CN1311686A - 经肺运送活性剂 - Google Patents
经肺运送活性剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1311686A CN1311686A CN99809157A CN99809157A CN1311686A CN 1311686 A CN1311686 A CN 1311686A CN 99809157 A CN99809157 A CN 99809157A CN 99809157 A CN99809157 A CN 99809157A CN 1311686 A CN1311686 A CN 1311686A
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- Prior art keywords
- insulin
- alkyl
- alkenyl
- igf
- hormone
- Prior art date
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- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
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- Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了通过肺路径给药活性剂的方法。
Description
本发明涉及经肺运送活性剂。使用酰化或磺化氨基酸作载体易于将活性剂经肺运送到靶子上。
运送活性剂的常规方法通常受到生物、化学和物理障碍的严重制约。典型地,这些障碍受到进行运送所通过的环境、用于运送的靶子的环境或靶子本身的影响。生物或化学活性剂特别易受这些障碍的伤害。
例如,在将生物活性或化学活性药物和治疗试剂运送到动物中,障碍由其身体施加影响。物理障碍的例子有皮肤和到达靶子之前必需穿过的各种器官膜。化学障碍包括,但不限于,pH变化、脂双层和降解酶。
用于将许多生物活性剂经肺运送到循环系统可能是向动物给药的选择路径,这是因为它比用其它运送路径运送到血液的速度快得多。此外,运送到肺本身可能对例如治疗肺系统的疾病是理想的。但是,由于例如脂双层和某些生物活性剂相对不能透过但是在试剂能够到达循环系统之前必需穿过的膜的物理障碍,因此经肺运送可能不是切实可行的。在其它情况中,可以实现肺运送,但是对实际目的而言又不太够。
因此目前需要一种简单、廉价的肺运送系统,它制造容易且能以有效方式运送广泛的活性剂。
附图简述
图1为图解说明在单独肺喷雾-IT滴注0.05mg/kg(0.13U/kg)胰岛素(σ)以及与5mg/kg载体B一起(υ)之后的血浆胰岛素-时间曲线。竖线表示±SDn=5。
图2为图解说明在单独肺喷雾-IT滴注0.05mg/kg(0.13U/kg)胰岛素(σ)以及与5mg/kg载体B一起(υ)之后的血浆葡萄糖-时间曲线。竖线表示±SDn=5。
图3为图解说明在单独肺喷雾-IT滴注0.05mg/kg(0.13U/kg)胰岛素(σ)以及与16mg/kg载体B一起(υ)之后的血浆葡萄糖-时间曲线。竖线表示±SDn=3。
图4为图解说明在单独肺喷雾-IT滴注0.01mg/kg(0.026U/kg)胰岛素(σ)以及与16mg/kg载体B一起(υ)之后的血浆葡萄糖-时间曲线。竖线表示±SDn=4。
图5为图解说明在向大鼠肺喷雾-IT滴注0.005mg/kg(0.013U/kg)(*)、0.05mg/kg(0.13U/kg)(σ)、0.1mg/kg(0.26U/kg)(▲)、0.5mg/kg(1.3U/kg)(υ)和1mg/kg(2.6U/kg)(π)猪胰岛素之后的胰岛素平均血浆浓度-时间曲线。竖线表示±SD。
图6为图解说明在向大鼠喷雾-IT滴注0.01mg/kg(0.026U/kg)(*)、0.05mg/kg(0.13U/kg)(x)、0.1mg/kg(0.26U/kg)(σ)、0.5mg/kg(1.3U/kg)(υ)和1mg/kg(2.6U/kg)(▲)猪胰岛素之后的血浆葡萄糖-时间曲线。竖线表示±SD。
图7为图解说明在有或没有16mg/kg载体B下运送0.05mg/kg胰岛素之后的胰岛素血浆浓度-时间曲线。
图8为图解说明使用不同剂量胰岛素的胰岛素血浆浓度-时间曲线。
图9为图解说明在有或没有5mg/kg载体B下运送0.05mg/kg胰岛素之后的胰岛素血浆浓度-时间曲线。
图10为图解说明在有或没有16mg/kg载体B下运送0.01mg/kg胰岛素之后的胰岛素血浆浓度-时间曲线。
图11为图解说明在肺运送0.1mg胰岛素和7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐(υ)、仅0.1mg/kg胰岛素(π)和仅7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐(▲)之后血液葡萄糖的百分比变化。
图12为图解说明在肺运送0.5mg胰岛素和7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐(υ)、仅0.5mg/kg胰岛素(π)和仅7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐(▲)之后血液葡萄糖的百分比变化。
图13为图解说明运送0.03mg/kg胰岛素和16mg/kg载体B(π)、载体C(▲)和载体D()、以及仅胰岛素(υ)之后的血清胰岛素水平-时间曲线。竖线表示±SD。
本发明提供了通过肺路径向需要活性剂的动物给予该试剂的方法。该方法包括通过肺路径给组合物,该组合物包括(a)活性剂和(b)(ⅰ)酰化氨基酸、(ⅱ)磺化氨基酸或(ⅲ)(ⅰ)和(ⅱ)的组合。给予本发明的这些组合物比单独给予该活性剂提供了提高的肺运送和活性剂更大的生物可利用率。结果,为了获得所需结果,当活性剂含在本发明的组合物中时比单独给药时可以给予较少的活性剂。
用于本发明的组合物包括活性剂和载体。可以将这些组合物用于通过不同生物、化学和物理障碍运送不同活性剂,并且特别适宜运送遭受环境降解的活性剂。本发明的方法对向任意动物运送或给予生物、药物或化学活性剂特别有用,这些动物包括,但不限于,如小鸡的鸟类和如母牛、猪、狗、猫、灵长类的哺乳动物,特别是人类。
与单独给予活性剂相比,载体与活性剂,如本文所述的胰岛素的经肺共给药使得活性剂的生物可利用率增加。活性剂
适用于本发明的活性剂包括生物或化学活性剂。
生物或化学活性剂包括,但不限于,杀虫剂、药物试剂和治疗试剂。例如,适用于本发明的生物或化学活性剂包括,但不限于,蛋白质;多肽;肽;激素,特别是本身不通过或者仅一部分所给剂量通过肺泡和/或对经肺中的酸和酶的化学裂解敏感的激素;多糖,特别是粘多糖的混合物;碳水化合物;脂类;其它有机化合物;或其任意组合。
其它例子包括,但不限于,以下:包括合成、天然或其重组源;生长激素,包括人生长激素(hGH)、重组人生长激素(rhGH)、牛生长激素和猪生长激素;释放生长激素的激素;干扰素,包括α、β和γ;白介素-1;白介素Ⅱ;胰岛素,包括猪、牛、人和人重组的,选择性地具有平衡离子包括钠、锌、钙和铵;胰岛素样生长因子(IGF),包括IGF-1;肝素,包括未经分馏的肝素,类肝素,皮肤素,软骨素,低分子量肝素,非常低分子量肝素和超低分子量肝素;降钙素,包括鲑鱼、鳗鱼和人的;红细胞生成素;心钠素;抗原;单克隆抗体;促生长素抑制素;蛋白酶抑制剂;促肾上腺皮质激素,促性腺激素释激素;催产素;促黄体生成激素释放激素;促卵泡成熟激素;葡糖脑苷脂酶;血小板生成素;非尔司亭;前列腺素;环孢菌素;后叶加压素;色甘酸钠(色甘酸一钠或二钠);万古霉素;去铁胺(DFO);甲状旁腺激素(PTH),包括其片段;抗菌剂,包括抗真菌剂;类似物,片段,模拟物或这些化合物经聚乙二醇(PEG)改性的衍生物;或其任意组合。载体
已发现酰化和磺化氨基酸起经肺运送生物或化学活性剂的载体的作用。可以使用这些载体化合物或聚氨基酸和肽运送包括,但不限于,生物或化学活性剂的活性剂,例如药物和治疗试剂的活性剂。
氨基酸为具有至少一个自由氨基的任意羧酸,并且包括天然存在和合成的氨基酸。聚氨基酸或者为肽或者为通过可以连接的其它基团如酯、酐或酐连接形成的键连接的两个或多个氨基酸。肽为通过肽键连接的两个或多个氨基酸。肽的长度可以从具有两个氨基酸的二肽到具有几百个氨基酸的多肽变化。参见Chambers Biological Dictionary,编辑Peter M.B.Wakler,Cambridge,England:Chambers Cambridge,1989第215页。特别提到的是由二肽、三肽、四肽和五肽。
可以使用氨基酸制备用于本发明中的载体。氨基酸为具有至少一个自由氨基的任意羧酸,并且包括天然存在和合成的氨基酸。许多氨基酸和氨基酸酯可以容易地从许多商业源获得,这些商业源例如有AldrichChemical Co.(Milwaukee,Wis,USA)、Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis.Mo.,USA)和Fluka Chemical Crop.(Ronkonkoma,N.Y.,USA)。肽可以是均或杂肽,并且可以包括天然氨基酸、合成氨基酸或其任意组合。
经过改性的氨基酸、聚氨基酸或肽可经酰化或者经磺化,并包括氨基酸酰胺类和磺胺类。
R1任选由一个或多个C1-C7烷基、C2-C7链烯基、C2-C7链炔基、C6-C10环烷基、苯基、苯氧基、F、Cl、Br、-OH、-SO2、-SO3H、-NO2、-SH、-PO3H、噁唑并基、异噁唑并基、具有式-OR6的烷氧基、-COOR7、-N(R5)2、-N+(R5)3X-、或其任意组合取代;
Y为-CO-或-SO2-;
X为卤素、氢氧根、硫酸根、四氟硼酸根或磷酸根;
R2为H、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4链烯基或-(CH2)n-COOH,其中n为1-10;
R3为C1-C24烷基、C2-C24链烯基、C2-C24链炔基、C3-C10环烷基、C3-C10环烯基、苯基、萘基、(C1-C10烷基)苯基、(C2-C10链烯基)苯基、(C1-C10烷基)萘基、(C2-C10链烯基)萘基、苯基(C1-C10烷基)、苯基(C2-C10链烯基)、萘基(C1-C10烷基)、或萘基(C2-C10链烯基);
R3任选由C1-C4烷基、C2-C4链烯基、C1-C4烷氧基、-OH、-SH、卤素、-NH2、-CO2R4、C3-C10环烷基、C3-C10环烯基、具有3-10个环原子的杂环,其中杂原子为一个或多个N、O、S或其任意组合、芳基、(C1-C10烷)芳基、芳(C1-C10烷基)、或其任意组合取代;
R4为H、C1-C4烷基或C2-C4链烯基;
R5为H或C1-C10烷基;
R6为C1-C10烷基、链烯基、链炔基、芳基或环烷基;和
R7为H、C1-C10烷基、链烯基、链炔基、芳基或环烷基。
特别提到的是还由具有下式的酰化或磺化氨基酸
Ar-Y-(R8)n-OH 载体A′其中Ar为经过取代或未取代的苯基或萘基,优选Ar为经过取代或未取代的2-OH-苯基;
Y为-CO-或-SO2-;
R8具有下式:
R9为C1-C24烷基、C1-C24链烯基、苯基、萘基、(C1-C10烷基)苯基、(C1-C10链烯基)苯基、(C1-C10烷基)萘基、(C1-C10链烯基)萘基、苯基(C1-C10烷基)、苯基(C1-C10链烯基)、萘基(C1-C10烷基)和萘基(C1-C10链烯基);
R9任选由C1-C4烷基、C2-C4链烯基、C1-C4烷氧基、-OH、-SH、-CO2R11、环烷基、环烯基、杂环烷基、烷芳基、杂芳基、杂烷芳基、或其任意组合取代;
R9任选被氧、氮、硫或其任意组合打断;
R10为H、C1-C4烷基或C2-C4链烯基;和
R11为H、C1-C4烷基或C1-C4链烯基。
一些优选运送剂包括,但不限于,以下专利中所述的那些:US专利号:4925673、5451410、5541155、5629020、5643957、5650386、5709861、5714167、5766633、5773647、5792451和5863944以及PCT申请WO96/12474、WO97/10197、WO97/36480和WO98/50341。
酰化氨基酸可以通过将单一氨基酸、两种或多种氨基酸的混合物、或者氨基酸酯与可与氨基酸中存在的游离氨基反应的胺改性剂反应形成酰胺制成。
用于制备酰化氨基酸的适宜但非限制性的酰化剂的例子包括具有下式的酰基氯酰化剂:其中R12为用于制备经过改性的氨基酸的适宜基团,例如,但不限于,烷基、链烯基、环烷基或芳基,特别是甲基、乙基、环己基、环苯基、苯基或苄基;并且X为离去基团,典型的离子基团包括,但不限于,卤素如氯、溴和碘。
酰化剂的例子包括,但不限于,酰卤包括,但不限于,乙酰氯、丙基氯、环己酰氯、环戊酰氯和环庚酰氯、苯甲酰氯、马尿酰氯等;和酐,例如乙酸酐、丙酐、环己酸酐、苯甲酸酐、马尿酸酐等。优选的酰化剂包括苯甲酰氯、马尿酰氯、乙酰氯、环己酰氯、环戊酰氯和环庚酰氯。
氨基还可以是通过羧酸与偶联剂如氨基酸的碳二亚胺衍生物反应改性,特别是亲水氨基酸如苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸。其它例子包括二环己基碳二亚胺等。
如果氨基酸为多功能,即具有不只一个-OH、-NH或-SH基团,那么它可以任选地在一个或多个官能团上被酰化,从而形成例如酯、酰胺或硫酯键。
例如,在许多酰化氨基酸的制备中,将氨基酸溶于金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾和添加有酰化剂的含水碱性溶液中。反应时间可以为约1小时至约4小时,优选约2小时至约2.5小时。通常将混合物的温度保持在约5℃-约70℃,优选约10℃-约50℃。每当量氨基酸中的NH基团所用的碱的量通常为每当量NH2约1.25mol-约3mol,优选约1.5mol-约2.25mol。反应溶液的pH通常为约pH8-约pH13,优选约pH10-约pH12。相应于氨基酸的量所用的氨基改性剂的量以氨基酸中总自由NH的摩尔数为基准。一般说来,氨基酸中每摩尔当量的总NH基团所用的氨基改性剂的量为约0.5-约2.5当量,优选约0.75-约1.25当量。
典型地通过用适宜酸如浓盐酸调节混合物的pH,直到pH达到约2-约3来使改性氨基酸的形成反应停止。在室温下将该混合物静置分离形成透明上层和白色或黄白色沉淀。倒出上层并通过过滤或倾析收集改性氨基酸。然后将这些粗改性氨基酸与水混合。过滤除去不溶性物质,在真空下将滤液干燥。改性氨基酸的产率一般在约30-约60%,通常为约45%。本发明还考虑了通过多酰化例如二酰化、三酰化等改性的氨基酸。
如果氨基酸酯或酰胺为原料,那么将它们溶于适宜有机溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺或吡啶中,并在约5-约70℃,优选约25℃的温度下将其与氨基改性剂反应约7-约24小时。相应于氨基酸酯所用的氨基改性剂的量与如上所述用于氨基酸的相同。
之后,在减压下除去反应溶剂,并且选择性地可以在约50℃-约80℃,优选约70℃下通过用适宜碱溶液如1N氢氧化钠水解改性氨基酸酯除去酯或酰胺官能团,水解时间足够水解掉酯基并形成具有自由羧基的改性氨基酸。然后将水解混合物冷却到室温并用例如25%盐酸的含水溶液酸化至pH约2-约2.5。将改性氨基酸从溶液中沉淀出并通过例如过滤或倾析的常规方式回收。
改性氨基酸可以通过酸沉、重结晶或在固体柱载体上分馏提纯。可以在例如硅胶或矾土的适宜固体柱载体上使用例如乙酸/丁醇/水的溶剂混合物作为流动相;在逆相柱载体上使用三氟乙酸/乙腈混合物作为流动相;以及在离子交换色谱柱上使用水作流动相进行分馏。还可以通过用例如甲醇、丁醇或异丙醇的低级醇提取以除去例如无机盐的杂质来提纯改性氨基酸。
改性氨基酸通常易溶于碱性含水溶液(pH≥9.0);部分溶于乙醇、正丁醇和1∶1(v/v)甲苯/乙醇溶液;并且不溶于中性水中。改性氨基酸的碱金属盐如钠盐通常易溶于pH约6-8的水中。
在聚氨基酸或肽中,可以将一个或多个氨基酸经酰化和/或磺化改性。聚氨基酸和肽可以包括一个或多个酰化氨基酸。尽管线性改性聚氨基酸和肽一般包括仅一个酰化氨基酸,但是其它聚氨基酸和肽结构可以包括一个以上的酰化氨基酸。聚氨基酸和肽可以用酰化氨基酸聚合或者可以在聚合之后酰化。
通过用与存在的至少一个游离氨基反应的磺化剂磺化至少一个游离氨基可改性磺化氨基酸、聚氨基酸和肽。
用于制备磺化氨基酸的适宜,但非限制性,磺化剂的例子包括具有式R13-SO2-X的磺化剂,其中R13为用于制备改性氨基酸的适宜基团例如,但不限于,烷基、链烯基、环烷基或芳基,并且X为如上所述的离去基团。磺化剂的一个例子为苯磺酰氯。
改性聚氨基酸和肽可以包括一个或多个磺化氨基酸和/或酰化氨基酸。尽管所用的线性改性聚氨基酸和肽一般包括仅一个磺化氨基酸,但是其它聚氨基酸和肽结构可以包括一个以上的磺化氨基酸。聚氨基酸和肽可以用磺化氨基酸聚合或者可以在聚合之后磺化。运送系统
本发明所用的组合物可以包括一种或多种活性剂。
在一个实施方式中,在给药之前通过将一种或多种化合物或盐、聚氨基酸或肽与活性剂简单混合可以直接使用上面这些化合物或这些化合物的盐或包括至少一个这些化合物或盐的聚氨基酸或肽作为运送载体。
仅在给药之前通过将载体的含水溶液与活性组分的含水溶液混合制备给药混合物。或者,可以在生产过程中将载体和生物或化学活性组分混合。这些溶液可以选择性地含有例如磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸、乙酸、明胶和金合欢胶的添加剂。
可以将稳定添加剂加入载体溶液中。与一些药物一起,这些添加剂的存在提高了该试剂在溶液中的稳定性和分散性。
可以约0.1-5%(w/v),优选约0.5%(w/v)的浓度使用稳定添加剂。适宜,但非限制性的稳定添加剂的例子包括金合欢胶、明胶、甲基纤维素、聚乙二醇、羧酸及其盐、和聚赖氨酸。优选的稳定添加剂为金合欢胶、明胶和甲基纤维素。
活性剂的量为有效地实现用于靶子指示的特定活性剂的目的的量。活性剂在组合物中的量典型地为药物、生物、治疗或化学有效量。然而,当以剂量单位形式如粉末或液体使用组合物时,由于剂量单位形式可以含有许多载体/生物或化学活性剂组合物或者可以含有分开的药物、生物、治疗或化学活性量,因此该量可以低于药物、生物、治疗或活性有效量。然后可以含有全部药物、生物、治疗或化学活性剂量的生物或药物活性剂的累积单位给予总有效量。
本领域技术人员可以测定所用的活性剂,特别是生物或化学活性剂的总量。但是,出人意料地发现,与一些生物或化学活性剂一起,在肺运送系统中使用本发明公开的载体具有特别有效的运送效果。因此,与以前的剂量单位形式或运送系统使用的量相比,可以向受治疗者给予较低量的生物或化学活性剂,同时仍然达到相同的血液水平和治疗效果。
载体在本组合物中的量为运送有效量并且对任意特定载体或生物或化学活性剂而言都可以通过本领域技术人员已知的方法测定。活性剂和载体在组合物中的有效量可以在很大范围内变化,这取决于个体的年龄、体重、性别、敏感度、病史等。人们应考虑活性剂和载体的性质,试剂的比活度(活度单位/质量)和其在肺中的吸收速度,所有这些有助于确定治疗有效剂量。
给药之后,组合物或剂量单位形式中存在的活性剂被快速吸入循环中。通过测定血液中的已知药物活性,例如由肝素引起的血液凝结时间增加、由降钙素引起的循环钙水平降低或者由胰岛素引起的血液葡萄糖水平改变,容易地评价活性剂的生物可利用率。或者,可以直接测定活性剂本身的循环水平。
或者,当靶子为肺时,自动影响运送。通过测定活性的已知药动学参数评价活性剂的生物可利用率。
剂量单位形式还可以包括任意赋形剂、稀释剂、崩解剂、润滑剂、增塑剂、着色剂和计量载体,包括,但不限于水、1,2-丙二醇、乙醇、橄榄油或其任意组合。
运送组合物还可以包括一种或多种酶抑制剂。这些酶抑制剂包括,但不限于,例如辅肌动蛋白或表放线酰胺素(epiactinonin)及其衍生物的化合物。这些化合物的衍生物公开在US5206384中,将其公开的内容加入本文作为参考。其它酶抑制剂包括,但不限于,抑蛋白酶肽(Irasylol)和Bowman-Birk抑制剂。
该系统对运送化学或生物活性剂特别有用,否则该活性剂在到达其靶子区(即运送组合物的活性剂待释放的区域)之前和在所给予的动物的体内会破坏或使效果降低。具体地,本发明在肺给药中有用,例如通过吸入活性剂,特别是通过该路径非常规运送或者希望提高运送效果的那些。可以许多方式观察到运送效果提高,这些方式包括但不限于,整个时间内运送的活性剂的量全部增加、整个时间内生物反应全部增加、以及在特定时间下运送或反应增加,例如活性剂更快运送或更快反应。
优选实施例非限制性地说明本发明。除非另有说明,所有份都以重量计。
实施例1-载体的制备
制备2-(4-(N-水杨酰)氨基苯基)丙酸(载体B)
将58.6g(0.355mol)的2-(4-氨基苯基)丙酸和500ml二氯甲烷的浆液用90.11ml(77.13g,0.710mol)的氯化三甲基甲硅烷处理并加热回流120分钟。将反应混合物冷却到0℃并用184.44ml(107.77g,1.065mol)三乙胺处理。搅拌5分钟之后,将该混合物用70.45g(0.355mol) O-乙酰基水杨酰氯和150ml二氯甲烷的溶液处理。将该反应混合物加热到25℃并搅拌64小时。真空下除去挥发物。残余物在2N含水氢氧化钠中搅拌1小时并用2M含水硫酸酸化。该固体从乙醇/水中再结晶2次,得到黄褐色固体。过滤分离得到53.05g(52%产率)的2-(4-(N-水杨酰)氨基苯基)丙酸。
性质,溶解度:200mg/ml:200mg+350μl 2N NaOH+650μl H2O-pH-7.67。元素分析,计算-C:67.36,H:5.3,N:4.91,实测-C:67.05,H:5.25,N:4.72。
制备2-(4-(N-水杨酰)氨基苯基)丙酸钠(载体B的钠盐)
将53.05g(0.186mol)2-(4-(N-水杨酰)氨基苯基)丙酸和300ml乙醇的溶液用溶于22ml水中的7.59g(0.190mol)NaOH处理。将该反应混合物在25℃下搅拌30分钟,在0℃下搅拌30分钟。将所得淡黄色固体通过过滤分离,得到52.61g的2-(4-(N-水杨酰)氨基苯基)丙酸钠。
性质,溶解度:200mg/ml澄清溶液:pH=6.85。元素分析,计算-C:60.45,H:5.45,N:3.92,Na:6.43。实测-C:60.84,H:5.87,N:3.85,Na:6.43。熔点236-238℃。
制备载体C的钠盐
在2L配备有磁搅拌器和回流冷凝器的圆底烧瓶中装入在二氯甲烷(250ml)中的3-(4-氨基苯基)丙酸(15.0g,0.084mol,1.0当量)的悬浮液。以一批加入氯化三甲基甲硅烷(18.19g,0.856mol,2.0当量),在氩气下将混合物加热回流1.5小时。将该反应冷却到室温,并放入冰浴(内部温度<10℃)中。将回流冷凝器用装有三乙胺(25.41g,0.251mol,3.0当量)的加料漏斗替换。在15分钟内滴加该三乙胺,在加入期间形成黄色固体。将该漏斗用另一装有在二氯甲烷(100mL)中的2,3-二甲氧基苯甲酰氯(18.31g,0.091mol,1.09当量)的溶液的加料漏斗替换。在30分钟内滴加该溶液。在冰浴中搅拌反应另30分钟,并在室温下搅拌反应3小时。在真空下将二氯甲烷蒸发,得到棕色油。将该棕色油在冰浴中冷却,并添加饱和碳酸氢钠(250ml)的冰冷溶液。将冰浴移走,并搅拌反应1小时,得到澄清棕色溶液。用浓盐酸将该溶液酸化并在约5℃下贮藏1小时。混合物用二氯甲烷(3×100mL)提取,经硫酸钠干燥,过滤掉盐,并在真空中除去二氯甲烷。所得固体从50%乙酸乙酯/水(v/v)中重结晶,得到浅白色针状载体C酸(25.92g,90%)。对C19H21NO5元素分析,计算:C 66.46,H 6.16,N4.08。实测:C 66.14,H 6.15,N 3.98。mp=99-102℃。
边加热边将12g载体C酸溶于75mL乙醇中。向该溶液中加入8.5M氢氧化钠(1.02摩尔当量,1.426g在4.5mL水中)溶液。将混合物搅拌15分钟。在真空下除去约3/4的乙醇并将100mL正庚烷添加到所得油中,使得形成沉淀。在50℃下将固体真空干燥。对C19H20NO5·0.067H2O元素分析,计算:C,62.25;H,5.54;N,3.82;Na,6.27,实测:C,62.37;H,5.77;N,3.80;Na,5.75。
制备N-(4-甲基水杨酰)-8-氨基辛酸(载体D)(a)制备低聚(4-甲基水杨酸酯)
将乙酸酐(32mL,34.5g,0.338mol,1.03当量)、4-甲基水杨酸(50g,0.329mmol,1.00当量)和二甲苯(100mL)添加到1L配备有磁搅拌棒、温度计和冷凝器的四颈烧瓶中。将该烧瓶放在沙浴中并开始浑白色混合物的加热。约90℃反应混合物澄清至黄色溶液。在3小时内(135-146℃)将大多数有机挥发物(二甲苯和乙酸)蒸馏到Dean-Stark捕集器中。连续蒸馏另一小时(总共蒸馏出110mL),在这期间罐温慢慢升至204℃并且蒸馏液慢慢成细流。倒出残余物,同时仍然将热引入铝捕集器中。经冷却形成脆的黄色玻璃。将该固体粉碎成细粉末。不经进一步提纯就可使用该低聚(4-甲基水杨酸酯)。
(b)制备N-(4-甲基水杨酰)-8-氨基辛酸
将7M碳酸钾溶液(45mL,43.2g,0.313mol,0.95当量)、8-氨基辛酸(41.8g,262mol,798当量)和水(20mL)添加到1L配备有磁搅拌棒、冷凝器和加料漏斗的圆底烧瓶中。将该白色浑浊混合物用30分钟内加入的低聚(4-甲基水杨酸酯)(44.7g,0.329mmol,1.0当量)和二噁烷(250mL)的溶液处理。将反应混合物在90℃下加热3小时(此时通过HPLC测定反应已结束)。将澄清的橙色反应混合物冷却到30℃并用50%的含水硫酸(64g)酸化至pH=2。所得固体通过过滤分离。将白色固体从1170mL的50%乙醇-水中重结晶。过滤回收该固体并在50℃的真空炉中干燥18小时。分离白色固体N-(4-甲基水杨酰)-8-氨基辛酸(30.88g,52%);mp=113-114℃;1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ12.80(s,1H),12.00(s,1H),8.73(bt,1H),7.72(d,1H),6.70(s,1H),6.69(d,1H),3.26(s,3H),2.19(t,2H),1.49(m,4H),1.29(m,6H)。对C16H23NO4分析元素,计算:C 65.51;H 7.90;N 4.77,实测:C 65.48;H 7.84;N 4.69。实施例2-肺运送猪胰岛素材料和步骤材料
·Sprague Dawley雌性大鼠225-300g(Charles River,Raleigh,NC)
·光学纤维喉镜(Custom Manufactured,EPA,Research Triangle Park,NC)
·加热毯恒温控制与直肠探针(Harvard Apparatus,Cambridge,HA)
·硅化Eppendorf管
·药用聚硅氧烷螺旋管
·喷雾滴注器(Penn Century,Philadelphia,PA)
·氯胺酮(100mg/ml)批号440350(Fort Dodge Laboratories Inc.Fort
Dodge,Iowa)
·赛拉嗪(100mg/ml)批号116ZZ01(Vedco Inc.St.Joseph,MO)
·乙酰丙嗪(10mg/ml)批号3941077(Fort Dodge Laboratories Inc.Fort
Dodge,Iowa)
·肝素1000U/ml批号104067(Elkins-Sinn,Inc.Cherry Hill,NJ)
·0.9%氯化钠注射USP无菌液,批号PS059113(Baxter Healthcare
Corporation,Deerfield,IL)
·冻干猪胰岛素25.9IU/mg(Emisphere Technologies)
·载体B2-(4-(N-水杨酰)氨基苯基)丙酸钠(Emisphere Technologies)步骤
1、溶液
·含有比例为1∶3∶1的赛拉嗪(100mg/ml)∶氯胺酮(100mg/ml)∶乙酰丙嗪(10mg/ml)的麻醉溶液的鸡尾酒
·含有20U/ml肝素的0.9%氯化钠注射液USP
·将胰岛素溶于用0.01NHCl滴定的pH=3的蒸馏水中。当溶液澄清时,添加pH7的蒸馏水。然后,用0.01NaOH使pH至7.5。
·将载体B溶于pH7.4的蒸馏水中,超声波2分钟并使用0.1N NaOH将其pH调整至7.4。
2、动物
将每只大鼠称重并用不能拭除的标记识别,通过腹膜内分别注射80mg/kg、10mg/kg和2.0mg/kg的氯胺酮∶赛拉嗪∶乙酰丙嗪鸡尾酒麻醉,将其送回到笼中。将这些大鼠转移到手术台上并放置在加热毯恒温控制经直肠的探针上,达到一次深度麻醉。
使用聚硅氧烷管插入每只大鼠的右颈静脉并通过用200μl肝素盐水慢慢冲洗该套管证实导管开放,然后抽取100μl血液。然后用200μl肝素化盐水溶液清洗该套管。
使用光学纤维喉镜插入气管内管。将滴注器的注射管(Hamilton注射管)与气管内管相连并用于将溶液(100μl)滴注到气管中。给药之后除去气管内管,通过以下研究监测呼吸速度。
在0、10、30、60、90、120和180分钟抽取血样(500μl),并且套管用约200μl肝素化盐水溶液冲洗。将血液收集在1ml直接放在微离心管内的结核菌素注射器(含有20μ/ml的肝素100μl)中。
立即在10000rpm下将血样离心4分钟。将约30μl的等分试样转移到做过标记的硅化1ml Eppendorf管中并将其放在冰上,直到完成下面的葡萄糖测定的研究。将剩余样品在-70℃下冷冻以便测定胰岛素(超敏RIA)。
分析
1、葡萄糖测定
使用Ektachem DT Slide(GLU)法进行禁食血浆葡萄糖水平的测定。分析基于葡萄糖与分子氧的酶催化反应,接着产生高色彩的红色染料的二级反应。色彩强度与样品中葡萄糖的量成比例。
2、药动学分析
在整个时间内对平均胰岛素血浆浓度进行标准分区和非分区药动学分析。通常,为了证实分区模型的有效性,同时进行分区和非分区分析。
a、分区分析
使用最小二乘方非线性回归法(PKanalyst,Micromath,Salt Lake City,UT)基于喷雾-气管内(IT)给予猪胰岛素做出平均胰岛素浓度(CINS)与时间曲线,其适于一级吸收的一室体模型。胰岛素的平均浓度适合以下等式:
CPins=A(e-ket+e-kat) (等式1)
其中A=D ka/Vd(ka-ke)为在0时间药物在体内的浓度,ka为一级吸收速率常数,ke为一级排除速率常数。
通过梯形法则计算肺浓度-时间曲线的面积(AUC0→t)。通过细分由末端的一级速率常数测定的最后Cins内推至无限。由这两种化合物的总和估计曲线的总面积。由0.693/ke计算排除的半衰期,其中ke为浓度的对数-时间曲线的末端斜率。
b、非分区分析
使用标准技术进行整个时间内胰岛素血浆浓度的非分区分析。从治疗用非拟合平均血浆浓度(Cpins)-时间曲线确定到峰值Cpins(Tmax)和峰值Cpins(Cmax)的时间。通过梯度规则计算AUC。由于缺少计算药动学参数的静脉内给药的数据,因此不计算MRT。
3、药动学分析
由平均血浆葡萄糖水平-时间曲线确定治疗用最小血浆葡萄糖浓度百分比(%MPGC)和到达每个%MPGC的时间(T%MPGC)。
按以下等式计算曲线效应上面的面积(AACE):
AACE=总面积-AUCE(等式2)
其中AUCE代表使用梯度规则计算的曲线效应下面的面积。
使用以下等式确定从0到t的血浆葡萄糖中总降低百分比:
%TRPG0→t=100(AACE/总面积)(等式3)
4、统计分析
使用假定α<0.05的Sheffe多重比较试验测定胰岛素剂量之间AUC差异的显著性。使用Turkey试验和假定α<0.05的方差分析测定仅胰岛素剂和与载体B一起之间的AACE0→3(葡萄糖血浆水平)的差异。
实施例2a
(ⅰ)肺喷雾-气管内[IT]滴注0.05mg/kg胰岛素和5mg/kg载体B后血浆胰岛素和血浆葡萄糖-时间曲线分别显示在图1和2中。
(ⅱ)和(ⅲ)图3和4以及下面的表1分别显示了肺喷雾-IT滴注16mg/kg载体B和0.05和0.01mg/kg胰岛素后血浆葡萄糖-时间曲线和药动学参数。观察两种剂量胰岛素下有和没有载体的AACE0→3的显著差异(p<0.05)。对0.01和0.05剂量胰岛素(与16mg/kg载体B一起)%TRGP0→3分别从10.5±1.5增加到36±9%和从47±10增加到65.7±5%。在仅0.05mg/kg胰岛素和与5mg/kg载体B一起之间在%TRGP0→3中没有观察到显著差异。由于其对胰岛素药动学的影响(增加的生物可利用率),因此对载体B发现的该剂量-影响关系是最有可能的。
表1
猪胰岛素剂量(mg/kg)和载体B(mg/kg) | |||||
仅胰岛素0.01 | 胰岛素0.01和载体B16mg/kg | 仅胰岛素0.05 | 胰岛素0.05和载体B(5mg/kg) | 胰岛素0.05和载体B(16mg/kg) | |
%MPGC | 70.02 | 46.4 | 35.7 | 38.6 | 14.9 |
T%MPGC(min) | 180 | 90 | 120 | 90 | 60 |
%TRPG0→3hr | 10.5±1.5 | 36±9 | 47±10 | 46±8 | 65.7±5 |
AACE0→t(mcU/min/ml) | 1892±989 | 6395±1609 | 8497±1716 | 8218±1430 | 11834±872 |
这些数据显示载体B具有显著增加胰岛素的生物可利用率和其对葡萄糖水平的影响的潜力。
(ⅳ)喷雾-IT滴注之后作为胰岛素剂量的函数的平均胰岛素血浆浓度示于表5中。由分区和非分区分析所得的药动学参数列于下表2中。拟合平均血浆水平的非线性曲线显示出,通过一切情况而论的单指数衰减最好地描述了血浆浓度的降低。通过比较各自的模型选择准则(MSC)进行拟合优度的评价。该改进的Akaike信息准则能够比较模型的适当性。MSC值为1.3-3.8说明模型适度。
在这些研究中相对0.001mg/kg(0.026U/kg)、0.005mg/kg(0.13U/kg)、0.01mg/kg(0.26U/kg)、0.05mg/kg(1.3U/kg)、0.1mg/kg(2.6U/kg)、0.5和1mg/kg猪胰岛素达到的平均峰值浓度分别为57.5μU/ml(Tmax=10min)、18.8μU/ml(Tmax=20min)、71.3μU/ml(Tmax=10min)、48.95μU/ml(Tmax=10.0min)、213.1μU/ml(Tmax=10min)、354μU/ml(Tmax=20min)和902μU/ml(Tmax=20min),并且与曲线拟合之后获得的吻合。
与前面报道的在向兔静脉内给药0.1u/kg牛胰岛素(t1/2=30分钟)之后相比,作为胰岛素剂量的函数的血浆浓度的对数-时间曲线(图5)显示了血浆浓度随定义的半衰期明显延长(从27.8到142.4min,参见表2)而衰减。该观察暗示,当吸收而不是排除时出现的“触发”情形说明血浆浓度降低。但是吸收半衰期的这种增加并不意味着吸收是速率限制性步骤。而且,该情况可能是由于“溶解”慢或随着胰岛素在滴注体积中浓度增加胰岛素从六倍体转变成单体形式的结果。
使用梯形法则计算的至无限的曲线下面的面积(AUC0-∞)相对0.001mg/kg(0.026U/kg)、0.005(0.13U/kg)、0.01(0.26U/kg)、0.05(1.3U/kg)、0.1(2.6U/kg)、0.5和1mg/kg猪胰岛素分别为2930、1334、5050、5260、15374、67676和200230μUmin/ml。
使用Sheffe试验的剂量之间的多重比较证实在AUC值中没有明显差异(p>0.05)。这种显著性的缺乏可能是由于受验者内高度的可变性(参见,表2中AUC的SD)。假定肺给药之后的猪胰岛素和皮下(SC)给药之后的人胰岛素的吸收程度相同,可以计算所用的胰岛素的相对生物可利用率。以该假设为基础,猪胰岛素的相对生物可利用率为12.46%。表2
猪胰岛素剂量(mg/kg) | ||||||||
0.001 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | ||
分区分析 | ||||||||
Cmax(μU/ml) | 57.2 | 16.46 | 70.5 | 48.3 | 188.08 | 381.8 | 891.3 | |
Tmax(min) | 10.8 | 12.4 | 11.9 | 14 | 13.7 | 31.3 | 13.32 | |
AUC0→∞(μU·min/ml) | 2930 | 1334 | 5049 | 5260 | 15374 | 67676 | 2000230 | |
ke(min-1) | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |
t1/2(elim)(min) | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 7.8 | 2.1 | |
ka(min-1) | 0.025 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.0105 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.005 | |
t1/2(abs)(min) | 27.8 | 42.6 | 38.0 | 65.9 | 59.9 | 100.8 | 142.4 | |
非分区分析 | ||||||||
Cmax(ng/ml) | 57.5 | 18.8 | 71.3 | 48.95 | 213.1 | 354.1 | 902.8 | |
tmax(h) | 10 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 60 | 20 | |
AUC0→∞(μU·min/ml) | 1695 | 1176 | 4995 | 5288 | 17907 | 65077 | 199818 |
血浆葡萄糖-时间曲线和滴注的胰岛素的不同剂量的PD数据显示在图6和下表3中。结果显示,剂量增加(从0.01-1mg/kg)引起最小血浆葡萄糖百分数(%MPGC)显著增加(从70.2-13.1),到达该最小值(T%MPGC)的时间T没有明显改变。从0到3小时的血浆葡萄糖的总降低(%TRPG0→3hr)(参见表3)从10.5到73.7%显著增加,这说明当胰岛素剂量增加时随吸收程度增加获得更大的生物可利用率。表3
猪胰岛素剂量(mg/kg) | |||||
0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |
%MPGC | 70.2 | 35.69 | 35.3 | 30.6 | 13.1 |
T%MPGC | 180 | 120 | 120 | 60 | 120 |
%TRPG0→3hr | 10.5±1.5 | 47.2±9.5 | 50.5±12.7 | 54.5±6.5 | 73.7±3.1 |
AACE0→t(mcU/min/ml) | 1892±989 | 8497±1716 | 9102±2295 | 10205±1173 | 13266±570 |
受验者内的葡萄糖反应的可变性(CV<30%)比胰岛素反应小。因此,随循环中激素表观转变成其生物活性,存在胰岛素可变性回潮。
实施例2b
通过肺喷雾-IT滴注向大鼠给予0.05mg/kg猪胰岛素和16mg/kg载体B的组合物。通过肺喷雾-IT滴注仅向大鼠给予0.05mg/kg猪胰岛素的组合物。将结果显示在图7和表4和5中。
表4
时间(分钟) | 有载体B | 没有载体B | ||
平均胰岛素浓度(mcU/mL±stdev) | AUC | 平均胰岛素浓度(mcU/mL±stdev) | AUC | |
0 | 0 | 10347.35 | 0 | 4300.025 |
10 | 157.67±32.86 | 87.28±34.34 | ||
30 | 101.36±35.14 | 43.64±17.96 | ||
60 | 70.48±30.31 | 21.50±3.80 | ||
90 | 44.17±8.97 | 14.13±4.49 | ||
120 | 37.28±15.47 | 10.89±3.31 | ||
180 | 11.04±3.21 | 11.38±9.54 |
表5:向大鼠肺经肺喷雾-IT滴注胰岛素和载体B后的PK参数
猪胰岛素剂量(mg/kg) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
载体B剂量(mg/kg) | 16 | 5 | 16 |
分区分析(平均数据) | |||
Cmax(μU/ml) | 31 | 54 | 147 |
Tmax(min) | 11 | 15 | 13 |
AUC0→∞(μU·min/ml) | 1805 | 6189 | 10666 |
ke(min-1) | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
t1/2(elim)(min) | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
ka(min-1) | 0.022 | 0.010 | 0.017 |
t1/2(abs)(min) | 31 | 69 | 40 |
非分区分析 | |||
Cmax(μU/ml) | 31.41 | 60.7 | 158 |
tmax(min) | 10 | 30 | 10 |
AUC0→∞(μU·min/ml) | 1705±126 | 5256±3271 | 10347±3089 |
对照实施例2c
通过肺喷雾-IT滴注向大鼠给予下表6中所示的猪胰岛素剂量逐渐增加的组合物。结果示于图8和表6和7中。
表6:向大鼠肺喷雾-IT滴注剂量逐渐增加的猪胰岛素之后的PK参数
表7
猪胰岛素剂量(mg/kg) | |||||
0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |
分区分析(平均数据) | |||||
Cmax(μU/ml) | 6.5 | 74 | 141 | 566 | 1634 |
Tmax(min) | 11.3 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 16.3 | 25 |
AUC0→∞(μU·min/ml) | 440 | 3989 | 9111 | 83404 | 223595 |
ke(min-1) | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
t1/2(elim)(min) | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
ka(min-1) | 0.018 | 0.024 | 0.02 | 0.008 | 0.009 |
t1/2(abs)(min) | 39 | 28 | 35 | 90 | 76 |
非分区分析 | |||||
Cmax(μU/ml) | 6 | 87 | 152 | 581 | 1926 |
tmax(min) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 | 30 |
AUC0→∞(μU·min/ml) | 503±93 | 4300±1114 | 9517±3255 | 60344±16406 | 178177±17152 |
胰岛素血浆浓度(mcU/ml) | ||||||||||
胰岛素剂量(mg/kg) | 标准偏差 | |||||||||
时间(min) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 5.1 | 87.3 | 152 | 443.7 | 1198 | 2.76 | 34 | 36.8 | 214 | 220.6 |
30 | 4.12 | 43.6 | 91.2 | 580.5 | 1925 | 1.28 | 18 | 20.5 | 220 | 465.6 |
60 | 3.87 | 21.5 | 50.6 | 553.3 | 1056 | 2.76 | 3.9 | 21.6 | 219 | 304 |
90 | 2.27 | 14.13 | 48.7 | 275.1 | 681.7 | 0.87 | 4.5 | 38.4 | 136 | 46.9 |
120 | 1.87 | 10.9 | 31.1 | 211 | 919.3 | 1.57 | 3.3 | 20.9 | 88 | 323.6 |
180 | 1.43 | 11.4 | 19.3 | 161 | 618.3 | 0.37 | 9.5 | 5.38 | 97.6 | 216.3 |
AUC 490.75 4300.9 9517.5 60345 178143.5 |
实施例2d
通过肺喷雾-IT滴注向大鼠给予0.05mg/kg猪胰岛素和5mg/kg载体B的组合物。通过肺喷雾-IT滴注仅向大鼠给予0.05mg/kg猪胰岛素的组合物。胰岛素血浆水平显示在图9和表5和8中。
表8
时间(min) | 有载体B | 没有载体B | ||
平均胰岛素浓度(mcU/mL±stdev) | AUC | 平均胰岛素浓度(mcU/mL±stdev) | AUC | |
0 | 0 | 5256.463 | 0 | 4300.025 |
10 | 40.49±23.30263 | 87.28±34.34 | ||
30 | 60.70±33 | 43.64±17.96 | ||
60 | 41.22±27.10568 | 21.50±3.80 | ||
90 | 21.08±14.46818 | 14.13±4.49 | ||
120 | 15.25±15.31622 | 10.89±3.31 | ||
180 | 19.22±16.82827 | 11.38±9.54 |
实施例2e
通过肺喷雾-IT滴注向大鼠给予0.01mg/kg猪胰岛素和16mg/kg载体B的组合物。通过肺喷雾-IT滴注仅向大鼠给予0.01mg/kg猪胰岛素的组合物。胰岛素血浆水平显示在图10和表5和9中。
表9
时间(min) | 有载体B | 没有载体B | ||
平均胰岛素浓度(mcU/mL±stdev) | AUC | 平均胰岛素浓度(mcU/mL±stdev) | AUC | |
0 | 0 | 1705.418 | 0 | 502.5 |
10 | 31.41±8.31 | 5.89±2.76 | ||
30 | 16.41±4.29 | 4.12±1.28 | ||
60 | 10.98±6.09 | 3.87±2.76 | ||
90 | 4.87±1.19 | 2.27±0.87 | ||
120 | 5.03±1.74 | 1.87±1.57 | ||
180 | 4.07±2.73 | 1.43±0.37 |
实施例3-肺的猪胰岛素运送
实施例3a
在水中制备0.1mg/kg猪胰岛素和7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐的肺运送剂量组合物。还制备仅0.1mg/kg胰岛素以及仅7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐的对照剂量组合物。通过以下步骤向5只正常、非禁食大鼠给予0.3ml/kg剂量且pH为7.3-7.6的肺剂量组合物。将11/2 Popper和Sons号针头插入这些动物咽喉下约几厘米深。将针尖朝这些动物的腹部侧操作,在其中针头可以落入一袋中,然后进一步操作该气管。一旦该针头在该气管中,将剂量溶液运送通过针头。
通过尾动脉抽取周期性血样,使用Ektachem DT玻片(Johnson&Johnson Clinical Diagnostics,Inc.,Rochester N.Y.)测定血液葡萄糖水平。
结果显示在图11中:0.1mg胰岛素和7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐(υ)、仅0.1mg/kg胰岛素(π)以及仅7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐(▲)。
实施例3b
重复实施例3a的步骤,但用在水中pH为6.6-6.9的0.5mg/kg猪胰岛素和7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐的剂量组合物。还制备仅0.5mg/kg胰岛素以及仅7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐的剂量组合物。
结果显示在图12中,其中(υ)代表0.5mg/kg胰岛素和7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐;(π)代表仅0.5mg/kg胰岛素;并且(▲)代表仅7.5mg/kg载体B钠盐。实施例4-肺的胰岛素运送
以下测试表10中的载体化合物B、载体化合物C钠盐和载体化合物D。将每只大鼠称重并使用不能拭除的标记作上标记,通过肌内注射氯丙嗪(3mg/kg)和氯胺酮(44mg/kg)麻醉。使用光学纤维喉镜将带与气管内管相连的注射器(Hamilton注射器)的气管内管(来自Penn Century ofPhiladelphia,PA的喷雾滴注器)插入使用该滴注器的注射器(Hamilton注射器)将0.4ml/kg含胰岛素(0.03mg/kg)和载体化合物(16mg/kg)的溶液滴注到呼吸道的下面部分中。给药之后将该气管内管移走,在该研究的剩余部分全程检测呼吸速率。
在0、5、15、30、60和120分钟经尾动脉抽取血样,使用DSL InsulinKit#10-1600根据试剂盒中概述的步骤测定。血清胰岛素水平示于图13中并且Cmax示于下表10中。
表10
载体 | Cmax(μU/ml) |
B | 44.6±10.0 |
C钠盐 | 22.5±4.0 |
D | 58.8±12.0 |
无 | 19.4±4.3 |
将上面提到的专利、申请、试验方法和出版物中的全部内容加入本文作为参考。
根据上面的详细说明,本领域技术人员可以想到本发明的许多变化。所有这些显而易见的变化都落入附加权利要求书的所有预定范围内。
Claims (17)
1.一种向需要生物活性剂的动物给予所述试剂的方法,所述方法包括通过肺途径向所述动物给予含有(A)活性剂和(B)载体的组合物,所述载体包括酰化氨基酸、磺化氨基酸、含有酰化氨基酸的聚氨基酸、含有磺化氨基酸的聚氨基酸、或者上述任意组合。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂选自生物活性剂、化学活性剂或其组合。
3.权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述生物活性剂包括至少一种肽、粘多糖、碳水化合物或脂类。
4.权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述生物活性剂选自生长激素、人生长激素(hGH)、重组人生长激素(rhGH)、牛生长激素、猪生长激素、释放生长激素的激素、α-干扰素、β-干扰素、γ-干扰素、白介素-1、白介素Ⅱ、胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1、肝素、未经分馏的肝素、类肝素、皮肤素、软骨素、低分子量肝素、非常低分子量肝素、超低分子量肝素、降钙素、鲑鱼降钙素、鳗鱼降钙素、人降钙素、红细胞生成素(EPO)、心钠素、抗原、单克隆抗体、促生长素抑制素、蛋白酶抑制剂、促肾上腺皮质激素、促性腺激素释激素、催产素、促黄体生成激素释激素、促卵泡成熟激素、葡糖脑苷脂酶、血小板生成素、非尔司亭、前列腺素、环孢菌素、后叶加压素、色甘酸钠、色甘酸二钠、万古霉素、去铁胺(DFO)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、PTH片段、抗菌剂、抗真菌剂、类似物、片段、模拟物和这些化合物经聚乙二醇(PEG)改性的衍生物;及其任意组合。
5.权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述生物活性剂选自人生长激素(hGH)、重组人生长激素(rhGH)、牛生长激素、释放生长激素的激素、干扰素、α-干扰素、β-干扰素、γ-干扰素、白介素-1、白介素-Ⅱ、胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1、肝素、未经分馏的肝素、类肝素、低分子量肝素、非常低分子量肝素、超低分子量肝素、降钙素、鲑鱼降钙素、鳗鱼降钙素、人降钙素、红细胞生成素(EPO)、心钠素、抗原、单克隆抗体、促生长素抑制素、促肾上腺皮质激素、促性腺激素释激素、催产素、促黄体生成激素释激素、促卵泡成熟激素、葡糖脑苷脂酶、血小板生成素、非尔司亭、前列腺素、环孢菌素、后叶加压素、色甘酸钠、色甘酸二钠、万古霉素、去铁胺(DFO)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、PTH片段、抗菌剂、抗真菌剂、类似物、片段、模拟物和这些化合物经聚乙二醇(PEG)改性的衍生物;及其任意组合。
6.权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述生物活性剂包括干扰素、白介素-Ⅱ、胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1、肝素、低分子量肝素、低分子量肝素、降钙素、催产素、后叶加压素、万古霉素、去铁胺、甲状旁腺激素、及其组合。
7.权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述生物活性剂选自胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1或其组合。
R1为C1-C7烷基、C3-C10环烷基、环烯基、芳基、噻吩基、苯基、萘基、吡咯并或吡啶基;
R1任选由一个或多个C1-C7烷基、C2-C7链烯基、C2-C7链炔基、C6-C10环烷基、苯基、苯氧基、F、Cl、Br、-OH、-SO2、-SO3H、-NO2、-SH、-PO3H、噁唑并基、异噁唑并基、具有式-OR6的烷氧基、-COOR7、-N(R5)2、-N+(R5)3X-、或其任意组合取代;
Y为-CO-或-SO2-;
X为卤素、氢氧根、硫酸根、四氟硼酸根或磷酸根;
R2为H、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4链烯基或-(CH2)n-COOH,其中n为1-10;
R3为C1-C24烷基、C2-C24链烯基、C2-C24链炔基、C3-C10环烷基、C3-C10环烯基、苯基、萘基、(C1-C10烷基)苯基、(C2-C10链烯基)苯基、(C1-C10烷基)萘基、(C2-C10链烯基)萘基、苯基(C1-C10烷基)、苯基(C2-C10链烯基)、萘基(C1-C10烷基)、或萘基(C2-C10链烯基);
R3任选由C1-C4烷基、C2-C4链烯基、C1-C4烷氧基、-OH、-SH、卤素、-NH2、-CO2R4、C3-C10环烷基、C3-C10环烯基、具有3-10个环原子的杂环,其中杂原子为一个或多个N、O、S或其任意组合、芳基、(C1-C10烷)芳基、芳(C1-C10烷基)、或其任意组合取代;
R4为H、C1-C4烷基或C2-C4链烯基;
R5为H或C1-C10烷基;
R6为C1-C10烷基、链烯基、链炔基、芳基或环烷基;和
R7为H、C1-C10烷基、链烯基、链炔基、芳基或环烷基。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所述活性剂选自胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1或其组合。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中所述载体包括具有式Ar-Y-(R8)n-OH的化合物,其中
Ar为经过取代或未取代的苯基或萘基,优选Ar为经过取代或未取代的2-OH-苯基;
Y为-CO-或-SO2-;
R9为C1-C24烷基、C1-C24链烯基、苯基、萘基、(C1-C10烷基)苯基、(C1-C10链烯基)苯基、(C1-C10烷基)萘基、(C1-C10链烯基)萘基、苯基(C1-C10烷基)、苯基(C1-C10链烯基)、萘基(C1-C10烷基)和萘基(C1-C10链烯基);
R9任选由C1-C4烷基、C1-C4链烯基、C1-C4烷氧基、-OH、-SH、-CO2R11、环烷基、环烯基、杂环烷基、烷芳基、杂芳基、杂烷芳基、或其任意组合取代;
R9任选被氧、氮、硫或其任意组合打断;
R10为H、C1-C4烷基或C1-C4链烯基;和
R11为H、C1-C4烷基或C1-C4链烯基。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述活性剂选自胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1或其组合。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述活性剂选自胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1或其组合。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中所述活性剂选自胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1或其组合。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中所述活性剂选自胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、IGF-1或其组合。
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US9426798P | 1998-07-27 | 1998-07-27 | |
US60/094,267 | 1998-07-27 | ||
US10446698P | 1998-10-16 | 1998-10-16 | |
US60/104,466 | 1998-10-16 |
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CN1311686A true CN1311686A (zh) | 2001-09-05 |
CN1205994C CN1205994C (zh) | 2005-06-15 |
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US (1) | US6642411B1 (zh) |
EP (2) | EP1100771B1 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP4675481B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20010074777A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1205994C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE295347T1 (zh) |
AU (2) | AU745290B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9912694A (zh) |
CA (2) | CA2338358C (zh) |
CZ (1) | CZ2001331A3 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69925276T2 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2242412T3 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1036970A1 (zh) |
HU (1) | HUP0103318A2 (zh) |
IL (2) | IL140710A0 (zh) |
NZ (2) | NZ509239A (zh) |
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