CN113214790B - Hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive, preparation method thereof and grinding tool - Google Patents
Hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive, preparation method thereof and grinding tool Download PDFInfo
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- CN113214790B CN113214790B CN202110368358.XA CN202110368358A CN113214790B CN 113214790 B CN113214790 B CN 113214790B CN 202110368358 A CN202110368358 A CN 202110368358A CN 113214790 B CN113214790 B CN 113214790B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
- C09K3/1436—Composite particles, e.g. coated particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/34—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents characterised by additives enhancing special physical properties, e.g. wear resistance, electric conductivity, self-cleaning properties
- B24D3/346—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents characterised by additives enhancing special physical properties, e.g. wear resistance, electric conductivity, self-cleaning properties utilised during polishing, or grinding operation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
- C09K3/1409—Abrasive particles per se
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of alumina abrasives, and particularly relates to a hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive and a preparation method thereofMethods, abrasive articles. The composite abrasive comprises a hollow alumina ball matrix and a ceramic corundum abrasive compounded on the hollow alumina ball matrix; the hollow alumina ball and the ceramic corundum abrasive are both alpha-Al2O3The ceramic corundum abrasive comprises a ball wall part which is embedded in the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball and is compounded with the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball into a whole, and a coating part which is coated outside the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball. The hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive disclosed by the invention combines the special hollow structural characteristics of the hollow alumina ball and the better grinding characteristics of the ceramic corundum abrasive, greatly improves the grinding performance of the abrasive, and has the advantages of extremely high sharpness, good self-sharpening property, strong shape holding force, long service life, small generated grinding heat and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of alumina abrasives, and particularly relates to a hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive, a preparation method thereof and a grinding tool.
Background
The abrasive is a sharp and hard material, and can be used for manufacturing an abrasive tool or directly used for grinding and polishing workpieces. The abrasives include two types, namely natural abrasives and artificial abrasives. Abrasives are classified into two major types, a super-hard abrasive and a common abrasive, according to hardness. Since the resources of natural abrasives are limited, artificial abrasives are the mainstream products for industrial production applications. The abrasive has a wide range of applications, closely related to various aspects of human life, from small to softer household detergents to large to the development of precision mechanical grinding and aerospace technologies. High-precision grinding processing technology cannot be used for high-efficiency and high-speed grinding tools.
As a large family of abrasives, corundum abrasives occupy a large component, and artificial corundum abrasives mainly comprise brown corundum abrasives, white corundum abrasives, single crystal corundum abrasives, chromium corundum abrasives and the like. The microcrystalline corundum abrasive and the black corundum abrasive are derivative varieties of the microcrystalline corundum abrasive and the black corundum abrasive. Their main constituents are both alumina. With different respective grinding characteristics in grinding applications. These abrasives generally have several basic properties: 1. higher hardness; 2. moderate shatter resistance and self-sharpening; 3. has good thermal stability; 4. has certain chemical stability; 5. is convenient to process into granules with different sizes.
For common abrasive materials, the main defect is that the utilization rate of the abrasive material is low and is only 10-20%. After the grinding material is worn at the tip, the larger crystal falls off integrally after the friction force exceeds the strength of the bonding agent, and the grinding effect cannot be well exerted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive to further improve the grinding performance of the abrasive.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide a preparation method of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive.
It is a third object of the present invention to provide an abrasive tool using the above hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive.
In order to realize the purpose, the technical scheme of the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is as follows:
a hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive comprises a hollow alumina ball matrix and a ceramic corundum abrasive compounded on the hollow alumina ball matrix; the hollow alumina ball and the ceramic corundum abrasive are both alpha-Al2O3The ceramic corundum abrasive comprises a ball wall part which is embedded in the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball and is compounded with the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball into a whole, and a coating part which is coated outside the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball.
The hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive disclosed by the invention combines the special hollow structural characteristics of the hollow alumina ball and the better grinding characteristics of the ceramic corundum abrasive. The hollow characteristic of the hollow alumina ball solves the heat dissipation problem during grinding, the microcrystal in the hollow alumina ball and the ceramic corundum grinding material attached to the surface participate in the grinding action at the same time, the grinding performance of the grinding material is greatly improved, and the hollow alumina ball has the advantages of extremely high sharpness, good self-sharpening performance, strong shape holding power, long service life, small generated grinding heat and the like.
The technical scheme of the preparation method of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive is as follows:
a preparation method of a hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive comprises the following steps:
1) mixing the hollow alumina ball and the gel for preparing the ceramic corundum abrasive, and drying to obtain the hollow alumina ball with the colloidal particle attachment layer;
2) and firing the hollow alumina ball with the colloidal particle adhesion layer at 1300-1500 ℃.
The preparation method of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive material uses the hollow alumina sphere as a substrate, and the ceramic corundum abrasive material with a microcrystalline structure is formed on the surface of the hollow alumina sphere by uniformly coating colloid prepared by a sol-gel process on the surface of the hollow alumina sphere, drying and sintering at high temperature. The crystallite structure is generally of nanometer or submicron size.
The hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive prepared by the method has the advantages of both the hollow alumina ball and the ceramic corundum abrasive, and both the components are alpha-Al2O3The eutectic body is formed between crystal structures and crystal boundaries under the action of high temperature, so that the compression and crushing resistance of the ball can be improved, the surface of the ball is fully distributed with ceramic corundum abrasive with better self-sharpening performance, and microcrystals in the hollow alumina ball can participate in grinding, so that the grinding performance of the abrasive can be optimized.
The ceramic corundum abrasive belongs to a sintered abrasive, and is different from the traditional fused corundum abrasive, so that the artificial abrasive has a trend of developing towards high toughness and high hardness. The sol-gel method is adopted for preparation, so that the product has a unique microstructure, and the final product has good self-sharpening property. Preferably, the gel for preparing the ceramic corundum abrasive is formed by a sol-gel process by using pseudo-boehmite as a raw material, acid as a peptizing agent and metal nitrate as a gelling agent.
More preferably, the volume of the gel is 1000-1300 ml per 200g of the pseudoboehmite. The dosage of the gel corresponding to each 1000g of the hollow alumina ball is 100-300 g. More preferably 100 to 200 g.
Preferably, every 200g of pseudo-boehmite corresponds to 70-90 ml of dilute nitric acid and 0.02-0.04 mol of metal nitrate; the dilute nitric acid is prepared by diluting nitric acid and water according to the volume ratio of 1: 6-8. The metal nitrate is selected from two or more of magnesium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, cerium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, iridium nitrate and ferric nitrate. More preferably, the metal nitrate includes at least magnesium nitrate, and the molar ratio of magnesium nitrate in the metal nitrate is at least 50%, and more preferably at least 60%.
Preferably, the particle size of the hollow alumina ball is 0.5-5.0 mm. More preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mm.
During firing, the ceramic corundum abrasive meeting the performance requirements can be obtained, preferably, the firing time is 0.5-1 h. More preferably, the temperature is maintained at 800 ℃ for 2 hours before the temperature is raised to 1300 to 1500 ℃ and the firing is carried out. In order to form a more stable microcrystalline structure, the temperature rising speed from room temperature to 800 ℃ is preferably 30-100 ℃/h, and the temperature rising speed from 800 ℃ to 1300-1500 ℃ is preferably 100-200 ℃/h.
The technical scheme of the grinding tool is as follows:
the grinding tool is made of an abrasive and a bonding agent, wherein the abrasive comprises the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive.
Based on the characteristics of the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive, the grinding tool containing the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive has the characteristics of high strength, good sharpness, high grinding efficiency and long service life.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a microcrystalline morphology of hollow alumina spheres of the prior art;
FIG. 2 is an appearance of a hollow alumina ball of the prior art;
FIG. 3 is a microcrystalline morphology of a prior art ceramic corundum abrasive;
FIG. 4 is an appearance of a prior art ceramic corundum abrasive;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a process for making a composite abrasive according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a composite abrasive prepared according to an embodiment of the present invention;
wherein, 1-hollow alumina ball matrix, 2-ball wall part and 3-coating part.
Detailed Description
The hollow alumina ball-based nano ceramic corundum abrasive is compounded by mainly utilizing the hollow characteristic and the microcrystalline structure of the hollow alumina ball and the microcrystalline structure and excellent grinding performance of the ceramic corundum abrasive and combining the hollow characteristic and the microcrystalline structure.
The hollow alumina ball is produced by a melt blowing method, wherein aluminum oxide powder is used as a raw material, the aluminum oxide ball is melted by an electric arc furnace, and when a molten liquid flows out, the molten liquid is blown by high-pressure air with the pressure of 0.5-0.6 MPa so as to form a hollow ball. The particle size is 0.5-5.5 mm; bulk density 1.46g/cm3(ii) a The density of the particles is 3.94g/cm3(ii) a Melting point 2050 ℃; chemical components: al (Al)2O3 98.3％～99.3％、SiO2＜0.08％、Fe2O3＜0.10％、Na20.03-0.60% of O. It has alpha-Al2O3The microcrystal structure has a crystal size within 100 μm, and the crystallite morphology is shown in figure 1. The appearance and appearance are shown in figure 2.
Ceramic corundum abrasives (commonly known as "SG abrasives") are sintered by means of special seeding gel systems. The particle density of the material is 3.85g/cm3The above; chemical composition Al2O3More than 99.6 percent; the microhardness is 1900-2400 HV (white corundum WA: 1850 HV). It has alpha-Al2O3The microcrystalline structure has a primary crystal size within 300-500 nm, and the microcrystalline morphology is shown in figure 3. The appearance is shown in figure 4.
The hollow alumina ball made by melt blowing method generally has open pore structure, after the colloid made by sol-gel process is coated on the hollow alumina ball, through shrinkage during firing, the formed ceramic corundum abrasive is partially embedded into the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball, and by utilizing the same of crystal structure of the hollow alumina ball, a eutectic body is formed under the action of high temperature, the strength of the ball wall is enhanced, and the grinding can be participated in grinding, and the grinding performance of the grinding tool is greatly improved as known from the specific application example of the grinding tool.
The following further describes embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings.
First, a specific example of the method for preparing the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive of the present invention
Example 1
The preparation method of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive of the embodiment has a process flow diagram as shown in fig. 5, and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing gel: weighing 200g of pseudo-boehmite, adding 550ml of deionized water, carrying out ball milling in a ball milling tank for 2h, taking out slurry, heating in a water bath at 75 ℃, slowly adding 80ml of dilute nitric acid (the volume ratio of water to concentrated nitric acid is 1:7, and the concentration of the concentrated nitric acid is 65%), stirring for 20min, and rapidly adding 600 ml of a magnesium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate and iridium nitrate mixed solution (wherein the concentrations of the magnesium nitrate, the lanthanum nitrate and the iridium nitrate are respectively 0.03, 0.01 and 0.01mol/L) to prepare a dilute colloid for later use;
(2) gluing: weighing 1000g of hollow sphere alumina (with the particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm), then weighing 150g of the thin colloid prepared in the step 1), mixing the two, and finishing the whole gluing process after the colloid is completely adsorbed to the surface of the hollow alumina sphere;
(3) and (3) drying: and (3) putting the colloid-coated hollow alumina balls in an enamel tray, drying for 8 hours in a drying oven at 75 ℃, taking out, checking whether adhesion exists, and screening and separating if adhesion exists. Obtaining dry hollow alumina balls with colloidal particle attachment layers;
(4) firing in a furnace: and (3) placing the dried hollow alumina ball with the colloidal particle adhesion layer into a muffle furnace for firing, wherein the temperature of the furnace is increased from room temperature to 800 ℃, the temperature increasing speed is 30 ℃/h, the temperature is kept at 800 ℃ for 2h, then the temperature is increased to 1300 ℃, the temperature increasing speed is 100 ℃/h, the temperature is kept at 1300 ℃ for 0.5h, then the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is cooled to room temperature along with the furnace, and the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is obtained after being taken out of the furnace.
Example 2
The preparation method of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive of the present example is substantially the same as the preparation method of example 1, except that:
(1) preparing gel: adding dilute nitric acid to form sol, and adding 600 ml of mixed solution of magnesium nitrate, cerium nitrate and cobalt nitrate (wherein the concentrations of the magnesium nitrate, the cerium nitrate and the cobalt nitrate are respectively 0.03, 0.01 and 0.01mol/L) to prepare dilute colloid for later use;
(2) gluing: weighing 1000g of hollow sphere alumina (with the particle size of 0.2-0.5 mm), then weighing 100g of the thin colloid prepared in the step 1), mixing the two, and finishing the whole gluing process after the colloid is completely adsorbed to the surface of the hollow alumina sphere;
(4) firing in a furnace: and (2) placing the dried hollow alumina ball with the colloidal particle adhesion layer into a muffle furnace for firing, wherein the temperature of the furnace is increased from room temperature to 800 ℃, the temperature increasing speed is 50 ℃/h, the temperature is kept at 800 ℃ for 2h, then the temperature is increased to 1500 ℃, the temperature increasing speed is 150 ℃/h, the temperature is kept at 1500 ℃ for 0.5h, then the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is cooled to room temperature along with the furnace, and the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is obtained after being taken out of the furnace.
Example 3
The preparation method of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive of the present example is substantially the same as the preparation method of example 1, except that:
(1) preparing gel: adding dilute nitric acid to form sol, and adding 600 ml of mixed solution of magnesium nitrate, iridium nitrate and lanthanum nitrate (wherein the concentrations of the magnesium nitrate, the iridium nitrate and the lanthanum nitrate are respectively 0.03, 0.01 and 0.01mol/L) to prepare dilute colloid for later use;
(2) gluing: weighing 1000g of hollow sphere alumina (with the particle size of 1.0-1.5 mm), then weighing 180g of the dilute colloid prepared in the step 1), mixing the two, and finishing the whole gluing process after the colloid is completely adsorbed to the surface of the hollow alumina ball;
(4) firing in a furnace: and (2) placing the dried hollow alumina ball with the colloidal particle adhesion layer into a muffle furnace for firing, wherein the temperature of the furnace is increased from room temperature to 800 ℃, the temperature increasing speed is 100 ℃/h, the temperature is kept at 800 ℃ for 2h, then the temperature is increased to 1450 ℃, the temperature increasing speed is 200 ℃/h, the temperature is kept at 1450 ℃ for 0.5h, then the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is cooled to room temperature along with the furnace, and taken out of the furnace to obtain the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive.
Secondly, the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive of the present invention respectively corresponds to the products obtained by the preparation methods of the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasives of the embodiments 1 to 3, and the schematic structural diagram thereof is shown in fig. 6, and has the following common characteristics:
the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive comprises a hollow alumina ball matrix 1 and a compositeCeramic corundum abrasive is arranged on the hollow alumina ball substrate; the hollow alumina ball and the ceramic corundum abrasive are both alpha-Al2O3The ceramic corundum abrasive material with the crystal structure comprises a ball wall part 2 which is embedded in the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball and is compounded with the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball into a whole, and a coating part 3 which is coated outside the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball.
Third, specific examples of the abrasive article of the present invention
Example 4
The grinding tool of the embodiment is made of the following raw and auxiliary materials in parts by weight: 0.875kg of chromium corundum abrasive 100#0.875kg, 0.875kg of white corundum abrasive WA80#0.875kg, 0.25kg of bonding agent, 0.0375kg of dextrin powder, 0.0625kg of dextrin liquid, and 0.050kg of the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive (1# abrasive with the particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm) obtained in example 1. The binding agent comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 25-30 g of clay powder, 35-40 g of potassium feldspar powder, 30-35 g of boron glass powder and 5-10 g of lithium carbonate.
The preparation process comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing materials: the method comprises the steps of firstly adding the paste liquid into the chrome corundum abrasive and the white corundum abrasive in a counter-current mixing pot for wet mixing, adding the bonding agent and the paste powder after uniform mixing for dry mixing, adding the No. 1 abrasive after uniform mixing, uniformly mixing and sieving for later use.
(2) Pressing: and (3) putting the molding material into a mold, pressing in a press according to the formula pressure of 7.5MPa, demolding, and putting into a drying furnace for drying.
(3) And (3) drying: and (3) putting the wet blank into a drying chamber for drying at the drying temperature of 120 ℃ for 7 h.
(4) And (3) firing: and inspecting the dried green body, and putting the green body into a kiln for sintering after no quality problem exists, wherein the sintering temperature is set to be 1050 ℃ according to the refractoriness of the binder.
(5) Processing and checking: and processing the sintered blank according to the required shape, size and precision, then inspecting, inspecting the rotation strength according to the use speed of 60m/s, and packaging and warehousing after the rotation strength is qualified.
Dimensions of the abrasive of the present example: external diameter, thickness, aperture, 400, 20, 127(mm) PA100/WA 80H 60m/s, and molding density, 1.8 kg/m3In 1 ofThe # hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is a pore-forming agent, and the single weight of the molding charge is 2.5 kg.
Fourth, example of experiment
Experimental example 1
In this experimental example 1, the performance of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive obtained in examples 1 to 3 was measured, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Properties of the abrasive composites of examples 1-3
Experimental example 2
The grinding effects of the grindstone and the raw grindstone of example 4 were measured using the aircraft engine part as the grinding target, and the results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 comparison of grinding results of different grinders
| Comparing items | Example 4 | Original use grinding tool (note) |
| Strength of gyration | 60m/s | 50m/s |
| Density of finished product | 1.85㎏/m3 | 2.00㎏/m3 |
| Porosity of the alloy | 50％ | 45％ |
| Abrasive tool surface | No adhesion and no blockage | With sticking or blocking |
| Work surface | No burn, roughness Ra0.6 | Slight burn, roughness Ra0.8 |
| Grinding efficiency | 5 pieces/ |
2 pieces/minute |
| |
2 |
1 week |
(note: the original grinding tool WAs a PA100/WA 80H 50m/s micropore grinding wheel with an outer diameter of 400 x 20 x 127(mm) and an organic refined naphthalene as a pore-forming agent.)
As can be seen from table 2 above: 1) the abrasive of example 4 had increased porosity, decreased density, and increased abrasive strength;
2) the grinding is particularly sharp because the novel composite abrasive changes the cutting force of the abrasive, avoids excessive slipping and plowing phenomena, reduces the grinding heat in a grinding area, and correspondingly reduces the plastic rheology of the surface of a workpiece, and the phenomena and data powerfully prove that the theoretical analysis of the novel abrasive is very reasonable and practical from the perspective of practical application.
Claims (10)
1. The hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive is characterized by comprising a hollow alumina ball matrix and a ceramic corundum abrasive compounded on the hollow alumina ball matrix; what is needed isThe hollow alumina ball and the ceramic corundum abrasive are both alpha-Al2O3The ceramic corundum abrasive comprises a ball wall part which is embedded in the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball and is compounded with the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball into a whole, and a coating part which is coated outside the ball wall of the hollow alumina ball.
2. The preparation method of the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) mixing the hollow alumina ball and the gel for preparing the ceramic corundum abrasive, and drying to obtain the hollow alumina ball with the colloidal particle attachment layer;
2) and firing the hollow alumina ball with the colloidal particle adhesion layer at 1300-1500 ℃.
3. The method for preparing the hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive according to claim 2, wherein in the step 1), the gel for preparing the ceramic corundum abrasive is formed by a sol-gel process by using pseudo-boehmite as a raw material, acid as a peptizing agent and metal nitrate as a gelling agent.
4. The method for preparing the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive according to claim 3, wherein the volume of the gel corresponding to 200g of the pseudo-boehmite in the step 1) is 1000 to 1300 ml.
5. The method for preparing the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive according to claim 4, wherein the amount of the gel used in step 1) is 100 to 300g per 1000g of the hollow alumina spheres.
6. The method for preparing the hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive according to claim 3, wherein the acid is dilute nitric acid, and the dosage of the dilute nitric acid is 70-90 ml and the dosage of the metal nitrate is 0.02-0.04 mol per 200g of the pseudo-boehmite; the dilute nitric acid is prepared by diluting nitric acid and water according to the volume ratio of 1: 6-8.
7. The method of manufacturing a hollow alumina ball-based composite abrasive according to claim 3 or 6, wherein the metal nitrate is two or more selected from magnesium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, cerium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, iridium nitrate, and iron nitrate.
8. The method of preparing a hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive according to claim 2, wherein the hollow alumina spheres have a particle size of 0.5 to 5.0 mm.
9. The method for preparing a hollow alumina sphere-based composite abrasive according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the firing time is 0.5 to 1 hour.
10. An abrasive tool made of an abrasive and a binder, wherein the abrasive comprises the hollow alumina ball-based superabrasive composite of claim 1.
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| CN114752352B (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2023-04-14 | 河南天马新材料股份有限公司 | High-self-sharpening aluminum oxide abrasive powder and preparation method thereof |
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