chem.52:3573-8,1987;Hanson和Reese J.Chem.Soc.Perkin Trans.1:647-649,1985;European Patent Application No 84-105741;Heublein等,Acta Polym.35:673-7,1984;Seevers等,J.Med.Chem.25:1500-3,1982;Yamashita和Kurosawa,Agric.Biol.Chem.39:2243-4,1975:Japan Patent Application JP 50005372;Pohlmann等,Mol.Cryst.Liquid Cryst.13:243-54,1971。
在J.Pharm.Sci.73:1643-5,1984中报道,DHEA的烷烃磺酸酯可作为葡萄糖-6-磷酸酯脱氢酶活性的抑制剂。
DHEA酯分别用作为绝经后期和绝经前期心动过速和头疼以及更年期痛苦的治疗,已在英国专利申请号GB 1246639和南非专利申请号ZA6806112中公开。
Leszczynski等(Biochem.Biophys.Acta,1014:90-7,1989;idem:1083:18-28,1991)报道,DHEA通过血浆的酯化,Katz等,在MCF-7细胞株中DHEA的酯化(J.Steroid Biochem,26:687-92,1987)。
DHEA的乙基碳酸酯已由Weisz和Agocs(Arch.Pharm.(Weinheim,Ger),319:952-3,1986)报道。
Challis和Heap(J.Chromatogr;50:228-238,1970)以及Pinelly和Nair(J.Chromatogr.43:223-228,1969)报道了DHEA的一些卤代酯。
如以上所述,虽然认为DHEA与不同的生物学功能有关,但它在药学上作为治疗或预防药物的应用相对是受限制的。它在预防、减轻或甚至逆转某些疾病进程中的作用迄今仍不十分明白。现本发明公开DHEA和DHEA-S(或在体内可转变成这两种化合物之一的化合物)的许多新的药学用途。本发明还提供上述药物改进的给药方法,改进的给药方法可以克服例如与口服有关的缺点。
本发明概述
本发明的一个目的是提供简单和有效的全身传送性甾族化合物前体(如脱氢表雄酮、硫酸-脱氢表雄酮及在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的类似物)的方法。
本发明的另一目的是提供新的预防和/或治疗绝经、阴道萎缩、性腺机能减退、性欲减退、骨质疏松症、皮肤厚度和细胞构成的下降(皮肤萎缩)、尿失禁、卵巢癌和子宫癌的方法。
本发明的再一目的是提供用于本发明的小药盒和药用组合物。
本发明的又一目的是提供新的避孕方法。
本发明的另一目的是提供新的性甾族化合物前体及其药用组合物。
一方面,本发明提供治疗绝经的方法,该方法包括给需要该治疗的患者施用治疗有效剂量的至少一个选自以下的性甾族化合物前体:脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成脱氢表雄酮或硫酸脱氢表雄酮两者之一的化合物,它们可以与有效剂量的雌激素、孕激素或与雌激素和孕激素一起并用。
另一方面,本发明提供治疗绝经或其他这里讨论的适应症的药用组合物,该组合物含有至少一个选自以下的性甾族化合物前体:脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮或在体内转变成脱氢表雄酮或硫酸脱氢表雄酮两者之一的化合物,此外,还可以含有雌激素或孕激素或雌激素和孕激素。一个较好的组合物包括前体与雌激素。另一较好的组合物包括前体与孕激素。在一些较好的实施方案中,前体、孕激素和雌激素并用。雌激素对男性患者是不利的。
另一方面,本发明提供了治疗绝经的小药盒,该小药盒包括含有至少一个选自以下性甾族化合物前体的第一个包装物:脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成脱氢表雄酮或硫酸脱氢表雄酮两者之一的化合物;以及含有孕激素或雌激素或雌激素和孕激素两者的至少一个另外的包装物。一个优选的小药盒包括在独立的3个包装物中分别装有前体、雌激素和孕激素。
此外如果需要,可以将二个或多个活性成分置于单个的包装物中。药用载体或稀释剂可以置于一个或多个包装物中,并且可以包括本技术领域中已知的防腐剂和许多其他的添加剂。
另一方面,本发明提供治疗阴道萎缩、性腺机能减退、性欲减低、减少的皮肤厚度和细胞构成的方法,该方法包括给需要该治疗的患者施用有效剂量的选自以下的性甾族化合物前体:脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮以及在体内转变成脱氢表雄酮或硫酸脱氢表雄酮两者之一的化合物。
再一方面,本发明提供预防和治疗骨质疏松症的方法,该方法包括给需要预防或治疗的患者施用治疗上有效剂量的选自以下的性甾族化合物前体:DHEA、DHEA-S及在体内转变为DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物,可以用或者不用药用稀释剂或载体。
另一方面,本发明提供预防和治疗尿失禁的方法,该方法包括给需要该预防或治疗的患者施用治疗上有效剂量的选自以下的性甾族化合物前体:DHEA、DHEA-S及在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物,可以用或者不用另外的药用稀释剂或载体。
再一方面,本发明提供一避孕的方法,该方法包括给需要避孕的女性施用有效剂量的选自以下的性甾族化合物前体:DHEA、DHEA-S及在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物,可以用或者不用另外的药用稀释剂或载体。在较好的实施方案中,雌激素和/或孕激素也可以作为一部分与前体一起作为避孕的合并用药。
另一方面,本发明提供药用组合物,含有选自DHEA、DHEA-S及在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体,以及选自雌激素和孕激素的补充剂。在某些具体实施方案中,包括雌激素和孕激素两者。在一些具体实施方案中最好还加入药用稀释剂或载体。
还可以配备本发明的小药盒,该小药盒有至少2个独立的包装物,其中一个装有性甾族化合物前体,另一个装有雌激素或孕激素或雌激素和孕激素两者。在某些具体的实施方案中,可以有3个独立的包装物,其中一个包装物至少装有性甾族化合物前体,另一个包装物至少装有雌激素,第3个包装物至少装有孕激素。这里讨论的所有适应症受性甾族化合物前体(DHEA、DHEA-S和在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物)的控制,在某些具体实施方案中还可以受与前体并用的雌激素和/或孕激素的控制(但在男性的治疗中除外,其中雌激素是不利的)。因此,小药盒和药用组合物应提供适合于特殊适应症的上述药用组合物以及选择的合并治疗,它们可用于所述特殊适应症。
在又一具体实施例中,本发明提供预防卵巢癌的方法,该方法包括给需要该预防的女性患者施用治疗上有效剂量的性甾族化合物前体,该性甾族化合物前体选自DHEA、DHEA-S及在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物,可以用或者不用另外的药用稀释剂或载体。
在另一具体实施例中,本发明提供预防子宫癌的方法,该方法包括给需要该预防的女性患者施用治疗上有效剂量的性甾族化合物前体,该性甾族化合物前体选自DHEA、DHEA-S及在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物,可以用或者不用另外的药用稀释剂或载体。
另一方面,本发明提供治疗性甾族化合物浓度减少或失调的方法,该方法包括将经皮或经粘膜传送的有效剂量的药用组合物施于需要该治疗的患者的皮肤外表面或粘膜处,该药用组合物含有溶解至少一种性甾族化合物前体的载体,所述性甾族化合物前体选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮及在体内转变成脱氢表雄酮或硫酸脱氢表雄酮两者之一的化合物,相对于药用组合物总重,所述前体的浓度至少为7%(按重量计),所述载体与皮肤或粘膜是相容的,并且允许所述前体通过该皮肤或粘膜进行渗透,所述载体有足够的粘稠性,以便在皮肤或粘膜的局部面积上使前体能够保持而不会流失或蒸发掉,足以有时间使所述前体通过皮肤或粘膜的局部面积进行很好的渗透。上述方法用于治疗和/或预防以上所述的疾病、绝经或其他病症,所述疾病受补充减少的DHEA含量的控制,所述方法可治疗和/或预防的疾病包括(但不限于)肥胖、心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化、乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、肌肉块减少、糖尿病、疲劳、结缔组织疾病和记忆减退。
又一方面,本发明提供经皮或经粘膜传送的药用组合物,该组合物含有至少溶有一种性甾族化合物前体的载体,所述前体选自DHEA、DHEA-S及在体内可转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的化合物,相对于药用组合物总重,前体的浓度至少占7%(按重量计),所述载体与皮肤或粘膜是相容的,并允许所述前体通过皮肤或粘膜进行渗透,载体应有充分的粘性,以便在皮肤或粘膜的局部面积上使前体能够保持而不会流失或蒸发掉,足以有时间使前体通过皮肤或粘膜的局部面积,允许大部分前体渗透。
再一方面,本发明提供具有下式的其取代基的定义如下的新化合物(及含有它们的药用组合物):其中X选自H、
RCO2CHRa-和RbSO2-,这里R选自氢、直链或支链的烷基、直链或支链的链烯基、直链或支链的炔基、芳基、呋喃基、直链或支链的烷氧基、直链或支链的链烯氧基、直链或支链的炔氧基、芳氧基、呋喃氧基以及上述基团的卤代类似物;
Ra为氢或(C1-C6)烷基;
Rb选自羟基(或其盐)、甲基、苯基和对-甲苯甲酰基;
其中Y为二价的,可为取代或未被取代的下式基团,(Z为氧或硫原子)并且其中Y可与其所连接的碳原子一起形成闭合的饱和五元环。其中Rc选自C3-C20直链或支链的烷基、C3-C20直链或支链的链烯基、C3-C20直链或支链的炔基、芳基和上述基团的卤素取代的类似物。其中Rd选自氢、直链或支链的烷基、直链或支链的链烯基、直链或支链的炔基、芳基、呋喃基、直链或支链的烷氧基、直链或支链的链烯氧基、直链或支链的炔氧基、芳基氧基、呋喃氧基和上述基团的卤代类似物,
Ra为氢或(C1-C6)烷基。
其中R3为羟基或硫酸酯基(sulfate),
Re选自氢、苄基、芳基、直链或支链的烷基、直链或支链的链烯基和直链或支链的炔基,
Z为氧或硫。
在一具体的实施方案中,本发明提供一方法,以调整当衰老时由肾上腺分泌的性甾族化合物前体DHEA和DHEA-S的明显减少,该方法包括给予一定量的DHEA、DHEA-S或在体内转变成DHEA、DHEA-S的类似物,以调整由于衰老肾上腺分泌DHEA和DHEA-S减少的结果,并且没有不希望的副作用。
据信本发明方法既适合预防用途也适合治疗用途。这里所述的血清浓度、小药盒和组合物对于任一目的同样是有用的。
另一方面,本发明提供一经皮肤吸收的装置(device),该装置包括:
(a)适合与人皮肤接触的表面:
(b)将所述装置施于皮肤上使上述表面保持在皮肤局部面积上的部件;
(c)与上述表面进行流体传送中的存储部分,该部分含有包括载体和活性成分的药用组合物,活性成分选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮及在体内转变为这两种化合物之一的类似物;
(d)从上述存储部分通过所述表面传送药用组合物并与皮肤的局部面积接触的部件。
根据本发明,对于推荐应用DHEA的所有适应症,应理解为可以应用选自DHEA、DHEA-S或在体内转变成这两种化合物之一的化合物的任一性甾族化合物前体(例如DHEA或DHEA-S的前体药物形式)。全部均可导致血清DHEA含量升高。由于DHEA-S是DHEA的天然前体,因此可以用DHEA-S(以及可转变成DHEA或DHEA-S两者之一的前体药物)代替DHEA,用于这里所讨论的应用DHEA的各种适应症。施用所述前体药物或施用DHEA-S的结果可合乎要求地增加DHEA的含量。
附图的说明
图1~3表示用DHEA(EM-760)处理9个月后大鼠骨密度的增加。图1表示与未处理对照组大鼠相比,未受损的大鼠和卵巢切除的大鼠用DHEA处理9个月后总的骨质密度。图2表示同样的比较,测量腰脊柱骨质密度,图3表示同样的比较,测量股骨质密度。在各种情况下,除了未受损的对照组,其余均在卵巢切除和/或经皮给予DHEA 9个月后进行测量。这些图表明了在治疗或预防骨质疏松症中本发明的价值。
图4和5说明DHEA作为避孕剂的效果,或治疗或预防卵巢癌或子宫癌的效果。图4说明每天2次以30mg(于0.5ml 50%乙醇-50%丙二醇中)剂量经皮给予DHEA,6个月处理后大鼠卵巢重量的减少,药物施在背侧皮肤上,复盖约2cm2。
图5说明未受损的对照大鼠卵巢的组织学(图5A),每天2次用30mg剂量DHEA(于50%乙醇-50%丙二醇溶液中)施于背测皮肤2cm2面积上处理的未受损的大鼠卵巢的组织学(图5B)。图5B表明第三级和第二级卵泡(F)数量明显的减少并且没有黄体(CL):间隙细胞(IC)。放大250倍。放大500倍,与未受损的大鼠(图5D)比较,在处理的大鼠中有间隙腺体的萎缩(图5C)。
图6说明每天2次用30mg剂量DHEA(于50%乙醇-50%丙二醇溶液中)施于切除卵巢大鼠的侧背皮肤2cm2面积上,处理1、3或6个月对阴道萎缩的效果。图6A、6B和6C分别表示切除卵巢1、3和6个月后萎缩阴道的上皮。用DHEA处理的大鼠中阴道萎缩消失,图6D、6E和6F分别说明用DHEA处理1、3和6个月后的阴道上皮。放大200倍。因此,病理组织学检查表明,用DHEA处理的大鼠阴道上皮增生和murification并且阴道萎缩逆转。
图7表示在背侧皮肤的2×2cm面积上,通过局部施药用DHEA处理3和6个月后雄性大鼠皮肤的组织学。与未受损对照大鼠(a和d)比较,未受损大鼠处理3个月(b和e)以及6个月(c和f)后在背侧(b和c)以及腹侧(e和f)皮肤中皮脂腺有轻微至中度肥大和增生,(D)表示导管的扩张。
图8表明在背侧皮肤的2×2cm面积上,通过局部施药用DHEA处理3和6个月后雄性大鼠皮肤的组织学。与经阉割的对照大鼠(a和d)比较,经阉割的大鼠处理3个月(b和e)和6个月(c和f)后在背侧(b和c)以及腹侧(e和f)皮肤中皮脂腺有轻微至中度肥大和增生,(D)表示导管的扩张,(A)表示每发卵泡增加的腺泡数。放大100倍。
图9表示在切除睾丸的雄性大鼠背侧皮肤(局部施用DHEA的面积)上用DHEA进行处理3个月(c)和6个月(d与f)的效果。切除睾丸的未处理的大鼠用作为对照(a、b和c)。在处理的大鼠中真皮厚度和细胞构成增加(c、d和f)。a、b、c、d放大100倍,e、f放大500倍。
以上图7-9说明在背侧皮肤上局部应用DHEA导致真皮厚度和细胞构成增加,说明具有预防或治疗皮肤萎缩(尤其是以胶原结缔组织减少为特征的疾病)的作用。还显示了DHEA对皮脂腺大小的作用,据信该作用是由作为前体的DHEA产生的雄性激素类化合物促进的。
由图7和8可以看出,在2×2cm背侧皮肤面积上局部施用DHEA(30mg,于50%乙醇-50%丙二醇中)3或6个月,导致该背侧和腹侧皮肤面积中皮脂腺轻度至中度肥大和增生,这说明在皮肤上进行处理产生了效果。该效果可在未受损的和阉割的动物中看出,在阉割后明显的萎缩可通过DHEA处理完全地防止。在阉割后皮脂腺的减少相当于衰老时出现的萎缩。
如图9所示,在未受损和阉割动物中DHEA的作用同时有真皮厚度和细胞构成的明显增加。由于胶原是真皮的一重要成分,因此本资料表明通过增加胶原组织的形成,可以达到(至少部分)皮肤萎缩的改善。
关于DHEA作为避孕药的效果是这样的:在未受损大鼠的2cm2背侧面积上,每天2次局部施用DHEA(30mg,于50%乙醇-50%丙二醇中),结果导致表明排卵抑制的病理组织学的变化。最重要的变化是卵巢的萎缩(图4)和病理组织学的变化(图5),这表明没有排卵周期。第二和第三级卵泡的数量有明显的减少,并且没有黄体,因此表明没有排卵。在卵巢中没有排卵的病理组织学征兆,同时伴有在动情周期时大鼠的子宫内膜中通常见到的周期性病理组织学改变的抑制。所述病理组织学的变化表明用DHEA处理具有避孕的作用。
以下面非限制性的优选实施方案进一步说明本发明。
优选实施方案的详细说明
为了选择可得益于本发明所述疗法的患者,患者血清DHEA含量及其代谢产物可按Belanger等所述方法进行测量:in SteroidFormation,Degradation and Action in Peripheral,Normaland Neoplastic Tissues(H Bradlow,L Castagnetta,Sd′Aquino,L Gogliotti,eds)Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.586:93-100,1990;Haning等,J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.72:1088,1991;也请参见Labrie等,Endocrinology 123,1412-1417,1988.血清IGF-1含量可按Furlanetto等(J.Clin.Invest.60:648,1977)所述方法测量。按照本发明,在测得DHEA缺乏之后,最好以足够引起和维持血清DHEA浓度在4-10μg/L,尤其以4-7μg/L的剂量给予DHEA或其类似物。在下面所述的某些适应症中较高浓度是合乎需要的。
在一些较好的具体实施方案中,血清浓度为5-7μg/L,或6-7μg/L。但是为了避孕的目的,或为了预防卵巢癌和子宫癌,最好浓度直到13μg/L(例如7-13μg/L)。如果合适,这里讨论的优选剂量可以增加,以便得到所述较高的血清浓度,一个因素是例如对于由主治医生监视的各个患者的反应有约30%差异。当以优选的经皮或经粘膜途径给予DHEA时,发现DHEA很有效地被吸收到血液中,结果血清含量提高了。例如,如果Glaxal霜剂(含有作为载体的Glaxal基质(可由Glaxal Canada Limited买到)和占组合物总重量10%的DHEA)每天2次施于腹部100cm2表面,活性成分(例如DHEA)用量为100mg,那么对于体重为50kg的一般患者很可能的反应是血清DHEA浓度增加约0.7μg/L。通过变更洗剂或软膏施用的部位、变更施药的表面积的大小、变更活性成分的浓度或变更载体,可以按已知的方式使传送的剂量增加或减少。例如,如果使活性成分的浓度保持不变,那么增加表面积通常可以提高传送的活性成分的剂量。按同样方式,随传送的基质中活性成分浓度的增加,传送的剂量也增加;供给基质中活性成分浓度减少,传送的剂量也会减少。按已知方式,传送到血流中的剂量也可相对于经皮渗透系统随施于皮肤的身体部位而改变。按已知方式,改变载体也可以改变传送的剂量。最好在治疗开始之前测量血清DHEA浓度,然后选择剂量以便迅速地提高血清DHEA浓度达到优选的目标范围4~10μg/L,或7~13μg/L,用于以上讨论的较高剂量的适应症。然后,在症状上和通过DHEA浓度监视患者,以便检查是否达到所要求的血清浓度目标和症状是否减轻。然后使DHEA在循环中保持恒定的浓度。例如,对于典型的绝经后患者,该剂量相当于应用400mg活性的前体(在Glaxal中制成10%组合物的成分)到50kg体重患者腹部的400cm2面积上,每天2次。如果选择口服给药,那么每个50kg体重的患者应给予800mg,每天2次。
按照本发明,DHEA、DHEA-S和/或在体内转变成这两种化合物之一的化合物可以用于治疗和/或预防绝经症状、阴道萎缩、皮肤萎缩、性机能减退、性欲减退、骨质疏松症、尿失禁、卵巢癌或子宫癌。此外,按照本发明,用经皮传送DHEA、DHEA-S(或其类似物),可以更有效地治疗与衰老时肾上腺分泌DHEA减少有关的并对DHEA疗法有反应的其他疾病。预计对本发明所述的疗法有反应的疾病可以用一般的方法进行诊断。例如,出现的乳腺癌通常可由自身乳房检查、由医生和/或乳房X线照相术的临床乳房检查检出。另一方面,子宫内膜癌通常可以由PAP涂片和/或子宫内膜活组织检查进行诊断。上述两种癌可以通过本技术领域已知的下述一般物理方法进行诊断和评估,例如骨扫描、胸X-射线、骨骼检查、肝的超声波检查和肝扫描(如果需要)、CAT扫描、MRI和体格检查。
绝经的第一个表现通常是热燥。绝经的其他特征可以按已知的方法确定。例如参见The Menopause(Herbert J.Buchsbaurm.ed),Springer Verlag,New York(1983),pp.222。阴道萎缩通常可由交媾因难和阴道感染显示。阴道萎缩、性腺机能减退和性欲减退所有的特征均是已知的。对于上述疾病,例如可参见Korenman,StanleyG,“Sexual Dysfunctions”in Wlliams Textbook ofEndocrinology(Jean D.Wilson and Daniel W.Foster,Eds.),WB Saunders Co,Philadelphia,pp.1033-1048,1992。
另一方面,骨质密度可以用本技术领域已知的方法测定,例如QDR(定量的数字放射照相技术)、二元光学吸收比色计法和计算机处理的X线断层照相技术。血浆和尿的钙以及磷酸盐含量,血浆碱性磷酸酯酶、降钙素和甲状旁腺素浓度以及尿的羟脯氨酸和钙/肌酸酐比例是骨生成和再吸收有用的参数。
伴随衰老,尤其是50岁以上的人,通常有皮肤中胶原或结缔组织的损失。由皮肤的皱纹和/或低的弹性可以证明。
骨质疏松症或其他不适当的骨质以及通过活化肾上腺受体可治疗的其他疾病可以用本发明方法进行治疗,或按此方法用预防药进行预防。本发明有助于预防乳腺癌、卵巢癌或子宫内膜癌。
体重的正常范围在本技术领域是已知的,而胆甾醇和脂蛋白可按一般的常规方法测得(Nestler等,J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.66:57-61,1988,收编在本申请中作为参考)。
皮肤状况可以用肉眼观察、触诊进行评查,更精确的话,可通过穿刺治组织检查和一般的组织学检查进行评查。
在先有技术中女性避孕传统的主要方法涉及服用雌激素,增加了其循环含量,减少LHRH从下丘脑的分泌,这又减少了LH从垂体的分泌。结果LH分泌减少、卵巢功能减低,尤其是排卵功能减低。加入孕激素可控制子宫内膜的生长,并且使阴道和子宫颈分泌转变为卵受精过程和受孕率不适宜的环境。
本发明中应用DHEA代替雌激素(不过雌激素也可以加入在下面讨论的某些具体实施方案中)。按照本发明,DHEA提供避孕的雌激素,同时促进和满意地增加了雄激素的含量,由于雄激素可抑制LHRH和LH分泌,因此它可有助于避孕。尤其在更年期的妇女(以及在不再需要避孕的绝经后的妇女中),上述雄激素可以给予骨生成更需要的刺激作用并对抗骨损失。从施用的DHEA产生的雌激素也有助于减少骨损失。如本申请中讨论的其他用途,应用DHEA代替性甾族化合物(这里指雌激素)避免了外部施用较高剂量雌激素,并且这也避免了所述雌激素大范围的进入到所有的组织,其中许多组织并不需雌激素。通过用DHEA替代,在需要雌激素和雄激素的同一组织中,雌激素不是以自然的过程产生,而是通常转变DHEA为雌激素和雄激素。在各个具体组织中雌激素和雄激素的相对比例也可大体上保持在自然的水平。
这里讨论的DHEA其他用途,除了DHEA之外,可以用DHEA-S或者DHEA、DHEA-S的前体药物替代。由于用本申请讨论的避孕方法使卵巢功能减弱,所以卵巢产生的雌激素和黄体酮减少了。因此施用孕激素(例如醋酸甲孕酮、醋酸甲地孕酮、异炔诺酮、L-甲基炔诺酮)以防止子宫内膜肥大,以此作为优选的避孕方法的一部分。优选产生雄性特征的孕激素。孕激素能够以含有DHEA的药用组合物形式施用,或者单独地施用。在某些具体实施方案中,孕激素可以间断地每月施用12-14天,或每几个月(例如每2-4个月)施用12-14天,或连续地施用。孕激素剂量可以在先有技术中应用的范围内变化,但是最好应用较低的剂量,其理由下面讨论。
因为卵巢中减少了雌激素生产,因此可以将雌激素加到避孕药中。但是在许多组织中DHEA本身可转变为雌激素,因此在实施本发明时可以将外部加入的雌激素减至最小。当用于避孕方法时,加入雌激素的优选剂量为能够达到100-200ng雌二醇/L或相当量的有效量。加入的雌二醇与DHEA的比例(w/w)可以在1,000~25,000,优选2,000~15,000,最好3,000~12,000的范围。加入的孕激素、雌激素可以作为包括DHEA(或者应用DHEA-S或前体药物)的药用组合物的部分施用,或者单独地服用。在一些具体实施方案中,作为合并治疗的DHEA、孕激素和雌激素可以一起施用,或者单独地施用。合并治疗总是导致各活性药物血液含量同时升高。这绝对地要求施用各活性药物在时间上要充分地接近,以便这些药物血液含量同时升高。
并用含有雌激素和孕激素的避孕药物不表明会减少乳腺癌的危险(Romiev等,1990,Cancer 66:2253-63)。上述资料与已知的雌激素和黄体酮对乳房上皮细胞增生的促细胞分裂素作用一致,这解释了在中-黄体期细胞增生最高点的原因(Masters等,J.Natl.Cancer Inst.1977,58:1263-65;Anderson等,1982,Br.J.Cancer 46:376-82)。事实上,在使用避孕药的绝经前期妇女中,总的乳房细胞增生的比例不同于未处理的周期妇女(CyclingWomen)(Potter等,1988,Br.J.Cancer 58:163-170;Going等,1988,Am.J.Pathol.130:193-204)。
申请人近来发现,DHEA优先转变成与雌激素相对的雄激素。因此,按照本发明,应用前激素代替现用的口服避孕丸作为避孕药,以便合乎要求地减少乳房细胞增生。事实上,雄激素以两种机理对乳房细胞增生发挥抑制作用。即在乳房细胞中直接的抑制作用,以及在下丘脑垂体对性腺体质分泌的抑制作用,结果导致卵巢活性减低(例如较少的雌激素分泌并且较少发生雌激素诱导的乳房细胞生长)。
除了对乳房细胞的有利作用之外,在性腺体质分泌中诱导的DHEA的减少可降低卵巢活性(图4和5),因此有助于预防卵巢癌和子宫癌。通过施用DHEA可改善绝经之前增加的性腺体质分泌作用。因此按照本发明,DHEA可用于患者预防高度危险的卵巢癌和子宫癌的生成,甚至避孕已不是主要的目的。
先有技术口服避孕药加重要量的性甾族化合物雌激素和孕激素。但是该方法是以特定组织的形成和由DHEA合成的主要的雄激素的作用为基础的。事实上,当外周组织与甾族化合物DHEA前体接触时,这些组织主要产生雄激素,并在作用部位产生一些雌激素,在该两个类型性甾族化合物之间的平衡更是生理的。DHEA也可阻止性腺体质分泌,因此在绝经之前和绝经的同时保护卵巢免于受高含量性腺体质的过度刺激。性腺体质分泌作用广泛的抑制由于DHEA衍生的天然雄激素发挥作用,因此对雌激素和孕激素的需要减至最低。这是重要的,因为孕激素(包括炔诺酮和异炔诺酮)具有强的雌激素活性(Poulin等,Breast Cancer Res.Treat.13:265-276,1989)。
申请人现在发现,在成骨细胞(形成骨的细胞)中前体性甾族化合物DHEA可以转变成雄激素(和雌激素)。该发现表明,按照本发明,DHEA可代替雄激素和雌激素用于治疗和预防骨质疏松症。在骨中产生的雄激素(通过施用的DHEA转变)促进骨形成和减少骨损失,同时由施用的DHEA产生的雌激素也有助于减少骨损失。因此可以避免传统的雄激素疗法明显的副作用。例如,先有技术中施用外来的雄激素可以有机会接触许多既不产生也不需雄激素的组织,结果就引起了副作用并扰乱了这些组织中性甾族化合物的生理平衡。按照本发明,通过用DHEA(如果需要,或为前体药物或为DHEA-S)代替,使DHEA仅通过自然的机理在组织中转变为雄激素,这些组织通常按照它们的局部需要完成该转变。从DHEA中产生的雄激素与雌激素的相对比例基本上也是正常生理比例,而不是当某一类型的性甾族化合物单独应用时其异常升高的比例。
在优选的具体实施方案中,施用DHEA以预防或治疗骨质疏松症,其剂量为足以维持青年人大体正常的血清浓度,即约4-10μg/L,或在一些具体实施方案中为4-7μg/L,例如5-7μg/L或6-7μg/L。这些也是本申请讨论的DHEA应答的其他适应症要求的含量,但避孕以及预防卵巢癌和子宫癌的情况除外,其中在一些实施方案中,优选的剂量可增加直至13μg/L,以便进一步通过垂体前叶腺抑制LH的分泌,这与所讨论的一些特定的适应症有关。
在一优选的绝经治疗方法中,本发明人寻求同时保持雌激素和性甾族化合物前体(如DHEA或DHEA-S)血液含量在正常的绝经前期的参数范围内。人体在大多数外周组织中转变DHEA-S为DHEA。没有被理论所束缚,据信保持合适的前体含量可以较好地使天然的酶(如17β-羟基甾族化合物脱氢酶、3β-羟基甾族化合物氢化酶、芳香酶和5α-还原酶)能够调节雄激素和雌激素的产生,并保持它们在绝经之前占优势的、更接近类似的相对含量。因此,本发明设想,不仅雌激素,而且雄激素和前体均可保持较好的平衡。事实上,所有的靶组织均具有根据局部控制和需要合成雄激素和/或雌激素的必要的酶机构(Labrie,Mol.Cell.Endocrinol.78,C113-C118,1991)。
按照本发明,当施用时可以将雌激素与前体(如DHEA)同时施用,或者单独地施用。当然,第二个活性成分(前体)可以加到现有的雌激素疗法中,以便完成本发明的合并疗法。
在某种意义上仅需要施用雌激素和前体,并且其剂量足以使各自的血清浓度达到所需的含量。按照本发明的合并疗法,前体的浓度保持在所需的参数内,同时雌激素浓度也保持在所需的参数内。如果应用雌二醇,那么血清雌二醇浓度一般应保持在50-300ng/L,为100~200ng/L较好,最好为150~175ng/L。如果应用另外的雌激素,那么血清浓度可以按已知方式变化,但应考虑到相对于雌二醇的雌激素活性方面的不同,以便达到通常绝经前期雌激素含量。例如,如果应用炔雌醇甲醚的话,需要较低的浓度。合适的血清雌激素含量还可以用绝经症状的消失来评价。合并治疗的第二个化合物(例如DHEA)的血清浓度一般保持在4-10μg/L,或在一些具体实施方案中为5-7μg/L,或为6~7μg/L。
雌激素最好为雌二醇,但是可以为硫酸雌酮钠或其他作用如雌激素受体激动剂一样的化合物。如分别施用时,可以应用市售的雌激素添加物,例如由Ayerst(St-Laurent,Quebec,Canada)得到的PREMARIN。如下所述原因,虽然DHEA-S及以下讨论的类似物也是特别有效的,但是,一个较好的前体是DHEA。如果应用DHEA,那么DHEA(药用等级的DHEA)可由SIGMA(St-Louis,Missouri,USA)购得。对于一般的患者,得到所需血清浓度的合适雌激素的剂量为每天口服0.3~2.5mg PREMARIN/50kg体重。在本发明的某些具体实施方案中,雌激素可以为17β-雌二醇,以贴剂经皮给药,该贴剂可以ESTRADERM名称由CIBA购得,每天剂量为0.05~0.2mg/50kg体重。对于一般的患者,为了得到所需要的该前体的血清浓度,性甾族化合物前体DHEA口服的合适剂量为0.25~2.5g/天/50kg体重。可以施用其他性甾族化合物前体,其剂量可根据在体内转变为DHEA的转变率决定。也可以经皮给予足够剂量的前体,其剂量应足以获得靶血清浓度,下面将较详细叙述。下面还较详细地讨论其相关性。
在另一具体实施方案中,绝经用上述的前体,并与周期性施用孕激素如醋酸甲孕酮(普洛维拉)一起合并治疗,醋酸甲孕酮最好间断地施用,剂量为2~10mg/天,连续12天,然后间隔20天~5个月。应用前体进行合并治疗,还可以应用雌激素和孕激素,其剂量最好为本申请中讨论的各个成分的用量。
用于本发明的性甾族化合物前体可以与另外的载体或稀释剂一起经口服给药,或者没有载体或稀释剂,但是当应用优选的经皮或经粘膜途径给药时,需要另外的载体或稀释剂。在口服给药的药用组合物中,优选DHEA或其他的前体,相对于组合物的总重量,其浓度为5~98%(按重量计),50~98%较好,最好为80~98%。如果用雌激素如雌二醇,其浓度最好为0.04~0.4%(按重量计)。单一的前体如DHEA可以是唯一的活性成分,或者也可以应用多种前体和/或它们的类似物(如DHEA和DHEA-S并用,或2个或多个在体内可转变为DHEA或DHEA-S的化合物并用,或DHEA与一个或多个在体内转变为DHEA的类似物并用)。如果合并应用,那么所有前体的总剂量应等于以上提到的DHEA单独应用时的剂量范围,对不同分子量的DHEA类似物(如DHEA酯)和它们转变为DHEA的速率进行适当的调节。因此,如果应用DHEA酯代替DHEA,那么剂量应增加相当于DHEA酯分子量与DHEA分子量比值的倍数。血液DHEA含量是考虑到在吸收和代谢中个体变化的合适剂量的最终标准。
在治疗开始时主治医生尤其要监视各个患者的总体反应和雌激素与DHEA的血清含量(与以上讨论的优选的血清浓度进行比较),并注意对治疗的总体反应,如果某患者的代谢或对治疗的总体反应不正常,那么需要调整剂量。一个方法是单独用DHEA或其类似物开始治疗,并且如果雌激素血液含量仍然太低,那么就仅加入雌激素。许多患者仅用本发明的前体进行治疗而没有用另外的雌激素。
本发明的治疗适于不确定的连续给药法。除以以上讨论的高剂量适应症之外,预计DHEA治疗绝对地可保持DHEA含量在类似于绝经前妇女自然存在的DHEA含量(血清浓度为4~10μg/L),或类似于青年人自然存在的DHEA含量(血清浓度为4~10μg/L)。因此,预计由持续的DHEA治疗引起的不需要的副作用或者最小,或者不存在。按本技术领域已知的方法,例如通过间断施用(或者在一些具体实施方案中为连续施用孕激素(例如醋酸甲孕酮),其剂量为每天口服2-10mg,可以避免由于持续应用雌激素产生的副作用。
为了便于本发明合并治疗所述任一适应症,本发明人设想了包括雌激素和第二个活性化合物(前体)的以单一成分存在而同时施用的药用组合物。该组合物可以任一传统的方式施用,包括(但不限于)口服、皮下注射或肌内注射。在其他具体的实施方案中,提供一小药盒,其中该小药盒以隔开的包装物装有雌激素和第二个化合物(前体)。除了其他方式施用之外,按照本发明下面较详细的讨论,第二个化合物和雌激素还可以经皮给药。因此,该小药盒可以包括经皮给药的合适物质,例如软膏、洗剂、凝胶剂、霜剂、缓释贴剂等。同样的办法施用孕激素。如以上所述,雌激素在合并治疗中不利于男性患者。
申请人发现,在治疗和/或预防阴道萎缩、骨质疏松、皮肤萎缩、子宫癌、阴道癌、尿失禁、性腺机能减退和性欲减低中施用DHEA是有效的,并可改进循环的性甾族化合物(包括雌激素和雄激素)的总体平衡。据信先有技术以前没有提出过上述疾病对DHEA治疗的反应。申请人相信,DHEA、DHEA-S或在体内转变成这两种化合物之一的化合物均可用于治疗上述任一疾病。
全身施用DHEA的先有技术方法包括口服和注射。因为DHEA治疗通常是长期和不确定的延续,因此通过重复注射给药是十分不方便的。但由于口服DHEA首先进入肝脏,在其中由于局部降解大部分DHEA不能进入全身循环,因此已证明口服给药是相对无效的。
我们现已发现,DHEA施于男性和女性的皮肤或粘膜(例如颊、阴道或直肠)后可以非常有效地被全身吸收。我们发现,可以将治疗上有效剂量的DHEA经皮或经粘膜途径给药,这就避免了口服甾族化合物首先要通过肝脏,此外,还避免了由于注射给药造成的不适和不方便。
因此,本发明提供了通过皮肤或粘膜给予DHEA、DHEA-S和在体内转变成这两种化合物之一类似化合物的传送系统。与口服给药相比,由于绕过了肝脏,因此该系统是较有效的。与注射剂相比,该系统还明显地减轻了疼痛并且更方便。
当将DHEA、DHEA-S和在体内转变成DHEA或DHEA-S的类似化合物配制成经皮渗透制剂时,可以应用本技术领域任一经皮渗透制剂系统。例如可以将DHEA配制成软膏剂、洗剂、凝胶剂或霜剂并涂于患者的皮肤上。相对于药用组合物的总重量,活性成分的浓度为7-20%(按重量计)较好,更好为8-12%。另外,可以将活性成分放在经皮给药的在先有技术中具有已知构成的贴剂内,关于贴剂的构成例如可见EP 0279982。
假如配制软膏剂、洗剂、凝胶剂或霜剂等,可以将活性化合物与人皮肤或粘膜相容的并且可增加这些化合物通过皮肤或粘膜渗透作用的适用载体混合。先有技术中适用的载体包括(但不限于)KlucelHF和Glaxal基质。一些是可以买得到的,例如Glaxal基质可从GlaxalCanada Limited Company购得。其他合适的载体可在Koller和Buri,S.T.P.Pharma 3(2),115-124,1987中找到。所用载体最好是于环境温度和在活性成分的使用浓度下,对一种或多种活性成分是可溶的。该载体还应有足够的粘滞度,以便保持前体在组合物应用的皮肤或粘膜的局部面积上有足够的时间而不会流失或蒸发,使通过皮肤或粘膜局部面积的大部分前体能渗透到血流中,致使血清中DHEA浓度可测量并达到所要求的增加。所述载体通常为几种成分例如药用溶剂与增稠剂的混合物。有机和无机溶剂(例如水和醇如乙醇)的混合物可以有助于亲水和亲脂物质的溶解度。
所要求的载体是:如果以10%DHEA和90%载体(按重量计)进行配制,并每天2次施药,以100mg DHEA施于腹部面积,希望该载体能使一般的患者升高血清DHEA浓度至少达到0.35μg/L/50kg体重。如上面所述,当Glaxal基质用作为上述条件下的载体时,Glaxal基质可使血清DHEA浓度升高达到约0.7μg/L/50kg体重。
所述载体还可以包括通常用于软膏剂和洗剂以及在化妆品和制药工艺中已知的各种添加剂。例如包括芳香剂、抗氧化剂、香精、胶凝剂、增稠剂例如羧甲基纤维素、表面活性剂、稳定剂、润滑剂、着色剂和可以应用的其他类似的添加剂。当用于治疗全身性疾病时,应当改变应用在皮肤上的位置,以便避免甾族化合物局部过量的浓度和DHEA的雄激素代谢产物可能过分刺激皮肤与皮脂腺。
在一些例子中,所述前体还可以通过口服途径给药,因此可以将该前体与常用的药用赋形剂例如喷雾干燥的乳糖和硬脂酸镁一起制成片剂、胶囊剂口服,其浓度应能达到供过于求的剂量,其剂量范围为0.25~2.5g/天/50kg体重。
将活性物质与固体、粉状的载体物质如柠檬酸钠、碳酸钙或磷酸氢二钙,以及粘合剂如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、明胶或纤维素衍生物混合,可能还要加入润滑剂如硬脂酸镁、月桂基硫酸钠、“Carbowax”或聚乙二醇一起混合并压制成片剂或糖衣丸片芯。当然,在口服剂型的情况下还可以加入味道改进剂。
人们可以应用的其他剂型有例如装填胶囊剂如硬胶囊剂,以及含有软化剂或增塑剂如甘油的密闭的软明胶胶囊剂。装填胶囊剂含有活性物质(最好为颗粒形式),与填充料如乳糖、蔗糖、甘露糖醇、淀粉(如马铃薯淀粉或支链淀粉)纤维素衍生物或高度分散的硅酸一起组成混合物。在软明胶胶囊中,最好将活性物质溶于或混悬于合适的液体如植物油或液态聚乙二醇中。
相对于洗剂、霜剂、凝胶剂或软膏剂的总重量,活性化合物在软膏剂、霜剂、凝胶剂或洗剂中的浓度通常为7~12%,为8~12%较好,最好为10%(按重量计)。在优选的剂量范围内,将洗剂、软膏剂、凝胶剂或霜剂施于与低浓度组合物施用时相比较小的皮肤表面积上,较高浓度可达到合适的剂量,并在选择软膏或洗剂应用的人体部位方面自由度较大。例如在先有技术中已知,能够经皮渗透的化合物通常在身体的一些部位比在另一些部位能更有效地渗透。例如在前臂上渗透作用是十分有效的,而在手掌上渗透效果是较小的。
将洗剂、软膏、凝胶剂或霜剂充分地涂在皮肤上,没有明显可见的过量,此处的皮肤不要洗涤,直到大部分经皮渗透,至少在15分钟,再长一些时间更好,至少30分钟最好。
经皮贴剂可按已知技术用来传送前体。它通常应用时间较长,例如1~4天,但是一般使活性成分与较小的表面积进行接触,使活性成分进行缓慢和恒定的传送。
在研究和应用中的许多经皮传送药物系统适合传送本发明的活性成分。释放的速度一般通过基质扩散进行控制,或者使活性成分通过控制膜的方法进行控制。
经皮给药装置的机理在先有技术中是已知的,在下述文献中有叙述:美国专利5,162,037、5,154,922、5,135,480、4,666,441、4,624,665、3,742,951、3,797,444、4,568,343、5,064,654、5,071,644、5,071,657,这些专利列于本发明中作为参考。欧洲专利0279982和英国专利申请2185187提供了另外的基本情况。
所述传送装置是先有技术中已知的任一普通类型,包括粘合基质和蓄积物类型经皮传送装置。所述装置包括含有药物的加入纤维质的基质,该基质吸收活性成分和/或载体。在蓄积物类型的装置中,蓄积物定义为不能透过载体和活性成分的多聚膜。
在经皮给药装量中,该装置本身保持活性成分与所要求的局部皮肤表面接触。在该装置中,作为活性成分载体的粘稠性与霜剂或凝胶剂相比是不太重要的。经皮给药装量的溶剂系统可以包括例如油酸、直链醇乳酸酯和二丙二醇或先有技术已知的其他溶剂系统。活性成分可以溶于或混悬于载体中。
为了固定在皮肤上,可以将经皮给药的贴剂固定在中间穿有一孔的外科绊创膏上。该粘合剂最好用一可分离的衬里复盖,以便在应用之前保护它。为了容易移去,适用于可分离衬里的典型材料包括聚乙烯和聚乙烯包衣的纸,最好是用容易移去的聚硅氧烷覆盖。为了应用该装置,简单地揭去可分离的衬里,然后粘附到患者的皮肤上。美国专利5,135,480收编在本申请中作为参考。Bannon等叙述了保证该装置附着在皮肤上的另一非粘合的方法。
除了上述较高剂量适应症(如绝经)之外,无论应用性甾族化合物前体作为合并治疗绝经,或用于治疗(用性甾族化合物前体本身,或与雌激素和/或孕激素合并治疗)本发明所述的皮肤衰退、阴道萎缩、尿失禁、子宫癌、卵巢癌、骨质疏松症、性腺机能减退或性欲减低,或用于治疗与肾上腺分泌DHEA减少有关的各种疾病,DHEA的靶血清浓度总是类似的。本发明指出,DHEA、DHEA-S或所述类似物的剂量都与DHEA的靶血清浓度有关,因为它们在体内直接或间接地都要转变成DHEA。
本发明经皮或经粘膜传送系统还可用作为预防和/或治疗骨质疏松或对DHEA治疗有良好反应的其他疾病的新的和改进的传送系统。对于上述目的所要求的靶血清含量也与前面所述相同。
用作为经皮或经粘膜施药的DHEA可以为游离的醇的形式,或者为它的一种或多种衍生物的形式,例如戊酸酯、苯甲酸酯、醋酸酯、庚酸酯和脂肪酸酯衍生物。DHEA或其类似物通过皮肤传送是给予上述化合物可接受的、舒适的和非侵害性的给药方式。它还避免了胃肠道的刺激和由于在到达全身循环之前首先要通过肝脏的化合物降解作用和毒理学问题。
预防或抑制乳腺癌细胞和子宫内膜癌细胞生长的一个方法是用对受体位置具有亲和性的活性化合物活化雄激素受体,以致于它以低浓度与雄激素受体结合,而不明显地活化与可能的副作用有关的其他类甾族化合物受体。
由于DHEA是一天然的雄激素来源(Labrie,Mol.Cell.Endocrinol.78:C113~C118,1991),并且当衰老时该化合物的分泌作用明显地减少,因此它的替代应该具有最低的不需要的副作用。
因此,本发明所述经皮或经粘膜传送DHEA的方法,提供了预防和治疗与雄激素受体活化有反应的疾病(例如骨损失、肥胖、乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、尿失禁、性腺机能减退、性欲减低、肌肉块损失、能量损失和衰老过程其他疾病)的新方法。本发明还可用于许多疾病,其中雌激素受体的活化具有有益的效果,尤其是对骨质疏松症和阴道萎缩。本发明还叙述了治疗疾病的一改进的传送方法(例如经皮),在先有技术中已有用DHEA治疗志愿者所述疾病的报道。
一些优选衍生物的实例
按照本发明,预计在体内转变为DHEA或DHEA-S的DHEA或DHEA-S的衍生物可按下述方法制备:
——将3β官能团酯化为用酯酶可以分解的酯(分解不产生有毒的物质),并且将17-酮基转变为在体内不稳定的并且重新产生天然前体的噁唑烷或噻唑烷。
——在3β位形成可以由酯酶分解成不稳定半缩醛的α-酰氧基烷基醚。这种半缩醛的分解产生天然前体。
——不改变3β官能团,将17-酮基改变成在体内不稳定的并重新产生DHEA或DHEA-S的噁唑烷或噻唑烷。
Re选自氢、苄基、芳基、直链或支链的烷基、直链或支链的链烯基和直链或支链的炔基,
Z为氧或硫。
与DHEA本身相比,有些DHEA的衍生物更具有亲脂性,因此可贮存在皮肤脂肪并且在一段时间内缓慢地释放DHEA。
在一些优选的本发明化合物中,3位的官能团是硫酸酯(或其盐)、甲酸酯、乙酸酯、苯甲酸酯、丁酸酯、癸酸酯、庚酸酯、糠酸酯、庚酸酯、异已酸酯、十一烷酸酯、十一碳烯酸酯、棕榈酸酯、苯丙酸酯、新戊酸酯、丙酸酯、戊酸酯、碳酸酯(优选乙基碳酸酯或苄基碳酸酯)。
某些优选的DHEA的3β-酯衍生物列在下面:
化合物 X脱氢表雄酮-3β-甲酸酯 HCO脱氢表雄酮-3β-乙酸酯 CH3CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-丙酸酯 CH3CH2CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-丁酸酯 CH3(CH2)2CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-戊酸酯 CH3(CH2)3CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-新戊酸酯 (CH3)3CCO脱氢表雄酮-3β-苯甲酸酯 C6H5CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-糠酸酯 C4H3OCO脱氢表雄酮-3β-环戊丙酸酯 C5H9(CH2)2CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-乳酸酯 CH3CHOHCO脱氢表雄酮-3β-癸酸酯 CH3(CH2)8CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-十一烷酸酯 CH3(CH2)10CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-棕榈酸酯 CH3(CH2)14CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-乙基碳酸酯 C2H5OCO脱氢表雄酮-3β-苄基碳酸酯 C6H5CH2OCO脱氢表雄酮-3β-异己酸酯 (CH3)2(CH2)3CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-十一碳烯酸酯 H2C=CH(CH2)8CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-庚酸酯 CH3(CH2)5CO脱氢表雄酮-3β-苯丙酸酯 C6H5(CH2)2CO3β-羟基甲氧基-5-雄甾烯-17-酮乙酸酯 CH3CO2CH23β-羟基甲氧基-5-雄甾烯-17-酮癸酸酯 CH3(CH2)8CO2CH2一些其他优选的DHEA衍生物列在下面:
化合物 R Z3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺(1′,3′- C2H5 S噻唑烷-4′-羧酸乙酯3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺(1′,3′- C6H5CH2 S噻唑烷-4′-羧酸苄酯3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺(1′,3′- C6H13 S噻唑烷-4′-羧酸己酯3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺(1′,3′- C2H5 O噁唑烷-4′-羧酸乙酯3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺(1′,3′- C6H5CH2 O噁唑烷-4′-羧酸苄酯3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺(1′,3′- C6H13 O噁唑烷-4′-羧酸己酯
还可以应用DHEA-S相应的17-取代的类似物。
合成实施例
实施例1
3β-甲酰氧基-5-雄甾烯-17-酮
按Ringold(H.J.Ringold等,J.Am.Chem.Soc.78,816,1956)所述的方法,将溶于85%甲酸(100ml)的脱氢表雄酮(2.88g,10mmol)于60℃加热1小时。冷却后将混合物倾入冰水中,16小时后过滤收集结晶并于真空下干燥。
实施例2
3β-乙酰氧基-5-雄甾烯-17-酮
将脱氢表雄酮(2.88g,10mmol)溶于乙酸酐和吡啶(1∶1v/v)的混合液中,于室温放置16小时。然后小心地将混合物倾入冰水中,16小时后过滤收集结晶并于真空下干燥。
实施例3脱氢表雄酮-3β-十一烷酸酯
于5℃下将十一烷酰氯(10.2g,50mmol)的二氯甲烷(50ml)溶液加到5-雄甾烯-3β-醇-17-酮(11.53g,40mmol)、三乙胺(14ml,100mmol)和二甲氨基吡啶(0.6g,5mmol)的二氯甲烷(150ml)混合物中。加入之后,混合物于室温搅拌过夜。二氯甲烷层依次用水、2N盐酸(2次)、碳酸钾(2次)、盐水洗涤,然后干燥。除去溶剂,得到粗产物,用正己烷:苯重结晶,得到纯的产品(13.66g,75%),M.P.84-85℃;1H-NMR(CDCl3):δ0.83-0.86(m,6H,C18-CH3 and CH3);1.03(s,3H,C19-CH3);4.58-4.61(m,1H,C3-H);5.37(d,1H,vinyl,J=4.89Hz).13C-NMR(CDCl3)δ:220.90,179.25,139.99,121.78,73.38,51.69,50.14,47.49,38.12,36.94,36.72,35.81,34.68,31.87,31.47,31.42,30.76,29.53,29.44,29.27,29.23,29.09,27.73,25.03,22.66,21.86,20.31,19.33.14.09,13.53.
实施例4
3β-酰氧基-5-雄甾烯-17酮
按下法制备脱氢表雄酮3β位的上述酯:
将脱氢表雄酮(10mmol)溶于吡啶(50ml)中,然后加到酰基氯(由相应的酸和草酰氯制备)在相同溶剂(50ml)的溶液中。然后加入二甲氨基吡啶(10%),混合物于室温放置16小时。然后小心地将混合物倾入冰水中并用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机相依次用稀盐酸、水、饱和碳酸氢钠和水洗涤,干燥并蒸发至干,得到所需的酯。
实施例5
3β-苄氧基羰氧基-5-雄甾烯-17酮
按已知方法(F.Reber和T.Reichstein,Helv.Chim.Acta,28,1164,1945),于30分钟内向脱氢表雄酮(2.88g,10mmol)的二氯甲烷(100ml)搅拌的溶液中滴加氯代甲酸苄酯。搅拌3小时后,混合物用水洗涤并蒸发至于。然后将残余物溶于丙酮中,并在冰水中析出沉淀。16小时后,过滤收集结晶并于真空下干燥。
实施例6
3β-乙氧基氧基羰氧基-5-雄甾烯-17酮
按实施例5所述同样的方法进行,但用氯代甲酸乙酯代替氯代甲酸苄酯。
实施例7
3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺-2′-(1′,3′-噻唑烷-4′-羧酸乙酯)
按Dierassi所述的方法(C.Djerassi,N.Crossley和M.A.Kielczewski,J.Org.Chem.27,1112,1962),将脱氢表雄酮(2.88g,10mmol)溶于无水乙醇中,加入醋酸钠,然后再加入L-半胱氨酸乙酯盐酸盐(18g,100mmol),混合物于氩气氛下加热过夜。然后将反应混合物于真空下蒸发。加入二氯甲烷,以便使过量的L-半胱氨酸乙酯盐酸盐析出。再将溶液过滤,滤液用水洗涤2次,用硫酸镁干燥,过滤并于真空下蒸发。残余物与乙醇一起研磨,得到结晶。
实施例8
3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺-2′-(1′,3′-噻唑烷-4′-羧酸苄酯)
按实施例7所述的同样方法进行,但用L-半胱氨酸苄酯盐酸盐代替L-半胱氨酸乙酯盐酸盐。
实施例9
3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺-2′-(1′,3′-噻唑烷-4′-羧酸烷基酯)
按实施例7所述的同样方法进行,但用不同的L-半胱氨酸烷基酯盐酸盐(例如L-半胱氨酸己酯盐酸盐)代替L-半胱氨酸乙酯盐酸盐。
实施例10
3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺-2′-(1′,3′-噁唑烷-4′-羧酸乙酯)
按实施例7所述的同样方法进行,但用丝氨酸乙酯盐酸盐代替L-半胱氨酸乙酯盐酸盐制备噁唑烷衍生物。
实施例11
3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺-2′-(1′,3′-噁唑烷-4′-羧酸苄酯)
按实施例10所述的同样方法进行,但用丝氨酸苄酯盐酸盐代替丝氨酸乙酯盐酸盐。
实施例12
3β-羟基-5-雄甾烯-17-螺-2′-(1′,3′-噁唑烷-4′-羧酸烷基酯)
按实施例10所述的同样方法进行,但用不同的丝氨酸烷基酯盐酸盐(例如丝氨酸己酯盐酸盐)代替丝氨酸乙酯盐酸盐。
实施例13
3β-羟基甲氧基-5-雄甾烯-17-酮乙酸酯
于室温下在氩气氛下,向脱氢表雄酮(2.88g,10mmol)的THF(100ml)溶液中加入氢化钠(11mmol,60%油混悬剂)。当所有的氢化钠反应后,加入乙酸氯代甲基酯(由乙酰氯和甲醛(或其衍生物)及作为催化剂的ZnCl2制备),混合物加热数小时。冷却后,将混合物倾入水中并用乙酸乙酯萃取。然后有机相用水洗涤,干燥,过滤并蒸发至干,得到所需化合物。
药用组合物的实施例
一方面,本发明涉及施于皮肤或其他上皮组织的DHEA(或其类似物)制剂,如以上所述,该制剂需在皮肤或其他上皮组织上保持足够的时间,以便使所述化合物进行充分的渗透,发挥全身的或局部的作用。所述组合物可以凝胶剂、霜剂、软膏剂、洗剂等施用,或可以应用如美国专利3,742,951、3,797,494或4,568,343所述的传送系统。也可应用美国专利5,064,654、5071644或5071657所述的装置,以便有利于甾族化合物吸收。
本发明所有的药用组合物均可以含有在本技术领域中已知的合适防腐剂。
下面非限制性的实施例分别叙述了具有代表性的霜剂、洗剂、凝胶剂和软膏剂的配制方法。除了所述载体之外,熟悉本技术领域的专业人员还可以选用其他的载体,以便适合特定的皮肤用药的需要。
实施例14
具有代表性的洗剂含有(W/W)10%DHEA、15%丙二醇和70%乙醇以及5%水。
实施例15
具有代表性的凝胶剂含有(W/W)10%DHEA、5%丙二醇、0.2% Carbomer 940(以Carbopol 940)从B.F.Goodrich购得)、40%水、0.2%三乙醇胺、2%PPG-12-Buteh-16(以Ucon fluid 50从Union Carbide购得)、1%羟丙基纤维素和41.6%乙醇(95%乙醇-5%水)。
实施例16
具有代表性的软膏剂含有(W/W)10%DHEA、13%丙二醇、74%凡士林、2.9%甘油基-硬脂酸酯和0.1%聚对羟基苯甲酸酯。
实施例17
具有代表性的霜剂含有(W/W)10%DHEA、0.2%对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、5%羊毛脂油、7.5%芝麻油、5%十六烷醇、2%甘油基-硬脂酸酯、1%三乙醇胺、5%丙二醇、0.1%Carbomer 940和64.2%水。
在上述实施例14-17的各个实施例中,可以加入孕激素和/或雌激素。例如可以加入0.005~0.02%17β-雌二醇和/或0.2-2.0%醋酸甲孕酮,并相应的减少水或乙醇或凡士林的用量。应用各种技术可使DHEA渗透性提高,以便减少应用的剂量。提高活性化合物渗透性的方法和组合物可以由美国专利5,051,260、4,006,218、3,551,554、3,472,931、4,568,343、3,989,816和4,405,616中发现。
虽然本发明叙述了有关的具体的实施方案,但是许多其他的变化和改进以及应用对于熟悉本技术领域的专业人员来说是显而易见的,因此本发明不受本申请具体公开的限制,而仅受所附权利要求的限制。
Claims (16)
1.(A)孕激素或(B)性甾族化合物前体在制备预防或治疗绝经症状的药物中的应用,所述性甾族化合物前体选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变为上述两种化合物之一的化合物,所述药物与其他活性药剂结合,所述其他活性药剂对所述药物而言并不是多余的,并且选自性甾族化合物前体和孕激素。
2.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防或治疗阴道萎缩的药物中的应用。
3.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防或治疗性腺机能减退的药物中的应用。
4.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防或治疗性欲减退的药物中的应用。
5.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备治疗性甾族化合物浓度降低或失衡的药物中的应用。
6.权利要求5的应用,其中治疗性甾族化合物浓度降低或失衡包括预防或治疗肥胖、心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化、乳房癌、子宫内膜癌、肌肉块损失、糖尿病、疲劳或能量损耗、结缔组织疾病、记忆衰减和绝经症状。
7.经皮或经粘膜给药的药用组合物,该药用组合物含有一种载体,载体中至少含有一种选自以下的性甾族化合物前体:脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变为所述两种化合物之一的化合物,相对于总的药用组合物,所述前体的浓度至少为7%(按重量计),所述载体与皮肤或粘膜是相容的,并可使所述前体通过皮肤或粘膜渗透,所述载体有足够的粘度以保持所述前体在皮肤或粘膜的局部面积上而不会流失或蒸发,从而保持足够长的时间使所述前体通过皮肤或粘膜的局部面积基本上渗透。
8.连续传送选自以下活性成分的经皮给药贴剂:脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变为所述两种化合物之一的类似物,该贴剂具有附着皮肤的装置(means)、贮存活性成分蓄积物(receptical),以及传送上述活性成分进入使用者皮肤的装置,所述贴剂的使用可以使血清浓度达到并维持在每升血清大约4微克至13微克。
9.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防或治疗骨质疏松症的药物中的应用。
10.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防或治疗尿失禁的药物中的应用。
11.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备避孕药物中的应用。
12.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防卵巢癌的药物中的应用。
13.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防或治疗子宫癌的药物中的应用。
14.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备预防绝经症状的药物中的应用。
15.选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体在制备治疗绝经症状的药物中的应用,其中所述治疗还包括施用孕激素。
16.孕激素在制备治疗绝经症状的药物中的应用,其中所述治疗还包括施用选自脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和在体内转变成上述两种化合物之一的化合物的性甾族化合物前体。
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