CN111685006A - Yield-increasing and quality-improving method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacle of radix codonopsis pilosulae - Google Patents
Yield-increasing and quality-improving method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacle of radix codonopsis pilosulae Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention provides a yield-improving and quality-improving method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae, aiming at the problem that the abnormal growth and development of the radix codonopsis pilosulae caused by continuously cultivating the radix codonopsis pilosulae on the same soil in the prior art, namely the continuous cropping obstacles of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, belonging to the technical field of the planting of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, and sequentially comprising three steps of soil disinfection, fertilization and soil improvement and disease inhibition and growth promotion, wherein the soil disinfection comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of removing residues, watering grass and wood ash water, applying a solid disinfectant, uniformly ploughing, covering a film to preserve soil moisture, uncovering the film to ventilate, and verifying safety, wherein the step of fertilizing and improving soil comprises the step of applying an organic fertilizer, a microbial fertilizer and a pH regulator to a disinfected land, the step of inhibiting diseases and promoting growth comprises the step of spraying a continuous cropping water solution at the seedling stage of the codonopsis pilosula and the step of spraying a pyraclostrobin water solution at the flowering stage. The invention adopts comprehensive measures of soil disinfection, soil improvement by fertilization, disease inhibition and growth promotion and the like, solves the problem that the codonopsis pilosula in the Sichuan province cannot be continuously cultivated, can obviously reduce the morbidity of the codonopsis pilosula in the Sichuan province, and improves the yield and the quality of the codonopsis pilosula in the Sichuan province.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of planting of radix codonopsis pilosulae, and particularly relates to a yield and quality improvement method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae.
Background
Radix Codonopsis (Codonopsis tangshen Oliv.) is a perennial vine plant of Campanulaceae, and its dried root is one of radix Codonopsis medicinal materials, and has effects of invigorating spleen, benefiting lung, nourishing blood, and promoting fluid production. The continuous cropping obstacle refers to the phenomenon of abnormal growth and development of crops caused by continuously cultivating the same crop or closely related crops on the same soil. The main reason for the generation of the compound fertilizer is that continuous cropping breaks through the original biological and chemical circulation of soil, and causes a series of changes such as soil acidification, nutrient imbalance, microbial community structural disorder, allelopathy autotoxicity and the like, thereby causing the growth of crops to be inhibited and the yield and the quality to be reduced. Previous studies have shown that commercial crops such as melons, peanuts, potatoes and the like all have serious continuous cropping obstacles. Over 40 percent of medicinal plants in China depend on artificial cultivation, and 70 percent of medicinal plants with root and stem for many years generally have the phenomenon of continuous cropping obstacle. Earlier researches show that the codonopsis pilosula has serious continuous cropping obstacles in the cultivation process, and nowadays, with the intensive development of agriculture, most crops cannot be subjected to crop rotation planting and can only be planted by continuous cropping, so that how to effectively overcome the continuous cropping obstacles has great significance for the sustainable development of agriculture.
At present, an effective prevention and treatment method for continuous cropping obstacles of codonopsis pilosula in the field is still lacked, and after the codonopsis pilosula in the field generates the continuous cropping obstacles, the yield and the quality of the codonopsis pilosula in the field are seriously affected, so that how to prevent and treat the continuous cropping obstacles of codonopsis pilosula in the field and improve the yield and the quality of the codonopsis pilosula in the field is a scientific problem to be solved urgently in the technical field. Therefore, a method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of the codonopsis pilosula in Sichuan province and improving the yield and quality of the codonopsis pilosula is urgently needed to be developed so as to provide scientific basis and technical support for reducing the continuous cropping obstacles of the codonopsis pilosula in Sichuan province and promoting the sustainable development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a yield and quality improving method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix Codonopsis, which can effectively solve the problem of continuous cropping obstacles of radix Codonopsis and improve the yield and quality of radix Codonopsis in the prior art.
The invention aims to be realized by the following technical scheme: a yield-increasing and quality-improving method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix Codonopsis Lanceolatae sequentially comprises three steps of soil disinfection, fertilization and soil improvement and disease inhibition and growth promotion, wherein the soil disinfection comprises the following steps:
(1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil; avoid the decomposition of the residues of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis to produce biochemical self-toxic substances which are not beneficial to the growth of the next-stubble Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
(2) Watering the grass and tree ash water, spraying the grass and tree ash water on the continuous cropping land of the codonopsis pilosula, enabling the soil humidity to reach 80% -90%, taking the standard that the soil can be held by hands to form a cluster and the land can be scattered at the height of 1 m, eliminating the chemical sensitive autotoxic substances in the soil, relieving the inhibition effect of the autotoxic substances in the soil on the growth of the seedlings of the next-crop codonopsis pilosula, and simultaneously facilitating the germination of nematodes, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds and being easy to kill.
(3) Applying a solid disinfectant; according to different requirements, modes of whole-land broadcasting application, furrow application, strip application and the like can be adopted, and the mode of simultaneous application with other biological fertilizers or pesticides cannot be adopted. The solid disinfectant is used for killing pathogenic bacteria and nematodes in soil, and the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests of the radix codonopsis pilosulae can be effectively reduced.
(4) Uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 20-30 cm; during plowing, the medicine is applied to the ditch, the edge, the corner and other parts in the field in place, so that the solid disinfectant is uniformly mixed with the soil, and the disease and insect pest outbreak caused by omission is avoided. The ploughing depth is controlled to be 20-30 cm, the stretching and the growth of the roots of the codonopsis pilosula, and the codonopsis pilosula is convenient to harvest after being mature. The stretching and growing of the roots of codonopsis pilosula in Chuan province are not good due to too shallow plowing, the cost is obviously increased due to too deep plowing, the growing depth of the roots of codonopsis pilosula cannot be controlled, and the difficulty in digging can be increased.
(5) Covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and covering a film on the sterilized land in 2 hours after pesticide application; four sides are sealed by ditching and inside edge pressing to keep soil moist and avoid leakage of generated effective sterilizing gas. The film covering can make the fixed disinfectant have better sterilization and disinsection effects on the soil.
(6) And removing the plastic film after 10-25 days of film covering, loosening the soil and opening the air for 10-25 days, so that the generated disinfection gas is fully dissipated.
(7) Safety verification, namely sowing the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae on the soil after disinfection, wherein the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae can normally germinate in 5-7 days, which indicates that the disinfected soil can be safely produced, otherwise, the ventilation time is prolonged and the production can be carried out only through the safety verification;
the fertilizing and soil improving method comprises the following steps: after one week of soil disinfection, applying an organic fertilizer, a microbial fertilizer and a pH regulator to the disinfected land for improving soil fertility, improving the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, and adjusting the pH value of the soil to 5.6-6.5 to create a good micro-ecological environment for the production of the codonopsis pilosula; the pH range is the optimum and suitable pH for the growth of the codonopsis pilosula; in addition, when the pH value of the soil is in the range, a healthier soil micro-ecological structure is constructed, the growth of codonopsis pilosula is facilitated, and the growth and the propagation of microorganisms are not facilitated by soil peracid or over-alkali, so that the nutrient circulation of the soil is hindered, and the problems of aggravation of plant diseases and insect pests caused by the disordered microbial community structure and the like are caused. The disease inhibition and growth promotion comprises the following steps: continuous cropping ganoderma aqueous solution is sprayed in seedling stage of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, pyraclostrobin aqueous solution is sprayed in flowering stage, and biocontrol microbial inoculum for inhibiting and promoting diseases is sprayed in different growth stages of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, so that soil-borne diseases of the radix codonopsis pilosulae can be further prevented and treated, the activity of soil biological enzyme is improved, soil nutrients are activated, the growth of the radix codonopsis pilosulae is promoted, and the quality of the radix codonopsis pilosulae is improved.
Preferably, the plant ash water is turbid liquid formed by adding 25-50 kg of plant ash into 1 cubic meter of water, and the plant ash is residue of burned herbaceous and woody plants. The plant ash is low in cost, is easy to obtain in rural areas, is beneficial to controlling the cost, is safe and harmless, and most importantly, contains abundant mineral nutrient elements, is alkaline after being dissolved in water, can eliminate partial phenolic acid induced autoprotory substances secreted by the codonopsis pilosula, reduces the inhibition effect of the induced autoprotory substances on the codonopsis pilosula, and promotes the growth of the codonopsis pilosula.
Preferably, the solid disinfectant is calcium cyanamide, the content of active ingredients is more than or equal to 50 percent, and the application amount is 450-750 kg.hm-2. The calcium cyanamide is used for killing pathogenic bacteria and nematodes in soil, has good effect and can effectively reduce the incidence rate of diseases and insect pests of the codonopsis pilosula. Too low an amount of the composition can result in poor control effect. An excessively high application amount may cause a certain toxic or side effect, and the input cost may increase.
Preferably, the mulching film is covered with two layers of transparent plastic films in the soil moisture conservation, the thickness of the plastic film of the inner layer, which is in contact with the soil, is not less than 8 filaments, and the thickness of the plastic film of the outer layer is not less than 4 filaments. The transparent plastic film is selected, so that the sunlight can fully irradiate the soil, and the effects of rapid temperature rise and ultraviolet radiation disinfection are achieved. The double-layer film is selected because the transparent plastic film is likely to cause the risk of effective sterilization gas dissipation due to operation problems or the transparent plastic film is scratched by soil blocks in the covering process because the soil blocks in the field are uneven, and the lower layer has a certain film thickness and can resist enough mechanical tension and damage; and the outer membrane is thinner so that the outer membrane is more elastic, and the inner membrane can still protect the sterilizing gas from being dispersed when being damaged, thereby ensuring the sterilizing effect.
Preferably, the time of the coating and the open air depends on the weather temperature (T), and when the temperature is 10 ℃ and the T is less than 20 ℃, the coating and the open air are respectively carried out for 25 days; covering the film and exposing to air for 12 days when the temperature is 20 ℃ and T is less than 25 ℃; when 25 ℃ < T <35 ℃, the film was coated and the atmosphere was open for 10 days each. There is a problem that the safety hazard or the effect is reduced when the temperature is too high (T >35 ℃ C.) or too low (T <10 ℃ C.), and therefore it is not recommended to use the present method for operation when the temperature is too high or too low.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer is Fengjiang organic fertilizer, namely organic fertilizer produced by Fengjiang biological technology limited company in the beam plain area, the pH value of the organic fertilizer is 7.80, the raw materials comprise cow dung, vegetable cake, rice bran and the like, the organic matter in the organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 45 percent, and N-P (N-P) is2O5-K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the application amount is 4500-7500 kg.hm-2. The Fengjiang organic fertilizer is a high-quality organic fertilizer prepared from pure natural raw materials through high-temperature fermentation, heavy metals and pesticide residue substances in the raw materials are removed through a special process, beneficial microorganisms are added, phosphorus and potassium can be activated, the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved, and the Fengjiang organic fertilizer can protect the growth of the Sichuan radix codonopsis pilosulae.
Preferably, the microbial fertilizer is Jinzhengda Jinzhengjin mushroom microbial fertilizer, the pH value of the microbial fertilizer is 8.21, the organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent, the microbial fertilizer contains bacillus amyloliquefaciens and effective viable bacteria 5 × 108cfu·g-1The application amount is 750-1500 kg.hm-2. The slow release fertilizer prepared by the special process is a natural pollution-free microbial fertilizer, is specially added with potassium fulvate and rich beneficial live bacteria, and can continuously supplement beneficial microorganisms in the whole growth period of the codonopsis pilosula, activate soil nutrients and promote the growth of the codonopsis pilosula.
Preferably, the pH regulator is an acid fertilizer and an alkaline fertilizer, the acid fertilizer is triple superphosphate, the pH of the triple superphosphate is 3.12, and P is P2O5More than or equal to 46 percent, the alkaline fertilizer is a Jinzheng large silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, the pH value is 10.45, wherein P is2O5+K2O≥5％，SiO2The content of CaO is more than or equal to 20.0 percent, the content of CaO is more than or equal to 30.0 percent, the content of MgO is more than or equal to 2.0 percent, and the application amount is adjusted according to the pH value of the soil so as to control the pH value of the soil to be 5.6-6.5 after the soil is applied. The two fertilizers are selected mainly because they are respectively acidic and alkaline fertilizers, which can be used for adjusting the pH value of soil, and simultaneously can supplement P element and Ca element in the soil, improve the soil fertility, increase the cation replacement capability and activate the soil nutrient elements. The Jinzheng large silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer is selected because the fertilizer integrates silicon-calcium fertilizer, potassium-magnesium fertilizer, micro-fertilizer and rare earth elements into a whole, is a multifunctional high-purity green environment-friendly mineral fertilizer, combines the growth habit and the nutritional requirement of crops, and adoptsThe fertilizer is prepared by advanced process technology, can effectively improve soil environment, activate soil nutrients and increase soil pH. And the radix codonopsitis powder has certain resistance to various fungal and bacterial diseases, and can effectively reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases of the radix codonopsitis.
Preferably, the aqueous solution of the continuous cropping agent is prepared from continuous cropping agent granules, the effective viable count of the continuous cropping agent granules is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g, the organic matter content is more than or equal to 40 percent, and the concentration of the spraying aqueous solution is 100-200 times of that of the solution. Too low a concentration of the spray can result in poor control effect. If the spraying concentration is too high, certain toxic and side effects can be generated, and the investment cost is increased.
Preferably, the pyraclostrobin aqueous solution is prepared from pyraclostrobin missible oil, the content of active ingredients of the pyraclostrobin missible oil is more than or equal to 25%, and the spraying aqueous solution concentration is 500-1000 times of that of the solution. Too low a concentration of the spray can result in poor control effect. If the spraying concentration is too high, certain toxic and side effects can be generated, and the investment cost is increased.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention adopts comprehensive measures of soil disinfection, soil improvement by fertilization, disease inhibition and growth promotion and the like, solves the problem that the codonopsis pilosula in the Sichuan province cannot be continuously cultivated, can obviously reduce the morbidity of the codonopsis pilosula in the Sichuan province, and improves the yield and the quality of the codonopsis pilosula in the Sichuan province.
Detailed Description
In order to further explain the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention is explained in detail by the following specific examples.
Example 1
In the experiment of the embodiment, the test soil is developed in a continuous cropping test base (30 degrees 32 '16' N,109 degrees 12 '45' E, an altitude of 1738m and located in Taqiaoqiao townshou village in Enshi city, Hubei province) of the codonopsis pilosula in 2017 month, the test soil is yellow brown soil with developed argillaceous shale, the codonopsis pilosula is planted in 6 years continuously, the continuous cropping obstacle phenomenon of the soil is serious, and the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 basic physicochemical Properties of the soil tested
This example is a comparative example, and only the conventional management of the planting of codonopsis pilosula from chuan is performed, and no other treatment is performed.
Example 2
Example 2 was conducted in the same test site as example 1, and the difference between example 2 and example 1 was that soil disinfection was increased, and the control treatment was conducted in the same manner as example 1. The specific operation is as follows:
soil disinfection, comprising: (1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil; avoid the decomposition of the residues of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis to produce biochemical self-toxic substances which are not beneficial to the growth of the next-stubble Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
(2) Watering the plant ash water, spraying the plant ash water with the concentration of 25g/L on the continuous cropping land of the codonopsis pilosula, enabling the soil humidity to reach 80%, and taking the standard that the soil can be held by hands to form a cluster and the land can be scattered at the height of 1 m, so that the plant ash water is used for eliminating allelopathy autotoxic substances in the soil, and simultaneously, the nematode, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds can be conveniently germinated and easily killed.
(3) Applying a solid disinfectant; scattering 450kg hm in the continuous cropping land of the radix codonopsis pilosulae-2Calcium cyanamide, cannot be applied simultaneously with other biofertilizers or pesticides.
(4) Uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 20 cm; during plowing, the pesticide is applied to the ditch, the edge, the corner and other parts in the field in place, so that the disease and insect pest outbreak caused by omission is avoided.
(5) Covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and covering a double-layer transparent plastic film on the sterilized land within 2 hours after pesticide application; the thickness of the plastic film of the inner layer contacting with the soil is 8 filaments, and the thickness of the plastic film of the outer layer is 4 filaments. Four sides are sealed by ditching and inside edge pressing to keep soil moist and avoid leakage of generated effective sterilizing gas.
(6) Uncovering the film for ventilation, uncovering the plastic film after 10 days of film covering, loosening the soil and opening the air for 10 days, so that the generated disinfection gas is fully dissipated;
(7) safety verification, sowing the seeds of the codonopsis pilosula in the soil after disinfection, and ensuring that the codonopsis pilosula normally germinates within 5 days, which indicates that the disinfection is finished, so that the codonopsis pilosula can be used for field production.
Example 3
Example 3 and example 1 are in the same test base, compared with example 1, example 3 is different in that two steps of soil disinfection and soil improvement are added, and other steps are the same as example 1. The specific operation is as follows:
soil disinfection, comprising:
(1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil; avoid the decomposition of the residues of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis to produce biochemical self-toxic substances which are not beneficial to the growth of the next-stubble Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
(2) Watering the plant ash water, spraying the plant ash water with the concentration of 25g/L on the continuous cropping land of the codonopsis pilosula, enabling the soil humidity to reach 80%, and taking the standard that the soil can be held by hands to form a cluster and the land can be scattered at the height of 1 m, so that the plant ash water is used for eliminating allelopathy autotoxic substances in the soil, and simultaneously, the nematode, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds can be conveniently germinated and easily killed.
(3) Applying a solid disinfectant; scattering 450kg hm in the continuous cropping land of the radix codonopsis pilosulae-2Calcium cyanamide, cannot be applied simultaneously with other biofertilizers or pesticides.
(4) Uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 20 cm; during plowing, the pesticide is applied to the ditch, the edge, the corner and other parts in the field in place, so that the disease and insect pest outbreak caused by omission is avoided.
(5) Covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and covering a double-layer transparent plastic film on the sterilized land within 2 hours after pesticide application; the double-layer film is two layers of plastic films, the thickness of the plastic film of the inner layer contacting with the soil is 8 threads, and the thickness of the plastic film of the outer layer is 4 threads. Four sides are sealed by ditching and inside edge pressing to keep soil moist and avoid leakage of generated effective sterilizing gas.
(6) Uncovering the film for ventilation, uncovering the plastic film after 10 days of film covering, loosening the soil and opening the air for 10 days, so that the generated disinfection gas is fully dissipated;
(7) safety verification, sowing the seeds of the codonopsis pilosula in the soil after disinfection, and ensuring that the codonopsis pilosula normally germinates within 5 days, which indicates that the disinfection is finished, so that the codonopsis pilosula can be used for field production.
II,Fertilizing and improving soil, comprising: after the soil disinfection is finished for one week, 4500kg hm is applied to the disinfected land-2Fengjiang organic fertilizer and 750kg hm-2The Jinzheng Dajincong microbial fertilizer is used for improving soil fertility and improving the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in soil, and the Jinzheng Dajincong calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer is applied to adjust the pH value of the soil to be 5.6, so that a good micro-ecological environment is created for the production of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
Example 4
Example 4 was conducted in the same test site as example 1, and compared with example 1, example 4 was different in that three steps of soil sterilization, soil improvement by fertilization, and disease suppression and growth promotion were added, and the other steps were conducted in the same manner as example 1.
The embodiment discloses a yield and quality improvement method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae, which comprises the following complete operation steps: sequentially comprises three steps of soil disinfection, fertilization and soil improvement and disease inhibition and growth promotion,
the soil disinfection includes:
(1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil; avoid the decomposition of the residues of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis to produce biochemical self-toxic substances which are not beneficial to the growth of the next-stubble Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
(2) Watering the plant ash water, spraying the plant ash water with the concentration of 25g/L on the continuous cropping land of the codonopsis pilosula, enabling the soil humidity to reach 80%, and taking the standard that the soil can be held by hands to form a cluster and the land can be scattered at the height of 1 m, so that the plant ash water is used for eliminating allelopathy autotoxic substances in the soil, and simultaneously, the nematode, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds can be conveniently germinated and easily killed.
(3) Applying a solid disinfectant; scattering 450kg hm in the continuous cropping land of the radix codonopsis pilosulae-2Calcium cyanamide, cannot be applied simultaneously with other biofertilizers or pesticides.
(4) Uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 20 cm; during plowing, the pesticide is applied to the ditch, the edge, the corner and other parts in the field in place, so that the disease and insect pest outbreak caused by omission is avoided.
(5) Covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and covering a double-layer transparent plastic film on the sterilized land within 2 hours after pesticide application; the double-layer film is two layers of plastic films, the thickness of the plastic film of the inner layer contacting with the soil is 8 threads, and the thickness of the plastic film of the outer layer is 4 threads. Four sides are sealed by ditching and inside edge pressing to keep soil moist and avoid leakage of generated effective sterilizing gas.
(6) Uncovering the film for ventilation, uncovering the plastic film after 10 days of film covering, loosening the soil and opening the air for 10 days, so that the generated disinfection gas is fully dissipated;
(7) safety verification, sowing the seeds of the codonopsis pilosula in the soil after disinfection, and ensuring that the codonopsis pilosula normally germinates within 5 days, which indicates that the disinfection is finished, so that the codonopsis pilosula can be used for field production.
The fertilizing and soil improving method comprises the following steps: after the soil disinfection is finished for one week, 4500kg hm is applied to the disinfected land-2Fengjiang organic fertilizer and 750kg hm-2The Jinzheng Dajincong microbial fertilizer is used for improving soil fertility and improving the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in soil, and the Jinzheng Dajincong calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer is applied to adjust the pH value of the soil to be 5.6, so that a good micro-ecological environment is created for the production of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
The disease inhibition and growth promotion comprises the following steps: 200 times of continuous cropping agent is sprayed in seedling stage of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, 1000 times of pyraclostrobin solution is sprayed in flowering stage of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, and the liquid is used for preventing soil-borne diseases of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, improving the activity of soil biological enzyme and activating soil nutrient, thereby promoting the growth of the radix codonopsis pilosulae and improving the quality of the radix codonopsis pilosulae.
In order to reduce the test error, in examples 1-4, each example was divided into three equal-area test fields, and the three fields of each example were operated in the same manner, which is equivalent to three times of repeated operations performed simultaneously.
The results of the tests of examples 1-4 are shown in Table 2:
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on Sichuan radix Codonopsis incidence, yield and quality
Compared with the control treatment of example 1, the incidence rate of the szechuan tangshen root treated by the example 2, the example 3 and the example 4 is remarkably reduced, and the reduction rate is respectively 51.5 percent, 75.1 percent and 84.5 percent; the yield of the szechuan tangshen processed in the embodiments 2, 3 and 4 is obviously increased, and the increase is 9.1 percent, 14.1 percent and 27.3 percent respectively; the polysaccharide content of the treated szechuan tangshen roots in the embodiments 2, 3 and 4 is obviously increased by 11.7 percent, 12.2 percent and 11.5 percent respectively; the alkyne glycoside content of the szechuan tangshen root processed in the embodiment 2, the embodiment 3 and the embodiment 4 is obviously improved, and the amplification is respectively 20.3 percent, 30.9 percent and 31.7 percent.
Example 5
In the example, the experiment is carried out in 11 months in 2018 in a test base for continuous cropping of codonopsis pilosula in Baqiao Zhenchuan city, the codonopsis pilosula in the test plot is planted for 7 years continuously, the serious continuous cropping obstacle phenomenon appears in the piece of soil, and the test site and the physical and chemical properties of the soil are the same as those in example 1.
This example is a comparative example, and only the conventional management of the planting of codonopsis pilosula from chuan is performed, and no other treatment is performed.
Example 6
Example 6 was conducted in the same test site as example 5, except that the soil was sterilized more than example 5, and the control was conducted in the same manner as example 5. The specific operation is as follows:
soil disinfection, comprising: (1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil; avoid the decomposition of the residues of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis to produce biochemical self-toxic substances which are not beneficial to the growth of the next-stubble Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
(2) Watering the plant ash water, spraying the plant ash water with the concentration of 50g/L on the continuous cropping land of the codonopsis pilosula, enabling the soil humidity to reach 90%, taking the standard that the soil can be held by hands to form a cluster and the land can be scattered at the height of 1 m, eliminating allelopathy autotoxic substances in the soil, and simultaneously facilitating the initiation of the germination of nematodes, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds and being easy to kill.
(3) Applying a solid disinfectant; 750kg hm of radix codonopsis pilosulae continuous cropping land is scattered and applied-2Calcium cyanamide, cannot be applied simultaneously with other biofertilizers or pesticides.
(4) Uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 30 cm; during plowing, the pesticide is applied to the ditch, the edge, the corner and other parts in the field in place, so that the disease and insect pest outbreak caused by omission is avoided.
(5) Covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and immediately covering a disinfection land with a double-layer transparent plastic film after pesticide application; the thickness of the plastic film of the inner layer contacting with the soil is 12 threads, and the thickness of the plastic film of the outer layer is 8 threads. Four sides are sealed by ditching and inside edge pressing to keep soil moist and avoid leakage of generated effective sterilizing gas.
(6) Uncovering the film for ventilation, uncovering the plastic film after covering the film for 25 days, loosening the soil and opening the air for 25 days, so that the generated disinfection gas is fully dissipated;
(7) safety verification, namely sowing the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae on the soil after disinfection, and leading the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae to normally germinate within 7 days, which indicates that the disinfection is finished, thus being applicable to field production.
Example 7
Example 7 was conducted in the same test site as example 5, and compared with example 5, example 7 was different in that two steps of soil sterilization, soil improvement and fertilization were added, and the other steps were conducted in the same manner as example 5. The specific operation is as follows:
soil disinfection, comprising: (1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil; avoid the decomposition of the residues of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis to produce biochemical self-toxic substances which are not beneficial to the growth of the next-stubble Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
(2) Watering the plant ash water, spraying the plant ash water with the concentration of 50g/L on the continuous cropping land of the codonopsis pilosula, enabling the soil humidity to reach 90%, taking the standard that the soil can be held by hands to form a cluster and the land can be scattered at the height of 1 m, eliminating allelopathy autotoxic substances in the soil, and simultaneously facilitating the initiation of the germination of nematodes, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds and being easy to kill.
(3) Applying a solid disinfectant; 750kg hm of radix codonopsis pilosulae continuous cropping land is scattered and applied-2Calcium cyanamide, cannot be applied simultaneously with other biofertilizers or pesticides.
(4) Uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 30 cm; during plowing, the pesticide is applied to the ditch, the edge, the corner and other parts in the field in place, so that the disease and insect pest outbreak caused by omission is avoided.
(5) Covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and immediately covering a disinfection land with a double-layer transparent plastic film after pesticide application; the thickness of the plastic film of the inner layer contacting with the soil is 12 threads, and the thickness of the plastic film of the outer layer is 8 threads. Four sides are sealed by ditching and inside edge pressing to keep soil moist and avoid leakage of generated effective sterilizing gas.
(6) And removing the plastic film after covering the film for 25 days, loosening the soil, and opening the air for 25 days to fully dissipate the generated disinfection gas.
(7) Safety verification, namely sowing the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae on the soil after disinfection, and leading the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae to normally germinate within 7 days, which indicates that the disinfection is finished, thus being applicable to field production.
Second, fertilizing and improving soil
After soil disinfection for one week, 7500kg hm is applied to the disinfected land-2Fengjiang organic fertilizer and 1500kg hm-2The Jinzheng big golden mushroom crown microbial fertilizer is used for improving soil fertility and improving the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in soil, and the Jinzheng big silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer is applied to adjust the pH value of the soil to be 6.0, so that a good micro-ecological environment is created for the production of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
Example 8
Example 8 and example 5 are in the same test base, compared with example 5, example 8 is different in that three steps of soil disinfection, soil improvement by fertilization and disease inhibition and growth promotion are added, and the other steps are the same as example 5 in comparison treatment.
The embodiment discloses a yield and quality improvement method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae, which comprises the following complete operation steps: sequentially comprises three steps of soil disinfection, fertilization and soil improvement and disease inhibition and growth promotion,
the soil disinfection includes: (1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil; avoid the decomposition of the residues of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis to produce biochemical self-toxic substances which are not beneficial to the growth of the next-stubble Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
(2) Watering the plant ash water, spraying the plant ash water with the concentration of 50g/L on the continuous cropping land of the codonopsis pilosula, enabling the soil humidity to reach 90%, taking the standard that the soil can be held by hands to form a cluster and the land can be scattered at the height of 1 m, eliminating allelopathy autotoxic substances in the soil, and simultaneously facilitating the initiation of the germination of nematodes, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds and being easy to kill.
(3) Applying a solid disinfectant; 750kg hm of radix codonopsis pilosulae continuous cropping land is scattered and applied-2Calcium cyanamide, not being able to be mixed with other biological fertilizerThe materials or pesticides are applied simultaneously.
(4) Uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 30 cm; during plowing, the pesticide is applied to the ditch, the edge, the corner and other parts in the field in place, so that the disease and insect pest outbreak caused by omission is avoided.
(5) Covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and immediately covering a disinfection land with a double-layer transparent plastic film after pesticide application; the thickness of the plastic film of the inner layer contacting with the soil is 12 threads, and the thickness of the plastic film of the outer layer is 8 threads. Four sides are sealed by ditching and inside edge pressing to keep soil moist and avoid leakage of generated effective sterilizing gas.
(6) And removing the plastic film after covering the film for 25 days, loosening the soil, and opening the air for 25 days to fully dissipate the generated disinfection gas.
(7) Safety verification, namely sowing the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae on the soil after disinfection, and leading the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae to normally germinate within 7 days, which indicates that the disinfection is finished, thus being applicable to field production.
The fertilizing and soil improving method comprises the following steps: after soil disinfection for one week, 7500kg hm is applied to the disinfected land-2Fengjiang organic fertilizer and 1500kg hm-2The Jinzheng big golden mushroom crown microbial fertilizer is used for improving soil fertility and improving the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in soil, and the Jinzheng big silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer is applied to adjust the pH value of the soil to be 6.0, so that a good micro-ecological environment is created for the production of the Sichuan radix codonopsitis.
The disease inhibition and growth promotion comprises the following steps: 100 times of continuous cropping agent is sprayed in seedling stage of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, 500 times of pyraclostrobin solution is sprayed in flowering stage of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, and the liquid is used for preventing soil-borne diseases of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, improving the activity of soil biological enzyme and activating soil nutrient, thereby promoting the growth of the radix codonopsis pilosulae and improving the quality of the radix codonopsis pilosulae.
In order to reduce the test error, in examples 5-8, each example was divided into three equal-area test fields, and the three fields of each example were operated in the same manner, which is equivalent to three times of repeated operations performed simultaneously.
The results of the tests of examples 5-8 are shown in Table 3:
TABLE 3 Effect of different treatments on incidence, yield and quality of Codonopsis tangshen
Compared with the control treatment of example 5, the incidence rate of the szechuan tangshen root treated by the examples 6, 7 and 8 is remarkably reduced, and the reduction rate is respectively 56.1%, 78.0% and 87.4%; the yield of the Sichuan radix codonopsis processed by the embodiments 6, 7 and 8 is remarkably increased, and the increase is 9.2%, 15.6% and 27.4% respectively; the polysaccharide content of the treated radix codonopsis pilosulae in the embodiments 6, 7 and 8 is obviously increased, and the increase is respectively 9.2%, 11.3% and 13.5%; the alkyne glycoside content of the szechuan tangshen root processed in the embodiments 6, 7 and 8 is obviously improved, and the amplification is 23.6%, 33.3% and 37.4% respectively.
As can be seen from the data statistics in tables 2 and 3, when the method for improving yield and quality of codonopsis pilosula in continuous cropping for preventing and treating the continuous cropping obstacle of codonopsis pilosula in the invention is used for planting codonopsis pilosula in continuous cropping, the disease occurrence rate of codonopsis pilosula in continuous cropping is remarkably reduced compared with that of codonopsis pilosula in continuous cropping control treatment, and the disease occurrence rate of codonopsis pilosula in continuous cropping can be reduced by 87.4% at most, the yield of codonopsis pilosula in continuous cropping is improved by 27.4% to the maximum extent, the yield and quality of codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides and alkynin polysaccharides are respectively improved by 13.5% and 37.4% to the maximum extent, the yield and quality of codonopsis pilosula in continuous cropping and first crop planting are both up to and even better than those of codonopsis pilosula in alternate cropping. The yield-increasing and quality-improving method for preventing and treating the continuous cropping obstacle of the radix codonopsis pilosulae effectively prevents and treats the continuous cropping obstacle of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, overcomes the defect that the radix codonopsis pilosulae cannot be continuously cropped, is environment-friendly to soil, and has no pollution or toxic and side effects. By adopting the method, the labor cost for planting per mu of the Sichuan radix codonopsis pilosulae can be reduced by about 500 yuan, and the economic benefit of per mu of the Sichuan radix codonopsis pilosulae can be increased by about 1000 yuan. Therefore, the invention has good economic and social benefits and higher popularization and application values.
It is to be understood that in the claims, the specification of the present invention, all "including … …" are to be interpreted in an open-ended sense, i.e., in a sense equivalent to "including at least … …", and not in a closed sense, i.e., in a sense not to be interpreted as "including only … …".
The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiments or alternatives may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A yield-increasing and quality-improving method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix Codonopsis Lanceolatae is characterized by sequentially comprising three steps of soil disinfection, fertilization and soil improvement and disease inhibition and growth promotion,
the soil disinfection includes:
(1) removing residues, namely removing the residues of the previous-stubble szechuan tangshen plants in the soil;
(2) watering the plant ash water, and spraying the plant ash water on the codonopsis pilosula continuous cropping land, so that the soil humidity reaches 80-90%, the plant ash water is used for eliminating allelopathic autotoxic substances in the soil, and simultaneously, the nematode, pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds can be conveniently germinated and easily killed;
(3) applying a solid disinfectant;
(4) uniformly ploughing, namely uniformly ploughing the solid disinfectant and the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is 20-30 cm;
(5) covering a film to preserve soil moisture, and covering a film on the sterilized land in 2 hours after pesticide application;
(6) uncovering the film for ventilation, uncovering the plastic film after 10-25 days of film covering, loosening the soil and opening the air for 10-25 days, so that the generated disinfection gas is fully dissipated;
(7) safety verification, namely sowing the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae on the soil after disinfection, wherein the seeds of the radix codonopsis pilosulae can normally germinate in 5-7 days, which indicates that the disinfected soil can be safely produced, otherwise, the ventilation time is prolonged and the production can be carried out only through the safety verification;
the fertilizing and soil improving method comprises the following steps: after one week of soil disinfection, applying an organic fertilizer, a microbial fertilizer and a pH regulator to the disinfected land for improving soil fertility, improving the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, and adjusting the pH value of the soil to 5.6-6.5 to create a good micro-ecological environment for the production of the codonopsis pilosula;
the disease inhibition and growth promotion comprises the following steps: and spraying a continuous cropping ganoderma aqueous solution at the seedling stage of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, and spraying a pyraclostrobin aqueous solution at the flowering stage of the radix codonopsis pilosulae, so that the soil-borne diseases of the radix codonopsis pilosulae are prevented and treated, the biological enzyme activity of soil is improved, and the soil nutrient is activated, thereby promoting the growth of the radix codonopsis pilosulae and improving the quality of the radix codonopsis pilosulae.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plant ash water is a turbid liquid formed by adding 25-50 kg of plant ash into 1 cubic meter of water, and the plant ash is a residue of burned herbs and woody plants.
3. The method for improving yield and quality of radix codonopsis pilosulae used for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacle of radix codonopsis pilosulae as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid disinfectant is calcium cyanamide, the content of active ingredients is not less than 50%, and the application amount is 450-750 kg.hm-2。
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mulching film is covered with two layers of transparent plastic films, the thickness of the plastic film on the inner layer contacting with soil is not less than 8 filaments, and the thickness of the plastic film on the outer layer is not less than 4 filaments.
5. The method for improving yield and increasing quality of radix codonopsis pilosulae for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae as claimed in claim 1, wherein the time for covering the film and the time for opening the air are determined by the weather temperature (T), and when the temperature is 10 ℃ to less than T <20 ℃, the covering and the opening of the air are respectively carried out for 25 days; covering the film and exposing to air for 12 days when the temperature is 20 ℃ and T is less than 25 ℃; when 25 ℃ < T <35 ℃, the film was coated and the atmosphere was open for 10 days each.
6. The method for improving yield and quality of radix codonopsis pilosulae for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacle of radix codonopsis pilosulae as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer is Fengjiang organic fertilizer, the pH value of the organic fertilizer is 7.80, the raw materials comprise cow dung, vegetable cake and rice bran, the organic matter in the organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 45 percent, and N-P is N-P2O5-K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the application amount is 4500-7500 kg.hm-2。
7. The method for improving yield and quality of radix codonopsis pilosulae used for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae as claimed in claim 1, wherein the microbial fertilizer is golden big golden mushroom microbial fertilizer, the pH value of the microbial fertilizer is 8.21, the organic matter content of the microbial fertilizer is more than or equal to 45 percent, the microbial fertilizer contains bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and the effective viable bacteria are 5 × 108cfu·g-1The application amount is 750-1500 kg.hm-2。
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pH regulator is selected from acidic fertilizer and alkaline fertilizer, the acidic fertilizer is triple superphosphate with pH of 3.12, wherein P is P2O5More than or equal to 46 percent, the alkaline fertilizer is a Jinzheng large silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, the pH value is 10.45, wherein P is2O5+K2O≥5％，SiO2≥20.0％，CaO≥30.0％，MgO≥2.0％。
9. The method for improving yield and increasing quality of radix codonopsis pilosulae in preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae as claimed in claim 1, wherein the continuous cropping water solution is prepared by adopting continuous cropping granules, the effective viable count of the continuous cropping granules is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g, the organic matter content of the continuous cropping granules is more than or equal to 40%, and the concentration of the spraying water solution is 100-200 times of that of the spraying water solution.
10. The yield and quality improvement method for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacles of radix codonopsis pilosulae as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pyraclostrobin aqueous solution is prepared from pyraclostrobin missible oil, the content of active ingredients of the pyraclostrobin missible oil is more than or equal to 25%, and the spraying aqueous solution concentration is 500-1000 times of the solution.
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