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CN1222863A - 心脏内的血液泵 - Google Patents

心脏内的血液泵 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1222863A
CN1222863A CN98800423A CN98800423A CN1222863A CN 1222863 A CN1222863 A CN 1222863A CN 98800423 A CN98800423 A CN 98800423A CN 98800423 A CN98800423 A CN 98800423A CN 1222863 A CN1222863 A CN 1222863A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
pump
pressure
mentioned
motor
heart
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN98800423A
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English (en)
Inventor
克里斯托夫·尼克斯
索尔斯坦·西斯
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Abiomed Europe GmbH
Original Assignee
Impella Cardiotechnik AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/832,040 external-priority patent/US5911685A/en
Application filed by Impella Cardiotechnik AG filed Critical Impella Cardiotechnik AG
Publication of CN1222863A publication Critical patent/CN1222863A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
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  • Encapsulation Of And Coatings For Semiconductor Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
  • Fertilizing (AREA)
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  • Massaging Devices (AREA)
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Abstract

一种血液泵,它包括一个驱动部分(11)和一个由一根挠性软管(13)加长的泵部分(12)。压力传感器(60、61)确定泵的出口侧与进口侧之间的压力差。泵的流量可以根据上述压力差,再结合旋转速度来确定。另外,上述压力差还可以用来确定泵在心脏中的正确位置。作为测量压力差的替代方式,也可以测量电动机(21)所消耗的电流,再根据该电流,考虑已知的旋转速度计算出泵的流量。上述压力测量装置所发出的信号,或者电动机的电流,可以用于确定泵在心脏中的正确位置。

Description

心脏内的血液泵
本发明涉及一种心脏内的血液泵,特别是能够完全埋入心脏里面,帮助天然的心脏泵起作用,或者用连续的泵吸工作来代替天然心脏的血液泵。
在W094/09835(申请人Jarvik)中公开了一种支持心脏的泵装置。这种泵装置包括两个独立的泵,各有一个泵吸部分和一个与泵吸部分刚性连接的驱动部分。一台泵中的泵吸部分通过处在心尖的手术孔导入左心室内,把血液从左心室输送到主动脉内。另一个泵吸部分通过另一个手术孔导入右心室,把血液从右心室输送到肺动脉内。这种装置还包括一个控制和显示模件,这种模件非常的小,很容易消毒和在无菌的环境中使用。这种装置还可以包括一个带控制和监测的计算装置的微处理器,用于调节血流量和血压,或者把由传感器测得的,或者根据与测得的速度和能量数据进行比较而得到的血流量和血压的数据,提供给数据库。这种称为插管式泵的泵装置,可以配备内藏的压力传感器或流量测量装置,在患者的操作下对这些数据进行局部的测量。
本发明的目的是提供一种心脏内的血液泵,它的工作状态可以用只需要很有限的附加空间的简单测量装置就能够决定。
按照本发明,上述目的是这样达到的:一种心脏内的血液泵,它包括一个带有电动机的驱动部分,和一个刚性地与上述驱动部分连接的泵吸部分,上述驱动部分和泵吸部分具有基本上相同的直径,并且布置成同轴线,相互之间隔开一个轴向距离,并且还包括一个压力测量装置,其特征在于,上述压力测量装置是这样布置的,即,它受泵外部血压的影响,并且有一个控制装置,根据压力测量装置送来的信号控制上述电动机。
在本发明的血液泵中,电动机的旋转速度是根据泵外部的现有的血压来控制的。在泵的输出侧的血压,对于输出和泵的运转是一个重要的参数;它还可以进一步用于测量流量,即单位时间内的输出量。上述电动机可以这样来控制,即,它的旋转速度是随着压力测量装置的测量结果而变化的函数。
在本发明的说明书中,术语“心脏内的”意思是指心室、心脏的入口和附近的大血管。
上述压力测量装置还可以进一步用于确定泵在心脏内的位置。
最好,压力测量装置包括两个压力传感器,其中的一个测量泵的出口侧的血压,而另一个测量泵的入口侧的血压,上述控制装置控制电动机的旋转速度,并且把该速度作为从两个压力传感器输送来的信号的函数。利用上述压力传感器,就能够决定泵的入口侧和出口侧之间的压力差。根据泵的压力差和电动机的旋转速度,利用泵的泵吸液压特性图,就能够计算出流量。因此,只用很简单的测量,就能够获得泵输出的流量,而上述传感器只占据很小的空间。
也可以设置单独一个测量泵的入口侧与出口侧之间的压力差的压力差传感器,来代替上述两个压力传感器。这种压力差传感器不是提供绝对的压力值,而是产生一个压力差值,而这个值就是决定流量的最主要的值。另一方面,这种压力差传感器同时还可以用作确定泵在心脏内的位置。
上述压力测量装置也可以没有任何压力传感器。相反,可以通过一个测量电动机的电流的电流测量装置,并且根据电动机的电流和它的旋转速度计算出泵的出口侧与入口侧之间的压力差,间接地确定血压。
本发明还涉及一种心脏内的血液泵,这种泵提供了监控泵在心脏内的位置的可能性,而不需要为此设置任何X光控制器。这种血液泵包括一个带有一台电动机的驱动部分,和一个刚性地与上述驱动部分连接的泵吸部分,上述驱动部分和泵吸部分具有基本上相同的直径,并且布置成同轴线,相互之间隔开一个轴向距离,并且还包括一个测量装置,其特征在于,上述测量装置根据泵在出口侧与进口侧的压力差提供一个信息信号,并且设置了一个显示装置,根据当时信息信号的变化,提供泵在心脏内的正确位置的信息。在这种血液泵中,所利用的事实是,只有在两个位置之间有一个包围着这台泵的构件,例如一个心脏的阀瓣,才能在泵的这两个不同位置之间产生压力差。只要这两个位置之间没有压力差,上述泵作为一个整体,就处在同一个空间内。只有当泵的一部分处在另一个空间内时,才会出现压力差。由于这一事实,就能够用简单的装置确定泵的位置。
通常,这种泵设计成如WO97/37696所述的血管内的泵。这种血管内的血液泵连接在一根导管上。泵的尺寸小到能够通过一根血管,到达它预定进行工作的地点,或者,它也可以就在这根血管中工作。在这种血管内的泵中,泵吸部分和驱动部分的直径基本上相同,不超过5-7mm,因为在人体外围区域中血管的尺寸最多稍大于7mm。这种泵的固定的长度一定不能长于35mm左右,这样,泵才能通过血管的转弯处。但是,这种泵可以借助于一根软管来加长,以增加泵的有效长度。
另一方面,也可以用外科手术通过靠近心脏的血管把泵引进心脏内。这种泵的尺寸小到能够安装在心脏内,包括心脏的入口和附近的大血管,并且可以在心脏内工作,没有泵的零件从心脏内延伸出来。如果有零件伸出来,也只有连接在泵上而从心脏中引出来的导管。上述导管中不仅包含了向泵供应电能的电线,也包含了从泵的传感器引向在外部协同工作的控制装置的信号线。
下面,参照附图详细说明本发明的实施例。附图中:
图1表示一台心脏内的血液泵的实施例的示意纵断面图;
图2表示把两台血管内的泵安排在心脏内部的实施例;
图3是说明泵装置的示意图;
图4是表示在泵的入口侧与出口侧之间,流量与压力差之间的关系的曲线图;
图5是表示心脏内压力随着时间的变化图;
图6是表示带有一压力差传感器的血液泵的一部分的纵断面图;
图7是表示流量与电动机的电流和旋转速度之间的关系的曲线图。
图1表示一台血管内的血液泵10,即,一台能够通过患者的血管最后放入心脏内的血液泵。这种泵的任何部分的外径都不大于7mm。
泵10包括一个驱动部分11和一个刚性地连接在它上面的泵吸部分12。驱动部分11有一个内部装有一台电动机21的长圆筒形的外壳20。在外壳20的后端,用一道端壁22封闭住,在该端壁的后面有一根密封该端壁的软导管14。用于供电和控制电动机21的电线23,和另一根与泵10的传感器连接的线23a穿过这根导管14。
通常,电动机的定子24有许多分布在圆周上的线圈,和沿纵向布置的磁轭。磁轭牢固连接在电动机的壳体20上。定子24围绕着连接在电动机轴25上的转子26,该转子采用有效作用方向经过磁化的永久磁铁制成。装在电动机壳体内或端壁22上的轴承27支承着电动机轴的后端。上述电动机轴穿过电动机壳体20的全长,并且从它的前面凸出来。
电动机壳体的前封盖用一根管状的固定轴套构件30做成,它的后端位于上述外壳20的直径减小的凸出部分20a中。上述轴套构件的外径向着前端减小,呈锥形,并且在该前端装有一个用来支承电动机轴25的轴承33。这个轴承同时还设计成为轴的密封件。
电动机轴25从轴套构件30向前凸出来,在凸出部分上装了一个推进轮34,推进轮上有套在轴端的轮毂35,和从轮毂上凸出来与推进轮34的轴线倾斜的叶片36。推进轮34容纳在用分布在圆周上的三块辐板38与电动机壳体20连接在一起的圆筒形的泵壳32内。上述电动机壳体20和泵壳32借助于一个圆环38互相连接在一起,并且具有相等的外径。上述泵10的任何部分的直径都不大于这个外径。
当推进轮34旋转时,血液便通过泵壳32的入口37被抽吸进来,并且被迫沿着泵壳32的轴向向后流动。血液通过泵壳32与电动机壳体20之间的环形间隙,沿着轴套构件30向外流动,然后再沿着电动机壳体20继续流动。这样,在驱动装置上所产生的热量就被带走了,不会因为电动机壳体20上过高的表面温度(41℃)而损害血液。
也可以把泵吸部分12设计成向相反的方向输送血液,使血液沿着电动机壳体被抽吸进来,然后沿着在前端的轴向开口37排出去。
图2所示的实施例中有两个结构与图1中所示的泵整体上相同的泵10a和10b用在同一个心脏中,以支持这个心脏,或者当心脏不能活动时,代替心脏起泵吸作用。这两个泵10a、10b分别与一根导管14a、14b连接。这两根导管是经过皮下放入的,左心脏泵10a的导管14a穿过主动脉40和一根加长泵10a的软管13,通过主动脉阀瓣41伸入左心室42内。此时,泵吸部分12用与泵壳32连接的挠性的软管13延长,该软管的端头和/或侧壁上设有若干孔,以便血液流入泵10a内。泵10a装入软管13内,把血液送入主动脉40中,而主动脉阀瓣41则从外侧靠压在泵壳32或软管13上。因此,在左心室42中,泵10a的工作就象一个带有轴向进口的左心脏泵。
另一台泵10b的工作就象一台右心脏泵,它与右心室43连通。导管14b穿过上方或下方的腔静脉44,进入右心房45。泵10b的软管13穿过三尖瓣43a和肺阀瓣46,凸入肺动脉47内,血液就从肺动脉流向肺48,在那里充氧。经过充氧的血液流入左前庭49,接着流入左心室42。
泵10b通过径向进口50插入,通过软管13沿轴向把血液输送进肺动脉47中。因此,泵10b与泵10a向着相反的方向工作。
这两台泵10a、10b在导入心脏时不需要动手术打开任何一个心室。
图3是带有各种不同传感器的两台泵10a、10b的示意图。详细的说,上述驱动部分11的外表面上有一个位置靠近径向开口51的第一压力传感器60,而一个第二压力传感器61则布置在泵壳进口的附近。这些传感器的线23a都纳入泵的构件中,并且和电源线23一起穿过导管14。压力传感器60的传感器表面在电动机壳体的外面。相反,压力传感器61的传感器表面则设在软管13的内表面上。另外,还可以在驱动部分设置一个温度传感器,以监控电动机的温度。
同样,在泵10b中,一个第一压力传感器62设置在电动机壳体的外表面上,另一个压力传感器63设置在软管13的内表面上。这些传感器的线也穿过导管14。在导管14上设有氧气传感器64,提供血液中充氧的信息。
电源线23和线23a都与一个外部协同工作的界面65连接。这个界面把传感器送来的信号提供给控制装置66,该控制装置为这些信号定值,并根据它们控制泵10a、10b。一块控制板和一个显示装置67与上述控制装置66连接,以便让信息进入并显示出来。
利用传感器所提供的信息,就能够确定泵相对于包在外部的元件,即心脏阀瓣的位置。当泵的进口和出口处在包围元件不同的两侧时,由于两侧的压力不同,在压力传感器上将显示压力差。当心脏跳动时,这种压力差也随着时间而变化。另一方面,如果所测得的压力值相等,这就表示泵的位置不正确,因为两个压力传感器测到了相同的压力。对由两个压力传感器所提供的数据进行定值,再考虑到电动机的电流,就对泵的位置和工作情况提供了重要的信息。把压力差与当时的电动机电流进行比较,还能够确定阻塞的状态或空洞的形成。
泵的进口和出口处的信息和电动机的能量消耗加在一起,为泵装置的工作情况提供了重要的说明。这些信息还对流量提供了实时信息,并且不用X光或超声波控制器也能把泵定位。此外,还能够实施进口流量障碍的实时监控,这种障碍可以是由下列各种原因所造成的:例如,心室的损伤,凝血酶,软管堵塞,或者心脏组织的萎缩等等。另外,这些传感器还使得能够监控轴承的磨损,电动机的故障,或者预测这些事故。还有,泵能够在要求使用的时期内,在可接受的总溶血率和所要求的流量为3.6-5立升/分时维持运行。各种参数的的性能趋势可以在泵运行的若干个小时内进行显示和分析,此时能监测到需要立刻干预的告急状态,而不需要人为的长久监控。另外,患者的心脏能在不去掉泵时进行监控。当设置两台配备仪器的泵时,把一台泵所提供的局部信息输入上述控制装置内,就能够控制另一台泵的运转,从而使得整个系统的性能最优化。
控制装置66是这样来控制两台泵10a、10b的,他使得每一台泵输送一定的流量(每单位时间内血的体积)。此时,右心脏泵10b泵出左心脏泵10a的流量的预定的百分比,例如90%。右心脏泵的流量总是少于左心脏泵的流量。最初,左心脏泵10a的泵出量控制在预定的流量范围内。然后,把右心脏泵泵出量作为它的函数来确定。这是一种主一从关系的操作方式,通常,左心脏泵10a是主,而右心脏泵10b是从。
两台泵都用同步电动机驱动,而由控制装置66提供所需要的驱动频率或旋转速度n。每一台泵的流量都是旋转速度的函数。
图4表示一台泵的流量V在不同的旋转速度n下,与泵的进口测与出口侧之间的压力差△P的关系。每一条平行的直线相当于一个特定的旋转速度n。很明显,当已知旋转速度n时,流量V可以根据压力差△P计算出来。电动机21是一种电子整流的同步电动机。由于旋转速度是由控制装置预先设定的,所以旋转速度是已知的。上述压力差△P可分别借助于传感器60和61,或者62和63来确定。此外,当然也可以测量和确定压力的绝对值。
当把一台泵通过径向入口50或51插入,并送入软管13时,在软管一侧的血压传感器61或63的压力大于进口侧的压力传感器60或62的压力。然而,当泵向相反的方向泵压时,即通过软管13插入时,压力传感器60或62的压力就分别大于压力传感器61或63的压力。
有时候,可能有一台泵由于吸进了心脏或阀瓣装置的组织而完全或部分阻塞。在这种情况下,压力传感器便会提供不正常的数据。相应的那台泵的旋转速度会在一定时间内降低,于是心脏组织会自行脱离,然后,旋转速度就会再一次提高到需要的转速。当所测得的绝对压力值太高时,控制装置66便会对流量进行限制,并且,如果需要,还可以降低流量,以避免损伤下游的组织(肺)。
血压的测量还提供了监视功能。右心室中或者肺动脉中的血压必须超过一定的值,而左心室中或者主动脉中的血压则必须低于一定的压力。当检测到相应的压力有偏差时,便会发出警告或进行调整。
图5表示跳动的心脏的左心室内的血压p1随着收缩期S和舒张期D的变化。可以看出,有一个很强的脉冲压力在收缩期S之间急剧下降。此外,图中还表示了主动脉中的血压变化p2。主动脉中的血压也可能呈脉冲状,不过压力变化的范围要小得多。压力差△P由p2-p1的值来确定。这个压力差可由设置在泵中的压力传感器来确定。
测量压力和压力差是极为重要的,特别是对于要把泵插入心脏中的正确位置来说。可以在泵静止时或者以低旋转速度转动时,而心脏正在跳动时,把泵插进去。当一个压力传感器测得很强的脉冲压力变化p1,而另一个传感器测得较弱的脉冲压力变化p2,这就表示泵已经正确定位。
但是,测量压力并不是泵定位所必须的。相反,也可以借助于泵的电流变化来监控它的位置。只要泵的进口和出口在同一个空间内,这两个口上的压力就相同。如果泵以某一个旋转速度转动,那么在泵的电流恒定时,压力差也恒定。然而,如果泵的出口和进口处在不同的空间内,并且压力随时间而变化,那么泵电流就不是平稳的,而是脉冲的。因此,根据泵的电流就能够确定,心脏的阀瓣是否正确地包围了泵壳或软管,也就能够确定,泵的进口是否位于心室或它的入口内,以及泵的出口是否位于主动脉或肺动脉中。
以上所描述的传感器61、62都是绝对压力传感器。图6表示的实施例中有一个布置在泵壳32的壁的开口71上的压力差传感器70。这种压力差传感器70有一块膜片72,膜片上带有电阻元件(图中未示出),该元件的电阻决定于膜片72的变形。当泵通过开口37插入时,泵的进口压力作用在膜片72的下表面上。泵的出口压力则作用在膜片72的外表面上。假设心脏阀瓣73靠压在软管13的外面。当软管13穿过上述心脏阀瓣73时,便在这个压力差传感器70上产生一个压力差。但是,如果整个泵都处在同一个腔室内,压力传感器上就没有明显的压力差。借助于对从压力差传感器70所发来的信号进行判断,就能够确定血液泵是否处在正确的位置上。
然而,确定血液泵在心脏中的位置可以根本不需要测量压力的装置。所需要的只是一种能提供与在泵的外部和内部之间的压力差相对应的信息的测量装置。这种测量装置可以是测量驱动泵的电动机的电流的装置。图7中的曲线图与图4中的曲线图相似,它分别表示泵的流量V是驱动泵的电动机在不同的转速n下的电流I的函数。很明显,当转速n已知时,流量V可以根据电流I的值来确定。因此,可以简单地用测量电流的方法来确定流量V。此外,泵在心脏中的正确位置也可以用测量电流来校验。
当心脏正在跳动而且血液泵的位置处在图2中的血液泵10a的位置时,图5中用P1表示的脉冲压力是由在血液泵进口处的心室42所形成的。另一方面,图5中较小的脉冲压力P2是在泵的出口处产生的。在这种情况下,上述压力差△P是一个脉冲值。从另一方面说,如果血液泵完全位于主动脉中,那么泵的出口与进口之间的压力差基本上等于零。当血液泵完全处在左心室42中时,情况也相同。因此,通过测量脉冲压力差△P(图5),就能够确定泵的正确位置。
比较图4和图7这两个曲线图,可以明显地看出,对于恒定的转速,电动机所消耗的电流I与压力差△P成正比。如果测得了脉冲压力差△P,那么电动机的电流I也是脉冲的。因此,电动机电流I的脉冲有助于确定泵在何时到达了正确的位置上。此时,电流I的变化可以当作信息信号来使用。
本发明能通过控制泵的运转来获得所需要的流量,而该流量则是压力测量的结果或电流测量的结果的函数。以上的测量可以用非常简单的方式来进行,不需要庞大的测量装置,所以除了结构紧凑之外,还可以精确地监控泵的运行。

Claims (10)

1.一种心脏内的血液泵,它包括:一个带有电动机(21)的驱动部分(11),和一个刚性地与上述驱动部分连接的泵吸部分(12),上述驱动部分和泵吸部分具有基本上相同的直径,并且布置成同轴线,相互之间隔开一个轴向距离,并且还包括一个压力测量装置(60、61;70),其特征在于,上述压力测量装置(60、61;70)是这样布置的,即,它受泵外部血压的影响,并且有一个控制装置(66),根据压力测量装置送来的信号控制上述电动机(21)。
2.如权利要求1所述的血液泵,其特征在于,上述压力测量装置(60、61)包括一个测量泵的出口侧压力的第一压力传感器(60),和一个测量泵进口侧的压力的第二压力传感器(61),并且上述控制装置(66)控制上述电动机(21)的转速,作为从两个压力传感器(60、61)发来的信号的函数。
3.如权利要求2所述的血液泵,其特征在于,它还设置了根据两个压力传感器(60、61)发来的信号计算泵的出口侧与进口侧之间的压力差,并根据计算出来的压力差控制电动机转速的装置。
4.如权利要求1-3中任何一项权利要求所述的血液泵,其特征在于,上述压力测量装置包括一个测量泵的出口侧与进口侧之间的压力差的压力差传感器(70)。
5.如权利要求1-4中任何一项权利要求所述的血液泵,其特征在于,上述压力测量装置包括一个用于测量电动机电流(I),并且根据电动机电流(I)与旋转速度(n)确定泵的出口侧与进口侧的压力差的电流测量装置。
6.一种心脏内的血液泵,它包括一个带有一台电动机(21)的驱动部分(11)和一个刚性地与上述驱动部分连接的泵吸部分(12),上述驱动部分和泵吸部分具有基本上相同的直径,并且布置成同轴线,相互之间隔开一个轴向距离,并且还包括一个测量装置,其特征在于,上述测量装置提供与泵的出口侧与进口侧之间的压力差相对应的信息信号,并且还设置了一个能够根据上述信息信号随时间的变化,提供泵在心脏中的正确定位信息的显示装置。
7.一种心脏内的血液泵,它包括一个带有一台电动机(21)的驱动部分(11)和一个刚性地与上述驱动部分连接的泵吸部分(12),上述驱动部分和泵吸部分具有基本上相同的直径,并且布置成同轴线,相互之间隔开一个轴向距离,并且还包括一个测量装置,其特征在于,上述测量装置提供与泵的出口侧与进口侧之间的压力差相对应的信息信号,并且有一个控制装置(66),控制上述电动机(21)的旋转速度,把它作为上述信息信号的函数。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的血液泵,其特征在于,上述信息信号是从上述两个压力传感器(60、61)所给出的压力差获得的,或者是从一个压力差传感器(70)发来的信号获得的。
9.如权利要求6或7所述的血液泵,其特征在于,上述信息信号是从电动机电流(I)获得的。
10.如权利要求1-9中任何一项权利要求所述的血液泵,其特征在于,上述驱动部分(11)设有一个温度传感器,当到达预定温度时,它触发一个报警器。
CN98800423A 1997-04-02 1998-03-31 心脏内的血液泵 Pending CN1222863A (zh)

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PCT/EP1998/001867 WO1998044619A1 (de) 1997-04-02 1998-03-31 Verfahren zur herstellung eines mikromotors

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JP3982840B2 (ja) 2007-09-26
DE59810906D1 (de) 2004-04-08
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US6058593A (en) 2000-05-09
EP0904630A1 (de) 1999-03-31
US5964694A (en) 1999-10-12
ATE400917T1 (de) 2008-07-15
ATE255430T1 (de) 2003-12-15
CA2256423A1 (en) 1998-10-08
AU7213298A (en) 1998-10-22
BR9804804A (pt) 1999-08-17
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US6139487A (en) 2000-10-31
WO1998043689A1 (de) 1998-10-08
EP0925080B1 (de) 2004-03-03
JP2000511759A (ja) 2000-09-05
AU7428098A (en) 1998-10-22
DE59814250D1 (de) 2008-08-21
JP2000512191A (ja) 2000-09-19
IL127248A0 (en) 1999-09-22
CA2256432A1 (en) 1998-10-08
CA2256427A1 (en) 1998-10-08
DE59810330D1 (de) 2004-01-15
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BR9804832A (pt) 1999-08-24
WO1998043688A1 (de) 1998-10-08

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