CN110871100B - Aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material and preparation and application thereof - Google Patents
Aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material and preparation and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of an aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material, which comprises the following steps: burning aniline, mixing the combustion product with alcohol after complete combustion, and performing ultrasonic dispersion completely to separate aniline carbon quantum dots; and uniformly mixing the aniline carbon quantum dots and urea, calcining at the temperature of 180-220 ℃ for 2-3 hours, and then calcining at the temperature of 500-550 ℃ for 3-5 hours to obtain the aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material. The invention also discloses application of the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots as a catalyst for hydrogen production by catalytic reforming of methanol. The carbon nitride material doped with aniline carbon quantum dots is simple in preparation method, and can realize hydrogen production by catalytic reforming of methanol at low temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of catalysts for hydrogen production by catalytic reforming of methanol, in particular to an aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material and preparation and application thereof.
Background
Automobiles and buses driven by direct methanol fuel cells are put on the market, and the hydrogen fuel cells prepared by catalytic reforming of methanol are more attractive. Hydrogen has 4 advantages: (1) the combustion product is water, which does not cause any pollution; (2) h2The heat of combustion of (a) is 285.8 kJ/mol; (3) hydrogen is mainly generated by water production through electrolysis, and a large amount of seawater resources are reserved on the earth; (4) renewable, the product is water, which in turn can generate hydrogen gas by electrolysis or photocatalysis. At the same time, hydrogen also has some disadvantages, such as: easy explosion, high production cost, difficult storage and the like. Methanol is considered the best hydrogen source, with three advantages: (1) h2The weight percentage of the catalyst is 12.5 percent, and the hydrogen content is higher; (2) the price is relatively cheap; (3) the source is wide.
At present, the key point of the methanol reforming hydrogen production method is to find a high-efficiency and stable catalyst. Thermal catalysts for methanol and hydrothermal catalytic reactions can be divided into homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts. The highest conversion frequency of heterogeneous catalysts to date was 10846 moles hydrogen/hour/(mole platinum). Homogeneous catalysts consisting of coordination compounds of iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, etc., have the advantage of being efficient, but are unstable under the reaction conditions, with an optimum conversion frequency of 4700 moles of hydrogen/hour/(moles of ruthenium) at 70 ℃. Heterogeneous catalysts include copper-based, iron-based, noble metals, and carbon-based catalysts. However, they have disadvantages, such as the high temperatures required for copper and iron based batteries, typically above 200 ℃, the CO concentrations produced exceeding 100ppm can poison the platinum electrodes in fuel cells, and they can also sinter easily at high temperatures. Noble metal catalysts have high catalytic efficiency, but are expensive and difficult to apply to industrial production. The advantage of thermal catalysis is that the reaction rate is high, but the requirement on equipment is high, and in practical application, the reaction is mostly carried out at room temperature, so that the search for a catalyst capable of efficiently catalyzing the reaction of methanol and water at low temperature is necessary.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention aims to provide the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots, and preparation and application thereof.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the invention discloses a preparation method of an aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) burning aniline, mixing the combustion product with alcohol after complete combustion, and performing ultrasonic dispersion completely to separate aniline carbon quantum dots;
(2) and uniformly mixing the aniline carbon quantum dots and urea, calcining at the temperature of 180-220 ℃ for 2-3 hours, and then calcining at the temperature of 500-550 ℃ for 3-5 hours to obtain the aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material.
Further, in the step (1), the fuel at the time of combustion is ethanol, preferably anhydrous ethanol.
Further, in the step (1), the ultrasonic time is 30min-1 h.
Further, in the step (1), the alcohol is ethanol.
Further, in the step (2), the mass ratio of the aniline carbon quantum dots to the urea is 0.08-0.8: 10; preferably, the mass ratio of the aniline carbon quantum dots to the urea is 0.08:10, 0.24:10, 0.30:10, 0.64:10, 0.8: 10.
Further, in the step (2), the temperature rise rate is 0.5-10 ℃/min. Preferably, the rate of temperature rise is 5-10 deg.C/min.
The aniline carbon quantum dot is prepared by a combustion method, the method is simple, the particle size of the prepared aniline carbon quantum dot is 100-200nm, the prepared aniline carbon quantum dot is mixed with urea and then calcined, and the urea becomes carbon nitride after the calcination, so that the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dot is obtained. Has yellowish fluorescence under the irradiation of ultraviolet light.
The invention also provides the aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material prepared by the preparation method.
Furthermore, the particle size of the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots is 1-10 μm.
The invention also provides application of the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots as a catalyst for hydrogen production by catalytic reforming of methanol.
Further, the catalyst was used under the condition of being protected from light at 60 to 80 ℃.
The invention also provides a method for preparing hydrogen by catalytic reforming of methanol, which comprises the following steps:
the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots is added into a methanol aqueous solution and reacts at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ in a dark condition.
Furthermore, the concentration of the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots in the methanol aqueous solution is 0.83-3.33 mg/mL.
By the scheme, the invention at least has the following advantages:
the aniline carbon quantum dot-doped carbon nitride material is prepared by a simple method, is porous and loose, and has deepened loose degree along with the increase of the dosage of the aniline carbon quantum dots, and the elements C and N in the material are uniformly distributed.
The carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots can be used as a catalyst for hydrogen production by catalytic reforming of methanol, and can decompose methanol to produce hydrogen under the condition of low temperature (60-80 ℃) and light shielding.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and in order to make the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly understood and to make the technical solutions of the present invention practical in accordance with the contents of the specification, the following detailed description is given of preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of various materials;
FIG. 2 is C3N4-an element distribution map (mapping) of C, N of 500, and element percentages (EDS);
FIG. 3 is C3N4TEM image, SETM-HAADF image, C and N element distribution maps of 300;
FIG. 4 is C3N4-a TEM image, a SETM-HAADF image, elemental distribution plots of C and N of 500;
FIG. 5 is C3N4TEM image, SETM-HAADF image, elemental distribution plots of C and N of-800;
FIG. 6 is C3N4TEM image of 1000, SETM-HAADF image, element distribution maps of C and N;
FIG. 7 is g-C3N4TEM image, SETM-HAADF image, element distribution diagrams of C and N of (A);
FIG. 8 is a TEM image, SETM-HAADF image, elemental distribution plots of C and N of aniline carbon quantum dots;
FIG. 9 is a graph of solid UV absorption of various materials;
FIG. 10 is a spectrum of UV photoelectron energy of various materials;
FIG. 11 is a graph of Fourier infrared converted spectra of different materials;
FIG. 12 is an XRD diffractogram of various materials;
FIG. 13 is an XPS plot of different materials;
FIG. 14 shows the production H of different materials2、CO2Rate, and methanol conversion profile.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
(1) Pouring 2mL of aniline into a 50mL crucible, using absolute ethyl alcohol as fuel, heating the bottom of the crucible to enable the aniline in the crucible to be combusted until the aniline cannot be combusted. Then absolute ethyl alcohol is added into the crucible till the crucible is nearly full, and the ultrasonic treatment is carried out for 1 hour. And centrifuging to obtain supernatant, namely aniline carbon quantum dots, which are light brown in color. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet lamp, there is yellowish fluorescence. The aniline carbon quantum dots prepared above are spherical and have a diameter of about 100-200 nm.
(2) Adding 300 mu L of liquid aniline carbon quantum dots into 10g of urea, fully and uniformly stirring, then adding a sealant into an opening of a crucible for sealing, placing the crucible in a muffle furnace, preserving heat at 200 ℃ for 2 hours, then preserving heat at 550 ℃ for 3 hours, and increasing the temperature at a rate of 10 ℃/min. Obtaining the aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material which is light yellow, and naming the sample as C3N4-300。
Example 2
Aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material C was prepared according to the method of example 13 N 4500, except that the liquid aniline carbon quantum dots were added in an amount of 500. mu.L. The product was pale yellow.
Example 3
Aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material C was prepared according to the method of example 13 N 4800, except that the liquid aniline carbon quantum dots were added in an amount of 800. mu.L. The product was pale yellow.
Example 4
Aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material C was prepared according to the method of example 13 N 41000, except that the liquid aniline carbon quantum dots are added in an amount of 1000. mu.L. The product was pale yellow.
Example 5
Aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material C was prepared according to the method of example 13N4-100, except that the liquid aniline carbon quantum dots are added in an amount of 100 μ L.
Comparative example 1
A carbon nitride material was produced in accordance with the method of example 1Materials g-C3N4The difference is that step (1) is omitted, and liquid aniline carbon quantum dots are not added in step (2). The product was pale yellow.
FIGS. 1a-f are g-C in the order3N4Aniline carbon quantum dots, C3N4-300、C3N4-500、C3N4-800、C3N4Scanning electron microscope images of-1000 show that except for aniline carbon quantum dots, other materials are porous and loose. Along with the increase of the doping amount of the aniline carbon quantum dots, the porosity degree of the carbon nitride material doped with the aniline carbon quantum dots is deepened.
FIGS. 2a-C are C in the order of3N4The Mapping, N element Mapping and EDS diagrams of 500 materials are shown, wherein C and N elements in the materials are uniformly distributed, and the mass fractions of C and N are respectively as follows: 38.7% and 61.3%.
FIGS. 3-8 are C in the order of3N4-300、C3N4-500、C3N4-800、C3N4-1000、g-C3N4And TEM images of aniline carbon quantum dots; in each figure, fig. a and b are TEM images of the corresponding sample, fig. C is an SETM-HAADF drawing, fig. d is a partial position enlargement of fig. C, and fig. e and f are element distribution diagrams of C and N, respectively. In FIG. 2, panel b shows a significant lattice spacing of 3.2nm for the (110) plane of carbon nitride.
FIG. 9 is a graph of solid UV absorption for different materials, according to the formula: (α h v) ═ a (h v-Eg)n/2And when n is 1s, a good linear fitting relation exists, which indicates that the band gaps of the samples are direct band gaps. C3N4-300,C3N4-500,C3N4-800,C3N4-1000，g-C3N4The ultraviolet absorption is stronger at 250-375nm, and after the ultraviolet absorption is compounded with the aniline carbon quantum dots, the ultraviolet absorption is weakened, and the direct band gap of the carbon nitride is adjustable and is changed from 2.91 to 3.0ev, which shows that the aniline carbon quantum dots have a certain effect on the adjustment of the band gap of the carbon nitride.
Fig. 10 is a graph of uv electron energy spectra of different materials, according to the formula:
Ec＝Ev–Eg；
EVB＝(21.22-(Ecutoff-Efemi) eV); ec values for different samples can be calculated and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 results of Ec calculation for different materials
FIG. 11 is a Fourier infrared spectrum of different materials, each product being at 1000-1750cm-1And 3500cm-1Strong absorption between the two indicates that-OH and-NH exist in the product2C ═ O and C ═ C groups; 3500cm-1The absorption peak is mainly H2Hydroxyl peak of O and-NH2；1750cm-1The absorption peaks are C ═ O and C ═ C; 800cm-1The absorption peak is the N-H bending vibration.
Fig. 12 shows XRD diffractograms of different materials with distinct diffraction angles at 2 θ 27.857 °, 32.533 ° and 46.534 ° according to bragg equation n λ 2dsin θ, corresponding to g-C, respectively3N4(PDF #50-1512) of (110), (200) and (111).
FIG. 13 is an XPS plot of different materials, plot a is C3N4Full spectrum of 800d, three clearly visible peaks of C, N, O are visible. Graph b is the O1s graph, 532eV corresponds to the peak of the oxygen element of adsorbed water, and 536eV is the lattice oxygen of the sample. Figure C is a C1s plot with three peaks, the stronger 287.8eV (N-C ═ N) and the weaker being the peak for graphitic carbon, which is often seen in typical carbonaceous materials, and 284.3eV being the standard carbon peak, differing from the standard by 0.2 eV. Panel d is panel N1s, 398.5eV is the sp2 hybrid peak of N-linked C (C — N); 399.7eV is a tertiary N atom formed by N and C atoms: n- (C)3 or a secondary N atom: H-N- (C) 2; 400.3eV is assigned to a quaternary N atom in the benzene ring, wherein the quaternary N atom is linked to three carbon and N atoms; 404.8eV belongs to the excitation peak of pi electrons.
Example 5
Five experiments were performed, each group was performed in parallel for a number of times, 5 mg of the aniline carbon quantum dot-doped carbon nitride material prepared in examples 1 to 5 was mixed with 3mL of water, the mixture was subjected to ultrasonic sealing to disperse the material uniformly, 3mL of methanol was added to each group, the mixture was subjected to ultrasonic sealing, and the mixture was subjected to reaction for 12 hours in a water bath at 60 to 80 ℃ under a sealed condition with protection from light.
FIGS. 14a and b are the average results of hydrogen and carbon dioxide production rates and methanol conversion for different materials, respectively, for a single reaction; the abscissa in the figure represents the added volume of aniline carbon quantum dots in examples 1-5. The result shows that the conversion rate of the methanol is 0.00035 percent at most, and the maximum hydrogen production rate is 13 umol/h/g. From the average test result chart of multiple experiments, the hydrogen production is best when the adding amount of the aniline carbon quantum dots is 500 mu L, and the hydrogen production rate and the adding amount of the aniline carbon quantum dots form a roughly parabolic relation. The ratio of the production rates of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is 1: 3.
the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, many modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The application of the carbon nitride material doped with aniline carbon quantum dots as a catalyst for hydrogen production by methanol catalytic reforming is characterized in that the catalyst is used under the condition of keeping out of the sun at the temperature of 60-80 ℃; the preparation method of the aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material comprises the following steps:
(1) burning aniline, mixing the combustion product with alcohol after complete combustion, and performing ultrasonic dispersion completely to separate aniline carbon quantum dots;
(2) and uniformly mixing the aniline carbon quantum dots and urea, calcining at the temperature of 180-220 ℃ for 2-3 hours, and then calcining at the temperature of 500-550 ℃ for 3-5 hours to obtain the aniline carbon quantum dot doped carbon nitride material.
2. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step (1), the fuel is ethanol when combusted.
3. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (1), the ultrasonic time is 30min-1 h.
4. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step (1), the alcohol is ethanol.
5. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the mass ratio of the aniline carbon quantum dots to the urea is 0.08-0.8: 10.
6. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the heating rate is 0.5-10 ℃/min.
7. The use of claim 1, wherein the aniline carbon quantum dot-doped carbon nitride material is added into methanol aqueous solution and reacted at 60-80 ℃ under the condition of keeping out of the light.
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