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CN110725736A - 运行废气再处理装置的方法,内燃机的控制单元和内燃机 - Google Patents

运行废气再处理装置的方法,内燃机的控制单元和内燃机 Download PDF

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CN110725736A
CN110725736A CN201910628966.2A CN201910628966A CN110725736A CN 110725736 A CN110725736 A CN 110725736A CN 201910628966 A CN201910628966 A CN 201910628966A CN 110725736 A CN110725736 A CN 110725736A
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nitrogen oxide
exhaust gas
oxide storage
storage catalyst
catalyst
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托马斯·维特卡
亚历山大·沃夫克
迈克尔·菲比希
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FEV Europe GmbH
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Abstract

描述一种用于运行内燃机的废气再处理装置的方法,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮‑存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮‑存储催化器下游的SCR催化器;一种用于具有废气再处理装置的内燃机的控制单元,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮‑存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮‑存储催化器下游的SCR催化器,其中控制单元构成用于,有时执行氧化氮‑存储催化器的硝酸盐再生,其方式是,内燃机在硝酸盐再生期间产生具有还原性的组成的废气;以及一种具有这种控制单元的内燃机。

Description

运行废气再处理装置的方法,内燃机的控制单元和内燃机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于运行内燃机的废气再处理装置的方法,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮-存储催化器下游的SCR催化器。在内燃机的废气的氧化性的组成的情况下,在氧化氮-存储催化器中从废气中提取氧化氮和氧化硫并且存储在其中。执行氧化氮-存储催化器的硝酸盐再生,其方式是:设定废气的还原性的组成。此外,本发明涉及一种用于具有废气再处理装置的内燃机的控制单元,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮-存储催化器下游的SCR催化器,其中控制单元构成用于,有时执行氧化氮-存储催化器的硝酸盐再生,其方式是,内燃机在硝酸盐再生期间产生具有还原性的组成的废气。本发明还涉及一种具有废气再处理装置的内燃机,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮-存储催化器下游的SCR催化器,其中还设有控制单元。
背景技术
在再处理内燃机的废气时已知的是,使用多个不同的系统,以便降低废气的不期望的组成部分的排放。这些系统此外包括氧化氮-存储催化器和SCR催化器,通过所述氧化氮存储催化器和SCR催化器减少废气中的氧化氮(NOx)的份额。在选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)的方法中,将尿素-水-溶液引入到富氧的废气中。在SCR催化器中,尿素-水-溶液反应成氨,氨紧接着与氧化氮化合,由此产生水和氮气。在稀燃的、即同样富氧的废气的情况下在氮气-存储催化器中存储氧化氮。内燃机的运行条件暂时改变,使得在废气中存在氧缺乏,因此存在富燃的废气。现在,所存储的氧化氮能够还原为无危害的氮气,所述氮气随后被排放。所述系统彼此独立地、例如分别根据特征曲线族来运行,所述特征曲线族描绘催化器运行状态、废气传感装置和内燃机的运行点。
在文献DE 10 2013 021 156 A1中公开了一种用于在稀燃燃烧模式和富燃燃烧模式中运行发动机的方法,其中发动机在富燃燃烧模式中在较早喷射的情况下运行,以便在也称为表示稀燃NOx捕集器的LNT的氮气-存储催化器中产生氨以存储在SCR中,所述SCR位于LNT下游。在SCR中,当发动机在稀燃燃烧模式中运行时,所存储的氨与从LNT中逸出的NOx反应,以便产生双原子的氮气。使用具有较早喷射的富燃燃烧模式降低炭黑的量,所述炭黑在发动机富燃运行时产生,这与在使用传统的富燃燃烧时相比允许发动机在富燃的、早期的燃烧模式中运行更长的时间段。富燃运行的更长的时间段提供在LNT中使用更少PGM材料的潜力,同时提出产生更多的氨的可行性,所述氨对于接下来在稀燃燃烧运行期间在SCR中用作为还原剂而言是必要的。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,在再处理内燃机的废气时,运行废气再处理装置中的氧化氮-存储催化器和至少一个SCR催化器,其中对废气再处理装置的调节考虑多个系统。
所述目的根据本发明通过用于运行内燃机的废气再处理装置的方法和控制单元来实现。在下面的描述中给出优选的实施方式和有利的改进方案。
根据本发明的方法用于运行内燃机的废气再处理装置,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮-存储催化器下游的SCR催化器。在内燃机的废气的氧化性的组成的情况下,在氧化氮-存储催化器中从废气中提取氧化氮和氧化硫并且存储在其中。执行氧化氮-存储催化器的硝酸盐再生,其方式是,设定废气的还原性的组成,其中确定氧化氮-存储催化器的温度,并且仅当氧化氮-存储催化器的温度超过温度极限值时,才执行硝酸盐再生。根据本发明,在考虑SCR催化器的状态的条件下确定用于硝酸盐再生的温度极限值。
根据本发明的方法的优点在于,根据SCR催化器的状态,在氧化氮-存储催化器的温度较低时已经能够开启硝酸盐生成。如果SCR催化器的状态在氧化氮-存储催化器的温度较低时允许硝酸盐再生,那么能够有利地放弃对氧化氮-存储催化器的加热。同样也较少地存在如下必要性:延迟再生,直至氧化氮-存储催化器已经达到足够高的温度。
氧化氮-存储催化器在现有技术中是已知的。该氧化氮-存储催化器也称为NOx存储催化器(NSK)、NOx捕集器或者稀燃NOx捕集器(LNT)。NOx在此不仅表示一氧化氮NO,而且表示二氧化氮NO2。在使用氧化氮-存储催化器时,内燃机通常稀燃地运行,这能够实现小的燃料消耗。由此废气具有空气过剩的氧化性的组成。含氧化氮的废气被输送给氧化氮-存储催化器,所述氧化氮-存储催化器通过存储、当前作为硝酸盐存储从废气中提取氧化氮。根据所存储的氧化氮的量,有时执行存储催化器的硝酸盐再生。为此,内燃机在短的时间中被转换为富燃运行,由此产生富燃的废气,所述富燃的废气具有过剩的还原剂,如一氧化碳、氢气或碳氢化合物,即还原性的组成。这引起存储在氧化氮-存储催化器中的氧化氮的释放。
术语SCR催化器就本发明而言通常包括催化器系统,所述催化器系统应用选择性催化反应的原理并且除此之外不受限地起作用。所述术语尤其包括所谓的SCRF或者SDPF催化器,其中在颗粒过滤器上的SCR覆层是功能集成的。
优选地,含水的尿素溶液或者尿素-水-溶液在SCR催化器上游被喷入到废气管路中,例如借助于剂量泵或者注射器。从尿素-水-溶液中通过水解反应产生氨和CO2。如此产生的氨(NH3)基本上在SCR催化器中在相应的温度下与废气中的氧化氮反应。在氧化氮-存储催化器中在硝酸盐再生时也产生氨,所述氨在SCR催化器中被拦住并且一起转化。
燃烧空气比在此也同义地称作为空气-燃料比,缩写为λ(Lambda)。名称空气比或空气数对于无量纲的特征数也是常见的,所述特征数说明燃烧过程中空气和燃料的质量比。燃烧空气比小于1(λ<1)表示缺乏空气,在内燃机的情况下谈及富燃的混合物或者浓燃的混合物(reichen Gemisch),这产生具有还原性的组成的废气。燃烧空气比大于1(λ>1)表示空气过剩,在内燃机的情况下谈及稀燃的混合物或贫燃的混合物(armen Gemisch),这产生具有还原性的组成的废气。也称为λ调节的调节在汽油机中优选通过直接干预所喷入的燃料量来进行,在柴油机中优选经由空气系统通过调整经由废气回引装置的废气回引率来进行。
根据本发明,在考虑SCR催化器的状态的条件下确定用于硝酸盐再生的温度极限值。优选地,SCR催化器的状态在此根据SCR催化器的下述特征中的一个或多个来评估:
-氧化氮转化的效率,
-热寿命,
-温度,
-氨填充度。
也就是说,用于硝酸盐再生(LNT NOx再生)的温度极限值优选借助于如下函数来求出:所述函数考虑SCR催化器的当前的SCR效率和/或当前的SCR温度和/或当前的SCR-NH3填充度和/或热寿命。尤其优选地,SCR催化器的状态在此根据SCR催化器的所有之前提到的特征来评估。
根据一个优选的实施方式提出,在SCR催化器的氧化氮转化的效率较高的情况下,降低温度极限值。通过用于硝酸盐再生的低的温度开启,氧化氮-存储催化器有利地在较低的温度时就已经再生。否则氧化氮-存储催化器必须首先被加热,或者必须延迟再生,直至氧化氮-存储催化器达到足够高的温度。相反,尤其在SCR催化器的氧化氮转化的效率较低的情况下,将温度极限值提高到典型值上,自所述典型值起NOx还原在氧化氮-存储催化器的再生期间是足够高的。
根据另一优选的实施方式提出,在SCR催化器的热寿命较高的情况下,提高温度极限值。因SCR催化器的较高的热寿命而造成的效率下降有利地通过在硝酸盐再生时的较高的温度来补偿。相反,尤其在SCR催化器的热寿命较低的情况下,降低温度极限值,以便有利地减小在硝酸盐再生时氧化氮-存储催化器的热负荷。
根据另一优选的实施方式提出,在SCR催化器的温度较高的情况下,降低温度极限值。在温度较高时SCR催化器的提高的转化有利地用于,在温度较低时执行氧化氮-存储催化器的硝酸盐再生并且有利地放弃对所述氧化氮-存储催化器的加热。
根据另一优选的实施方式提出,在SCR催化器中的氨填充度较高的情况下,降低温度极限值。在SCR催化器中的氨填充度高时,在温度较低时执行氧化氮-存储催化器的硝酸盐再生并且有利地放弃对所述氧化氮-存储催化器的加热。必要时,通过较低的温度能够在硝酸盐再生时降低附加的氨的形成,使得有利地避免过剩的氨(NH3)的逸出,即不期望的排放。
本发明的另一主题涉及一种用于具有废气再处理装置的内燃机的控制单元,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮-存储催化器下游的SCR催化器。控制单元构成用于,有时执行氧化氮-存储催化器的硝酸盐再生,其方式是,内燃机在硝酸盐再生期间产生具有还原性的组成的废气,其中设有传感器,以便确定氧化氮-存储催化器的温度,并且其中控制单元构成用于,仅当氧化氮-存储催化器的温度超过温度极限值时,才实施硝酸盐再生。控制单元此外构成用于,在考虑SCR催化器的状态的条件下确定用于硝酸盐再生的温度界限值。
优选地,SCR催化器的状态在此通过下述特征中的一个或多个来表征:
-氧化氮转化的效率,
-热寿命,
-温度,
-氨填充度。
此外优选地,控制单元构成用于,实施在上文中描述的方法。
本发明的另一主题涉及一种具有废气再处理装置的内燃机,其中废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器和至少一个设置在氧化氮-存储催化器下游的SCR催化器,其中还设有如在上文中描述的控制单元。
附图说明
下面根据实施例参照附图详细阐述本发明。实施方案同样涉及全部发明主题,仅是示例性的并且不限制一般的发明构思。
附图示出:
图1示出根据本发明的一个实施方式的具有所属的废气再处理装置的内燃机的示意方框图,
图2示出根据本发明的另一实施方式的废气再处理装置的一个变型形式的示意方框图,
图3示出根据本发明的另一实施方式的废气再处理装置的另一变型形式的示意方框图。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出的实施方式中,柴油机用作为内燃机1。燃烧空气经由抽吸空气管路3输送给内燃机1。废气再处理装置2与内燃机1相关联,所述废气再处理装置在废气管路4中具有氧化催化器5、颗粒过滤器6、氧化氮-存储催化器7和SCR催化器8。在当前情况下,一方面颗粒过滤器6直接连接在氧化催化器5下游,并且另一方面SCR催化器8直接连接在氧化氮-存储催化器7下游。氧化氮-存储催化器7的温度借助于传感器15测量。在氧化催化器5上游在废气管路4中安装有废气涡轮增压机12,所述废气涡轮增压机用于压缩燃烧空气,所述燃烧空气在压缩之后由设置在抽吸空气管路3中的增压空气冷却器14冷却。此外,控制单元9与内燃机1相关联,所述控制单元此外用于控制燃烧。为了传输对此必要的控制信号,存在控制或信号线路10。其它用于测量和控制运行参数的构件、如氧探针、温度感应器、节流阀、其它信号线路等出于概览的原因未在附图中示出。
内燃机1首先稀燃地运行。包含在废气中的颗粒在颗粒过滤器6中被拦截。在废气穿过氧化催化器5时,包含在废气中的NO氧化成NO2并且随后能够在连接在下游的颗粒过滤器6中就其而言氧化在那里积聚的含碳的颗粒,由此进行颗粒过滤器6的连续的再生。从颗粒过滤器中流出的此外含氧化氮的废气被输送给氧化氮-存储催化器7,所述氧化氮-存储催化器7通过存储、当前作为硝酸盐存储从废气中提取氧化氮。根据所存储的氧化氮的量,有时执行存储催化器7的硝酸盐再生。为此,内燃机1在短的时间中转换为富燃运行,由此产生富燃的废气,所述富燃的废气具有过剩的还原剂,如一氧化碳,氢气或碳氢化合物。这引起存储在氧化氮-存储催化器7中的氧化氮的释放,所述氧化氮在存在于氧化氮-存储催化器7的催化层中的贵金属中心处由废气的还原剂还原。氧化氮-存储催化器7的温度借助于传感器15确定,因为仅当氧化氮-存储催化器7的温度超过温度极限值时,才执行硝酸盐再生。根据本发明,在考虑SCR催化器8的状态的条件下,可变地确定用于硝酸盐再生的温度极限值。
燃烧空气比在此也同义地称作为空气-燃料比,缩写为λ。因此也称为λ调节的调节在汽油机中通过直接干预所喷入的燃料量来进行,然而这在柴油机中不常见,因为在柴油机中,发动机扭矩经由燃料量的改变来控制。替代于此,在柴油机中的λ调节经由空气系统通过调整经由废气回引装置11的废气回引率来进行。
作为氧化氮还原的还原产物主要产生氮气。附加地,根据执行硝酸盐再生所处的条件,也形成更多量或更少量的还原产物氨(NH3),其到环境中的释放是不期望的。借助于根据本发明设置在氧化氮-存储催化器7下游的SCR催化器8,通过贮藏来拦住氨。所述贮藏的NH3在跟随硝酸盐再生的稀燃的内燃机运行中作为附加的还原剂提供给SCR催化器8中的选择性氧化氮还原。由此,废气再处理装置2中的氧化氮去除的效率附加地以有利的方式提高。
在硝酸盐再生(LNT NOx再生)期间用于硝酸盐再生的温度极限值优选借助于如下函数求出,所述函数考虑SCR催化器的当前的SCR效率和/或当前的SCR温度和/或当前的SCR-NH3填充度和/或热寿命。
用于LNT NOx再生的下部的温度开启=f(SCR的当前的SCR效率和/或当前的SCR温度和/或当前的SCR-NH3填充度和/或热寿命)。
优选地,在SCR催化器8的氧化氮转化的效率较高的情况下,降低温度极限值。通过用于硝酸盐再生的低的温度开启,氧化氮-存储催化器7有利地在较低的温度下就已经再生。否则氧化氮-存储催化器7必须首先被加热,或者必须延迟再生,直至氧化氮-存储催化器7达到足够高的温度。相反,尤其在SCR催化器8的氧化氮转化的效率较低的情况下,将温度极限值提高到典型值上,自所述典型值起NOx还原在氧化氮-存储催化器7的再生期间是足够高的。
在使用含硫的燃料时,内燃机1的废气包含二氧化硫,所述二氧化硫由氧化氮-存储催化器7的催化器材料吸收以形成稳定的硫酸盐,这随着时间越来越减小其氧化氮存储能力。氧化氮-存储催化器7因此在脱硫时重复去除积聚的硫,即再生。为此,内燃机1在脱硫运行模式中运行。该脱硫运行模式包含例如通过燃料再喷入引起废气温度提高到超过500℃和将还原性废气组分设定到对于空气-燃料比(λ)而言大约0.95或更小的值上,类似于用于硝酸盐再生的目的。在这些条件下实现:在氧化氮-存储催化器7中还原性地分解相对稳定的硫酸盐。在此,根据温度、浓度增强的幅度和存储在氧化氮-存储催化器7中的硫的量,产生更多量或更少量的硫化氢(H2S)。然而该硫化氢H2S在根据本发明设置在氧化氮-存储催化器7下游的SCR催化器8处在脱硫的还原性条件下转化为气味较小的二氧化硫(SO2)。由此避免通常与氧化氮-存储催化器的脱硫关联的气味问题,脱硫在此也称为Desulfatisierung(去硫酸盐)。为了在还原性条件下将H2S转化为SO2的目的而使用位于氧化氮-存储催化器7下游的SCR催化器8的特别的优点在于,由此能够简化去硫酸盐的过程控制,因为该过程控制不必达成最小化不期望的去硫酸盐产物H2S。例如,通过具有小于0.95的λ值的更强的变浓和与其关联的出自氧化氮-存储催化器7的更强的且更快的H2S释放能够明显缩短去硫酸盐。
在氧化氮-存储催化器7下游的SCR催化器8用于在还原性条件下将H2S转化为SO2的使用可行性与是否存在连接在上游的清洁部件、例如颗粒过滤器6和氧化催化器5无关。
在图2和3中示出废气再处理装置2的变型形式,所述变型形式典型地与根据本发明的内燃机一起使用。关于内燃机的未示出的元件的实施方案参照图1。
在图2中示出废气再处理装置2的一个变型形式的示意方框图,其中在废气的流动方向上相继设置有氧化氮-存储催化器7和具有过滤器6的第一组合的SCR催化器8。附图标记6+8在此表示所谓的SCRF(Selective Catalytic Reduction/Filter,选择性催化还原/过滤),其中在颗粒过滤器上的SCR覆层是功能集成的并且所述SCRF就本发明而言属于SCR催化器。此外在下游能够可选地设置有第二SCR催化器8。分别在SCRF6+8上游和SCR催化器8上游设有含水的尿素溶液16的导入管路。位于下游的含水的尿素溶液16的第二导入管路和第二SCR催化器是可选的。氧化氮-存储催化器7的温度借助于传感器(15,参见图1)确定,因为仅当氧化氮-存储催化器7的温度超过温度极限值时,才执行硝酸盐再生。根据本发明,在考虑SCR催化器8的状态的条件下可变地确定用于硝酸盐再生的温度极限值。
在图3中示出废气再处理装置2的另一变型形式的示意方框图,其中沿着废气的流动方向相继设置有氧化氮-存储催化器7、颗粒过滤器6和SCR催化器8。在SCR催化器8上游设有水-尿素溶液的导入管路16。氧化氮-存储催化器7的温度借助于传感器(15,参见图1)确定,因为仅当氧化氮-存储催化器7的温度超过温度极限值时,才执行硝酸盐再生。根据本发明,在考虑SCR催化器8的状态的条件下可变地确定用于硝酸盐再生的温度极限值。
附图标记列表
1 内燃机
2 废气再处理装置
3 抽吸空气管路
4 废气管路
5 氧化催化器
6 颗粒过滤器
7 氧化氮-存储催化器
8 SCR催化器
9 控制单元
10 信号线路
11 废气回引装置
12 废气涡轮增压机
14 增压空气冷却器
15 传感器
16 水-尿素溶液的导入管路
A 箭头,流动方向

Claims (10)

1.一种用于运行内燃机的废气再处理装置的方法,所述废气再处理装置包括氧化氮-存储催化器(7)和至少一个设置在所述氧化氮-存储催化器(7)下游的SCR催化器(8),
其中在所述内燃机的废气的氧化性的组成的情况下,在所述氧化氮-存储催化器(7)中从所述废气中提取和存储氧化氮和氧化硫,
其中通过设定所述废气的还原性组分,执行所述氧化氮-存储催化器(7)的硝酸盐再生,
其中确定所述氧化氮-存储催化器的温度,并且仅当所述氧化氮-存储催化器的温度超过温度极限值时,才执行硝酸盐再生,
其中在考虑所述SCR催化器(8)的状态的条件下,确定用于所述硝酸盐再生的温度极限值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,
其特征在于,
根据所述SCR催化器(8)的下述特征中的一个或多个特征来评估所述状态:氧化氮转化的效率,热寿命,温度,氨填充度。
3.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,
其特征在于,
在所述SCR催化器(8)的氧化氮转化的效率较高的情况下,降低所述温度极限值。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,
其特征在于,
在所述SCR催化器(8)的热寿命较高的情况下,提高所述温度极限值。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,
其特征在于,
在所述SCR催化器(8)的温度较高的情况下,降低所述温度极限值。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,
其特征在于,
在所述SCR催化器(8)中的氨填充度较高的情况下,降低所述温度极限值。
7.一种用于具有废气再处理装置的内燃机(1)的控制单元(9),其中所述废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器(7)和至少一个设置在所述氧化氮-存储催化器(7)下游的SCR催化器(8),其中所述控制单元(9)构成用于,有时执行所述氧化氮-存储催化器(7)的硝酸盐再生,其方式是,所述内燃机(1)在所述硝酸盐再生期间产生具有还原性的组成的废气,其中设有传感器(15),以便确定所述氧化氮-存储催化器(7)的温度,并且其中所述控制单元(9)构成用于,仅当所述氧化氮-存储催化器的温度超过温度极限值时,才执行硝酸盐再生,其中所述控制单元(9)还构成用于,在考虑所述SCR催化器(8)的状态的条件下,确定用于所述硝酸盐再生的温度极限值。
8.根据权利要求7所述的控制单元,
其特征在于,
所述状态根据所述SCR催化器(8)的下述特征中的一个或多个特征来表征:氧化氮转化的效率,热寿命,温度,氨填充度。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的控制单元,
其特征在于,
所述控制单元(9)构成用于,实施根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法。
10.一种具有废气再处理装置的内燃机(1),其中所述废气再处理装置具有氧化氮-存储催化器(7)和至少一个设置在所述氧化氮-存储催化器(7)下游的SCR催化器(8),其中还设有根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的控制单元(9)。
CN201910628966.2A 2018-07-16 2019-07-12 运行废气再处理装置的方法,内燃机的控制单元和内燃机 Pending CN110725736A (zh)

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