CN111352031A - Method for detecting a fault state of an electric machine - Google Patents
Method for detecting a fault state of an electric machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN111352031A CN111352031A CN201911318307.5A CN201911318307A CN111352031A CN 111352031 A CN111352031 A CN 111352031A CN 201911318307 A CN201911318307 A CN 201911318307A CN 111352031 A CN111352031 A CN 111352031A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015654 memory Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000078 claw Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/34—Testing dynamo-electric machines
- G01R31/343—Testing dynamo-electric machines in operation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/005—Testing of electric installations on transport means
- G01R31/006—Testing of electric installations on transport means on road vehicles, e.g. automobiles or trucks
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Protection Of Generators And Motors (AREA)
- Rectifiers (AREA)
- Tests Of Circuit Breakers, Generators, And Electric Motors (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for detecting a fault state (100C) of an electric machine (100) having a rotor (120), a stator (110) and a rectifier circuit (130) connected to the stator (110), wherein the switch-on value (UB +, IB +; U) of the electric machine (100) is detected (310)ph、Iph) The time profile (200C) of (1), wherein the on-value (UB +, IB +; u shapeph、Iph) Wherein a fault (F) in the rectifier circuit (130) is deduced when the statistical quantity (Q) is below a threshold value (S).
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for detecting a fault state of an electric machine, to a computing unit and to a computer program for carrying out the method.
Background
For feeding the grid or the load current loop, different types of generators may be used. For example, a multiphase current can be generated by means of an alternator. In order to feed a dc network from such an alternator, a converter operating as a rectifier can be used in order to convert the polyphase current generated by the ac power source into dc. The rectification can be carried out by means of passive (diodes) or active (semiconductor-switched) rectifying elements. In active rectifiers, in addition to the field regulator, the corresponding control circuit is also part of the generator regulator. Alternators can often be implemented as electric machines that can be operated as generators to produce electrical energy, or as motors to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Such a generator can be used, for example, in a motor vehicle to supply the electrical system on board the motor vehicle. The respective electric machine can be operated, for example, as a generator in order to supply the vehicle electrical system or to charge the vehicle battery. For this purpose, the electric machine can be connected to the vehicle electrical system or disconnected from it by a so-called final stage (endstop) or a final stage circuit.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the invention, a method for detecting a fault state of an electric machine, a computer unit and a computer program for carrying out the method are proposed with the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are the subject matter of the dependent claims and the following description.
The electric machine may be designed in particular as a generator, for example as a claw pole generator (Klauenpolgenerator) or a salient pole generator (schenkelpolygenerator), and/or as a motor-and/or generator-operated electric machine. The electric machine has, in particular, a rotor and a stator and a rectifier circuit connected to the stator for rectifying an alternating voltage applied to the stator. The rectifier circuit may in particular have a bridge circuit formed by passive switching elements, in particular diodes, or by active switching elements, in particular semiconductor switches, for example Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs).
The following possibilities are provided by the invention: in a simple manner, different fault states and the intensity of the fault state of the electric machine are identified. It is therefore possible in principle to classify the faults according to their type, extent and progression.
Within the scope of the method, a time profile of the switch-on value of the electric machine, in particular a time profile of the voltage or current value of a direct voltage, in particular a rectified generator voltage or a corresponding current, provided by the electric machine, is detected.
After the determination of the respective switch-on value, a statistical variable of the switch-on value is determined, wherein a fault in the rectifier circuit is inferred if the statistical variable is below a threshold value. The use of statistical variables is particularly advantageous, since in principle the use of additional filters or the averaging of data is possible, wherein the statistical variables are compared with corresponding threshold values, which are preferably determined machine-specifically.
Preferably, the quantile of the switch-on value (Anschlusswert) is used as a statistical variable. The use of quantiles has the advantages: the implementation can be carried out particularly simply in fault patterns which are represented in voltage or current profiles and which are characterized by a particularly strong swing (Ausschlag) with respect to small or large voltage and/or current values. In addition, in the maximum range, noise superimposed on the voltage signal or the current signal can be removed particularly well by means of the quantile.
The quantile is basically a statistical variable which specifies which share of the determined data lies above or below the value defined by the quantile. Preferably, quantiles in the interval between 1% and 10%, preferably 2%, are used. The use of such a quantile, which is preferably specifically coordinated with the respective electric machine and/or the fault to be detected, is advantageous, since the respective quantile can thereby be adapted to the respective fault pattern or to typical noise characteristics in the voltage and/or current values of the electric machine. A 2% quantile thus refers, for example, to a voltage value in which 2% of the ascertained voltage value lies below this limit and 98% of the ascertained voltage value is equal to or above this limit.
In a further preferred embodiment of the method, the statistical variable is determined in a time interval of preferably less than or equal to 100ms, more preferably less than or equal to 10 ms. The current method is particularly well suited for: the respective fault is also determined with great reliability by means of a small number of voltage or current signatures, which carry information about the fault structure (fault map), in particular in the rectifier circuit of the electric machine. A very small time window of 10ms is therefore usually already available, which, depending on the rotational speed of the electric machine, can contain corresponding voltage characteristics of the order of 10. Within the interval, a corresponding number of 10 or even less voltage signatures is typically already sufficient for reliably identifying a corresponding fault by means of the method.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the threshold value is determined in the case of a fault-free electric machine on the basis of a minimum value of the switch-on value. The respective threshold values can be determined and stored in the respective control unit, for example, in a faultless electric machine, independently of different operating states of the electric machine, for example, different speeds and load levels of the electric machine. This is advantageous because, after a comparison of the threshold value with the respective quantile or the respective statistical variable, a respective fault can be reliably inferred.
In a further preferred embodiment of the method, the extent and/or progression of the fault, in particular the increase in resistance between the two switching elements of one of the half-bridges of the rectifier circuit, is inferred from the difference between the statistical variable in the form of a quantile and a threshold value. The comparison of the quantile with the threshold value can therefore be used at present not only to detect faults, but also to determine the extent and/or progression of the fault, taking into account the difference between the statistical variable, in particular in the form of the quantile, and the threshold value. It is applicable here that the greater the difference between the quantile and the threshold value, the greater the extent or progression of the fault and thus also the greater the resistance of the interruption. The interruption resistance is thus determined accordingly.
It is also preferably possible to set a corresponding threshold for the difference value, according to which the fault is only slight, moderate or correspondingly strong. Corresponding measures, such as a failure of the diversion warning signal, an emergency operation of the electric motor, etc., can preferably be provided by means of corresponding thresholds.
The time profile of the voltage value of the direct voltage of the electric machine, which is applied to the rectifier circuit of the electric machine, is advantageously detected. In particular, voltage values can be detected between the dc voltage connections of the electric machine or of the rectifier circuit using measurement techniques and are usually detected for the proper operation of the electric machine. It is also possible to detect at least one of the phase voltages and/or phase currents as a switch-on value in order to check the functional integrity of the electric machine within the scope of the method.
The invention is particularly advantageously suitable for use in motor vehicles. The electric machine can be used to feed, for example, the vehicle electrical system and/or to charge the vehicle battery. The vehicle electrical system can be connected to a dc voltage connection of the rectifier circuit. Within the scope of the method, in particular, a time profile of the dc voltage and/or of at least one phase voltage applied between the dc voltage connections is detected, and the functional performance (functional performance) is determined according to the invention on the basis of this voltage profile.
The method for detecting a fault state can be carried out, for example, by a control unit of the motor vehicle. The invention is particularly suitable, for example, for motor vehicles with functions which have higher safety requirements, for example, for automated or autonomous driving, or for vehicles with long service intervals, for example commercial vehicles.
The computing unit according to the invention, for example a control unit of a motor vehicle, is provided in particular in terms of programming technology for carrying out the method according to the invention.
The implementation of the method in the form of a computer program is also advantageous, since this results in particularly low costs, in particular if the implemented controller can also be used for other tasks and is therefore already present. Suitable data carriers for supplying the computer program are, in particular, magnetic, optical and electrical memories, such as a hard disk, flash memory, EEPROM, DVD, etc. The program may also be downloaded via a computer network (internet, intranet, etc.).
Drawings
Other advantages and design aspects of the invention will appear from the description and the accompanying drawings.
The invention is illustrated schematically in the drawings by way of example and is described hereinafter with reference to the drawings in which:
fig. 1 shows a schematic illustration of an electric machine with a preferred embodiment of a computing unit according to the invention, which is provided for carrying out a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention;
fig. 2 shows a voltage-time diagram of a time profile of a current value, which can be determined during the course of a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention;
fig. 3a, b schematically show the electric machine in a fault state (a) and the generator voltage in a fault state (b);
fig. 4a, b show the course of the phase voltage without fault (a) and with fault (b) in one of the rectifier paths; and is
Fig. 5 schematically shows a flow chart of a method for identifying a fault.
Detailed Description
An electrical machine in the form of a generator is schematically shown in fig. 1 and designated by reference numeral 100.
The electric machine 100 is designed in this example as a three-phase machine, wherein the stator inductances (phases) of the stator 110 are connected in a delta circuit. The rotor 120 has a field winding 121 with diodes connected in parallel. An excitation transistor 122 may also be provided in the excitation loop. By switching the field transistor 122 on and off, typically by means of a PWM operation, a voltage (here a rectified generator voltage) is intermittently applied to the field winding 121, as a result of which a field current is generated. The level of the field current and thus of the generator voltage can be varied in particular by varying the Duty Cycle (Duty Cycle), also referred to as the drive rate, of the PWM operation.
The electric machine 100 also has a rectifier circuit 130 connected to the stator 110, which rectifier circuit has three half bridges for rectifying the three-phase ac voltage applied to the stator 110. Each half-bridge has a respective center tap between its two rectifier elements, which are in this case in the form of diodes, via which the respective half-bridge is connected to the phase connection of the stator 110. For commutation or for motor operation of the electric machine, an active switching element in the form of a transistor (not shown) may also be provided.
A dc voltage UB + is provided between the two dc voltage connections 140 of the rectifier circuit 130 as a rectified generator voltage. The electric machine 100 can be used, for example, in a motor vehicle to supply a vehicle electrical system, which is connected to a dc voltage connection 140.
The computing unit 150 is provided for controlling the electric machine 100. The computation unit 150 can be designed, for example, as a control unit of a corresponding motor vehicle. The calculation unit 150 is provided for carrying out the detection of a fault state of the electric machine. For this purpose, the computation unit 150 is provided, in particular, in terms of programming technology, to execute a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention.
Fig. 2 schematically shows a time profile 200 of dc voltage UB + in a fault-free state of electric machine 100 in a voltage-time diagram.
The electric machine of fig. 1 is schematically illustrated in fig. 3a in a fault state. Fig. 3b, similarly to fig. 2, also schematically shows a voltage profile of the direct voltage UB +, which can be detected in step 310 within the scope of the method in the current fault state.
The electric machine of fig. 1 is schematically shown in fig. 3a in a fault state 100C. In this first fault state 100C, there is an interruption in the switching element path of the rectifier circuit 130. In this case, an increased (if necessary infinite) resistance R is present between the two switching elements of one of the half-bridges of the rectifier circuit 1303. Fig. 3b schematically shows a corresponding profile 200C of the dc voltage UB +, which can be detected in this fault state 100C. Fig. 3b shows a time profile 200C of the dc voltage UB +, which can be detected in step 310 in the context of the method in this fault state 100C. In addition, the fault determination may also be based on the phase voltage UphOr phase current IPhAnd then the result was obtained. In FIG. 3a, a voltage tap or electricity is shownFlow tapping, and it is apparent from fig. 4 a) that the phase voltage U is present in a faultless state of the electric machine 100, in particular of the rectifier circuit, and from fig. 4 b) that the phase voltage U is present in a faulted state 100CphFor a reference voltage URefThe change curve of (2).
Fig. 4 also shows the threshold value S in a faultless electric machine (see fig. 4 a) and in a faulty electric machine 100, in which, for example, a degradation of the conductor element between the two switching elements of the half bridge of the rectifier circuit 130 occurs, with the consequent resistor R3The resistance of (2) is increased. The quantile Q is also shown in the characteristic features currently used for fault detection, for example, by means of a 2% quantile for a faultless electric machine (fig. 4 a) and a faulty electric machine (see fig. 4 b).
In the case of a faultless electric machine (fig. 4 a), the phase voltage U is knownRefWill end up almost below zero and at a threshold of approximately-2.5 volts, the quantile of the 2% quantile Q is always above the threshold. With the aid of this characterization criterion, it is therefore possible to reliably ascertain a functional electric machine 100, in particular a fault-free function of the switching elements in the half-bridges and the connections between the half-bridges of the rectifier circuit 130.
In the event of a fault (see fig. 4 b), the phase voltage U is knownPhThe swing of the minimum value of (c) is significantly over-10 volts. This characteristic characterizes the resistance increase in the conductive connection between the respective switching elements of the half-bridge and in the rectifier circuit 130. In the event of a fault, the corresponding quantile in the form of a 2% quantile passes through the phase voltage UPhThe corresponding drop in the minimum value of (a) is also significantly shifted downwards, whereby the quantile Q in the form of a 2% quantile in the event of a fault always extends below the threshold value S defined for the faultless motor. With the aid of this criterion it is possible to reliably conclude that a fault and also a specific assignment of the fault in view of a degradation of at least one conductor between two switching elements within a half bridge of the rectifier circuit 130. Based on the deviation of the quantile, currently in the form of a 2% quantile, from the corresponding threshold value S, it is also possible to conclude on the extent and/or progression of the fault or within the half bridge of the rectifier circuit 130Degradation of the conductor element between the two switching elements. It applies here that the greater the deviation value between the quantile Q and the threshold S, the greater the range of the fault or the wider it progresses. That is to say that the larger this value, the more degraded resistance R is allocated to the conductor element between the two switching elements3The larger.
Fig. 5 shows a schematic flow diagram of the method according to the invention for determining the spring state of an electric machine, in particular the resistance R between two switching elements of one of the half-bridges of the rectifier circuit 1303The resistance of (2) is increased.
The method begins with an initialization step 300. In step 310, a voltage in the form of a rectifier voltage UB + or a rectifier current IB + and/or a phase voltage U is determinedPhAnd/or IPhThe on value (step 310). In step 320, the corresponding switch-on values UB +, IB + are determined; u shapePh、IPhThe quantile 320. Preference is given here to a quantile in the range from 1% to 10%, preferably 2%. In step 330, the determined quantile in the interval of preferably 100ms, preferably about 10ms, is compared with a threshold value S determined in the non-faulty state of the electric motor 100. If the quantile Q is now less than or equal to the threshold value S, a corresponding fault of the electric machine 100 is detected in step 340 (by + labeling). If a fault is now also identified in step 340, one or more steps may optionally be imported in step 345. These steps include, inter alia, warning prompts or corresponding emergency operation functions of the electric machine 100 in order to prevent further progression of the fault state. A corresponding warning and/or prompt to replace electric machine 100 should be initiated as quickly as possible, which can also be carried out in step 345.
The method then ends in step 360. If the quantile Q is now greater than the respective threshold value, in step 350, a fault-free electric machine 100 (marked with a symbol) is identified for the fault to be identified. If the electric machine 100 is now identified as fault-free, the method is also temporarily terminated in step 360. It can again be provided here that the method continues to start at a further point in time with step 300.
Claims (9)
1. Method for detecting a fault state (100C) of an electric machine (100) having a rotor (120), a stator (110) and a rectifier circuit (130) connected to the stator (110), wherein a switch-on value (UB +, IB +; U) of the electric machine (100) is detected (310)ph、IPh) The time profile (200C) of (1), characterized in that the on-value (UB +, IB +; u shapeph、IPh) Wherein a fault (F) in the rectifier circuit (130) is deduced when the statistical quantity (Q) is below a threshold value (S).
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein said statistical quantity is said switch-on value (UB +, IB +; U)ph、IPh) Quantile (Q).
3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the quantile (Q) is in the interval between 1% and 10%, preferably 2%.
4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the statistical quantity (Q) is determined within a time interval (△ t), preferably a time interval of less than or equal to 100ms, further preferably of less than or equal to 10 ms.
5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in a fault-free electric machine (100) on the basis of the switch-on values (UB +, IB +; U)ph、IPh) The threshold value (S) is determined as the minimum value of (A).
6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the range and/or progression of the fault (F), in particular the increase in resistance (Rc) between two switching elements of one of the half-bridges of the rectifier circuit (130), is inferred by means of a difference between the statistical quantity (Q) and the threshold value (S)3）。
7. A computing unit (150) which is provided by hardware and/or by software for carrying out the method according to any one of the preceding claims.
8. Computer program which, when implemented on a computing unit (150), causes the computing unit (150) to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
9. A machine-readable storage medium with a computer program according to claim 9 stored thereon.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018222575.3 | 2018-12-20 | ||
| DE102018222575.3A DE102018222575A1 (en) | 2018-12-20 | 2018-12-20 | Method for recognizing an error state of an electrical machine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111352031A true CN111352031A (en) | 2020-06-30 |
| CN111352031B CN111352031B (en) | 2024-10-29 |
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| CN201911318307.5A Active CN111352031B (en) | 2018-12-20 | 2019-12-19 | Method for detecting a fault state of an electric machine |
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| CN (1) | CN111352031B (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102018222575A1 (en) |
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| DE102008041043A1 (en) * | 2008-08-06 | 2010-02-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for testing armature of electric motor, particularly direct current motor, involves exciting armature in armature position, and determining characterized measuring parameter |
| FR2995083A1 (en) * | 2012-08-30 | 2014-03-07 | Renault Sa | DEVICE FOR DETECTING AND MEASURING ISOLATION FAULT |
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| US20160266208A1 (en) * | 2015-03-09 | 2016-09-15 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Fault detection and diagnosis in an induction motor |
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2018
- 2018-12-20 DE DE102018222575.3A patent/DE102018222575A1/en active Pending
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2019
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN111352031B (en) | 2024-10-29 |
| DE102018222575A1 (en) | 2020-06-25 |
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