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CN1252219C - 从含有水和杂质的原油中脱除水和杂质的方法 - Google Patents

从含有水和杂质的原油中脱除水和杂质的方法 Download PDF

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CN1252219C
CN1252219C CNB001213091A CN00121309A CN1252219C CN 1252219 C CN1252219 C CN 1252219C CN B001213091 A CNB001213091 A CN B001213091A CN 00121309 A CN00121309 A CN 00121309A CN 1252219 C CN1252219 C CN 1252219C
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oil
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CN1334319A (zh
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斯蒂弗·克雷什尼亚克
费雷德·肖
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Wally Parsons Canada Services Ltd
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CORT ENGRG Co
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
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Abstract

一种从原油中除去杂质和水分的方法,包括将至少一部分脱水后的原油再循环至脱水器。脱水器包含经加热的脱水原油,原油表面或接近表面的温度保持在足以使与该表面相接触的任何水分蒸发的温度。为了有效地脱除原油中的水分,在蒸发表面或其下面维持一个均一的温度是十分重要的。由于在蒸发原油水分的过程中的热量焓损失,造成脱水操作出现明显的温度波动,导致操作难以控制。本发明显著地降低起泡,使脱水操作平稳运行而高效进行。

Description

从含有水和杂质的原油中脱除水和杂质的方法
                     技术领域
本发明涉及一种改进的原油脱水方法和设备,尤其是本发明涉及可解决现有技术中在处理高含水量的重油流时出现不稳定问题的原油脱水方法,提供改进的热能输入和回收方法,并能从进料中去除悬浮物和不溶成分。
                     背景技术
在世界上许多地方,作为烃材料的重油相对于传统的原油有较高的粘性和较低的API比重(低于20°API,典型的是7°-12°API),由于经济原因这种重油被回收后卖掉。在回收过程和运到炼油厂提高等级之前,重油首先经过脱水和脱除固体处理,总体上使碱性沉淀和水(BS&W)含量小于0.5体积%,氯化物的含量小于30ppm(wt),处理后重油的水馏分要求为0.3体积%或更低。
使用传统的原油处理方法来处理重油被证明是缺乏效率的,直到于1992年7月21日重新颁发给Clare等人的美国再颁专利33,999和于1992年6月9日重新颁发给Clare等人的加拿大专利1,302,937中提出的技术的出现。这些专利公开了一个简单的装置,该装置被放置在远处的产油区,以从重油中脱水,减少了起泡和不稳定的操作,同时连续不断地获得超过必需品规范(requisite specification)的无水性油。但是,这些脱水器受到进料油中水馏分(小于5%)的限制,在高水进料比率时易起泡并且不能稳定操作。从再颁专利Re33,999和1,302,937的技术的实践中已知的脱水器中的几个的操作来看,发现它们在克服进料油中水馏分的限制和由预处理扰动所引起的操作不稳定等方面还有要改进的余地。
针对现有技术中存在的问题进一步做试验,因为尽管获得了脱水的重油,但处理后的重油中仍有高浓度的悬浮固体,例如粘土、硅石和不溶成分如氯化物。这些不需要的成分在管道运输系统和炼油设备中不断地产生许多问题,直到降低重油的商业价值的程度。
                     发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是克服现有技术中存在的不足。
本发明的一个目的是提供围绕脱水器的无水原油循环流以与进料相混合,来降低接触该脱水器的油表面的残余水与油的比率,由此适用于较高的原油水馏分,同时保持稳定的脱水操作。
本发明实施方案的一个进一步的目的是提供从含有水分的原油中脱除水分的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供含有水分的原油源;
b)提供一个用于含水原油脱水的脱水器,该脱水器有入口、出口和温度足以蒸发与该表面接触的水分的无水原油的蒸发表面;
c)将该原油源暴露于无水原油中;
d)蒸发该原油源中的水分;以及
e)至少将一部分脱水后的原油再循环,以与脱水器或原油源中的至少一个相接触,在该蒸发表面保持基本均一的温度。
通常,当围绕该脱水器的至少一部分无水原油循环流进入脱水器,并且在脱水器中热原油的表面下进行分配时,温度可以维持在等于或高于水的蒸发温度,以及等于或低于油的表面,和在整个所含的油中,由此提供一种缓解工艺扰动的危险和由于起泡带来的不稳定性。
本发明的另一个目的是提供围绕所述脱水器的无水原油循环流以与进料流相混合,使得补充热能的输入(外界的或废热能)或者从所述脱水器回收的热能导致能量有效和平衡的过程。
本发明一个实施方案的另一个目的是提供从含水原油中脱除水分的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供含水原油源;
b)提供用于含水原油脱出水分的脱水器,该脱水器有入口、出口和温度足以蒸发与该表面接触的水分的无水原油蒸发表面;
c)将该原油源与无水原油相接触,从所述的原油源中闪蒸水分,由此从所述的原油源中脱除水分;
d)选择性地加热无水原油的表面,以补偿从所述的原油源中闪蒸水分的热能损失。
无水原油的表面可通过无水原油的重新引入,辅助加热等方式选择地加热。重要的方面在于用于蒸发的热能被取代,以致于可以保持表面温度均一或基本上均一。这是要保持的一个重要的单元操作。
本发明的另一个目的是提供从无水原油中去除累积的悬浮固体的方法,该悬浮固体是从原油中带来的或是在脱水过程中产生的。
无水原油循环流中的悬浮固体可以通过连续的或间歇的分离装置加以去除,以避免聚集、堵塞或其他由此导致的不利影响。
本发明的另一个目的是水洗粗原油,结合在脱水器中的处理去除可溶的溶解固体或由原油带来的杂质,产生一种导电性低的处理过的水和干净的无水原油。
直到本发明出现,涉及重油脱水的现有技术一直局限在操作的稳定性、起泡的危害、水馏分、重油进料中的乳化剂的含量和所出售的无水原油中氯化物的含量、粘土和硅石成分的含量等方面。
本发明实施方案的另一个目的是提供从含水原油中脱除水分的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供含水原油源;
b)提供用于含水原油脱水的脱水器,该脱水器有入口、出口和温度足以蒸发与该表面接触的水分的无水原油的蒸发表面;
c)预洗含水原油源以去除碱金属和碱土金属;
d)在预分离步骤中分离碱金属、碱土金属和油;
e)将洗过的油送入脱水器从洗过的油中闪蒸水脱除其中的水分;
f)用来自该脱水器的处理过的脱水原油选择性地预加热要在脱水器中处理的原油,以补充闪蒸水分时的热能损失;
g)保持均一的表面温度。
为消除进料原油源中水馏分的限制采取了改进的措施,并提供了一种非常干净的无水重油产品,其几乎没有水分、固体和氯化物。
本发明涉及一种用于含水原油脱水的设备,包括一个壳,用于允许该液体原油进入该壳中并在其中分配,并达到该无水原油的主表面的装置,用于控制原油平面的装置以及用于传递足够的热能以保持液态油的温度等于或高于蒸馏温度来蒸发水分和轻质烃的装置。
从该壳排出的轻质烃和水分用现有技术中已知的任何合适的装置进行冷凝,并收集和分离成水和轻质烃的液相。任何不能被冷凝的蒸汽从该设备中释出,用任何安全的装置进行处置。满足管线BS&W规范的无水原油从脱水器中用泵送出,进行炼制和质量升级。
典型地,目前的技术中所教导的脱水器在生产无水原油方面的性能是令人满意的,但仍存在以下几个问题:
1、脱水器受到原油进料中水分馏分(water cut,wc)的限制,原油中水馏分要低于10%,最好是低于5%,以降低不稳定操作的危险和起泡的倾向。这需要采用在该脱水器上游的常规处理装置,在脱水器进料之前,将粗原油中水分从50-20%wc降到低于5%wc。
2、从脱水器中排出的无水原油的高氯化物含量,造成下游的炼油设备和运输管道的冶金学方面的和腐蚀的问题。
3、在通过闪蒸去除水分和有效地消除所有乳状物时,发现固体如粘土和硅石成分会在无水油相浓缩,并有聚集、堵塞和/或促使受热部件损害的倾向。
4、还经历了的是,脱水器的操作不易保持稳定并有起泡倾向,造成脱水温度波动及生成含水油产品。
本发明试图通过提供改进的方法和设备使之超过现有技术中的脱水器的性能来致力于这些所关注的问题。
在本发明的一个方面中,从脱水器中排出的无水原油至少一部分被再循环并与引入的原油进料相混合,然后进入脱水器的壳内。通过增加循环流,能在进入壳内的入口处保持始终如一且稳定的进料水馏分的组合物,以控制起泡并使操作变得错综复杂的倾向。以较高的循环速度,原料水的馏分能被增至高于10%,稳定的水平和连续稳定的操作得以保持。这省去了常规的在进入脱水器前的处理,并且,如果使用了上游的处理装置并且出现处理装置扰动,可以避免脱水器工艺扰动。
本发明的另一个实施方案要求至少一部分循环的无水原油再循环,并立即在无水原油蒸发表面下进行分配。该方法保证了在脱水器中的无水油的表面温度保持在等于或高于水的闪蒸温度。进料中的水滴不能透过原油表面,因而该表面下的温度不致降低,避免了表面下降起泡和脱水器操作不稳定。
有利的是,外部的传热装置可加至上述的循环回路中,以精确地调整脱水器壳进料物流的温度。这种方法的改进将精确地调整进料油中的水蒸汽预闪蒸的水平,来控制与热的无水油表面接触的残余水的馏分。这一步骤能阻止浴的过冷,消除由于蒸发过度表面下降后引起的起泡。
外部的传热装置还可以用于冷却进料物流。这可以适用于如果粗原油进料物流已经含有闪蒸或蒸馏水蒸汽所要求的足够的或过量的热量的情况。冷却进料物流能调节闪蒸操作并防止操作失常。
作为进一步的特征,固液分离装置,如包括过滤器、旋液分离器、旋液分离器、离心分离器、重力分离器、离心机或它们的任何组合,等等,可基于从热的无水油中除去悬浮固体连续地或者是间歇地用在循环管线的回路中。
此外,在脱水器进料处增加一个干净水洗涤回路,从无水原油中降低不需要的溶解成分,如氯化物。整个受污染的水流或其一部分通过合适的处理方法处理,获得干净的水流和高浓缩的盐水、浆液或固体产品。该回收的干净水被循环回粗原油,用于油的预处理。总的说来,含有高的氯化物萃取率的水或任何水溶液是最好的,否则,可以考虑其他对氯化物具有主动性溶解性的可再生流体。
优选的是,除了能获得无水的油、且BS&W的含量低于0.5%wc(体积)之外,组合于或者被单独施用于本发明的实施方案生产干净的无水原油,其基本上没有固体,含不到30ppm(wt)的氯化物,该实施方案连续并且稳定地操作,没有起泡和工艺扰动的危险。本发明方法所制得的油是可被普遍接受和最希望得到的,特别是重原油的比重在7°AP到20°API之间。
在对本发明作了如此描述之后,下面参考附图说明本发明的优选实施方案。
                     附图说明
图1是一个示意性的流程图,说明无水油循环至脱水器进料物流和脱水器;
图2是另一个示意性的流程图,显示对该循环的外部传热来调节进料的温度或脱水器表面的温度,或对两者的温度进行调节;
图3是另一个示意性流程图,显示用于去除悬浮固体的固液分离器;以及
图4是一个示意性的流程图,说明所加入的用于脱除溶解组分(如氯化物)的水洗系统。
这些图中类似的数字表示类似的部件。
                     具体实施方式
如图1所示,粘度在7°API和20°API之间的重油10,典型地该重油含有原油、水、油/水乳化物、溶解物如氯化物和固体颗粒(如粘土、金属和硅石)。原油在压力为常压至100psig下注入重力分离器,加热或非加热的处理器12。典型地,加热的处理器在170°F-285°F(77℃-141℃)下工作。在该处理器中,固体颗粒和大部分微有碱味的水从原油中分离,通过14处排出。经过初步处理,从阀元件20流出的粗原油18中水馏分低于10%(体积),特别地低于5%(体积)。水流22一般含有溶解物如氯化钠(5,000-50,000ppm(wt))和硅石、以及悬浮物如粘土和沙。
水馏分约为5%的粗原油(不含游离的水分)以乳化物的形式进入脱水器24,在那里,原油和乳化物平均分配在无水原油的热表面(图中未示出)上,在等于或高于水的蒸发温度下操作。从油中闪蒸出的水分或者通过蒸馏分离的水分,水分和低沸点烷烃通过塔26和管线28排出。如果需要,水分和低沸点成分被送入压缩器30,然后进入汽液分离器32。经脱水的高沸点无水原油通过管线34从脱水器24中排出。
在分离器32中,水分和轻质烃由于比重不同而被分离。水分通过管线36和泵38排出。轻质烃用泵40经管线42从分离器32排出,并且可以在管线44处排出用于处置,或者至少一部分循环经管线46和进料原油10相混合,稀释进料原油以有利于后续操作。不可压缩的成分如轻质烃、惰性气体(氮气、二氧化碳、硫化氢)从分离器32中排出作进一步处理,或者通过任何安全的方式回收。
如图1所示,在分配在脱水器24的热油表面之前,无水原油从48中循环并以物流50循环以与进料18相混合。
为保持热油表面温度,至少一部分循环物流50可以被直接循环至脱水器24,并在热的无水原油表面或刚好在其下面进行分配。业已发现,通过无水原油循环至进料物流18,并且分别地或者通过用物流52(如图中虚线所示)和循环到热浴表面的无水原油相混合,具有以下一些优点:
a)粗原油物流18中水馏分可升高到高于10体积%,甚至高于20体积%。这种改进可省去传统处理所需要的12,不会造成操作不稳定和脱水器内起泡的危险。
b)即使使用传统的预处理器12,通过使用循环物流可避免因预处理不稳定而造成脱水器不稳定或操作失常。这意味着无水原油的售卖能符合规范,避免了从待售的原油贮池或管道中将不合规范的原油取出。
循环流50相对于进料的比率的变化取决于以下因素:循环流52的实际温度和流速、进料状况、脱水器进料中要求的水馏分的降低。同样地,循环流52相对于循环流50的比例随每一次的应用而变化,以在脱水器进料条件和脱水器表面温度之间建立一个平衡。根据循环油的物流50和循环无水出售油34的相对大小而选择普通泵(common pumps)或离体泵(separate pumps),正如对于本领域的人员所熟知的。循环流52也可以通过离体泵送装置提供。
参考图2,显示了相对于图1在循环回路上所作的改进,在循环回路上增加了一个换热器54,调节物流56和52的温度。物流56和52被加热或冷却至相同或者独立地达到分离温度,以在进料物流和热的原油浴表面获得热平衡。可选择任何适合的热源形式,如直焰炉、间接加热炉、换热器或热量回收装置或冷却装置。此外,物流56和52的温度还取决于进料的温度,看进料是来自温度在170°F-285°F(77℃-141℃)之间的加热预处理装置,还是来自温度在60°F-100°F(16℃-38℃)之间的粗原油贮存池。
图3所示为本发明的又一个改进,包括一个固/液分离装置62,用于从经脱水的原油中除去悬浮固体如粘土、沙子和沉淀的盐。固/液分离装置62可选用本领域技术人员所公知的任何适合的固液分离装置,如重力分离器、澄清器、过滤器、筛板、旋风器和离心机。循环流50的大小应满足固/液分离装置62的操作范围,尤其是其大小要适应从64中排出的固体的速率,大于或等于从入口18进入脱水器24和在脱水器中产生的固体含量。
固体可被连续地或间歇地除去,优先选择从脱水器24中连续地除去固体,从而可防止积聚和堵塞。固体在24内部或外部的加热装置上积聚对加热装置是有害的,并可能成为安全问题。
回到图4,显示本发明的又一个改进,在为脱水器增加一个水洗装置以除去溶解的固体。粗原油可包含高浓度的钠、钙、镁、氯化物、硫、碳酸盐和二氧化硅等。所有这些成分,尤其是氯化物目前在市场上对无水原油产品的售卖是不利的,会显著影响其售价,甚至被禁止出售。特别地,目前炼油厂要求所购买的无水原油的氯化物低于30ppm(wt)。
采用图4所示改进的工艺,净水66注入并在68与粗原油10充分混合。混合后的进料10通过预处理分离器12。大部分被盐污染的水从油中分离出来,通过管线22排至水处理单元70。
洗过的原油通过管线18排放,成为脱水器的进料物流。进料的调节可以通过预处理器12,也可以通过循环流50和52,以确保脱水器24的稳定操作。管线18中洗过的原油所含的溶解物显著降低,满足或超过售卖油规范的要求。
对于每一次应用的水处理方案的选择要确保物流22中不需要的成分被充分地除去,以满足管线18中净化的需要。典型的水处理方法是微量过滤法、反渗透、蒸馏、絮状沉淀法、澄清和聚沉。
处理后的水72进入缓冲罐(surge vessel)74,用泵76将其通过管线66重新注入68。
作为一种选择,使用泵78将从分离器32中排出的冷凝水或者通过管线80直接送至处理后的水的缓冲罐74,或者在水处理需要时通过管线82送至水处理单元70。净水产品从分离器32排出流体84,或者从水处理单元70中排出流体88。如果水的平衡被破坏,淡水通过阀门90补给至处理水的缓冲罐74。
将本发明所述的改进方法单独或合并使用,可以获得满足或超过售卖规定的干净的无水原油。
虽然上面对本发明作了具体描述,但本发明并不局限于此,本领域技术人员在不违背本发明的精神、权利要求的保护范围和上述发明的情况下,就本发明所作的其他改进形式同样落在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (20)

1、一种从含水原油中脱除水的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供含水原油源;
b)提供脱水器对所述的含水原油源进行脱水,所述的脱水器具有入口、出口和无水原油的蒸发表面,该表面温度足以蒸发与所述表面接触的水分;
c)使所述的原油源在所述的无水原油的蒸发表面处与所述的无水原油接触;
d)蒸发所述原油源中的至少部分水分;
e)将至少一部分脱过水的原油再循环;以及
f)使再循环的脱水原油与所述原油源刚好在所述蒸发表面的下方接触,以保持所述蒸发表面均一的温度。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的温度是水的闪蒸温度。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,包括对所述原油源进行预调节以除去固体和矿物质。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,包括用分离装置进行的预调节,以从所述的原油源中分离固体和矿物质。
5、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括从所述的蒸发操作中收集气体成分并冷凝所述的成分。
6、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括用加热方式调整所述的用于再循环的脱水原油的热量。
7、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的无水原油的所述原油源的API指数在7°API-20°API之间。
8、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的脱水原油中碱性沉淀和水的含量小于0.5体积%。
9、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的原油源含有5-20体积%的水。
10、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括收集和冷凝蒸发水的步骤。
11、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括收集和冷凝轻质烃流体的步骤。
12、如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括纯化所述的冷凝水的步骤。
13、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括将冷凝后的轻质烃流体再循环到所述的原油源的步骤。
14、一种从含水原油中脱除水的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供含水原油源;
b)提供脱水器用于脱除所述含水原油源中的水分,所述的脱水器具有入口、出口和一个无水原油的蒸发表面,该表面的温度足以蒸发与所述表面接触的水分;
c)将所述的原油源与所述的无水原油相接触,从所述的原油源中闪蒸出水从而从所述的原油源中除去所述的水分;
d)再循环脱过水的原油以用于刚好在所述蒸发表面的下方与所述的蒸发表面接触;和
e)再循环脱过水的原油用于在进入脱水器之前与所述原油源混合,从而加热所述的蒸发表面,以补偿从所述的原油源中闪蒸水分时的热量损失。
15、如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b)之前,对所述的原油源进行预处理。
16、如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,预处理包括从所述的原油源中去除固体和矿物质。
17、如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括从所述的脱水器中收集排出的气态蒸汽的步骤。
18、如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括收集在脱水过程中形成的轻质烃流体的步骤。
19、如权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,分离的矿物质被收集在浓缩的盐水中。
20、从含水原油中脱除水的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供含水原油源;
b)提供脱水器用于脱除所述含水原油源中的水分,所述的脱水器具有入口、出口和无水原油的蒸发表面,该表面温度足以蒸发与所述表面接触的水分;
c)预洗所述的含水原油源以去除碱金属和碱土金属;
d)在一个预分离步骤中分离所述的碱金属、碱土金属和油;
e)将洗过的油送入脱水器,从所述的洗过的油中闪蒸水,以从中脱除水分;
f)使用来自所述脱水器的处理后的脱水原油预热要在所述脱水器中进行处理的原油源,以补偿水分闪蒸时的热量损失;以及
g)再循环所述的脱水原油以刚好在所述无水原油的蒸发表面的下方与所述表面接触,从而保持所述蒸发表面的均匀的表面温度。
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