CN110621394A - 耐化学性氟化多嵌段聚合物结构、制造方法和用途 - Google Patents
耐化学性氟化多嵌段聚合物结构、制造方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
- C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
- C08C19/12—Incorporating halogen atoms into the molecule
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F8/18—Introducing halogen atoms or halogen-containing groups
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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Abstract
具有高分离特异性、耐化学性和防污染特性中的至少一者的用于非水介质和/或苛刻化学介质的多嵌段均孔结构、制造方法和用途,用于现有分离膜技术的替代物或替选物。
Description
相关专利申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2017年5月12日提交的美国临时专利申请62/505,589的优先权的权益,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及作为现有分离膜技术的替代物或替选物的耐非水化学介质和/或苛刻化学介质的多嵌段均孔结构以及制造方法和用途,其中所述结构具有高通量、高分离特异性、耐化学性和防污染特性中的至少一者。
背景技术
已经通过使含氟单体(例如四氟乙烯、偏二氟乙烯)反应生成亲水性的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)或聚(偏二氟乙烯),或者通过提供亲水性氟表面来将膜制造成耐化学物质、耐热和耐辐射的。这些含氟聚合物不是均孔的,不是通过自组装制造的,并且无法自组装。已经使用包含氟化嵌段的嵌段共聚物来制造用于液/液分离或气/气分离的致密的离子传导膜。类似地,这些氟化嵌段共聚物是非均孔的,并且缺乏与自组装聚合物和流动特性相关的孔调节特性。
美国专利第5,130,024号中描述了氟聚合物膜,其中PTFE膜在孔上涂覆有亲水性含氟共聚物。经表面改性的膜的另一些实例描述于美国专利第5,928,792号中,其中多孔膜表面经全氟碳共聚物改性,以及描述于美国专利第6,354,443号中,其中膜表面经亲水性氟化共聚物涂覆。
此外,美国专利第4,666,991号中教导了含氟接枝共聚物和基本上由该共聚物组成的粘合剂、以及支撑物和该共聚物的复合膜。在4,666,991专利中,氟化聚合物被接枝到其他聚合物上。而其他现有技术的技术涉及将氟化接枝共聚物物理施加(例如浸涂、旋涂等)至现有膜。
美国专利第6,379,796号中公开了具有由聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚(4-甲基戊烯-1)、聚(偏二氟乙烯)或聚甲醛形成的层的中空纤维多孔膜。多孔层插入有均质薄膜的层。均质膜可以包含两种材料,其中第一种材料是由基于苯乙烯的热塑性弹性体和聚烯烃构成的聚合物共混物。其中基于苯乙烯的热塑性弹性体为“其中硬链段包含苯乙烯聚合物并且软链段包含衍生自选自丁二烯、乙烯-丁烯异戊二烯和乙烯-丙烯中的至少一种单体的聚合物的嵌段共聚物”或者“由由苯乙烯与丁二烯、乙烯-丁烯、异戊二烯和乙烯-丙烯中的至少一者形成的两种或更多种类型的构成单元所构成的无规共聚物”,其均不包含氟化组分。该专利中公开的第二种材料是(2,2-双三氟甲基-4,5-二氟-1,3-二唑)和四氟乙烯的共聚物,但是不是嵌段共聚物。
美国专利第7,619,036号中公开了氟化聚二烯和磺化聚苯乙烯的共聚物,其中嵌段共聚物包含磺化聚苯乙烯嵌段A以及氟化嵌段B,具有一般二嵌段结构AB和三嵌段结构ABA。
包含嵌段共聚物组分的现有氟化多孔膜包括含氟聚合物/共聚物的涂层。此外,这些嵌段共聚物中的一些化学组成具有不期望的被进料流的组分污染的特性(例如不期望的物理和化学相互作用)。
然而,如所述的,用于表面改性的主要技术涉及提供含氟材料的涂层,所述含氟材料的涂覆产品可能具有缺陷例如涂层中的针孔,或者易于分离或分层。此外,均孔嵌段共聚物膜通常由在许多有机溶剂中可溶或不稳定的乙烯基衍生的聚合物形成。这些特征通常将乙烯基衍生的聚合物的使用限于水溶液,并因此限制了它们的整体用途。因此,存在对于对苛刻的化学材料(例如有机材料、无机和有机酸和碱)的具有耐化学性的、没有现有聚合物膜的缺点和限制(例如不需要涂层的耐化学性)的耐化学性均孔结构的需要,以及提供这样的结构:自组装以提供适合于涉及有机材料、无机和有机酸和碱的分离过程的孔可调节的结构。
附图说明
图1(A)是材料的均孔部分(10)的示意图。
图1(B)是直接由氟化共聚物形成的材料(20)的均孔部分的氟化(20)部分的示意图。
图1(C)是材料的均孔部分(10)经历化学反应(30)以使均孔材料氟化而产生氟化(20)材料的示意图。
发明内容
本发明的多嵌段共聚物实现了允许高通量同时具有耐溶剂性的自组装均孔结构。该材料允许均孔材料的多功能性,其中至少一种嵌段可以赋予显著的耐化学性(例如,如果氟化),同时另外的嵌段提供其他功能性,例如机械完整性。这些材料特别地可用作分离用耐化学性且防污染的膜。
在本发明的上下文中,均孔意指具有相当窄的孔径分布。在本发明的上下文中,中孔定义为直径为约1nm至约200nm。均孔也可以是中孔的。
本发明涉及这样的均孔氟化嵌段共聚物结构,其中至少一种嵌段被化学改性以赋予防污染特性和/或对来自有机、酸性或碱性材料的苛刻溶剂条件的耐化学性特性,并且另外的嵌段为该结构提供机械完整性以增强其对各种环境的适用性。在一种方法中,至少一个嵌段在与其他嵌段聚合之前被氟化。在替选方法中,在形成多嵌段聚合物之后,多嵌段聚合物被化学改性。
在作为现有分离膜技术的替代物或替选物的具有高分离特异性、耐化学性和防污染特性中的至少一者的情况下,多嵌段均孔结构对包含非水化学介质和/或苛刻化学介质的原料特别适用。
本发明涉及这样的嵌段共聚物结构,其中至少一种嵌段被化学氟化,以赋予对于来自有机、酸性或碱性材料的苛刻溶剂条件的耐化学性。
本发明涉及具有至少两种不同的聚合物嵌段的氟化聚合物材料,其中至少一种嵌段包含大孔、中孔或微孔中的至少一者,其中至少一些为均孔,其中至少一个聚合物嵌段的至少一部分被氟化。中孔的尺寸为约1nm至200nm,大孔的尺寸为至少200nm或更大。该材料为不对称或对称的。该材料包括大孔区域和中孔区域中的至少一者。嵌段共聚物可以在形成均孔材料之前或之后包含氟化部分,或者包含均孔材料形成之前或之后的氟化的任意组合。
本发明提供了通过形成多嵌段共聚物的均孔结构,然后用后官能化反应对至少一个未被氟化的嵌段的至少一部分进行氟化来制备具有至少两种不同的聚合物嵌段的氟化聚合物材料的方法。
本发明提供了通过以下形成均孔材料的方法:将聚合物溶解在至少一种化学溶剂中;使聚合物溶液分散到基底或模具上,或者通过模或模板;在至少一部分聚合物自组装期间除去至少一部分化学溶剂;使自组装的材料暴露于非溶剂而引起至少一部分聚合物沉淀;以及任选地,对经处理的材料进行洗涤。
本发明还包括通过对至少一种具有氟化学部分的嵌段进行化学改性,然后形成均孔多嵌段聚合物结构来保持均孔嵌段聚合物结构的完整性的过程。
本发明还包括通过使包含目标分析物的非水液体与具有至少两种不同的聚合物嵌段的均孔氟化嵌段聚合物结构接触来以高渗透性和优异的选择性(膜具有均匀的孔隙率)分离目标分析物。
一种或更多种聚合物嵌段或者整体聚合物可以包含复杂的聚合物构造,只要该嵌段共聚物自组装以产生均孔材料即可。在本文中,“复杂的”嵌段结构或聚合物构造表示在至少一个嵌段中多于一个的单体、化学组成、构型、或结构,或者与嵌段相邻。不同嵌段共聚物起始材料的组合是另外的复杂的构造。
本发明还包括通过使混合物与均孔氟化嵌段聚合物结构接触来以高渗透性和优异的选择性将目标分析物从由有机、酸性或碱性液体和目标分析物形成的苛刻化学混合物分离。
具体实施方式
本发明是包含至少一种多嵌段聚合物(其中至少一种嵌段包含含有氟原子的至少一部分(“氟化”))的均孔结构,例如薄膜(membrane)、膜(film)、织物、整料(monolith)。氟原子的并入赋予均孔嵌段共聚物结构耐化学性和防污染特性。这种通过自组装产生的多嵌段共聚物结构中的氟化聚合物嵌段的组合(例如A-B、A-B-C、A-B-C-D、或A-B-C-D-E)产生用于非水液体介质例如有机或苛刻液体介质中的分离的高渗透性和高选择性均孔结构。此外,氟化为材料添加防污染作用。
下表1提供了嵌段共聚物构造的非限制性实例。不同的字母表示不同的化学组成,其中A、B、C、D和E分别为由相同单体形成的聚合物嵌段,并且-co-表示特定嵌段中化学组成的混合物。化学组成的混合物的分布在嵌段内可以为周期性的(有序的)、随机的/统计学的、或分级的。
表1
如表1所示,存在至少两种不同的聚合物嵌段。至少一种嵌段包含大孔、中孔或微孔中的至少一者,其中至少一些为均孔,其中至少一个聚合物嵌段的至少一部分被氟化。
中孔可以在约1nm至约200nm的范围内。在一个实施方案中,中孔在1nm至200nm的范围内。在一个实施方案中,中孔在3nm至200nm的范围内。在一个实施方案中,中孔在5nm至200nm的范围内。在一个实施方案中,中孔在5nm至100nm的范围内。在一个实施方案中,中孔在10nm至100nm的范围内。
氟化均孔结构为不对称的、对称的、部分对称的或部分不对称的。
氟化均孔结构被多孔支撑物支撑或未被支撑。氟化均孔结构呈二维(例如,膜、平板)或三维(例如,整料、珠、中空纤维、管状)结构的形式。
氟化均孔结构适合作为分离介质和/或作为具有期望的保护特性的织物(例如服装、绷带)。在基于液体的分离应用中,暴露于氟化均孔结构的液体不限于纯水溶液。被赋予氟化均孔结构的由于氟化的化学稳定性允许与膜接触的溶液部分或完全包含非水液体以及否则可能使非氟化结构降解、分解或溶解的水溶液。其中可以使用氟化均孔结构的苛刻介质包括例如,高度酸性溶液、高度碱性溶液、石油化学产品、有机溶剂、和其他有机小分子。嵌段共聚物的氟化还进一步赋予膜耐热性,而允许在升高的温度下工作。
氟化均孔结构可以通过几种不同的方法来实现。在一些方法中,至少一部分均孔材料在形成均孔结构之前被氟化。在一些方法中,至少一部分均孔材料在形成均孔结构之后被氟化。在一种方法中,所述结构通过以下来实现:并入作为至少一部分单体进料的氟化单体,使单体聚合以形成多嵌段氟化聚合物,然后形成均孔结构。在另一方法中,所述结构通过以下来实现:并入作为至少一部分单体进料的氟化单体,使单体聚合以形成多嵌段氟化共聚物,然后形成均孔结构,然后用后官能化反应使至少一部分未被氟化的嵌段氟化。在另一方法中,所述结构通过以下来实现:由多嵌段共聚物形成均孔结构,然后用后官能化反应使至少一个未被氟化的嵌段的至少一部分氟化。在另一方法中,所述结构通过以下来实现:使嵌段共聚物的至少一个未被氟化的嵌段的至少一部分氟化,然后形成均孔结构。
在一种方法中,首先通过使单体氟化来将氟原子并入到用于制造所述结构的至少一个共聚物嵌段的至少一部分中,然后使氟化的嵌段与其他聚合物嵌段聚合。另一方法是对待氟化的多嵌段聚合物的至少一个嵌段的至少一部分进行改性,然后形成均孔结构。又一方法是对已经制造的均孔结构进行改性以将氟原子并入到构成膜的共聚物的至少一个嵌段的至少一部分中。
当由包含多嵌段聚合物和溶剂体系的沉积溶液加工时,多嵌段聚合物必须至少部分自组装。在该过程期间,除去至少一部分溶剂体系;然后,将材料暴露于相分离溶剂体系,使得至少一部分聚合物材料沉淀。
适当地,氟化和未氟化聚合物嵌段的非限制性实例包括以下:
顺式-1,4-聚(异戊二烯)
聚(苯乙烯)
聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)
聚(五氟苯乙烯)
聚(4-氟苯乙烯)
聚(2-甲基丁基七氟丁酸酯)
聚(3-甲基丁基七氟丁酸酯)
本发明还包括分离(separating)和/或检测和/或分离(isolating)目标分析物,包括使包含有机材料和分析物的液体与多嵌段氟化均孔聚合物结构接触以获得目标分析物或对其进行检测。
多嵌段聚合物结构在均孔结构形成之前或之后通过氟化单体的直接聚合和/或后聚合化学官能化而并入氟原子。合适的氟化单体/嵌段化学组成包括但不限于全氟化C3-C6线性和环状化合物、氟化化合物,例如但不限于八氟丙烷(全氟丙烷)、十氟丁烷(全氟丁烷)、十二氟戊烷(全氟戊烷)、十四氟己烷(全氟己烷)、十二氟环己烷(全氟环己烷);氟化C6-C9芳族化合物;氟化丙烯酸类,例如但不限于2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-十二氟庚基丙烯酸酯、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,12-二十一氟十二烷基丙烯酸酯、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-十七氟癸基甲基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,3,4,4,4-七氟丁基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,3,4,4,4-七氟丁基甲基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,4,4,4-六氟丁基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,4,4,4-六氟丁基甲基丙烯酸酯、1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟异丙基丙烯酸酯、1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟异丙基甲基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟戊基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟戊基甲基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,3,3-五氟丙基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,3,3-五氟丙基甲基丙烯酸酯、1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基丙烯酸酯、2,2,3,3-四氟丙基甲基丙烯酸酯、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-十三氟辛基丙烯酸酯、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-十三氟辛基甲基丙烯酸酯、2,2,2-三氟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯、1,1,1-三氟-2-(三氟甲基)-2-羟基-4-甲基-5-戊基甲基丙烯酸酯、2-[(l’,1’,1’-三氟-2’-(三氟甲基)-2’-羟基)丙基]-3-降冰片基甲基丙烯酸酯;氟代苯乙烯,例如但不限于2-氟苯乙烯、3-氟苯乙烯、4-氟苯乙烯、2,3,4,5,6-五氟苯乙烯;其他含氟单体,例如但不限于表氟代醇、缩水甘油基2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟戊基醚、缩水甘油基2,2,3,3-四氟丙基醚、全氟己基乙烯、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-九氟-1-己烯、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-十七氟-1-癸烯、和(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-十七氟壬基)环氧乙烷。
如上述表1所示,单个嵌段内的化学组成的混合物用“-co-”和由单组括号括起来的两个结构表示。嵌段中混合化学组成的分布在嵌段内可以为周期性的(有序的)、随机的/统计学的或分级的。
在一些实施方案中,材料被包装为包括有褶包装物、错流盒中的平膜片(flatsheet)、螺旋卷式模块、中空纤维、中空纤维模块的装置,或者被包装为传感器。在一个实施方案中,装置利用多于一种的不同均孔氟化材料。
在一个实施方案中,材料或包含该材料的装置对刺激具有可检测的响应。
在一些实施方案中,材料或包含该材料的装置用于其中在与材料或装置接触的包含目标分析物的介质中分离目标分析物的过程中。在一个这样的过程中,通过结合和洗脱来分离目标分析物。在另一个这样的过程中,通过过滤来分离溶质或悬浮颗粒。在另一个这样的过程中,包括结合和洗脱、以及通过过滤进行分离的机制二者。
在一些实施方案中,材料或包含该材料的装置用于其中在与材料或装置接触的包含目标分析物的介质中检测目标分析物的过程中。在一个这样的过程中,通过材料/装置对目标分析物的存在的响应来检测目标分析物。
在一些实施方案中,将至少两种不同的材料包装在一起作为试剂盒(kit)。在其他实施方案中,将包含该材料的至少两种装置包装在一起作为试剂盒(kit)。
在一些实施方案中,使材料固定到支撑物或纺织品上,或者与支撑物或纺织品整合。
用于实现本发明的方法涉及:将嵌段共聚物溶解在至少一种化学溶剂中;使聚合物溶液分散到基底或模具上,或者通过模或模板;除去至少一部分化学溶剂;暴露于非溶剂而引起至少一部分聚合物沉淀,以及任选地,洗涤步骤。
以下提供了在聚合之后使聚合物嵌段氟化的非限制性实例。
A)
B)
C)
如上所示,步骤“A)”是用1,1,1,2,2,3,3-七氟-5-碘戊烷对聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)进行的氟化,其中在加热时1,1,1,2,2,3,3-七氟-5-碘戊烷上的碘是用于与聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)上的氮连接的离去基团,产生季铵化吡啶和氟化聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)嵌段。步骤“B)”是顺式-1,4-聚(异戊二烯)的氟化,其中在加热时2,2,3-三氟-3-(三氟甲基)环氧乙烷反应以使聚(异戊二烯)的双键氟化。在步骤“C)”中,以两个步骤使3,4-聚(异戊二烯)氟化:首先,进行硼氢化/氧化反应以向聚(异戊二烯)双键引入羟基,然后进行与七氟丁酰氯(其中七氟丁酰氯上的氯是离去基团)的酯化反应,产生氟化聚(异戊二烯)。
用于制造均孔结构的第一种方法是使氟化单体单元直接聚合成嵌段共聚物。这是由部分或全部分数的直接聚合成聚合物嵌段的含氟单体单元实现的。这种方法通过化学键合直接将氟原子并入聚合物中,随后将聚合物加工成均孔材料。另一种相似的方法是用氟化的分子或大分子引发或终止聚合反应,以使具有单一单元的共聚物氟化。
另一种方法是对不包含氟化单元的嵌段共聚物进行化学改性以在至少一个嵌段中包含氟原子。随后将这种经氟改性的(氟化的)共聚物加工成氟化均孔材料。通过与诸如以下但不限于此的化合物反应来将氟化单元引入至多嵌段聚合物中:含氟化合物,其中所述化合物包含用作与聚合物连接的离去基团的其他卤素如溴、氯或碘(例如1,1,1,2,2,3,3-七氟-5-碘戊烷、1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-十七氟-10-碘癸烷、全氟丙基碘、七氟丁酰氯);氟;六氟环氧丙烷;四氟化硫;二氟卡宾;三氟乙酸酐;和二氟乙酸酐。
用于制造均孔材料的另一种方法是对均孔嵌段共聚物材料进行后改性以并入氟原子。一种这样的方法是对均孔材料进行化学改性以包含氟原子。该方法涉及对均孔材料进行直接化学改性,使得聚合物嵌段的表面(包括孔表面)被改性。前述化合物也适用于这种方法。
这些方法的组合也用于实现均孔材料。例如,使氟化单体聚合以使共聚物的一个嵌段氟化,随后使另外的未被氟化的嵌段后氟化。
氟化的量和氟化材料的化学组成是可控制的。这通过在聚合或后官能化期间改变氟化试剂相对于未被氟化的材料的量来控制。
一种变形是使构成共聚物的多于一个嵌段的单元部分或完全氟化。被氟化的嵌段不限于构成结构主表面的嵌段。与氟化化合物的交联是通过交联和氟化的组合赋予膜耐化学性的另一种方法。
膜的均孔区域的孔尺寸也是可控制的。孔尺寸可以在约1nm至200nm变化。
均孔嵌段共聚物膜在嵌段共聚物的至少一个嵌段的至少一部分中/上包括氟化。这赋予膜耐化学性和防污染特性。
可以以任何方式合成聚合物,条件是该聚合物可以通过所述方法自组装并形成均孔材料。
图1(A)至1(C)中标识的特征表
10 材料的均孔部分
20 材料的氟化部分
30 用以向材料引入氟化的反应
Claims (16)
1.一种多嵌段氟化聚合物材料,包含至少两种不同的聚合物嵌段,所述聚合物嵌段包含大孔、中孔或微孔中的至少一者,其中至少一些为均孔,其中至少一个聚合物嵌段的至少一部分被氟化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多嵌段氟化材料,其中所述材料包括包含两种不同的聚合物嵌段的二嵌段共聚物,所述聚合物嵌段包含大孔、中孔或微孔中的至少一者,其中至少一些为均孔,其中至少一个聚合物嵌段的至少一部分被氟化。
3.根据权利要求1所述的材料,为不对称或对称的材料。
4.根据权利要求1所述的材料,还包括在单个整体可伸缩结构中的大孔区域和中孔壁结构。
5.根据权利要求1所述的材料,还包括连续的大孔区域。
6.根据权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述材料具有尺寸为约1nm至200nm的中孔。
7.根据权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述材料形成为二维结构。
8.根据权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述材料形成为三维结构。
9.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的材料的方法,其中均所述孔材料的至少一部分在形成所述均孔结构之前被氟化。
10.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的材料的方法,其中所述均孔材料的至少一部分在形成所述均孔结构之后被氟化。
11.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的材料的方法,包括并入作为至少一部分单体进料的氟化单体,使所述单体聚合以形成多嵌段氟化聚合物,然后形成均孔结构。
12.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的材料的方法,包括并入作为至少一部分单体进料的氟化单体,使所述单体聚合以形成多嵌段氟化共聚物,然后形成均孔结构,然后用后官能化反应使至少一部分未被氟化的嵌段氟化。
13.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的材料的方法,包括由多嵌段共聚物形成均孔结构,然后用后官能化反应使至少一个未被氟化的嵌段的至少一部分氟化。
14.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的材料的方法,包括使嵌段共聚物的至少一个未被氟化的嵌段的至少一部分氟化,然后形成均孔结构。
15.一种形成根据权利要求1所述的材料的方法,其中通过以下形成所述均孔材料:
a.将聚合物溶解在至少一种化学溶剂中;
b.使聚合物溶液分散到基底或模具上,或者通过模或模板;
c.在至少一部分所述聚合物自组装期间,除去至少一部分化学溶剂;
d.暴露于非溶剂而引起至少一部分所述聚合物沉淀;以及
e.任选地,洗涤步骤。
16.一种分离或检测目标分析物的方法,使包含所述目标分析物的介质与根据权利要求1所述的材料接触。
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US11572424B2 (en) | 2023-02-07 |
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