CN112423726A

CN112423726A - Compositions for protecting cells from oxidative and mitochondrial stress

Info

Publication number: CN112423726A
Application number: CN201980046536.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 尼古拉·简·康伦; 马尔科姆·菲利普·央基
Original assignee: Nukido Ltd
Current assignee: Nukido Ltd; Nuchido Ltd
Priority date: 2018-07-10
Filing date: 2019-07-10
Publication date: 2021-02-26
Also published as: CA3104982A1; KR20210031706A; EP3820433A1; AU2019300315A1; US20210267870A1; GB202101405D0; GB201811312D0; GB2590020A; WO2020012175A1; JP2021524495A

Abstract

The present invention describes a composition comprising an effective amount of a combination of two or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesoid, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, astragalus, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, bacopa, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, anthocyanins, leucine, Lithium, luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin a, wortmannin, and zinc (including salts thereof).

Description

Compositions for protecting cells from oxidative and mitochondrial stress

Technical Field

The present invention relates to novel compositions for oral or topical administration in general to reduce the effects of aging.

In particular, the invention relates to compositions and methods for enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, or for improving DNA repair capacity.

Background

The reduced ability to protect and repair DNA is a significant cause of genomic instability. Genomic instability, in turn, can lead to a variety of diseases such as cancer, the risk of which increases exponentially with age.

Protection of DNA and other important cellular mechanisms from damage and repair when damage occurs is critical for highly functional cells. This protection and repair of cells is often associated with youth and health. Furthermore, these protective and repair functions decline in somatic cells with age and are responsible for a decline in most cellular and tissue functions.

Disclosure of Invention

We have now found novel compositions comprising certain active ingredients which are particularly useful for enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or for improving DNA repair capacity.

Thus, according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition comprising an effective amount of a combination of two or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesoid, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, astragalus root, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, bacopa monnieri (bacopa moneeri), catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), Kaempferol, semen Sojae Atricolor anthocyanins (kuromanin), leucine, lithium, luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methyl Nicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nadide), nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley (petroselinium crispum), phenylephrinePokeweed mitogen, 15-delta prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin A, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withanotin A, wortmannin and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof.

The amount of active ingredient in the composition according to this aspect of the invention may vary depending on the nature of the active ingredient, the mode of administration and the like. Exemplary amounts of active ingredient that may be present in the composition are from about 1mg to about 1000 mg; or from about 50mg to about 900 mg; or from about 100mg to about 800 mg; or from about 150mg to about 700 mg; or from about 200mg to about 600 mg; or from about 250mg to about 500 mg.

It is desirable to enhance the tolerance of cells, particularly skin cells, to DNA damage by enhancing their DNA protection and repair capacity, and by enhancing their ability to withstand oxidative stress and mitochondrial stress and dysfunction.

According to this aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition for enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or improving DNA repair.

In another aspect of the invention, the composition is used to enhance the tolerance of cells to DNA damage, for example, to DNA damage in skin cells.

In another aspect of the invention, the composition is used to enhance cellular tolerance to oxidative stress, for example, to enhance skin cells tolerance to oxidative stress.

In another aspect of the invention, the composition is used to enhance tolerance of a cell to mitochondrial dysfunction, e.g., enhance tolerance of a cell to mitochondrial dysfunction.

In another aspect of the invention, the composition is used to increase the DNA repair capacity of a cell, for example, to increase the DNA repair capacity of a skin cell.

In one aspect of the invention, the composition is used to enhance cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and to improve DNA repair.

Thus, according to the inventionIn this aspect, a composition is provided comprising an effective amount of one or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesoid, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, astragalus, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, bacopa, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, cyanidin, leucine, lithium black bean, and combinations thereof, Luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin a, wortmannin, and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof; the composition is used for enhancing the cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, or for improving DNA repair.

Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesoid, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, astragalus root, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, bacopa, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, alpha-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate, beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate, pseudopalmatine, catechin, catechol, chamomillae, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid,18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, black soya anthocyanin, leucine, lithium, luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin a, wortmannin, and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof; the composition is used for enhancing DNA repair ability of cells.

According to this aspect of the invention there is provided a composition as described herein for use in enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or enhancing DNA repair capacity.

The amount of active ingredient in the composition according to this aspect of the invention may vary depending on the nature of the active ingredient, the mode of administration and the like. Exemplary amounts of active ingredient that may be present in the composition are from about 1mg to about 1000mg per day; or from about 50mg to about 900 mg; or from about 100mg to about 800 mg; or from about 150mg to about 700 mg; or from about 200mg to about 600 mg; or from about 250mg to about 500 mg.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition as described herein for use in enhancing the tolerance of cells, such as skin cells, to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or increasing DNA repair capacity, comprising topically applying to the skin of an individual an effective amount of the composition.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition as described herein for use in reducing, alleviating or ameliorating the effects of aging by enhancing the tolerance of cells, e.g. skin cells, to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or increasing DNA repair capacity.

According to this aspect of the invention there is provided a composition as described herein for use in reducing, ameliorating or ameliorating the effects of aging as described herein.

The effects of aging may include age-related skin conditions, sun-related skin conditions, skin conditions related to exposure to pollution, skin conditions related to oxidative stress, and skin conditions related to lifestyle choices such as diet, alcohol, and/or smoking. In addition, the compositions of the present invention may be advantageous in reducing, ameliorating or improving skin conditions associated with inflammatory skin diseases and skin conditions associated with autoimmune diseases. The compositions of the present invention may be advantageous in alleviating, alleviating or ameliorating other age-related conditions such as, but not limited to, increased weakness, loss of elasticity, loss of muscle strength, loss of muscle endurance, weakness, loss of cognitive acuity, memory decline, and the like. More specifically, the compositions of the present invention may be advantageous in alleviating, alleviating or ameliorating other age-related conditions such as, but not limited to, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and alzheimer's disease; the incidence of these conditions increases with age.

Age-related skin conditions that may be alleviated, or improved should include, but should not be limited to, one or more of sagging, wrinkles, skin elasticity, skin aging, skin moisture, wounds, acne, skin darkening, skin whitening, pigmentation, age spots, loss of radiance, edema, uneven skin tone, redness, rosacea, loss of barrier function, loss of skin elasticity, laxity, stretch marks, cellulite, and dryness.

Sun-related skin conditions that may be alleviated, or improved include, but should not be limited to, one or more of actinic keratosis, freckles, lentigo or age spots, nevi, photosensitivity, polymorphous light eruptions, seborrheic keratosis, skin cancers (such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma), solar elastosis or wrinkles, and sun damage.

Skin conditions associated with inflammatory skin disorders that may be alleviated, or improved include, but should not be limited to, one or more of acne, sebaceous eczema, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, discoid eczema, eczematous drug eruptions, erythema multiforme, erythroderma, gravity/varicose eczema, hand eczema, lichenification lentigo, lichen planus, lichen simplex, lichen striatus, mycosis fungoides, pityriasis lichen mosans, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, Stephens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and vasculitis.

Skin conditions associated with autoimmune diseases that may be alleviated, or improved include, but should not be limited to, one or more of alopecia areata, bullous pemphigoid, dermatomyositis, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, eosinophilic fasciitis, pemphigus vulgaris, psoriasis, pyoderma gangrenosum, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vitiligo.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition as described herein for use in alleviating, alleviating or ameliorating the effects of autoimmune diseases by improving the tolerance of cells, e.g. skin cells, to DNA damage and/or enhancing the DNA repair capacity of skin cells.

Such autoimmune diseases and related immune diseases shall include, but shall not be limited to, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, non-glomerular nephropathy, psoriasis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease, behcet's disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

The compositions of the invention may be administered topically, orally or parenterally; or may comprise controlled-, sustained-or extended-release formulations containing a suitably reduced amount of the desired active ingredient, in the form of powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, oral solutions or suspensions, oil and water emulsions, as well as implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.

Parenteral administration

Thus, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for parenteral administration as described herein.

When the composition of the present invention is administered parenterally, it may be in the form of intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, topical or transdermal injection.

Topical application

Preferably, the compositions of the present invention may be administered topically or transdermally. Thus, according to this aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition for topical administration as described herein. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition for transdermal administration as described herein.

Suitable formulations for topical or transdermal administration include an effective amount of a composition of the invention comprising an active ingredient as defined herein with one or more carriers. The carrier includes an absorbable pharmaceutically acceptable solvent to aid in the entry into the skin of the host.

Suitable formulations for topical application to, for example, the skin and eye include aqueous solutions, suspensions, ointments, creams, gels, sprayable formulations, transdermal patches or bandages, e.g., for delivery by aerosol or the like. Such topical delivery systems would be particularly suitable for dermal applications, for prophylactic use in sun creams, lotions, sprays and the like. They are therefore particularly suitable for use in topical formulations, including cosmetic formulations, well known in the art. Such formulations may include solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and preservatives.

The transdermal device may be in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the composition of the invention optionally with a carrier, optionally a rate controlling barrier for delivering the composition of the invention to the skin of a host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and a means for securing the device to the skin.

The compositions of the present invention may also comprise a cosmetically acceptable carrier. The amount of carrier may range from 1% to 99.9%, preferably from 70% to 95%, optimally from 80% to 90%. Useful carriers include water, emollients, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, thickeners and combinations thereof. The carrier may be aqueous, anhydrous or an emulsion. Preferably, the composition is aqueous, in particular a water-in-oil or oil-in-water type water and oil emulsion, or a multiple emulsion of the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. When present, the amount of water may range from 5 wt% to 95 wt%, preferably from about 20 wt% to about 70 wt%, optimally from 35 wt% to 60 wt%.

Emollient materials may be used as cosmetically acceptable carriers. These emollient materials may be in the form of silicone oils, natural or synthetic esters, hydrocarbons, alcohols, and fatty acids. The amount of emollient may range anywhere from 0.1% to 95% by weight of the composition, preferably between 1% and 50% by weight.

Silicone oils can be divided into volatile and non-volatile classes. As used herein, the term "volatile" refers to those materials that have a measurable vapor pressure at ambient temperature. The volatile silicone oil is preferably chosen from cyclic (cyclomethicone) or linear polydimethylsiloxanes containing from 3 to 9, preferably from 5 to 6, silicon atoms. Non-volatile silicone oils useful as emollient materials include polyalkylsiloxanes, polyalkylarylsiloxanes, and polyether siloxane copolymers. The substantially non-volatile polyalkylsiloxanes useful herein include, for example, those having a viscosity of from 5X 10-6 to 0.1m at 25 deg.C²Polydimethylsiloxane per second. Preferred non-volatile emollients useful in the present compositions include those having a viscosity of 1X 10 at 25 deg.C<-5>To about 4X 10<-4>m<2>Polydimethylsiloxane per second. Another class of non-volatile silicones are emulsified and non-emulsified silicone elastomers. Representative of this class are the dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone crosspolymers available under the tradenames Dow Corning 9040, General Electric SFE 839, and Shin-Etsu KSG-18. Silicone waxes such as Silwax WS-L (dimethicone copolyol laurate) may also be useful.

Ester emollients include:

a) alkyl esters of saturated fatty acids having 10 to 24 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include behenyl pivalate, isononyl isononanoate, isopropyl myristate and octyl stearate.

b) Ether esters, such as fatty acid esters of ethoxylated saturated fatty alcohols.

c) A polyol ester. Ethylene glycol mono-and di-fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol (200-6000) mono-and di-fatty acid esters, propylene glycol mono-and di-fatty acid esters, polypropylene glycol 2000 monostearate, ethoxylated propylene glycol monostearate, glycerol mono-and di-fatty acid esters, polyglycerol poly-fatty esters, ethoxylated glycerol monostearate, 1, 3-butylene glycol distearate, polyoxyethylene polyol fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid esters, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters are satisfactory polyhydric alcohol esters. Particularly useful are the pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane and neopentyl glycol esters of C1-C30 alcohols.

d) Wax esters such as beeswax, spermaceti wax and behen tergite wax.

e) Sugar esters of fatty acids such as sucrose behenate and sucrose cottonseed oleate.

Natural ester emollients are based primarily on mono-, di-and triglycerides. Representative glycerides include sunflower seed oil, cottonseed oil, borage seed oil, evening primrose oil, castor and hydrogenated castor oils, rice bran oil, soybean oil, olive oil, safflower oil, shea butter, jojoba oil, and combinations thereof. Emollients of animal origin are represented by lanolin oil and lanolin derivatives. The amount of natural ester can range from 0.1 wt% to 20 wt% of the composition.

Hydrocarbons which are suitable cosmetically acceptable carriers include petrolatum, mineral oil, C11-C13 isoparaffins, polybutenes, and particularly isohexadecane, commercially available from Presperse Inc. under the tradename Permethyl 101A.

Fatty acids having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms may also be suitable as cosmetically acceptable carriers. Examples of this class include pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, isostearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, hydroxystearic and behenic acids, and mixtures thereof.

Fatty alcohols having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms are another useful class of cosmetically acceptable carriers. Examples of this category are stearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.

Thickeners or rheology modifiers may be used as part of the cosmetically acceptable carrier of the composition according to the invention. Typical thickeners include crosslinked acrylates (e.g.

) Hydrophobically modified acrylates (e.g. acrylic acid esters

) Polyacrylamide (e.g. polyacrylamide)

) Acrylylmethanesulfonic acid/salt polymers and copolymers (e.g. of

) Cellulose derivatives and natural gums. Useful cellulose derivatives include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, ethylcellulose and hydroxymethylcellulose. Natural gums suitable for use in the present invention include guar gum, xanthan gum, sclerotium rolfsii gum, carrageenan, pectin and combinations of these gums. Inorganic substances may also be used as thickeners, in particular clays such as bentonite and hectorite, fumed silica, talc, calcium carbonate and silicates such as magnesium aluminum silicate

The amount of thickener may range from 0.0001% to 10%, typically from 0.001% to 1%, or from 0.01% to 0.5%.

Emollients particularly useful in products intended for application to the face to improve sensory properties are selected from polypropylene glycol-14 butyl ether (also known as Tegosoft PBE), or PPG15 stearyl ether (such as Tegosoft E), other oils such as esters, especially isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, other oils may include castor oil and derivatives thereof.

Humectants of the polyol type may be employed as cosmetically acceptable carriers. Typical polyhydric alcohols include glycerol, polyalkylene glycols and more preferably alkylene polyols and derivatives thereof, including propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and derivatives thereof, sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, hexylene glycol, 1, 3-butylene glycol, isoprene glycol, 1,2, 6-hexanetriol, ethoxylated glycerol, propoxylated glycerol and mixtures thereof. The amount of humectant may be any value within the range of 0.5 to 50% by weight of the composition, preferably between 1 and 15% by weight.

A skin moisturizer such as hyaluronic acid and/or its precursor N-acetylglucosamine may be included. N-acetylglucosamine may be present in shark cartilage or shiitake mushroom and is commercially available from Maypro Industries, Inc., New York. Other humectants include hydroxypropyl tri (C1-C3 alkyl) ammonium salts. These salts can be obtained by various synthetic methods, most particularly by hydrolysis of chlorohydroxypropyltri (C1-C3 alkyl) ammonium salts. The specific substance is 1, 2-dihydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, wherein C1-C3 alkyl is a methyl group. The amount of salt may range from 0.2% to 30%, preferably from 0.5% to 20%, optimally from 1% to 12% by weight of the topical composition, including all ranges subsumed therein.

Typically, the C1-C3 alkyl component on the quaternary ammonium group will be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or hydroxyethyl, and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred are the trimethylammonium groups designated by the INCI nomenclature as "trimethylammonium" groups. Any anion may be used in the quaternary ammonium salt. The anion may be organic or inorganic, provided that the material is cosmetically acceptable. Typical inorganic anions are halides, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates and borates. Most preferred are halide ions, especially chloride ions. Organic anionic counterions include methyl sulfate, toluoyl sulfate, acetate, citrate, tartrate, lactate, gluconate, and benzenesulfonate.

Other humectants that can be used in particular in combination with the above ammonium salts include substituted ureas such as methylol urea, hydroxyethyl urea, hydroxypropyl urea; bis- (hydroxymethyl) urea; bis (hydroxyethyl) urea; bis (hydroxypropyl) urea; n, N' -dimethylol urea; n, N' -dihydroxyethyl urea; n, N' -dihydroxypropyl urea; n, N' -trishydroxyethyl urea; tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) urea; tetra (hydroxyethyl) urea; tetra (hydroxypropyl) urea; N-methyl-N' -hydroxyethyl urea; N-ethyl-N' -hydroxyethyl urea; N-hydroxypropyl-N '-hydroxyethyl urea and N, N' -dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl urea. In the case where the term hydroxypropyl appears, the meaning is common to 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 2-hydroxy-n-propyl, 3-hydroxy-isopropyl or 2-hydroxy-isopropyl groups. Most preferred is hydroxyethyl urea. The latter is available as a 50% aqueous liquid. The amount of substituted urea that can be used in the topical compositions of the present invention ranges from 0.01% to 20%, or from 0.5% to 15%, or from 2% to 10%.

When ammonium salts and substituted ureas are used, in the most particularly preferred embodiments, at least 0.01% to 25%, or 0.2% to 20%, or 1% to 15% of a humectant, such as glycerin, is used. Other moisturizers for use herein include petrolatum and/or various aquaporin-manipulating actives and/or oat kernel flour.

In one embodiment, the pH of the topical composition is between 3.5 and 8.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the topical composition is between pH 3.5 and pH 8. In some embodiments, the pH of the topical composition is between pH 5 and pH 7.8. In some embodiments, the pH of the topical composition is between 5 and 7.5.

In some embodiments, the topical compositions of the present invention comprise a sunscreen. These are usually a combination of organic and inorganic sunscreens. It is particularly desirable to include both UV-A and UV-B radiation sunscreens.

The UV-B sunscreen may be selected from cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, diphenylacrylic acid or derivatives thereof. UV-B sunscreen oils may comprise one or more of octyl salicylate, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, ethylhexyl salicylate, 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3, 3-diphenyl-2-acrylate, or 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (also known as octyl methoxycinnamate or "OMC")And (4) seed preparation. Such UV-B sunscreens are generally commercially available, such as Octisalate^TM(octyl salicylate), Homosalate^TM(2-

hydroxybenzoic acid

3,3, 5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester), NeoHeliopan^TM(A series of organic UV filters, including OMC (Neo Heliopan AV)^TM) And ethylhexyl salicylate (Neo Heliopan OS)^TM))、Octocrylene^TMAnd Milestab 3039^TM2-ethylhexyl (2-cyano-3, 3-diphenyl-2-acrylate) or Parsol MCXTM (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate). The amount of UV-B sunscreen oil in the topical composition may be from 0.1 wt% to 20 wt%, or from 0.2 wt% to 10 wt%, or from 0.5 wt% to 7 wt%, or from 2 wt% to 6 wt%.

The topical composition may also contain a water-soluble UV-B sunscreen. The water soluble UV-B sunscreen may also comprise phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (also known as esomeprazole), 4-aminobenzoic acid (also known as p-aminobenzoic acid or "PABA"), or both.

The topical composition of any one of the above embodiments may further comprise from 0.1% to 10% by weight of a UV-a sunscreen oil. UV-A sunscreen oils may comprise 4-tert-butyl-4 ' -methoxydibenzoylmethane ("Avobenzone"), 2-methyldibenzoylmethane, 4-methyl-dibenzoyl-ethane, 4-isopropyldibenzoyl-methane, 4-tert-butyldibenzoylmethane, 2, 4-dimethyldibenzoylmethane, 2, 5-dimethyldibenzoylmethane, 4 ' -diisopropyldibenzoylmethane, 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-4 ' -methoxy-dibenzoylmethane, 2-methyl-5-tert-butyl-4 ' -methoxy-dibenzoylmethane, 2, 4-dimethyl-4 ' -methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-methyl-5-tert-butyl-4 ' -methoxydibenzoylmethane, 2, 4-dimethyl-4 ' -methoxydibenzoylmethane, and mixtures thereof, 2, 6-dimethyl-4-tert-butyl-4' methoxy-dibenzoylmethane, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate, camphanol or methyl anthranilate. The amount of UV-a sunscreen oil in the topical composition may be from 0.5 wt% to 7 wt%, or from 1 wt% to 5 wt%.

Other suitable sunscreen oils suitable for use in the topical composition include those commercially available from BASF corporation: uvinul T-150 (ethylhexyl triazone; UV-B sunscreen), Uvinul A Plus (diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate; UV-A sunscreen), Tinosorb S (bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine; UV-A and UV-B sunscreens), Tinosorb M (methylenebisbenzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol; UV-A and UV-B sunscreens). Disodium phenyl dibenzoimidazole tetrasulfonate (bisdisullizone disodium) may also be included in the topical compositions.

A specific combination of UV-A sunscreen oil and UV-B sunscreen oil is avobenzone and 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate.

In some embodiments, the sunscreen agent is an inorganic sunscreen agent. Examples of inorganic sunscreens suitable for use in the skin care compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, ultrafine titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, polyethylene, and various other polymers. By the term "ultrafine" is meant particles having an average particle size in the range of 10nm to 200nm, or 20nm to 100 nm. When present in skin care formulations according to some embodiments of the present invention, the amount of sunscreen may range from 0.1% to 30%, alternatively from 2% to 20%, alternatively from 4% to 10%.

In addition to niacinamide included herein, the compositions of the present invention may also contain a skin lightening compound to achieve optimal skin lightening performance at optimal cost. Exemplary materials are placental extract, lactic acid, resorcinol (4-substituted, 2, 5-disubstituted, 4, 5-disubstituted and 4, 6-disubstituted, especially 4-hexyl, 4-methyl, 4-butyl, 4-isopropyl, phenethyl resorcinol), arbutin, kojic acid, ferulic acid, hydroquinone, resorcinol derivatives (including disubstituted resorcinol) and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, such skin lightening compounds are tyrosinase inhibitors, most preferably compounds selected from the group consisting of kojic acid, hydroquinone and 4-substituted resorcinol. Further, dicarboxylic acids represented by the formula HOOC- (CxHy) -COOH, wherein x-4 to 20 and y-6 to 40, such as azelaic acid, sebacic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, octadecenedioic acid (e.g., Arlatone DC) or salts thereof or mixtures thereof, most preferably fumaric acid or salts thereof, especially disodium salt. It has been found that the combination of 12HSA and fumaric acid or a salt thereof is particularly preferred, especially for skin lightening formulations. The amount of these agents may range from 0.1 to 10%, preferably from 0.5 to 2% by weight of the composition. Preferably, the skin lightening co-active agent according to the present invention is 4-alkylresorcinol and/or 12-hydroxystearic acid.

Another preferred ingredient of the compositions of the present invention is a retinoid. As used herein, "retinoid" includes all natural and/or synthetic analogs of vitamin a or retinoid compounds that have the biological activity of vitamin a in the skin, as well as geometric isomers and stereoisomers of these compounds. The retinoid is preferably retinol, retinol esters (e.g., C2-C22 alkyl esters of retinol, including retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate, retinyl propionate), retinal and/or retinoic acid (including all-trans retinoic acid and/or 13-cis-retinoic acid), more preferably retinoids other than retinoic acid. These compounds are well known in the art and are commercially available from a number of sources, such as Sigma Chemical Company (st. louis, Mo.) and Boerhinger Mannheim (Indianapolis, Ind.). Other retinoids useful herein are described in U.S. patent No. 4,677,120, U.S. patent No. 4,885,311, U.S. patent No. 5,049,584, U.S. patent No. 5,124,356. Other suitable retinoids are tocopheryl retinoic acid esters (tocopheryl retinoic acid (trans or cis), adapalene {6- [3- (1-adamantyl) -4-methoxyphenyl ] -2-naphthoic acid } and tazarotene (ethyl 6- [2- (4, 4-dimethylthiochroman-6-yl) -ethynyl ] nicotinate). preferred retinoids are retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate, retinyl propionate, retinal and combinations thereof More preferably for regulating the symptoms of skin aging, even more preferably for regulating visible and/or tactile discontinuities in the texture of skin associated with skin aging. The composition preferably comprises from 0.005% to 2%, or from 0.01% to 2% of a retinoid. Retinol is preferably used in an amount of 0.01% to 0.15%; retinol esters are preferably used in amounts of 0.01% to 2% (e.g., 1%); retinoic acid is preferably used in an amount of 0.01% to 0.25%; tocopheryl retinoic acid esters, adapalene and tazarotene are preferably used in amounts of 0.01% to 2%.

Various herbal extracts may optionally be included in the compositions of the present invention. Exemplary herbal extracts are pomegranate, white birch (Betula Alba), green tea, chamomile, licorice, and combinations of their extracts. The extract may be a water-soluble or water-insoluble substance carried in a hydrophilic or hydrophobic solvent, respectively. Water and ethanol are preferred extraction solvents.

The topical composition may further comprise from about 0.1% to about 8% by weight of a film-forming polymer. Such film-forming polymers include, but are not limited to, polyalkylene oxide-terminated polyamides (e.g., INCI designations: polyamide-3, polyamide-4), polyether polyamides (e.g., INCI designations: polyamide-6), mixed acid terminated polyamides (e.g., INCI designations: polyamide-7), and ester terminated poly (ester amides) (e.g., INCI designations: polyamide-8). Such film-forming polymers may be synthetic or commercially available, such as Sylvaclear from Arizona Chemical Company, LLC^TMProduct line and oleo craft of Croda International PLC^TMA series of products. Film-forming polymers also include, but are not limited to, polyester-5 under the INCI designation (e.g., Eastman AQ^TM38S Polymer), PPG-17/IPDI/DMPA copolymer (e.g., Avalure)^TMUR 450 polymers), acrylate copolymers (e.g., Avalure)^TMAC 120 polymer) and polysaccharides such as Xilogel (tamarind gum), locust bean gum, tara gum, beta-glucan, pullulan, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium alginate, potato starch, carrageenan. The film-forming polymer can comprise a combination of any two or more of the polymers listed above. The amount of film-forming polymer in the topical composition may be from 0.1% to 8% by weight.

Preservatives may desirably be incorporated into the compositions of the present invention to prevent the growth of potentially harmful microorganisms. Conventional preservatives suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Other preservatives that have recently begun to be used include hydantoin derivatives, propionate salts, and various quaternary ammonium compounds. Cosmetic chemists are familiar with appropriate preservatives and routinely select them to meet preservative challenge tests and provide product stability. Particular preservatives are iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, phenoxyethanol, octylglycol, C1-6-paraben (especially methyl and/or propyl paraben), imidazolidinyl urea, sodium dehydroacetate and benzyl alcohol. The choice of preservative should take into account the use of the composition and possible incompatibilities between the preservative and other ingredients in the emulsion. Preservatives may be used in amounts ranging from 0.01% to 2%. One particular combination is octaoctene and octaethylene glycol, since octaethylene glycol has been disclosed to enhance UVA and UVB protection.

Antifungal agents suitable for inclusion in topical compositions are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, climbazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole, epoxiconazole, terbinafine, a salt (e.g., hydrochloride salt) of any one or more of these, zinc pyrithione, selenium disulfide, and combinations of two or more thereof.

In some embodiments, the topical compositions of the present invention comprise vitamins. Exemplary vitamins are vitamin a (retinol), vitamin B2, vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and biotin. Derivatives of vitamins may also be used. For example, vitamin C derivatives include ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, and ascorbyl glycoside. Derivatives of vitamin E include tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl palmitate and tocopheryl linoleate. DL-panthenol and its derivatives may also be used. In some embodiments, the vitamin B3 derivative is nicotinamide riboside. In some embodiments, the vitamin B6 derivative is pyridoxine palmitate. Flavonoids may also be useful, particularly glucosyl hesperidin, rutin and soy isoflavones (including genistein, daidzein, equol and their glucosyl derivatives) and mixtures thereof. When present, the total amount of vitamins or flavonoids may range from 0.0001% to 10%, alternatively from 0.001% to 10%, alternatively from 0.01% to 10%, alternatively from 0.1% to 10%, alternatively from 1% to 10%, alternatively from 0.01% to 1%, alternatively from 0.1% to 0.5%.

In some embodiments, the topical compositions of the present invention comprise enzymes, such as oxidases, proteases, lipases, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the topical compositions of the present invention comprise superoxide dismutase, commercially available from Brooks Company, USA as Biocell SOho aD.

In some embodiments, the topical compositions of the present invention comprise a desquamation promoting agent. In some embodiments, the topical compositions of the present invention comprise a desquamation promoting agent at a concentration of from 0.01% to 15%, alternatively from 0.05% to 15%, alternatively from 0.1% to 15%, alternatively from 0.5% to 15%.

Exemplary desquamation promoters include monocarboxylic acids. The monocarboxylic acid may be substituted or unsubstituted and has a carbon chain length of up to 16. In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid is an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid, beta-hydroxycarboxylic acid, or polyhydroxycarboxylic acid. The term "acid" is meant to include not only the free acid, but also its salts and C1-C30 alkyl or aryl esters, as well as lactones produced by removing water to form cyclic or linear lactone structures. Representative acids include glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid and tartaric acid. In some embodiments, the salt is ammonium lactate. In some embodiments, the β -hydroxycarboxylic acid is salicylic acid. In some embodiments, the phenolic acid comprises ferulic acid, salicylic acid, kojic acid, and salts thereof.

In some embodiments, at least one additional component may be present at 0.000001% to 10%, or 0.00001% to 10%, or 0.0001% to 10%, or 0.001% to 10%, or 0.01% to 10%, or 0.1% to 10%, or 0.0001% to 1% by weight of the composition. Colorants, opacifiers or abrasives may also be included in the compositions of the present invention. The colorant, opacifier or abrasive may be included at a concentration of 0.05 wt% to 5 wt%, or between 0.1 wt% and 3 wt% of the composition.

In some embodiments, the personal care products of the present invention may further comprise a peptide, such as the pentapeptide derivative-Matrixyl commercially available from Sederma, France^TM. As another example, in some embodiments, the personal care products of the present invention can further comprise carnosine.

The compositions of the present invention may comprise a variety of other optional components. The CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook (second edition, 1992), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, describes various non-limiting Cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients commonly used in the topical Cosmetic skin care industry that are suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention. Examples include: antioxidants, binders, biological additives, buffering agents, colorants, thickeners, polymers, astringents, fragrances, humectants, opacifiers, conditioning agents, exfoliants, pH adjusters, preservatives, natural extracts, essential oils, skin sensates, skin soothing agents, and skin healing agents.

The topical compositions of the present invention are preferably non-solid. The compositions of the present invention are preferably leave-on compositions. The compositions of the present invention are preferably leave-on compositions to be applied to remain on the skin. These leave-on compositions are distinguished from compositions that are applied to the skin and subsequently removed by washing, rinsing, wiping, etc., after or during application of the product. Surfactants commonly used in rinse-off compositions have physicochemical properties that enable them to produce an easily rinsable foam/lather upon use; they may consist of mixtures of anions, cations, amphoteric and non-ionic. On the other hand, surfactants used in leave-on compositions need not have such properties. In contrast, since leave-on compositions are not intended to be rinsed off, they need to be non-irritating and therefore the total level of surfactant and the total level of anionic surfactant in the leave-on composition needs to be minimized. The total level of surfactant in the compositions of the invention is preferably from 1% to no more than 10%, more preferably less than 8%, most preferably at most 5%, most preferably at most 3%.

In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant is present in the leave-on skin care composition in an amount of from 0.01% to at most 5% by weight of the composition, or from 0.01% to 4% by weight of the composition, or from 0.01% to 3% by weight of the composition, or from 0.01% to 2% by weight of the composition, or is substantially absent (less than 1%, or less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%). In some embodiments, the total level of surfactant in the skin care composition is no more than 10%, or less than 8%, or up to 5%.

In some embodiments, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric actives.

In some embodiments, the nonionic surfactants are those having the following: a C10-C20 fatty alcohol or acid hydrophobe condensed with 2 to 100 moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide per mole of hydrophobe; C2-C10 alkylphenols condensed with 2 to 20 mol of alkylene oxide; mono-and di-fatty acid esters of ethylene glycol; fatty acid monoglycerides; sorbitan mono-and di-C8-C20 fatty acids; and polyoxyethylene sorbitan, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl polyglycosides, sugar fatty amides (e.g., methyl glucamide), and trialkylamine oxides.

Amphoteric surfactants suitable for use in skin care compositions according to some embodiments of the present invention include cocamidopropyl betaine, C12-C20 trialkylbetaine, sodium lauroamphoacetate, and sodium lauroamphoacetate.

Anionic surfactants suitable for use in skin care compositions according to some embodiments of the present invention include soaps, alkyl ether sulfates and sulfonates, alkyl sulfates and sulfonates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfosuccinates and dialkyl sulfosuccinates, C8-C20 acyl isethionates, C8-C20 alkyl ether phosphates, C8-C20 sarcosinates, C8-C20 acyl lactylates, sulfoacetates and combinations thereof.

The compositions of the invention are typically in the form of an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion. In some embodiments, the topical composition is a vanishing cream and a cream or lotion based on an oil-in-water emulsion. The vanishing cream base is a base comprising 5% to 40% fatty acid and 0.1% to 20% soap. In such a cream, the fatty acid is preferably substantially a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids, and the soap is preferably a potassium salt of the fatty acid mixture, but other counterions and mixtures thereof may also be used. The fatty acids in the vanishing cream base are typically prepared using cisteric acid (hysteric acid) which is a mixture of substantially (typically about 90% to 95%) stearic and palmitic acids. Typical cisteric acid (stearic acid) contains about 52% to 55% palmitic acid and 45% to 48% stearic acid in a total palmitic-stearic acid mixture. Thus, it is within the scope of the present invention to include cisteric acid (hysteric acid) and its soap to make a vanishing cream base. It is particularly preferred that the composition comprises more than 7%, preferably more than 10%, more preferably more than 12% fatty acids. Typical vanishing cream bases are composed of a crystalline network and are sensitive to the addition of various ingredients.

In one embodiment, the topical composition is formulated as a water-in-oil emulsion in which cystine is substantially dissolved in the aqueous phase. In one embodiment, the topical composition is formulated as a water-in-oil emulsion with cystine in aqueous droplets, wherein at least 90% of the droplets have a diameter in the range of 100nm to 20 microns, or in the alternative 200nm to 20 microns, or to 10 microns.

In some embodiments, the topical composition is formulated as a mask. In some embodiments, the topical composition is formulated as a mask according to the formulation described in U.S. patent No. 5,139,771. In some embodiments, the topical composition is formulated as a mask according to the formulation described in U.S. patent No. 4,933,177. In some embodiments, the topical composition is formulated as a mask according to the formulation described in U.S. patent No. 6,001,367.

Oral administration

Thus, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for oral administration as described herein.

When the composition of the present invention is administered orally, it may be in the form of a tablet or capsule.

The compositions of the present invention may be prepared in solid form, including capsules, tablets, pills, granules, powders, bars or confections; or in liquid form, including solutions, suspensions or emulsions, or in the form of syrups, elixirs, liquid beverages (such as a yogurt drink), or foodstuffs (such as yogurt).

The compositions may be subjected to conventional procedures, such as sterilization, and/or may contain conventional inert diluents, lubricants or buffers, as well as adjuvants, such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers, and the like.

Typically, when the composition is in the form of a tablet or capsule, such as a gelatin capsule, the composition may contain one or more active ingredients;

and

a) diluents, such as lactose, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or glycine;

b) lubricants, for example silica, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium salts thereof and/or polyethylene glycol; (also for tablets);

c) binders, such as magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone; (if desired);

d) disintegrating agents, such as starch, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures; and/or

e) Absorbents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and sweeteners.

Tablets may be film coated or enteric coated according to methods known in the art.

Suitable compositions for oral administration include an effective amount of the active ingredient described herein in the form of tablets, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, food bars, confectionaries, solutions, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups, elixirs, liquid beverages or foodstuffs.

Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of effective compositions; and such compositions may contain one or more additional agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide an aesthetically pleasing and palatable preparation.

Tablets contain the composition comprising the active ingredient described herein in admixture with non-toxic orally acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients are, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as corn starch or alginic acid; binders, such as starch, gelatin or gum arabic; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the composition containing the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin; or in the form of soft gelatin capsules wherein the composition containing the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.

Soft capsules can be prepared using techniques well known in the art. For example, soft capsules are typically prepared using a rotary die encapsulation process. The active agent formulation is gravity fed into the encapsulation machine. In one embodiment, the formulation comprises pharmaceutical excipients such as olive oil, gelatin, glycerol, purified water, yellow beeswax, sunflower lecithin, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, f.d. & C blue 1 and f.d. & C red 4, microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose, vegetable magnesium stearate and/or silicon dioxide.

The capsule shell may comprise one or more plasticizers such as glycerin, sorbitol, sorbitan, maltitol, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, polyols having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, citric acid esters, triethyl citrate, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the plasticizer is glycerin.

In addition to the plasticizer, the capsule shell may also contain other suitable shell additives such as opacifiers, colorants, humectants, preservatives, flavoring agents, and buffer salts and acids.

Opacifiers are used to make the capsule shell opaque when the encapsulated active is sensitive to light. Suitable opacifiers include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the opacifier is titanium dioxide.

Colorants can be used for marketing and product identification and/or differentiation purposes. Suitable colorants include synthetic and natural dyes and combinations thereof.

Humectants can be used to inhibit the water activity of soft gels. Suitable humectants include glycerin and sorbitol, which are typically components of the plasticizer composition. Due to the low water activity of dry, properly stored soft gelatin capsules, the greatest microbiological risk comes from molds and yeasts. For this purpose, preservatives can be incorporated into the capsule shell. Suitable preservatives include alkyl esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid such as methyl parahydroxybenzoate, ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, propyl parahydroxybenzoate, butyl parahydroxybenzoate, and heptyl parahydroxybenzoate (collectively referred to as "parahydroxybenzoate esters"), or combinations thereof.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the tolerance of a cell to DNA damage comprising applying an effective amount of a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesin, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, astragalus membranaceus, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, bacopa monnieri, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, semen Sojae Atricolor anthocyanin, leucine, lithium, luteolin, melatonin, menaquinone, 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin a, wortmannin, and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the DNA repair capacity of a cell, said method comprising applying an effective amount of a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesin, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, astragalus, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, bacopa, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, apine, vitamin e, vitamin d, vitamin a, Glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, semen Sojae Atricolor anthocyanins, leucine, lithium, luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutinRutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin A, wortmannin and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof.

According to this aspect of the invention there is provided a method of enhancing the tolerance of a cell to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or increasing the ability to repair DNA as described herein.

The amount of active ingredient administered in the method according to this aspect of the invention may vary depending on the nature of the active ingredient, the mode of administration and the like. Exemplary amounts of active ingredient that can be administered in the method are from about 1mg to about 1000 mg; or from about 50mg to about 900 mg; or from about 100mg to about 800 mg; or from about 150mg to about 700 mg; or from about 200mg to about 600 mg; or from about 250mg to about 500 mg. The aforementioned dose may be administered once daily, twice daily or up to three or four times daily.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method as described herein, the method comprising reducing, ameliorating or ameliorating the effects of aging in a host.

According to this aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of reducing, alleviating or ameliorating the effects of senescence in a host by improving the tolerance of a cell to DNA damage and/or enhancing the DNA repair capacity of a cell.

Methods according to this aspect of the invention may include reducing, alleviating or improving age-related skin conditions, sun-related skin conditions, pollution exposure-related skin conditions, oxidative stress-related skin conditions, and lifestyle choices such as diet, alcohol, and/or smoking-related skin conditions. In addition, the methods of the invention may be advantageous in alleviating, alleviating or improving skin conditions associated with inflammatory skin diseases and skin conditions associated with autoimmune diseases by improving cellular tolerance to DNA damage and/or enhancing cellular DNA repair capacity.

Specifically, according to this aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of improving the tolerance of skin cells to DNA damage and/or enhancing the DNA repair capacity of skin cells, the method comprising topically applying to the skin an effective amount of a composition described herein.

The selection of a particular effective dose can be determined by one of skill in the art (e.g., via clinical trials) based on consideration of several factors known to those of skill in the art, such as the skin condition to be alleviated, or improved; the nature and severity of the skin disorder being treated, the weight of the host; and so on. The exact dosage employed to reduce, alleviate or ameliorate skin disorders may also depend on the route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

However, in general, satisfactory results are obtained when the compositions of the invention are administered in a daily dose of from about 0.1mg/kg body weight to about 500mg/kg body weight, or from about 1mg/kg to about 400mg/kg, or from about 1mg/kg to about 300mg/kg, or from about 1mg/kg to about 200mg/kg, or from about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg, or from about 10mg/kg to about 50mg/kg, for example in divided doses up to three or four times a day (e.g. twice a day) or in sustained release form.

It is generally feasible to administer daily doses of the compositions of the present invention at multiple hours of the day. The amount of active composition administered may depend on factors such as the solubility of the active composition, the formulation used, the condition of the subject (such as body weight), and/or the route of administration.

The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

figure 1 shows enhancement of SIRT1 expression in human PBMCs from blood samples in a clinical trial within 16 days of exposure to the combination.

FIG. 2 shows HDF results for protection against oxidative stress; and is

Fig. 3(a) and 3(b) show HDF results for protection against mitochondrial stress.

Experiment of

The measurement of DNA damage was carried out using the "alkaline DNA unwinding Fluorescence Assay (FADU)" method [ Birnboim HC, Jevcak JJ. cancer Res (cancer research) (1981)41: 1889-1892 ]. This is a sensitive method of quantifying DNA strand breaks, based on the partial denaturation ("unwinding") of double-stranded DNA under controlled alkaline conditions. Briefly, cell lysis is performed after DNA damage is caused by irradiation. Controlled unwinding of the DNA is then performed under controlled pH and temperature conditions. DNA strand breaks are sites that are prone to unwinding, and therefore, more DNA damage will result in more DNA unwinding. To terminate the unwinding, a neutralizing solution was added. To quantify the amount of DNA that remains double-stranded after the alkaline incubation, a fluorescent probe is added that specifically binds to the double-stranded DNA. A low fluorescence intensity indicates that there is a large amount of DNA strand breaks upon cleavage. DNA repair was measured by allowing cells to recover after irradiation (1 hour) and then measuring fluorescence intensity.

Prior to performing the FADU assay, human skin fibroblasts were treated for 24 hours with a composition comprising a combination of nicotinamide, quercetin, zinc citrate, ascorbic acid, apigenin, and alpha-lipoic acid, and then the DNA damage and repair levels were measured and compared to the values for untreated (control) cells. The results are as follows:

for each condition, the values are the average of at least 3 replicates (and the coefficient of variation expressed in%). The results are expressed in% and show:

intensity of fluorescence signal lost after 5Gy irradiation

DNA repair (%) -% damage recovered after 1h repair at 37%

The results show that there is no loss in fluorescence intensity of cells treated with our composition compared to the 28% loss of control cells, indicating that our composition can protect cells from DNA damage.

Example 1

SIRT1 expression

Changes in SIRT1 expression were analyzed using western blot analysis on PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of clinical participants. SIRT1 expression increased significantly within 16 days of exposure to our composition. Increased SIRT1 expression indicates that our compositions activate beneficial downstream pathways associated with enhanced DNA repair.

See fig. 1.

Clinical results: proteomics

The content of proteins associated with aging was determined as a function of composition using mass spectrometry.

Mitochondrial proteins with increased abundance were detected in volunteer samples, including:

fumarate hydratase: the catalysis of fumaric acid hydration to L-malic acid in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle promotes a transitional step in the production of energy in the form of NADH.

Aspartate aminotransferase: catalyzing the transamination reaction of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form Kynurenic Acid (KA) as part of the de novo pathway of NAD synthesis

VDAC 2: mitochondrial membrane channels

Complex IV subunit: specifically, COX5A was shown to decrease in skin with age, thereby decreasing mitochondrial function

Complex V subunit: it has also been found to decrease with age, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Increased abundance of proteasome proteins are detected in the volunteer samples, including:

19S and 20S proteasome subunits: these subunits complex together to form the 26S proteasome, which is capable of degrading damaged and unfolded proteins known to accumulate with age.

Proteasomes are also important in mitochondrial biogenesis. This is because many mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then need to be transported across the mitochondrial membrane (unfolded). The proteasome ensures that all damaged proteins are cleared in the process. The 20S subunit is specifically involved in degradation of the mitochondrial unfolded precursor protein prior to mitochondrial import, suggesting that our composition increases mitochondrial biogenesis.

Telomere-associated proteins are detected in increased abundance in a sample from a volunteer comprising:

RIF 1: telomere-associated protein RIF-1 has been shown to be involved in the maintenance of telomere length and in the coordinated repair of telomere DNA damage.

We tested a combination of interventions in Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) against a variety of cellular stressors.

Example 2

HDF results: protection against oxidative stress

Pretreatment with NAM or combinations

Subsequent exposure to oxidative stress (tbh7ox)

Measurement of cell viability to assess protection against oxidative stress

Our compositions provide better protection than niacinamide

The composition is needed to produce this enhanced protective effect as predicted by systemic pharmacology

The composition is alpha lipoic acid, apigenin, ascorbic acid, zinc citrate, niacinamide, and quercetin. The results are shown in FIG. 2.

Example 3

HDF results: protection against mitochondrial stress

Example 3(a)

Pretreatment with NAM or our composition

Subsequent exposure to mitochondrial stress (rotenone-complex I inhibitors)

Measuring cell viability to assess protection against mitochondrial dysfunction

Our compositions provide better protection than niacinamide

The composition is alpha lipoic acid, apigenin, ascorbic acid, zinc citrate, and niacinamide.

The results are shown in FIG. 3 (a).

Example 3(b)

Pretreatment with NAM or our composition

Subsequent exposure to mitochondrial stress (NaN)₃-complex IV inhibitors)

Measuring cell viability to assess protection against mitochondrial dysfunction

Our compositions provide better protection than niacinamide

The results are shown in FIG. 3 (b).

Claims

1. A composition comprising an effective amount of a combination of two or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesoid, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, Astragalus, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, Bacopa monnieri, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, naringenin, leucine, lithium, and mixtures thereof, Luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin a, wortmannin, and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the active ingredient is present in the composition in an amount of about 1mg to about 1000 mg.

3. The composition of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the composition comprises an acceptable excipient.

4. Combination of two or more kinds of electric appliancesA composition comprising an effective amount of one or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesoid, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, astragalus, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, bacopa monnieri, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, black soya bean anthocyanin, leucine, lithium, luteolin, and a combination of two or more components, Luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methyl Nicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin a, wortmannin, and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof; the composition is used to enhance cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, or to improve DNA repair.

5. The composition according to claim 4, for use in enhancing the tolerance of a cell to DNA damage.

6. The composition of claim 4 for use in enhancing the tolerance of cells to oxidative stress.

7. The composition of claim 4 for use in enhancing tolerance of a cell to mitochondrial dysfunction.

8. The composition of claim 4 for use in improving the DNA repair capacity of a cell.

9. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the composition is used to enhance cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and to improve DNA repair capacity.

10. The composition of any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein the active ingredient is present in the composition in an amount of about 1mg to about 1000 mg.

11. The composition according to any one of claims 4 to 10, wherein the composition comprises an acceptable excipient.

12. The composition of claim 4 for use in enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or improving DNA repair capacity, comprising topically applying an effective amount of the composition to the skin of an individual.

13. The composition according to claim 12 for use in reducing, alleviating or ameliorating the effects of aging by enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or increasing DNA repair capacity.

14. The composition according to claim 12 for reducing, alleviating or ameliorating the effects of aging.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the effects of aging include age-related skin conditions, sun-related skin conditions, skin conditions related to pollution exposure, skin conditions related to oxidative stress, and skin conditions related to lifestyle choices such as diet, alcohol, and/or smoking.

16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the effects of aging comprise skin conditions associated with inflammatory skin diseases and skin conditions associated with autoimmune diseases skin diseases.

17. The composition of claim 14, wherein the effects of aging include increased weakness, loss of elasticity, loss of muscle strength, loss of muscle endurance, weakness, loss of cognitive acuity, memory decline, and the like.

18. The composition of claim 14, wherein the effects of aging include atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and alzheimer's disease.

19. The composition of claim 14, wherein the effect of aging is an age-related skin condition.

20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the age-related skin condition comprises one or more of sagging, wrinkles, skin elasticity, skin aging, skin moisture, wounds, acne, skin darkening, skin whitening, pigmentation, age spots, loss of luster, edema, uneven skin tone, redness, rosacea, loss of barrier function, loss of skin elasticity, laxity, stretch marks, cellulite, and dryness.

21. The composition of claim 15, wherein the skin condition is caused by sunlight.

22. The composition of claim 15, wherein the skin condition comprises one or more of actinic keratosis, freckles, lentigo or age spots, nevi, photosensitivity, polymorphous light eruptions, seborrheic keratosis, skin cancers (such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma), solar elastosis or wrinkles, and sunburn.

23. The composition of claim 16, wherein the skin condition is caused by inflammation.

24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the skin condition comprises one or more of acne, sebaceous eczema, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, discoid eczema, eczematous drug eruptions, erythema multiforme, erythroderma, gravity/venous eczema, hand eczema, lichenification chronic, lichenification lichen planus, lichen simplex, lichen striatus, mycosis fungoides, pityriasis licheniformis, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, stevens-johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and vasculitis.

25. The composition of claim 16, wherein the skin condition is caused by an autoimmune disease.

26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the skin condition comprises one or more of alopecia areata, bullous pemphigoid, dermatomyositis, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, eosinophilic fasciitis, pemphigus vulgaris, psoriasis, pyoderma gangrenosum, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vitiligo.

27. The composition of claim 4, for use in alleviating, ameliorating or ameliorating an autoimmune disease.

28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, non-glomerular nephropathy, psoriasis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease, behcet's disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia; and combinations thereof.

29. A method of enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction or improving DNA repair capacity comprising applying an effective amount of a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more components selected from the group consisting of farnesoid, ACT1 peptide, alpha-lipoic acid, alprostadil, anisomycin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, Astragalus membranaceus, berberine, beta-lapachone, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, Bacopa monniera, catechin, catechol, chamomile, chrysin, coumestrol, curcumin, dinitrophenol, dinoprost, ellagic acid, (-) -epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, fisetin, genistein, ginsenoside RE, glabridin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, hydroquinone, isoquercitrin (EMIQ), kaempferol, black soya anthocyanin, leucine, lithium, luteolin, melatonin, menadione, 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), methyl salicylate, myricetin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B)₃) Nicotinamide (NAM), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN), parsley, phenylephrine, pokeweed mitogen, 15- Δ prostaglandin J2, puromycin, quercetin, quinolinic acid, retinoic acid, trichostatin a, troxerutin, rutin, tryptophan, vitamin D3, withaferin a, wortmannin, and zinc (including salts thereof); and their derivatives; and any combination thereof.

30. The method of claim 29, for enhancing the tolerance of a cell to DNA damage.

31. The method of claim 29, for enhancing the tolerance of a cell to oxidative stress.

32. The method of claim 29, for enhancing the tolerance of a cell to mitochondrial dysfunction.

33. The method of claim 29, wherein the method is used to improve the DNA repair capacity of the cell.

34. The method of claim 29, wherein the method comprises enhancing cellular tolerance to DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and improving DNA repair capacity.

35. The method of any one of claims 29 to 34, wherein the amount of active ingredient administered in the method is from about 1mg to about 1000 mg.

36. The method of any one of claims 29 to 35, wherein the method comprises reducing, ameliorating or ameliorating the effects of aging in a host.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the method of reducing, ameliorating or improving the effects of aging in a host is by improving the tolerance of a cell to DNA damage and/or enhancing the DNA repair capacity of the cell.

38. The method of any one of claims 29 to 37, wherein the composition comprises an acceptable excipient.

39. The method of any one of claims 29 to 38, wherein the daily dose of the composition is from about 0.1mg/kg body weight to about 500mg/kg body weight.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the daily dose is administered in divided doses up to three or four times per day.

41. The method of claim 36, wherein the effects of aging include age-related skin conditions, sun-related skin conditions, pollution exposure-related skin conditions, oxidative stress-related skin conditions, and lifestyle choices such as diet, alcohol, and/or smoking-related skin conditions.

42. The method of claim 36, wherein the effects of aging comprise skin conditions associated with inflammatory skin diseases and skin conditions associated with autoimmune diseases skin diseases.

43. The method of claim 36, wherein the effects of aging include increased weakness, loss of elasticity, loss of muscle strength, loss of muscle endurance, weakness, loss of cognitive acuity, memory decline, and the like.

44. The method of claim 36, wherein the effects of aging include atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and alzheimer's disease.

45. The method of claim 42, wherein the skin condition is an age-related skin condition.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the age-related skin condition comprises one or more of sagging, wrinkles, skin elasticity, skin aging, skin moisture, wounds, acne, skin darkening, skin whitening, pigmentation, age spots, loss of luster, edema, uneven skin tone, redness, rosacea, loss of barrier function, loss of skin elasticity, laxity, stretch marks, cellulite, and dryness.

47. The method of claim 45, wherein the skin condition is caused by sun exposure.

48. The method of claim 45, wherein the skin condition comprises one or more of actinic keratosis, freckles, lentigo or age spots, nevi, photosensitivity, polymorphous light eruptions, seborrheic keratosis, skin cancers (such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma), solar elastosis or wrinkles, and sunburn.

49. The method of claim 42, wherein the skin condition is caused by inflammation.

50. The method of claim 42, wherein the skin condition comprises one or more of acne, sebaceous eczema, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, discoid eczema, eczematous drug eruptions, erythema multiforme, erythroderma, gravity/venous eczema, hand eczema, lichenification chronic, lichenification lichen planus, lichen simplex, lichen striatus, mycosis fungoides, pityriasis licheniformis, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and vasculitis.

51. The method of claim 42, wherein the skin condition is caused by an autoimmune disease.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the skin condition comprises one or more of alopecia areata, bullous pemphigoid, dermatomyositis, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, eosinophilic fasciitis, pemphigus vulgaris, psoriasis, pyoderma gangrenosum, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vitiligo.

53. The method of claim 29, wherein the method comprises alleviating, ameliorating, or ameliorating the effects of an autoimmune disease.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, non-glomerular nephropathy, psoriasis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Behcet's disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia; and combinations thereof.

55. The method of any one of claims 29 to 54, for topical, transdermal, oral or parenteral administration.

56. The method of claim 55, for topical administration.

57. The method of claim 56, in the form of an aqueous solution, suspension, serum, ointment, cream, gel, sprayable formulation, transdermal patch, or bandage.

58. The method of claim 55, which is for oral administration.

59. The method of claim 58, which is administered orally in a solid form comprising a capsule, tablet, pill, granule, powder, bar, or confection.

60. The method of claim 58 for oral administration in liquid form including solutions, suspensions or emulsions, or in the form of syrups, elixirs, liquid beverages or foodstuffs.

61. The method of claim 55, for parenteral administration.

62. The method of claim 61, for parenteral administration in the form of intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, topical, or transdermal injection.

63. The method of claim 55, for transdermal administration.

64. The method of claim 63, in the form of an aqueous solution, suspension, ointment, cream, gel, sprayable formulation, transdermal patch, or bandage.

65. A composition, use or method as herein described with reference to the accompanying description.