CN112529810A - Detection signal-to-noise ratio improving method of area array staring camera - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a detection signal-to-noise ratio improving method of an area array staring camera, which comprises the following steps: (1) acquiring a non-uniformity correction coefficient according to light and dark continuous K frame images acquired by the area array staring camera; (2) continuously acquiring multiple frames of target images by the area array staring camera, and carrying out non-uniformity correction on each frame of acquired target images according to the non-uniformity correction coefficient obtained in the step (1) to obtain multiple frames of target images with reduced spatial noise; (3) carrying out image registration on the multi-frame target image with the space noise reduced in the step (2) to obtain a registered multi-frame target image; (4) carrying out pixel combination on each frame of target image after registration to obtain each frame of target image after pixel combination; (5) and (4) superposing the target images of the frames after the image elements are combined to obtain a final image with the improved signal-to-noise ratio.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a detection signal-to-noise ratio improving method of an area array staring camera, and belongs to the technical field of remote sensor photoelectric imaging.
Background
In the fields of ocean detection, deep space detection, early warning detection, low-light-level imaging and the like, the reflection or radiation energy of a detectable target is low, the imaging of a dark and weak target is achieved, the detection signal-to-noise ratio is low by using a traditional camera detection means, and the application requirement of high signal-to-noise ratio is difficult to meet. The signal intensity of a detected target can be increased to a certain extent by means of increasing the aperture of the camera, prolonging the integration time and the like, but the aperture of the camera and the performance of the detector are limited by the prior art, and the generated signal-to-noise ratio increment still cannot meet the requirement of high signal-to-noise ratio, so a new technical approach for improving the signal-to-noise ratio is required to be sought.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem solved by the invention is as follows: the method for improving the detection signal-to-noise ratio of the area array staring camera adopts a method of time domain multiple sampling superposition and space domain pixel combination to improve the detection signal-to-noise ratio of the dark and weak targets.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a detection signal-to-noise ratio improving method of an area array staring camera is disclosed, and the preferable scheme comprises the following steps:
(1) acquiring a non-uniformity correction coefficient according to light and dark continuous K frame images acquired by the area array staring camera;
(2) continuously acquiring multiple frames of target images by the area array staring camera, and carrying out non-uniformity correction on each frame of acquired target images according to the obtained non-uniformity correction coefficient obtained in the step (1) to obtain multiple frames of target images with reduced spatial noise;
(3) carrying out image registration on the multi-frame target image with the space noise reduced in the step (2) to obtain a registered multi-frame target image;
(4) carrying out pixel combination on each frame of target image after registration in the step (3) to obtain each frame of target image after pixel combination;
(5) and (4) superposing the target images of the frames after the pixel combination in the step (4) to obtain a final image with the improved signal-to-noise ratio.
Preferably, (1) according to the bright and dark continuous K frame images collected by the area array staring camera, a non-uniformity correction coefficient is obtained, specifically:
the non-uniformity correction coefficient is obtained by adopting a two-point method, the area array camera images the integrating sphere, the integrating sphere is set to be light brightness and dark brightness respectively, a curve S determined by the light brightness and the dark brightness is regarded as a standard response curve of the detector, and the correction coefficient of each pixel can be obtained according to the respective mean value of the light brightness and the dark brightness and the response value of each pixel.
Preferably, (2) continuously acquiring multiple frames of target images by the area-array staring camera, and performing non-uniformity correction on each frame of acquired target images according to the obtained non-uniformity correction coefficient obtained in the step (1) to obtain multiple frames of target images with reduced spatial noise; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
and respectively substituting the obtained non-uniformity correction coefficients into the response value of the detection unit of each frame of image to carry out pixel-by-pixel correction, thereby obtaining a plurality of frames of target images with reduced spatial noise.
Preferably, (3) carrying out image registration on the multi-frame target image with the spatial noise reduced in the step (2) to obtain a registered multi-frame target image; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
due to the reasons of shaking of a satellite platform, unstable attitude control and the like, image offset exists between continuous multi-frame images, and image registration needs to be carried out on the obtained K-frame images before subsequent multi-frame superposition is carried out; in order to calculate the offset between different image frames, the gyroscope can measure the attitude change of the images of different frames, the image pixel offset between adjacent frames can be calculated through a strict imaging geometric model, and finally the image pixel offset is respectively registered with the first frame image according to the calculated image offset of each frame.
Preferably, (4) performing pixel combination on each frame of target image registered in the step (3) to obtain each frame of target image after pixel combination; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
the pixel combination adopts a mode of averaging the DN values of adjacent pixels in the same frame of image, a plurality of pixels are combined to become one pixel, the spatial resolution is reduced, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the image is improved.
Preferably, (5) performing superposition processing on each frame of target image after the pixel combination in the step (4) to obtain a final image with an improved signal-to-noise ratio; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
and combining the continuously acquired K frames of pixels, and then adding the same pixels of the images frame by frame to average, and obtaining a high signal-to-noise ratio image after superposing and averaging the multiple frames of images.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the invention provides a signal-to-noise ratio improving method based on a time-space domain. The time domain signal to noise ratio is improved, multiple times of sampling superposition is carried out by utilizing the staring imaging characteristic, and the space domain signal to noise ratio is improved, and adjacent sampling digital combination processing is utilized, so that the high signal to noise ratio requirement in the fields of ocean detection and the like is met.
(2) The invention provides a method for measuring the angular deviation of an optical axis of a camera by using a gyroscope angle measuring element so as to register images. The scheme has high measurement precision, the precision error is less than 1/3 pixels, the image registration process can be simplified, and the image registration is not influenced by the observation time and the observation target.
(3) The invention provides a method for correcting the non-uniformity of the response of a detection pixel by a two-point method, which determines a standard response curve and a correction coefficient of a detector by a bright image and a dark image. The non-uniformity correction scheme is simple and efficient, and saves hardware resources on the satellite.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an image registration algorithm of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of vertical optical axis rotation on image motion;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of bilinear interpolation calculation according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an image shift generated by the rotation of the present invention around the optical axis;
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the effect of multi-frame superposition on signal-to-noise ratio improvement after image correction;
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the effect of pixel combination to suppress spatial noise, and after image correction, multi-frame superposition on signal-to-noise ratio improvement;
FIG. 7 is an original image of an image without a time-varying spatial domain signal-to-noise ratio enhancement effect;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the effect of improving SNR in the time-space domain according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
The invention relates to a detection signal-to-noise ratio improving method of an area array staring camera, which comprises the following steps: (1) acquiring a non-uniformity correction coefficient according to light and dark continuous K frame images acquired by the area array staring camera; (2) continuously acquiring multiple frames of target images by the area array staring camera, and carrying out non-uniformity correction on each frame of acquired target images according to the non-uniformity correction coefficient obtained in the step (1) to obtain multiple frames of target images with reduced spatial noise; (3) carrying out image registration on the multi-frame target image with the space noise reduced in the step (2) to obtain a registered multi-frame target image; (4) carrying out pixel combination on each frame of target image after registration to obtain each frame of target image after pixel combination; (5) and (4) superposing the target images of the frames after the image elements are combined to obtain a final image with the improved signal-to-noise ratio.
In the fields of ocean detection, deep space detection, early warning detection, low-light-level imaging and the like, the reflection or radiation energy of a detectable target is low, the imaging of a dark and weak target is achieved, the detection signal-to-noise ratio is low by using a traditional camera detection means, and the application requirement of high signal-to-noise ratio is difficult to meet. By the time-space domain signal-to-noise ratio improvement method, the target detection signal-to-noise ratio in the application field can be improved, the detection requirement of high signal-to-noise ratio in the field is met, and the detection of dim and weak targets is realized.
The invention relates to a detection signal-to-noise ratio improving method of an area array staring camera, which has the following steps in the preferred scheme:
(1) acquiring a non-uniformity correction coefficient according to continuous K frames of images acquired by an area array staring camera; the preferred scheme is as follows:
the preferred scheme is as follows: the non-uniformity correction is carried out by adopting a two-point method, the integrating sphere is set to be bright and dark two brightness phi A and phi B respectively, a curve S determined by the phi A and the phi B is regarded as a standard response curve of the detector, and then the response curves of other detecting elements are corrected according to the curve S, wherein the correction method comprises the following steps:
first, the average response value of each detection unit under uniform irradiance Φ a and Φ B is found:
in general, the response curve of the detector in the dynamic range of the detector is a linear model, and the formula is as follows:
Yij(Φ)＝Gij(Φ)+Oij (3)
wherein Y isij(Φ) represents a response output value of the detection cell numbered (i, j), Φ represents a radiation input value of the detection cell (i, j), GijIs multiplicative gain of (i, j) detection unit, OijIs the additive bias of the (i, j) detection unit.
The average response value under the light and dark radiation is substituted into the linear model to obtain
The correction gain coefficient and the offset correction coefficient can be obtained by the two formulas
(2) Continuously acquiring multiple frames of target images by the area array staring camera, and carrying out non-uniformity correction on each frame of acquired target images according to the obtained non-uniformity correction coefficient obtained in the step (1) to obtain multiple frames of target images with reduced spatial noise; the preferred scheme is as follows:
the preferred scheme is as follows: obtaining two correction coefficients k of each detection unit according to the step (1)ij、bijThe corrected output of each detection unit can then be found as
The correction processing is respectively carried out on the K frames of images, and a plurality of frames of target images with reduced space noise can be obtained.
(3) Carrying out image registration on the multi-frame target image with the space noise reduced in the step (2) to obtain a registered multi-frame target image; as shown in fig. 1, the preferred embodiment is as follows:
the preferred scheme is as follows: in order to calculate the offset between different image frames, the gyroscope can measure the attitude change of the images of different frames, and the image pixel offset between adjacent frames can be calculated through a strict imaging geometric model. The algorithm flow is shown in fig. 1.
The rotational displacements in the roll axis and pitch axis directions can be collectively referred to as rotational displacements in the vertical optical axis direction, and they have a similar influence on the image motion and are put together. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of vertical optical axis rotation on image shift according to the present invention;
the preferred scheme is as follows: as shown in fig. 2, the angle between the chief ray of the target and the optical axis before rotation is α, and the satellite generates an angular displacement of θ x (or θ y) around the ox axis (or oy axis) within the integration time. The image shift dim of the rotated image point in the oy direction (or ox direction) can be approximately expressed as:
dim＝f·tan(α+θx)-tanα-≈f·tanθx (9)
wherein f represents the focal length of the camera, L is the linear distance between the target and the optical axis sub-satellite point, L' is the image space imaging distance of L, and H is the satellite height.
The preferred scheme is as follows: according to the calculated image offset, the image motion of integer elements is directly translated, the image motion of sub-pixels adopts a bilinear interpolation method to resample adjacent frames, and as shown in figure 3, the specific algorithm is as follows: the new value of the grid value is calculated by distance weighting of 4 neighborhood pixels around the sample point. The specific operation is that firstly, interpolation is carried out once in the X direction, then interpolation is carried out once in the Y direction, and the grid value of the pixel is obtained through distance weighting calculation.
The preferred calculation formula is:
I(P)＝(1-Δx)(1-Δy)·I11+(1-Δx)·Δy·I12+Δx·(1-Δy)·I21+Δx·Δy·I22 (10)
wherein I (P) is the DN value of the sampling point pixel, P11、P12、P13、P14Are respectively 4 pixels around the sampling point, I11、I12、I13、I14Respectively are DN values of 4 surrounding pixels, and Delta x is the distance P between sampling points11And P12The straight line distance of the central connecting line in the x direction, and delta y is the distance P of the sampling point11And P21The straight line distance of the center line in the y direction.
The preferred scheme is as follows: rotation about the optical axis direction is also referred to as rotation about the yaw axis. Fig. 4 shows an image shift caused by rotational displacement about the optical axis. Within the integration time, the image shift dim generated by the remote sensing satellite rotating around the optical axis by an angular displacement of θ z can be expressed as:
dim＝l·θz (11)
wherein l is the distance between the target image point and the center of the field of view.
The preferred scheme is as follows: and (3) according to the calculated image offset, directly translating the image motion of an integer element, resampling adjacent frames by adopting a bilinear interpolation method for the image motion of a sub-pixel, and using a specific algorithm similar to the formula (10).
(4) Carrying out pixel combination on each frame of target image after registration in the step (3) to obtain each frame of target image after pixel combination; the preferred scheme is as follows:
the preferred scheme is as follows: the method adopts the mode of averaging the DN values of adjacent pixels in the same frame of image, a plurality of pixels are combined to become one pixel, the spatial resolution is reduced, the signal-to-noise ratio of the image is improved, if n x n pixels are combined, the spatial noise of the image is inhibited, the signal-to-noise ratio of each point in the image is improved by n times, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the image is increased along with the increase of the number of the combined pixels.
(5) Superposing the target images of the frames after the pixel combination in the step (4) to obtain a final image with the improved signal-to-noise ratio; the preferred scheme is as follows:
the preferred scheme is as follows: the method is characterized in that a mode of continuously collecting multiple frames of images and adding and averaging the same pixel frame by frame is adopted, multiple frames of images are superposed and averaged to obtain a high signal-to-noise ratio image, wherein the images used for multiple frames of superposition need to be the images after the same integration time and the same place are registered. If the K frames of images are subjected to superposition averaging, the time noise of the images is suppressed, and the signal-to-noise ratio of each point in the images is improved
As the number of frames of the superimposed image increases, the cumulative signal-to-noise ratio also increases.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the multi-frame overlapping suppresses the time domain noise, and after the image is corrected, the effect of improving the signal-to-noise ratio by the multi-frame overlapping is as shown in fig. 5 (100,300,500,1000 is the size of the image statistical region, and the signal-to-noise ratio improvement curves are basically overlapped).
The pixel combination suppresses spatial noise, and the effect of multi-frame superposition on improving the signal-to-noise ratio after the image is corrected is shown in fig. 6.
The signal-to-noise ratio improvement effect ratio of the images in the time-space domain is shown in fig. 7 and 8; (fig. 7 shows the original, and fig. 8 shows 4 frames superimposed and 4 × 4 combined images).
The invention provides a signal-to-noise ratio improving method based on a time-space domain. The time domain signal to noise ratio is improved, multiple sampling superposition is carried out by utilizing the staring imaging characteristic, and the space domain signal to noise ratio is improved, and adjacent sampling digital combination processing is utilized, so that the high signal to noise ratio requirement in the fields of ocean detection and the like is met; the invention provides a method for measuring the angular deviation of an optical axis of a camera by using a gyroscope angle measuring element so as to register images. The scheme has high measurement precision, the precision error is less than 1/3 pixels, the image registration process can be simplified, and the image registration is not influenced by the observation time and the observation target.
The invention provides a method for correcting the non-uniformity of the response of a detection pixel by a two-point method, which determines a standard response curve and a correction coefficient of a detector by a bright image and a dark image. The non-uniformity correction scheme is simple and efficient, and saves hardware resources on the satellite.
Claims (6)
1. A detection signal-to-noise ratio improving method of an area array staring camera is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) acquiring a non-uniformity correction coefficient according to light and dark continuous K frame images acquired by the area array staring camera;
(2) continuously acquiring multiple frames of target images by the area array staring camera, and carrying out non-uniformity correction on each frame of acquired target images according to the obtained non-uniformity correction coefficient obtained in the step (1) to obtain multiple frames of target images with reduced spatial noise;
(3) carrying out image registration on the multi-frame target image with the space noise reduced in the step (2) to obtain a registered multi-frame target image;
(4) carrying out pixel combination on each frame of target image after registration in the step (3) to obtain each frame of target image after pixel combination;
(5) and (4) superposing the target images of the frames after the pixel combination in the step (4) to obtain a final image with the improved signal-to-noise ratio.
2. The method for improving the detection signal-to-noise ratio of an area-array staring camera according to claim 1, characterized in that: (1) according to light and dark continuous K frame images collected by an area array staring camera, acquiring a non-uniformity correction coefficient, which specifically comprises the following steps:
the non-uniformity correction coefficient is obtained by adopting a two-point method, the area array camera images the integrating sphere, the integrating sphere is set to be light brightness and dark brightness respectively, a curve S determined by the light brightness and the dark brightness is regarded as a standard response curve of the detector, and the correction coefficient of each pixel can be obtained according to the respective mean value of the light brightness and the dark brightness and the response value of each pixel.
3. The method for improving the detection signal-to-noise ratio of an area-array staring camera according to claim 1, characterized in that: (2) continuously acquiring multiple frames of target images by the area array staring camera, and carrying out non-uniformity correction on each frame of acquired target images according to the obtained non-uniformity correction coefficient obtained in the step (1) to obtain multiple frames of target images with reduced spatial noise; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
and respectively substituting the obtained non-uniformity correction coefficients into the response value of the detection unit of each frame of image to carry out pixel-by-pixel correction, thereby obtaining a plurality of frames of target images with reduced spatial noise.
4. The method for improving the detection signal-to-noise ratio of an area-array staring camera according to claim 1, characterized in that: (3) carrying out image registration on the multi-frame target image with the space noise reduced in the step (2) to obtain a registered multi-frame target image; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
due to the reasons of shaking of a satellite platform, unstable attitude control and the like, image offset exists between continuous multi-frame images, and image registration needs to be carried out on the obtained K-frame images before subsequent multi-frame superposition is carried out; in order to calculate the offset between different image frames, the gyroscope can measure the attitude change of the images of different frames, the image pixel offset between adjacent frames can be calculated through a strict imaging geometric model, and finally the image pixel offset is respectively registered with the first frame image according to the calculated image offset of each frame.
5. The method for improving the detection signal-to-noise ratio of an area-array staring camera according to claim 1, characterized in that: (4) carrying out pixel combination on each frame of target image after registration in the step (3) to obtain each frame of target image after pixel combination; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
the pixel combination adopts a mode of averaging the DN values of adjacent pixels in the same frame of image, a plurality of pixels are combined to become one pixel, the spatial resolution is reduced, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the image is improved.
6. The method for improving the detection signal-to-noise ratio of an area-array staring camera according to claim 1, characterized in that: (5) superposing the target images of the frames after the pixel combination in the step (4) to obtain a final image with the improved signal-to-noise ratio; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
and combining the continuously acquired K frames of pixels, and then adding the same pixels of the images frame by frame to average, and obtaining a high signal-to-noise ratio image after superposing and averaging the multiple frames of images.
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