CN112175871A - 一种万寿菊鲜花复合发酵剂及其应用 - Google Patents
一种万寿菊鲜花复合发酵剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112175871A CN112175871A CN202011081437.4A CN202011081437A CN112175871A CN 112175871 A CN112175871 A CN 112175871A CN 202011081437 A CN202011081437 A CN 202011081437A CN 112175871 A CN112175871 A CN 112175871A
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- lutein
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Classifications
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Abstract
万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)在我国新疆、云南等省市已大规模种植,万寿菊鲜花是提取制备叶黄素的主要原料,叶黄素制备关键技术是叶黄素酯的萃取与皂化,叶黄素酯存在于花瓣细胞的细胞器内,细胞壁和细胞器膜阻碍萃取溶媒与叶黄素酯的接触,导致萃取效率低。本发明提供了一种万寿菊鲜花高效复合发酵剂及应用技术,采用多种功能菌+复合酶制剂的耦合破壁处理方法,快速建立酸性厌氧发酵环境,代谢产生细菌素、嗜杀因子等多种天然抗菌物质,有效抑制腐败菌和致病菌生长繁殖,消除发酵臭味、真菌毒素污染等潜在安全风险,提高了叶黄素酯提取率,缩短鲜花青贮发酵周期,经济效益和社会效益显著。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种万寿菊鲜花的多功能菌复合发酵剂与应用,属于生物工程与技术领域。
背景技术
万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)为一年生菊科万寿菊属植物,在我国新疆、云南、宁夏、黑龙江、内蒙古、山东等省市地区已大规模种植。万寿菊是提取制备叶黄素的主要原料,叶黄素是我国《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》(GB2760-2014)允许使用的天然食用色素,是一类重要的天然食品着色剂,并具有抗氧化、预防视网膜黄斑病和盲眼病、预防癌症和心血管疾病、增强机体免疫力等生理功效,因此广泛应用于食品、医药、化妆品、饲料添加剂等领域。
万寿菊花中水分45%~51%、粗脂肪4%~5%、灰分3%~4%、粗蛋白2%~3%、粗纤维 5%~6%、总糖35%~37%、类胡萝卜素1%~2%、氨基酸0.4%~0.6%,含有α-三联噻吩、没食子酸、4-二羟基-5-甲氧基苯甲酸、檞皮苷、乌发醇等。万寿菊花中含有丰富的叶黄素酯 (约占干重的1.5~2.9‰),是制备天然叶黄素的良好原料。叶黄素制备关键技术是叶黄素酯的萃取与皂化,叶黄素酯存在于万寿菊花瓣细胞的细胞器内,细胞壁和细胞器膜阻碍萃取溶媒与叶黄素酯的接触,导致萃取效率低。
万寿菊花收获时间集中、量大,收获后如处理不及时,易腐烂变质。目前万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵是最常用处理措施,一方面起到对鲜花原料贮藏保鲜、脱水等作用,防止腐烂霉变,有效保护色素;其次鲜花发酵处理可促进细胞破壁,使结合态叶黄素酯变成游离态,易于溶剂萃取,提高其提取率;万寿菊鲜花中富含糖分、氨基酸等,提供了良好的营养来源,发酵消耗这些营养成分可减小其对叶黄素酯提取的杂质干扰,提高其纯度。目前,我国万寿菊加工企业的造粒前处理多采用鲜花自然发酵法,存在发酵周期长、染杂菌多、腐烂变质、原料浪费和环境污染等问题。少数万寿菊花加工企业利用国外进口发酵剂或单一菌种,人工接种发酵,因不同区域环境适应性不同,发酵剂活力下降,影响叶黄素的提取质量和得率,且成本高。因此,万寿菊鲜花的高效发酵剂及其应用技术是加工企业迫切需要关键技术之一。
研究表明,万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵是一个复杂的微生态体系,主要有乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、梭菌、酵母菌、霉菌等多种微生物参与,其中乳酸菌是主要优势菌群,产生乳酸、细菌素等抑菌物质,能迅速降低pH,促进鲜花发酵破壁,抑制腐败变质。鲜花青贮时存在多种潜在有害微生物、腐败菌,如大肠杆菌、李斯特菌、芽孢杆菌等分解蛋白质、氨基酸,对好气性腐烂变质起重要作用,产生臭味和苦味;梭状杆菌、丁酸细菌等生长,通过脱氢、脱羧、氧化还原等蛋白质分解,形成生物胺(组胺、腐胺、尸胺等)有毒有害物质;曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、木霉菌属(Trichoderma)等产生黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素等真菌毒素,带来潜在安全风险.
研究证实,万寿菊花水提取物有显著抗线虫能力,对多种虫害和植物病害有明显抑制作用,可直接作为土壤肥力调理剂、土壤线虫抑制剂,这为万寿菊花资源开发提供了方向。
平菇是目前少数可生料栽培(即培养基不需要热杀菌处理)的食用菌之一,其菌丝生长旺盛,抗污染、抗逆能力强,适应能力强,并可产生高活性的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木质素酶等水解酶,是目前广泛人工栽培的食用菌.
发明内容
本发明针对当前我国万寿菊花提取加工叶黄素时,造粒前处理多采取自然发酵,存在发酵周期长、污染杂菌几率大,易腐烂变质,产生真菌毒素、生物胺等有毒有害物质,环境污染和不安全因素多等问题。少数万寿菊加工企业利用国外进口发酵剂或单一菌种,存在因区域环境适应性不同,导致发酵剂活力下降,影响叶黄素提取得率,且成本高.因此,万寿菊鲜花高效发酵剂及应用技术是加工企业迫切需要解决的关键技术之一。
作为本发明其中一个方面,本发明克服现有技术中存在的不足,所述万寿菊鲜花高效复合发酵剂中提供了多种功能微生物菌株:粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)Gr17,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(CGMCC),保藏编号CGMCCNo.16677;所述红曲霉(Monascus sp.)M1,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号为CGMCC No.12502;所述平菇PO-8为平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)CGMCC5.650的诱变选育菌株;所述异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)CGMCC No.2.3929、布氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus buchneri)CGMCC No.1.15607,购自中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心。所述高效复合发酵剂使用了上述5种菌株生产制得,包括液态发酵剂、粉态发酵剂。
作为本发明所述高效复合发酵剂与应用的一种优选方案:所述高效复合发酵剂中包含粪肠球菌、布氏乳杆菌等乳酸菌,它们在万寿菊鲜花基质中生长繁殖迅速,快速产生乳酸、乙酸、丙酸等有机酸,快速建立酸性(低pH)厌氧环境,可软化细胞壁,有效保护鲜花中色素;上述乳酸菌发酵产生细菌素、过氧化氢(H2O2)等天然抗菌物质,可有效抑制镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、木霉菌属(Trichoderma)等真菌,以及梭状芽胞杆菌(如丁酸梭菌、肉毒梭菌)、李斯特菌(Listeria)、大肠杆菌等细菌生长,防止鲜花腐烂霉变,降低赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素等真菌毒素及生物胺污染,消除臭味和苦味物质。
作为本发明所述高效复合发酵剂与应用的另一种优选方案:所述高效复合发酵剂中包含异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)CGMCC No.2.3929,具有快速发酵、耐酸、抗缺氧等特性,可消耗净化鲜花基质中营养成分,有利于叶黄素酯提取纯化,并可产生酯酶,促进叶黄素酯转化为游离态叶黄素(目的产物).异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)是一种嗜杀酵母,生长繁殖过程中产生的嗜杀因子能杀死同族或者亲缘关系较近菌株,能明显抑制展青霉(P. paneum)、罗克福尔青霉(P.roqueforti)、曲霉菌(Aspergillus)等生长,但其本身对嗜杀因子具有免疫性,具有良好生物控制作用。异常毕赤酵母能耐受低pH、低水活度、厌氧、高渗透压等极端环境,上述特点正是鲜花青贮发酵所需。异常毕赤酵母应用于万寿菊鲜花青贮为国内外首次尝试。
作为本发明所述高效复合发酵剂与应用的另一种优选方案:所述高效复合发酵剂中包含平菇PO-8,是从平菇(P.ostreatus,又称糙皮侧耳)CGMCC5.650诱变选育获得,多种酶活力较出发菌株显著提高,其发酵液的纤维素酶活力达到36.6U/mL、半纤维素酶(漆酶)186.5U/mL、木质素降解酶824.8U/mL、果胶酶512.0U/mL,这些酶有效降解万寿菊花细胞壁中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、果胶等阻碍提取成分,加速鲜花破壁,缩短破壁时间,提高了叶黄素酯释放和提取率。平菇及其酶制剂应用于万寿菊花青贮发酵国内外未见报道。
作为本发明的另一个方面,本发明克服现有技术中存在的不足,所述粪肠球菌CGMCC No.16677是一种益生菌,可产生高活性细菌素Gr17等天然抑菌物质,可抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌、单核增生李斯特氏菌、芽孢杆菌等腐败菌和致病菌的生长,且具有分解生物胺活性,消除潜在安全风险、发酵臭味。
作为本发明的另一个方面,本发明克服现有技术中存在的不足,所述红曲霉CGMCCNo.12502具有高产蛋白酶、糖化酶、酯化酶、单胺氧化酶活力,具有酯水解酶活性,菌-酶耦合作用,促进叶黄素酯转化为叶黄素,促进鲜花可发酵成分转化,消解生物胺。粪肠球菌、红曲霉、平菇应用于万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵均为国内外首次尝试。
本发明技术方案的进一步改进在于:发酵池底部预铺万寿菊鲜花,喷施复合发酵剂稀释液,增加鲜花逐层喷施;采用不透光0.2~0.6mm厚度的黑色聚乙烯薄膜(或黑自两面复合阻氧薄膜)覆盖发酵池,避光、盖严压实,于15~45℃温度条件下,堆捂厌氧发酵15~20天,再经压榨脱水、烘干、粉碎、制粒、萃取、反渗透膜浓缩等步骤获得叶黄素酯浸膏。
本发明技术方案的进一步改进在于:将发酵过程中发酵渗出液通过发酵池底部的暗沟及时抽出,抽出的发酵渗出液进行离心(或压滤),固液分离。回收其中的鲜花泥固形物,干燥,用于制粒及叶黄素(酯)提取;上清液中含有α-三联噻吩等成分具有显著抗线虫活性,经浓缩、干燥,制备无毒无害的生物肥、天然土壤线虫杀灭剂.
生物材料保藏
所述屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)Gr17,于2018年11月02日保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号CGMCC No.16677,保藏地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号,中国科学院微生物研究所。所述红曲霉(Monascus sp.)CGMCCNo.12502,于2016年05月17日保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号,中国科学院微生物研究所。
本发明的有益效果
本发明针对目前万寿菊鲜花自然发酵周期长、杂菌污染几率大,易腐烂变质,产生真菌毒素、生物胺等,叶黄素酯提取率低、原料浪费和环境污染等问题。本发明克服现有技术中存在的不足,提供了一种万寿菊鲜花高效复合发酵剂及应用技术,采用多种功能菌+复合酶制剂的菌-酶耦合破壁处理方法,快速建立酸性厌氧环境,代谢产生细菌素、嗜杀因子等多种天然抗菌物质,有效抑制腐败菌和致病菌生长繁殖,消除发酵臭味、真菌毒素污染等潜在安全风险,加速鲜花细胞破壁,有效保护色素,消耗净化鲜花基质中可发酵营养成分,可将叶黄素酯提取率提高7%左右,提高了叶黄素酯提取率和叶黄素转化率,缩短鲜花青贮发酵周期 1/4,提高了发酵效率和发酵池利用率,延长鲜花保质期,经济效益和社会效益显著.
具体实施方式
本部分概述了本发明实施例的一些方面,为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点更明显易懂,下面结合一些较佳实施例详细说明本发明的具体实施方式。
实施例1高产木质纤维素酶平菇的诱变选育及其在万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵中的应用效果
(1)高产木质纤维素酶平菇的诱变选育
PDA琼脂培养基(g/L):葡萄糖20.0,KH2PO4 3.0,MgSO4·7H2O 1.5,琼脂15.0,去皮马铃薯200.0g加水煮沸20min,八层纱布过滤所得液,加蒸馏水定容至1000mL.
愈创木酚-PDA培养基:PDA琼脂培养基中加入0.4%的愈创木酚。
苯胺蓝培养基(g/L):去皮马铃薯200.0、酵母粉15.0、蛋白胨5.0、葡萄糖10.0、氯化钠5.0、苯胺蓝0.1,琼脂15.0。
纤维素酶产生菌初筛培养基A(革兰氏碘液检测培养基,g/L):NaNO3 2,K2HPO4 1,MgSO4 0.5,KCl 0.5,CMC-Na 2,琼脂15,蒸馏水1000mL。
纤维素酶产生菌初筛培养基B(刚果红检测培养基,g/L):(NH4)2SO4 2,MgSO4·7H2O0.5, KH2PO4 1,NaCl 0.5,CMC-Na 20,蒸馏水1000mL。
纤维素酶发酵培养基(g/L):玉米秸秆40,麦麸10,蛋白胨4,(NH4)2SO4 5,KH2PO4 2,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,无水CaCl2 0.4,蒸馏水1000mL。
木质素降解培养基(g/L):木质素2.0,KH2PO4 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0,蛋白胨1.0;
革兰氏碘液:KI 2g,I2 1.0g,加入300mL蒸馏水。
0.1%刚果红:称取0.1g刚果红,用适量蒸馏水溶解,再定容至100mL。
本发明所使用高产木质纤维素酶平菇PO-8的诱变选育。平菇(P.ostreatus,又称糙皮侧耳)CGMCC5.650(原曲师9111)是目前我国平菇栽培推广较广的生产菌株。将平菇CGMCC5.650八成熟的子实体表面消毒,置于12cm无菌培养皿内收集孢子,并用玻璃钟形罩盖上,干燥皿内将收集孢子干燥24h,无菌生理盐水制备孢子悬液,调节至孢子悬液浓度105~106个/mL,添加甘油至5%(W/V)。将孢子悬液均匀涂抹在无菌金属载片表面,并转移至载物台,在工作气流量10L/min、等离子体发射源距样品2mm,温度23.0~35.0℃条件下,照射处理100~180s,将载片转移到装有1mL无菌生理盐水EP管中,震荡洗脱得到ARTP 诱变处理后的新菌悬液,梯度稀释后涂布于愈创木酚-马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板、苯胺蓝平板,28℃培养48~72h后观察菌丝生长、菌落形态特征,分别在愈创木酚-PDA培养基上挑取周边有暗红色显色圈(漆酶活性)的单菌落、苯胺蓝培养基上挑取周边有褪色圈(过氧化物酶活性)的单菌落,筛选显色圈直径大、脱色圈明显(产漆酶和过氧化物酶)能力强的菌株移至PDA试管斜面培养、保藏,并将其分别接种、培养于纤维素酶产生菌初筛培养基A、B中,平皿加入革兰氏碘液、0.1%刚果红,筛查水解圈较大(纤维素酶活性)菌株.对上述初筛所得菌株接种、培养于木质纤维素酶发酵培养基,分别检测纤维素酶、漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶活性进行复筛,其中平菇PO-8的木质纤维素降解活性最高.平菇PO-8发酵液具有多种酶活力,其中纤维素酶(滤纸酶FPA)活力36.6U/mL、半纤维素酶(漆酶)活力186.5U/mL、木素过氧化物酶活力824.8U/mL、果胶酶活性512.0U/mL以上,均较出发菌株显著提高(p<0.05);平菇PO-8在木质纤维素培养基质中,菌丝生长快,具有分解木质纤维能力强、抗逆性与抗污染能力强等特性。
(2)平菇PO-8发酵粗酶制备及其万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵中的应用效果
平菇PO-8发酵液于6000r/min离心15min,收集沉淀物制得平菇菌丝体,经超声波细胞仪破碎或反复冻融3次破碎细胞,将平菇细胞破碎提取液(胞内酶)与发酵上清液(胞外酶) 合并,经梯度(NH4)2SO4盐析,静置12h,8000r/min离心15min,收集沉淀物制得平菇复合酶,添加应用于万寿菊鲜花处理,发现对万寿菊鲜花中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、果胶等成分降解作用明显,显著加速鲜花细胞壁破壁,缩短破壁时间,叶黄素酯提取率提高10%以上。
实施例2紫色红曲霉CGMCC No.12502诱变选育及其在万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵中的应用效果
本发明所使用的红曲霉(Monascus sp.)CGMCC No.12502的生物特征及所产活性成分,见专利《一种降血脂燕麦红曲保健茶及制备方法》(公开号:CN106173054A)。该菌株是申请人团队诱变选育的“M1”菌株,专利保藏编号为“CGMCC No.12502”。M1菌株的选育过程及特性详见发表论文【郎天丹、梁健、王成涛、张婵、刘录祥,利用高能混合粒子场诱变选育高产Monacolin K、低产桔霉素的红曲霉菌株”,食品工业科技,2016,37(2):165-169】。特别说明的是该文中选育的M1-20在菌种专利保藏时登记为M1;红曲霉M1在送到中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心进行专利菌种保藏时,只鉴定到属水平,获得保藏编号为CGMCC No.12502。近期对该菌株又进一步种水平鉴定,红曲霉M1鉴定为紫色红曲霉(Monascus purpureus)M1.研究表明,该红曲霉(M.purpureus)CGMCC No.12502分泌蛋白酶、糖化酶、酯水解酶活力分别为128.0U/mL、136.3U/mL、38.4U/mL;该菌株培养液应用于万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵,产生的酯水解酶催化叶黄素酯转化为叶黄素,促进鲜花发酵成分转化释放,有利于乳酸菌、异常毕赤酵母等发酵菌剂的生长与营养消耗。
实施例3粪肠球菌所产细菌素的抗菌活性及其在万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵中的应用效果
表1粪肠球菌CGMCC No.16677所产细菌素Gr17的抗菌谱
注:CMCC,中国医学微生物菌种保藏管理中心(National Center for MedicalCulture Collections);ATCC,美国典型培养保藏中心(American Type CultureCollection);CGMCC,中国普通微生物保藏中心(China Center of General MicrobialCultureCollection);CVCC,中国兽医微生物菌种保藏管理中心(China Center ofVeterinary Culture Collection);CICC,中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(ChinaCenter of Industrial Culture Collection).
本发明所使用的粪肠球菌(E.faecium)CGMCC No.16677及其所产细菌素的生物特征、功能鉴定、抗菌效果等见专利《一种具有广谱抗菌活性的细菌素Gr17及其应用》(公开号:CN109627299A)。该粪肠球菌Gr17是从中国传统低盐发酵金鱼产品中分离,并测定了其完整基因组序列;粪肠球菌Gr17发酵液经硫酸铵盐析沉淀、离子交换层析、HPLC纯化,获得的肠球菌细菌素Gr17分子量为4531.01Da。研究发现,细菌素Gr17对单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aereu)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、阪崎肠杆菌(Enterobactersakazakii)、绿脓杆菌 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、热死环丝菌(Brochothrixthermosphacta)、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)等均有一定抑菌、杀菌作用,其抗菌谱测试结果见表1。粪肠球菌Gr17在万寿菊鲜花基质中生长繁殖快,产乳酸能力强,快速降低鲜花基质pH值,高产细菌素Gr17,抑制腐败菌和食源病原菌的生长繁殖;将该粪肠球菌Gr17分层喷洒于万寿菊鲜花基质,生长繁殖迅速,发酵基质中检测到细菌素、乳酸等多种抗菌物质,有效保护鲜花中叶黄素。
实施例4粪肠球菌和布氏乳杆菌在万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵中的应用效果
将粪肠球菌(E.faecium)CGMCC No.16677、布氏乳杆菌(L.buchneri)CGMCCNo.1.15607 培养液分层喷洒于万寿菊鲜花、压实,产生乳酸、乙酸、丙酸等有机酸,12~18h后基质pH4.5~ 5.0,快速建立酸性厌氧环境,发酵基质中检测到细菌素、过氧化氢(H2O2)等多种抗菌物质,有效保护鲜花中叶黄素;鲜花青贮发酵15d,青贮香气突出,无臭味和苦味,未见腐烂霉变。 16SrDNA测序及ARDRA聚类分析等结果显示,乳酸菌丰度显著增加,而李斯特菌属 (Listeria)、梭状芽孢杆菌属(如丁酸梭菌、肉毒梭菌)、大肠杆菌等细菌丰度,以及镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、木霉菌属(Trichoderma)等真菌丰度,均较未喷施2种乳酸菌空白对照组明显减少,未检出赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素等真菌毒素,组胺、酪胺、腐胺、尸胺、亚精胺、精胺和色胺等生物胺总量减少60%以上,说明上述乳酸菌生长繁殖,有效抑制鲜花青贮中有害微生物及其有害产物积累,提高了万寿菊花的发酵效率.
实施例5异常毕赤酵母在万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵中的应用效果
研究发现,异常毕赤酵母(P.anomala)是一种嗜杀酵母,产生的嗜杀因子能杀死同族或者亲缘关系较近的菌株,但其本身对嗜杀因子具有免疫性,且快速发酵,能耐受低pH、低水活度、高渗透压、厌氧等极端环境,具有良好生物控制作用。将异常毕赤酵母CGMCCNo.2.3929喷洒于万寿菊鲜花,压实发酵15d,ARDRA聚类分析结果提示,与未喷施空白对照组比较,毕赤酵母菌属丰度明显增加,青霉属、曲霉菌属等丰度降低,肠杆菌(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌(Flavobacterium)等腐败菌的相对丰度也显著降低,鲜花基质中可发酵成分显著降低(p<0.05),无不良异味,有利于后续叶黄素酯提取纯化;异常毕赤酵母可产酯酶,促进叶黄素酯转化为目的产物游离态叶黄素,上述特点有利于鲜花青贮发酵.目前异常毕赤酵母应用于万寿菊花青贮发酵调控,国内外尚未见文献报道.
实施例6高效复合发酵剂的制备,包括如下步骤:
(1)粪肠球菌和布氏乳杆菌的高密度发酵
粪肠球菌(E.faecium)和布氏乳杆菌(L.buchneri)均为兼性厌氧菌,以MRS培养基为基础,优化改进增菌发酵培养基组成为(g/L):蛋白胨10.0、牛肉膏20.0、酵母膏5.0、柠檬酸氢二铵2.0、麦芽糖20.0、乙酸钠5.0、K2HPO4 2.0、MgSO4·7H2O 1.0、MnSO4·H2O 0.4、吐温80 1.0mL,蒸馏水配制。通过单因素试验、响应面试验设计优化粪肠球菌和布氏乳杆菌发酵工艺,研究了搅拌速度、中和剂、pH、接种量、初始糖含量、通气方式以及补料工艺对菌体生长的影响。优化的全自动发酵罐增菌发酵工艺:接种量3%(V/V),装液量为70%罐容积,发酵温度35~37℃,搅拌转速150~180r/min,通空气维持0.02Mpa罐压,自动流加12.5%氨水控制pH5.5恒定,当高于pH5.5时,流加葡萄糖补料发酵18~24h,并分别绘制其生长曲线、产酸曲线,在此优化条件下发酵液有效活菌数≥3.8×1010cfu/mL,较优化前提高了1倍以上.发酵液8000r/min离心15min收集菌体,加少量脱脂乳保护剂冻干可作为直投式发酵剂.
(2)异常毕赤酵母的高密度发酵
优化后异常毕赤酵母(P.anomala)增菌发酵培养基(g/L):甘油40.0、蛋白胨20、酵母提取物10.0、CaSO4 0.9、K2HPO4 10g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 10.0、CuSO4 0.6.补料培养基(g/L):葡萄糖300、PTM4微量元素液3mL/L。PTM4微量元素液(g/dL):CuSO4·5H2O 2.0、NaI 0.08、MnSO4·H2O 3.0、NaMoO4·2H2O 0.2、H3BO3 0.02、CaSO4·2H2O 0.5、CoCl2 0.5、ZnCl2 7.0、FeSO4·7H2O 22.0、生物素0.2、H2SO4 1.0mL/L,0.22μm滤膜过滤除菌,室温保存备用。
异常毕赤酵母CGMCC No.2.3929高密度发酵过程中,全自动发酵罐控制搅拌转速250~ 300r/min,通气量4~12L/(L·min),罐压0.2~0.3MPa,通过调整搅拌转速和通气量保持溶氧水平(DO值)20~30g/dL,在线补加氨水和盐酸调整pH5.0恒定,48h后生物量达到125g/L 以上,离心收集菌体、加蔗糖保护冻干可作为直投式发酵剂。
(3)平菇及其高活力木质纤维素酶发酵
平菇(糙皮侧耳菌)增菌发酵培养基(g/L):秸秆粉(如玉米秸秆粉、木糖渣等)20.0,葡萄糖10.0,豆饼粉1.0,尿素0.2,(NH4)2SO4 0.9,K2HPO4 2.0,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0,B族复合维生素2mg,土豆汁20ml,吐温80 1.0mL,微量元素溶液1mL,蒸馏水配制,调节pH5.0。微量元素溶液(mg/L):CaCl2·2H2O 100、FeSO4·7H2O 100、MnSO4·7H2O 10、CuSO4·5H2O 20、ZnSO4·7H2O 20。
采用全自动发酵罐装液量70%罐容积,平菇PO-8接种量5%(V/V),30℃,转速200~ 250r/min、通气量0.75vvm条件,自动流加10%氨水控制pH5.0,当高于pH5.0时,流加葡萄糖补料发酵144~192h。发酵液中纤维素酶(滤纸酶FPA)活力58.8U/mL、半纤维素酶(漆酶)活力284.9U/mL、木素过氧化物酶活力861.5U/mL、果胶酶活性485.0U/mL以上.发酵液于6000r/min离心15min,收集沉淀物制得平菇菌丝体,经超声波细胞仪破碎或反复冻融 3次破碎细胞,将平菇细胞破碎提取液与发酵上清液(即胞外粗酶液)合并,经梯度(NH4)2SO4盐析,静置12h后离心(8000r/min离心15min),收集沉淀物制得平菇复合酶,将其添加应用于配制多功能菌高效复合发酵剂。研究发现木质纤维类成分,如玉米秸秆粉、木糖渣是产酶的有效碳源,适宜浓度为20g/L,发酵过程中补料添加葡萄糖10~20g/L可缩短发酵周期,提高酶产量;培养基的C/N是产酶的重要影响因子,产酶适宜C/N为20;添加适量1.0mmol/L 苯酚时,漆酶活力提高120~150%.
(4)红曲霉培养液制备
将红曲霉CGMCC No.12502接种于PDA培养液,28℃培养4~5d,制备培养液,其蛋白酶、糖化酶、酯水解酶、单胺氧化酶的活力分别为128.0U/mL、136.3U/mL、38.4U/mL、 10.8U/mL.
(5)多功能菌高效复合发酵剂的配制
对高密度发酵培养的粪肠球菌、布氏乳杆菌采用活菌计数,对异常毕赤酵母、红曲霉及其孢子采用血球计数板计数。按照计数情况配制混合菌液,其配比为粪肠球菌∶布氏乳杆菌∶异常毕赤酵母∶红曲霉=(1×107~1×108)∶(1×107~1×108)∶(1×106~1×107)∶(1×106~1×107),为提高有效活菌数和菌种抗逆性,并添加10g/l蔗糖、乳糖、麦芽糖等一种及其以上,调整 pH5.5~6.0。使用前将混合菌液与平菇PO-8的菌丝体复合酶液,按照2∶1质量比例复配,获得多功能菌高效复合发酵剂。
实施例7多功能菌高效复合发酵剂应用于万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵的效果
实施例6中制备的多功能菌高效复合发酵剂加水稀释5~10倍,再加入1~1.5%(W/V) 蔗糖,作为复合发酵剂稀释液.在发酵池底部预铺万寿菊鲜花15cm左右,按照每吨鲜花4~ 5kg复合发酵剂稀释液的剂量喷洒,增加鲜花逐层喷施,翻动均匀,逐层压实,至鲜花平齐发酵池顶时,复合发酵剂稀释液喷施量增加一倍,不透光0.2~0.6mm厚度的黑色聚乙烯薄膜 (或黑白两面复合阻氧薄膜)封盖发酵池口,阻断阳光照射,以防阳光直射造成叶黄素氧化损失,并均匀密集铺设泥土块或石块,严密覆盖、压实,于温度15~45℃,堆捂厌氧发酵15~ 20天(未加高效复合发酵剂的自然发酵时间一般为25~30天),发酵末期酸度pH3.0~3.5;也可在每层喷施复合发酵剂时撒施一定量碳酸钙,以防过酸引起活菌早衰,影响鲜花青贮发酵。发酵池设计为高2米、宽3米,一端开放以便取料,底部有暗沟、上铺不锈钢网以便排除渗出液;鲜花青贮发酵过程中,发酵渗出液逐渐向下渗到发酵池底部,对于复合发酵菌剂具有均匀扩散作用.结果发现,喷施复合发酵剂的万寿菊花,发酵后花渣颜色鲜艳橙黄,软硬适中,保质期可达8个月,且显著降低了黄曲霉、青霉等真菌污染及其毒素含量。发酵万寿菊花经压榨脱水至含水量73~75%,烘干机干燥至含水量12~14%,粉碎粒径为1.8~ 4.2mm的粉料,造粒机制成8~11mm的物料颗粒,其叶黄素含量约35g/kg,适于后续叶黄素酯提取。结果发现,经发酵和复合酶处理的破壁鲜花,其叶黄素提取率达到97%,较未加高效复合发酵剂对照组增加了7.0%,处理时间缩短5~10d,减少了废水产生量,效果良好。另外,高效复合发酵剂中加入少量蔗糖,有利于粪肠球菌、异常毕赤酵母等快速生长,发酵产酸形成酸性厌氧环境,有效抑制鲜花青贮中有害微生物及其有害产物积累;青贮发酵过程中温度不宜高于45℃,高温会加速菌种衰老,增大染菌机会,菊花渣颜色变差,质地偏硬,降低万寿菊再造颗粒的叶黄素含量;鲜花青贮发酵过程中产生的渗出液,用泵从发酵池底部暗沟及时抽出,经离心(或压滤)、固液分离,其中鲜花泥固形物回收、干燥,用于制粒及叶黄素酯提取;上清液含α-三联噻吩、没食子酸等抗线虫成分,经浓缩,制造无毒无害的生物肥、天然土壤线虫杀灭剂,花园土壤中施用显示,近根系土壤线虫死亡80%以上,施用后促植物生长作用明显,生产过程绿色环保。
实施例8万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵过程中微生物群落结构演替与代谢产物分析
万寿菊鲜花青贮发酵过程间隔一定时间取样,基于高通量基因测序分析其生物多样性,细菌采用16S rDNA测序,真菌采用ITS1测序。结果发现,青贮发酵15d期间,占主体地位的细菌为肠球菌(E.faecium)、布氏乳杆菌(L.buchneri)、植物乳杆菌(L.plantarum)、明串珠菌(Leuconostoc)、魏斯氏菌(Weissella)、片球菌(Pediococcus)等,使青贮鲜花pH值快速下降,总有机酸、乳酸和乙酸浓度明显提高,而肠杆菌(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas) 和黄杆菌(Flavobacterium)等腐败菌相对丰度逐渐降低.参与发酵的真菌主要是红曲霉、镰刀霉菌属、酵母菌属、青霉菌属、曲霉菌属、木霉菌属等,其丰度呈下降趋势,尤其是异常毕赤酵母可明显抑制青霉、曲霉菌等生长,使玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素等真菌毒素显著降低。
上述实施例中阐述了很多具体细节,以充分理解本发明。上述仅是对本发明的优选实施例,并不用于限制本发明,因此本发明不受上述公开的具体实施例的限制;对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化,可在不违背本发明内涵情况下做类似推广,凡是在本发明的权利要求限定范围内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种万寿菊鲜花的多功能菌高效复合发酵剂及其应用,其特征在于,所述复合发酵剂中包含多种功能菌株和平菇木质纤维素酶,将复合发酵剂稀释液喷施于万寿菊鲜花,不透光黑色薄膜覆盖发酵池,避光、盖严压实,于温度15~45℃堆积厌氧发酵15-20天,菌-酶耦合发酵处理后花渣制备再造颗粒用于提取叶黄素酯和叶黄素,发酵渗出液制备生物肥和天然土壤线虫杀灭剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述复合发酵剂中粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)Gr17,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(CGMCC),保藏编号CGMCC No.16677;所述红曲霉(Monascus sp.)M1,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号为CGMCC No.12502;所述平菇(Pleurotusostreatus)PO-8为CGMCC5.650诱变选育菌株。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述复合发酵剂为粪肠球菌CGMCCNo.16677、布氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus buchneri)CGMCC No.1.15607、异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)CGMCC No.2.3929、红曲霉(Monascus sp.)CGMCC No.12502高密度发酵培养制备,按照其(1×107~1×108)∶(1×107~1×108)∶(1×106~1×107)∶(1×106~1×107)的菌数比例,并添加10g/l的蔗糖、乳糖、麦芽糖中任一种或几种,调整pH5.5~6.0,制得液态或冻干粉状发酵菌剂;使用前将发酵菌剂与平菇PO-8菌丝体复合酶液按照2∶1(V/V)复配,获得万寿菊鲜花多功能菌高效复合发酵剂,应用于万寿菊花青贮发酵。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述复合发酵剂中异常毕赤酵母CGMCCNo.2.3929产生嗜杀因子,粪肠球菌产生细菌素Gr17、乳酸等天然抗菌物质,快速建立高酸厌氧发酵环境,可软化鲜花细胞壁,有效抑制曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)等真菌,以及单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeriamonocytogenes)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)等细菌的生长,防止鲜花腐烂霉变,降低真菌毒素、生物胺生成等潜在安全风险。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述复合发酵剂中含有平菇PO-8发酵制得的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木素过氧化物酶、果胶酶等复合酶,加速万寿菊鲜花的破壁,使叶黄素酯提取率提高7%,缩短青贮发酵时间5-10天。
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