CN112701384B - Integrated temperature control half-cell - Google Patents
Integrated temperature control half-cell Download PDFInfo
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- CN112701384B CN112701384B CN202011587299.7A CN202011587299A CN112701384B CN 112701384 B CN112701384 B CN 112701384B CN 202011587299 A CN202011587299 A CN 202011587299A CN 112701384 B CN112701384 B CN 112701384B
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- shell
- working electrode
- cell
- electric heating
- heating layer
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- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 210000005056 cell body Anatomy 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
- H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/08—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a half cell/electrolytic cell testing device for gas reaction, which comprises an electrochemical testing part, a cell shell and a temperature control heating part, wherein the electrochemical testing part is arranged on the cell shell; the electrochemical test part comprises: a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode; one side of the shell is contacted with the working electrode through the clamping component and leads out an electric signal through the probe; the clamping component can be graphite, metal or high molecular conductive material; the clamping member may have a gas flow passage structure for increasing an effective contact area with the electrode; the clamping component is connected with a gas path pipeline, and the gas path pipeline is buried in the battery shell and used for preheating gas; the temperature control heating part comprises an electric heating layer and a heat insulation layer which are integrated in the shell; the electric heating layer is a heating silica gel gasket, and can meet the heating requirement of 2-100 ℃. The gas circuit and the battery cavity are integrated in the electric heating layer and the heat insulation layer, so that the temperature control device has the advantages of high temperature control precision, small space and short test period compared with the existing half-battery/electrolytic cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of half batteries, in particular to an integrated temperature control half battery.
Background
Gas electrochemical reactions, e.g. oxygen reduction, hydrogen oxidation, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen reduction, SO 2 Reduction, ammonia oxidation and the like are research hotspots in the fields of energy sources and environment. The half-cell/electrolytic cell is a tool for studying electrodes and has important practical value for developing and evaluating the electrodes. At present, most of half-cell structures for gas research are room temperature tests (such as patent CN 110673669A) or temperature control in a temperature control box (such as patent CN 201721149108.2), and cannot effectively preheat reaction gas, so that evaluation conditions and actual working conditions generate great difference.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention designs and develops an integrated half-cell/electrolytic cell structure, can realize high-precision gas electrochemical reaction evaluation, and provides a high-precision testing device for the development and design of electrodes.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an integrated temperature control half-cell comprises a shell, a clamping part, a reference electrode, a working electrode, a probe, a counter electrode, an electric heating layer and a temperature control box, wherein a cell body for containing electrolyte is formed in the shell, an exhaust port is formed in the upper end of the shell and connected with an exhaust pipe, the clamping part is used for hermetically installing the working electrode at the front end of the shell, the working electrode is in contact with the electrolyte towards one side of the cell body, the reference electrode is inserted into the front end of the shell from top to bottom and extends into the electrolyte, the lower end of the reference electrode is positioned at one side, close to the working electrode, facing towards the cell body, of the working electrode, the probe is inserted into the clamping part from outside to inside and tightly supports the working electrode, the electric heating layer is coated on the outer side wall of the shell, the exhaust pipe upwards penetrates through the electric heating layer, an air inlet pipe and an air outlet pipe are inserted between the electric heating layer and the shell, the air inlet pipe is inserted into the air outlet channel, an air circuit communicated with the air inlet channel and the air outlet channel is also arranged in the clamping part, air circuit enters the working electrode from the air inlet channel and then passes through and reacts at one side of the working electrode, the air outlet channel, the electric heating layer is discharged from the electric heating layer, the electric heating layer and is connected with the working electrode through a temperature control box, one side of the working electrode, one heating sheet, one side of the thermocouple, and the temperature control box, and the other side of the working electrode is connected with the working electrode.
Furthermore, the outer side wall of the electric heating layer is coated with a heat preservation layer, and the exhaust pipe upwards penetrates through the heat preservation layer.
Further, the casing includes preceding tip, back tip and lateral wall, and preceding tip and back tip sealing connection are in both ends around the lateral wall, and the counter electrode inserts from the back tip, and in the tip before the working electrode was located, be equipped with the toper passageway with the cell body intercommunication in the preceding tip, the toper passageway meets with the cell body and locates to be uncovered, and preceding tip one side outwards opens flutedly, and the recess communicates with each other with the toper passageway, and the working electrode is located in the recess to compress tightly the working electrode in the recess through clamping part, and the reference electrode lower extreme stretches into in the toper passageway.
Further, the clamping part includes interior briquetting and outer briquetting, presses down working electrode in the briquetting card income recess in, and outer briquetting is opened to one side inwards has the draw-in groove that is used for blocking interior briquetting, and interior briquetting is withheld from the outer briquetting to outer briquetting, and through the bolt fastening in the preceding tip of casing all around of outer briquetting, the probe level inserts and runs through outer briquetting, and briquetting in the probe withstands, and then withstands working electrode.
Further, the inner pressing block is made of graphite, metal or a high-molecular conductive material.
Further, the counter electrode is a platinum mesh counter electrode.
Furthermore, the part of the air inlet channel close to the electric heating layer is designed into a bending channel.
Further, the electric heating layer is a heating silica gel gasket.
Compared with the prior art, the integrated temperature control half-cell has the following advantages: by integrating the gas path and the battery cavity inside the electric heating layer and the heat insulating layer, compared with the existing half battery/electrolytic cell, the temperature control precision is high, the space is small, and the test period is short.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a front view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the present invention;
description of reference numerals:
1-a reference electrode; 2-a tank body; 3-a working electrode; 4-inner briquetting; 5-a probe; 6-outer briquetting; 7-a tapered channel; 8-the front end; 9-a sealing ring; 10-a side wall; 11-an exhaust pipe; 12-an insulating layer; 13-an electrothermal layer; 14-a counter electrode; 15-rear end; 16-a temperature control box; 17-a thermocouple; 18-heating plate power cord; 19-an air inlet pipe; 20-an air outlet pipe.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplicity in description, and do not indicate or imply that the referenced devices or elements must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or to implicitly indicate a number of the indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first," "second," etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art through specific situations.
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
As shown in fig. 1-2, an integrated temperature control half-cell comprises a shell, a clamping component, a reference electrode 1, a working electrode 3 (i.e. a test electrode), a probe 5, a counter electrode 14, an electric heating layer 13, an insulating layer 12 and a temperature control box 16, a cell body 2 for containing electrolyte is formed in the shell, an exhaust port is formed at the upper end of the shell and is connected with an exhaust pipe 11, a working electrode 3 is hermetically arranged at the front end of the shell by a clamping part, the working electrode 3 is contacted with the electrolyte towards one side of the cell body 2, a reference electrode 1 is inserted into the front end of the shell from top to bottom and extends into the electrolyte, the lower end of a reference electrode 1 is positioned at one side, facing a cell body, close to a working electrode 3, a probe 5 is inserted into a clamping part from outside to inside and tightly supports the working electrode 3, an electric heating layer 13 is coated on the outer side wall of a shell, an insulating layer 12 is coated on the outer side wall of the electric heating layer 13, an exhaust pipe 11 upwards penetrates through the electric heating layer 13 and the insulating layer 12, an air inlet pipe 19 and an air outlet pipe 20 are inserted between the electric heating layer 13 and the shell, an air inlet channel and an air outlet channel are correspondingly arranged in the shell, the air inlet pipe 19 is inserted into the air inlet channel, the air outlet pipe 20 is inserted into the air outlet channel, an air passage communicated with the air inlet channel and the air outlet channel is also arranged in the clamping part, air passes through and reacts at the dry side of the working electrode 3 after entering from the air inlet channel, and then is exhausted from the air outlet channel, the electric heating layer 13 is connected with a temperature control box 16 through a heating piece power wire 18, one end of a thermocouple 17 extends into the shell and is abutted against the working electrode 3, the other end of the thermocouple 17 is connected with the temperature control box 16, and the thermocouple 17 monitors the temperature of the working electrode 3, thermocouple 17 indirectly monitors the temperature of the heated gas as it passes through the working electrode and reacts, again due to thermal conductivity.
A counter electrode 14 is inserted into the cell body 2 on the opposite side of the working electrode 3. The left side of the housing is in contact with the working electrode 3 via the clamping member and derives an electrical signal via the probe 5.
The casing includes preceding tip 8, rear end portion 15 and lateral wall 10, preceding tip 8 and rear end portion 15 pass through sealing washer 9 sealing connection in both ends around lateral wall 10, counter electrode 14 inserts from the rear end portion, working electrode 3 locates in preceding tip 8, be equipped with the toper passageway 7 with cell body 2 intercommunication in preceding tip 8, the department that meets of toper passageway 7 and cell body 2 is uncovered, preceding tip 8 is opened flutedly towards one side outward, the recess communicates with each other with toper passageway 7, working electrode 3 locates in the recess, and compress tightly working electrode 3 in the recess through clamping part, reference electrode 1 lower extreme stretches into in the toper passageway 7.
Clamping part includes interior briquetting 4 and outer briquetting 6, presses 4 cards of briquetting in pressing to compress tightly working electrode 3 in the recess, and outer briquetting 6 is opened to one side inwards has the draw-in groove that is used for blocking interior briquetting 4, and interior briquetting 4 is withheld from outer to outer briquetting 6, and outer briquetting 6 passes through bolt fastening around at the preceding tip 8 of casing, and probe 5 level inserts and runs through outer briquetting 6, and interior briquetting 4 is withstood to probe 5, and then withstands working electrode 3. The inner pressing block 4 is internally provided with a gas circuit communicated with the gas inlet channel and the gas outlet channel, and the gas circuit can also be designed into a folding gas flow passage structure for increasing the effective contact area with the electrode.
The inner pressing block 4 can be made of graphite, metal or high-molecular conductive materials.
The counter electrode 14 is a platinum mesh counter electrode.
The electric heating layer 13 is a heating silica gel gasket, and can meet the heating requirement of 2-100 ℃.
The part of the gas inlet channel close to the electric heating layer 13 can be designed into a bent channel, so that the gas heating time can be prolonged, and the gas temperature can meet the test requirement.
The introduced gas needs to meet the limiting conditions: the half cell can bear 300kp positive pressure and has the flow rate of 0-1L/min.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention, which is intended to cover any modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc. within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. An integrated temperature control half-cell, characterized in that: the electrolytic cell comprises a shell, a clamping part, a reference electrode (1), a working electrode (3), a probe (5), a counter electrode (14), an electric heating layer (13) and a temperature control box (16), wherein a cell body (2) filled with electrolyte is formed in the shell, an exhaust port is formed in the upper end of the shell and is connected with an exhaust pipe (11), the working electrode (3) is hermetically arranged at the front end of the shell by the clamping part, the working electrode (3) contacts the electrolyte towards one side of the cell body (2), the reference electrode (1) is inserted into the front end of the shell from top to bottom and extends into the electrolyte, the lower end of the reference electrode (1) is positioned close to one side, facing the cell body, of the working electrode (3), the probe (5) is inserted into the clamping part from outside and tightly supports the working electrode (3), the electric heating layer (13) is coated on the outer side wall of the shell, the exhaust pipe (11) upwards penetrates through the electric heating layer (13), an air inlet pipe (19) and an air outlet pipe (20) are inserted between the electric heating layer (13) and the shell, an air inlet channel and an air outlet channel (18) are correspondingly arranged in the shell, the air inlet channel and the air outlet channel are connected with the heating layer (3) after the electric heating layer (16) and are connected with the electric heating layer, one end of a thermocouple (17) extends into the shell and abuts against the working electrode (3), the other end of the thermocouple (17) is connected with a temperature control box (16), and the counter electrode (14) is inserted into the cell body (2) and is positioned on one side opposite to the working electrode (3);
the outer side wall of the electric heating layer (13) is coated with a heat insulation layer (12), and the exhaust pipe (11) upwards penetrates through the heat insulation layer (12);
the shell comprises a front end portion (8), a rear end portion (15) and a side wall (10), the front end portion (8) and the rear end portion (15) are connected to the front end portion and the rear end portion of the side wall (10) in a sealing mode, a counter electrode (14) is inserted from the rear end portion, a working electrode (3) is arranged in the front end portion (8), a conical channel (7) communicated with the pool body (2) is arranged in the front end portion (8), the joint of the conical channel (7) and the pool body (2) is open, a groove is formed in one outward side of the front end portion (8), the groove is communicated with the conical channel (7), the working electrode (3) is arranged in the groove, the working electrode (3) is tightly pressed in the groove through a clamping part, and the lower end of a reference electrode (1) extends into the conical channel (7).
2. The integrated temperature controlled half-cell of claim 1, wherein: the clamping part comprises an inner pressing block (4) and an outer pressing block (6), the inner pressing block (4) is clamped into the groove to compress the working electrode (3), one side of the outer pressing block (6) facing inwards is provided with a clamping groove used for clamping the inner pressing block (4), the outer pressing block (6) is buckled with the inner pressing block (4) from the outside, the outer pressing block (6) is fixed on the front end part (8) of the shell through bolts, the probe (5) is horizontally inserted into and penetrates through the outer pressing block (6), the inner pressing block (4) is propped against the probe (5), and the working electrode (3) is propped against.
3. The integrated temperature controlled half cell of claim 1, wherein: the inner pressing block (4) is made of graphite, metal or high-molecular conductive materials.
4. The integrated temperature controlled half-cell of claim 1, wherein: the counter electrode (14) is a platinum mesh counter electrode.
5. The integrated temperature controlled half-cell according to any of claims 1-3, wherein: the part of the air inlet channel, which is close to the electric heating layer (13), is designed into a bending channel.
6. The integrated temperature controlled half-cell of claim 1, wherein: the electric heating layer (13) is a heating silica gel gasket.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011587299.7A CN112701384B (en) | 2020-12-28 | 2020-12-28 | Integrated temperature control half-cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011587299.7A CN112701384B (en) | 2020-12-28 | 2020-12-28 | Integrated temperature control half-cell |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN112701384A CN112701384A (en) | 2021-04-23 |
| CN112701384B true CN112701384B (en) | 2023-03-31 |
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN202420945U (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-09-05 | 聚光科技(杭州)股份有限公司 | Pre-processing device for gas |
| CN107138111A (en) * | 2017-05-23 | 2017-09-08 | 郑州轻工业学院 | A kind of carbon dioxide catalytic reduction reaction device |
| CN109556410A (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2019-04-02 | 崔小勤 | A kind of high-efficiency sintered furnace apparatus and its sintering process |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102004225B (en) * | 2010-09-20 | 2013-05-01 | 东南大学 | Test method and device for half cell of fluid bed electrode direct carbon fuel cell |
| CN104459323B (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2017-05-10 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | Humiture controllable conductivity testing device and operation method thereof |
| CN205406637U (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2016-07-27 | 华中科技大学 | Solid oxide fuel cell's electrochemistry test fixture |
| US10816503B2 (en) * | 2016-07-12 | 2020-10-27 | Honeywell International Inc. | Electrochemical gas sensor for detecting hydrogen cyanide gas |
| JP6989448B2 (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2022-01-05 | 理研計器株式会社 | Constant potential electrolytic oxygen sensor |
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2020
- 2020-12-28 CN CN202011587299.7A patent/CN112701384B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN202420945U (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-09-05 | 聚光科技(杭州)股份有限公司 | Pre-processing device for gas |
| CN107138111A (en) * | 2017-05-23 | 2017-09-08 | 郑州轻工业学院 | A kind of carbon dioxide catalytic reduction reaction device |
| CN109556410A (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2019-04-02 | 崔小勤 | A kind of high-efficiency sintered furnace apparatus and its sintering process |
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