CN110311645B - Novel topological structure's electricity modulation amplitude equalizer - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
- H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/08—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce detrimental influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements
- H03F1/12—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce detrimental influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements by use of attenuating means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
- H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/213—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only in integrated circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
- H03G3/00—Gain control in amplifiers or frequency changers
- H03G3/20—Automatic control
- H03G3/30—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices
- H03G3/3036—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers
- H03G3/3042—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers in modulators, frequency-changers, transmitters or power amplifiers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/01—Frequency selective two-port networks
- H03H7/03—Frequency selective two-port networks comprising means for compensation of loss
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
- H03H7/01—Frequency selective two-port networks
- H03H7/06—Frequency selective two-port networks including resistors
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Abstract
The invention provides an electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure, which comprises an input 90-degree electric bridge, fixed amplitude equalizers with different equalization amounts, electrically-tunable attenuators corresponding to the different fixed amplitude equalizers and an output 90-degree electric bridge. The attenuation quantities of the electrically-tuned attenuators corresponding to the different fixed-amplitude equalizers are controlled to be different combination states, signals with different equalization quantities and different attenuation quantities are obtained, and the signals in the different combination states are combined through unequal-amplitude power of the output 90-degree electric bridge to achieve the equalization quantity electric tuning function. The invention changes the design idea of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer, transfers the realization of the electrically-tuned function from the inside of the amplitude equalizer circuit to a more mature and simple electrically-tuned attenuator, greatly reduces the design difficulty of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer and improves various performances. The problems that an existing fixed amplitude equalizer cannot be tuned, an existing electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer is poor in equalization linearity, large in insertion loss change, poor in standing wave characteristic and low in input 1dB compression point in an electrical tuning process are solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure, and belongs to the technical field of microwave circuits.
Background
Gain flatness is an important index of a satellite-borne microwave receiver and a satellite-borne linearizer. Microwave components and MMICs (microwave monolithic integrated circuits) are basic units for implementing satellite-borne microwave receivers, satellite-borne linearizers, and generally have different gain flatness characteristics. The gain flatness of the satellite-borne microwave receiver and the satellite-borne linearizer is deteriorated due to the additive effect after different microwave components and different MMIC gain flatness cascade connection, and meanwhile, the gain flatness after cascade connection is also deteriorated due to impedance mismatch of interconnection circuits between the microwave components and the MMICs. The amplitude equalizer can effectively improve the gain flatness index, and is widely applied to satellite-borne microwave receivers and satellite-borne linearizers.
The amplitude equalizer is divided into a fixed amplitude equalizer and a tunable amplitude equalizer. The fixed amplitude equalizer has the inherent disadvantage that the equalization amount is not tunable, and has a plurality of inconveniences in the use process. Tunable amplitude equalizers are mainly classified into a debug type amplitude equalizer and an electrically tunable amplitude equalizer.
The debugging type amplitude equalizer changes a matching circuit in the amplitude equalizer through physical means such as debugging and the like so as to realize the tuning of the amplitude equalization amount. Chinese patent CN208226060U is named as a variable slope microwave equalizer, which uses a thin film process to change the matching circuit inside the amplitude equalizer by changing the bonding position of the gold wire inside the amplitude equalizer circuit, thereby implementing the adjustment of the amplitude equalization slope. The main drawbacks of the debug type amplitude equalizer are: the circuit cannot be tuned outside, the tuning range of amplitude equalization is small, the amplitude equalization cannot be tuned continuously, the insertion loss of the equalizer is changed greatly and the standing wave characteristic is changed greatly under different tuning states, and the like.
The electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer can adjust the amplitude equalization amount only by changing the tuning voltage, and the usability of the amplitude equalizer is greatly improved. At present, in the implementation of an electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer, a part of matching circuits inside a fixed amplitude equalizer circuit is replaced by electrically-tunable matching circuits. Chinese patent CN205681454U is named as an amplitude equalizer, and uses a varactor diode to replace a matching capacitor inside the amplitude equalizer, and adjusts the voltage acting on the varactor diode, thereby changing the capacitance of the varactor diode and further adjusting the equalization amount of the amplitude equalizer. China patent CN201878277U is named as an electric control broadband equalizer and China patent CN207053506U is named as a high-precision adjustable voltage control equalizer, an electric tuning attenuator and an iron core coil with a tap are used for replacing a resistance attenuation network in an amplitude equalizer, and the characteristics of the resistance attenuation network in the equalizer are changed by changing the attenuation of the electric tuning attenuator, so that the amplitude equalization amount is adjusted.
However, the internal circuit of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer has other non-tunable matching circuits besides the tunable matching network. When the tunable amplitude equalizer is electrically tuned, only the characteristic of the tunable matching network can be changed, and the tunable matching network shows different impedance characteristics in different electrical tuning states, so that the impedance matching between the tunable matching network and the untuned matching network is poor, and the problems of poor amplitude equalization linearity, large insertion loss variation and poor standing wave characteristic of the tunable amplitude equalizer occur in the electrical tuning process. The problem of poor standing wave characteristics can lead the amplitude equalization effect of the cascaded electric modulation amplitude equalizer and other microwave devices or MMICs to be poor. In addition, the varactor is used as an electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer of the tunable network, and the input 1dB compression point of the varactor is generally low due to the low power processing capability of the varactor.
Various defects of the existing fixed amplitude equalizer and the electric-tuning amplitude equalizer seriously restrict the application of the amplitude equalizer in a satellite-borne microwave receiver and a satellite-borne linearizer, increase the debugging difficulty and the debugging period of the satellite-borne microwave receiver and the satellite-borne linearizer, and simultaneously reduce the reliability of the satellite-borne microwave receiver and the satellite-borne linearizer through repeated debugging process.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem solved by the invention is as follows: the defects of the prior art are overcome, the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer with the novel topological structure and the unequal-amplitude power synthesis are provided, and the problems that in an existing satellite-borne microwave receiver and an existing satellite-borne linearizer, a fixed amplitude equalizer is not adjustable, the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer is poor in balanced linearity, large in insertion loss change, poor in standing wave characteristic and low in input 1dB compression point in the electrically-adjusted process are mainly solved.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: an electrically tunable amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure comprises: the variable-amplitude attenuator comprises an input port (1), a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), a first fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3), a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4), a second 90-degree electric bridge (5), an output port (6), a first 50-ohm load resistor (7), a second fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8), a second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) and a second 50-ohm load resistor (10);
the first 90-degree electric bridge (2) comprises an input end (2-1), an isolation end (2-4), an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3), and the second 90-degree electric bridge comprises an input end 1 (5-2), an input end 2 (5-3), an output end (5-1) and an isolation end (5-4);
the isolation end (2-4) of the first 90-degree bridge is grounded through a first 50 omega load resistor (7), and the isolation end (5-4) of the second 90-degree bridge is grounded through a second 50 omega load resistor (10);
a first equalization channel is formed by the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the first electrically-controlled attenuator VVA1 (4), and a second equalization channel is formed by the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and the second electrically-controlled attenuator VVA2 (9); the amplitude equalization amount of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) is used as a first equalization amount, and the amplitude equalization amount of the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) is used as a second equalization amount;
a signal in a working frequency band is input from an input port (1), is divided into two paths of signals with equal amplitude and 90-degree phase difference through a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), and is output from an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3) of the electric bridge; a signal output by an output end 1 (2-2) of a first 90-degree electric bridge enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and performs amplitude equalization of a first equalization amount on the signal, then enters a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and performs attenuation of a first attenuation amount on the signal to obtain a signal with the first equalization amount and the first attenuation amount, and enters an input end 1 (5-2) of a second 90-degree electric bridge; meanwhile, a signal output by the output end 2 (2-3) of the first 90-degree bridge enters a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and performs amplitude equalization of a second equalization amount on the signal, and then enters a second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) and attenuates the signal by a second attenuation amount to obtain a signal with the second equalization amount and the second attenuation amount, and the signal enters the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90-degree bridge;
the signal with the first balance and the first attenuation and the signal with the second balance and the second attenuation are output from an output port (6) through phase shift, power division and synthesis of a second 90-degree bridge (5).
Preferably, the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are fixed amplitude equalizers with different equalization amounts
Preferably, the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are transmission lines without amplitude equalization function.
Preferably, the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are designed to have the same phase transfer characteristics.
Preferably, the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) use the same circuit design and have the same phase transmission characteristic.
Preferably, the first equalization path and the second equalization path have the same phase transfer characteristics; the first equalizing path and the second equalizing path have similar insertion loss characteristics at a center frequency point of the operating frequency band in a minimum attenuation state.
Preferably, the signals with the first amount of equalization and the first attenuation and the signals with the second amount of equalization and the second attenuation have a phase difference of 90 DEG at the input 1 (5-2) and the input 2 (5-3) of the second 90 DEG bridge
The invention discloses a method for realizing the balance of an electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure, which comprises the following steps:
(1) The isolation end (2-4) of the first 90-degree bridge is grounded through a first 50-omega load resistor (7), and the isolation end (5-4) of the second 90-degree bridge is grounded through a second 50-omega load resistor (10);
(2) A first equalizing path is formed by a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and a first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4), and a second equalizing path is formed by a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and a second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9); the amplitude equalization amount of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) is used as the first equalization amount, and the amplitude equalization amount of the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) is used as the second equalization amount.
(3) A signal in a working frequency band is input from an input port (1), is divided into two paths of signals with equal amplitude and 90-degree phase difference through a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), and is output from an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3) of the electric bridge.
(4) A signal output by an output end 1 (2-2) of a first 90-degree bridge enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and performs amplitude equalization of a first equalization amount on the signal, and then enters a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and performs attenuation of a first attenuation amount on the signal to obtain a signal with the first equalization amount and the first attenuation amount, and enters an input end 1 (5-2) of a second 90-degree bridge;
(5) And (4) when the step (4) is executed, the signal output by the output end 2 (2-3) of the first 90-degree bridge enters a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and performs amplitude equalization of a second equalization amount on the signal, and then enters a second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) and performs attenuation of a second attenuation amount on the signal to obtain a signal with the second equalization amount and the second attenuation amount, and the signal enters the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90-degree bridge.
(6) The signal with the first balance and the first attenuation and the signal with the second balance and the second attenuation are output from an output port (6) through phase shift, power division and synthesis of a second 90-degree bridge (5).
Preferably, the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are fixed amplitude equalizers with different equalization amounts.
Preferably, the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are transmission lines without amplitude equalization function.
Preferably, the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are designed to have the same phase transfer characteristics.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) The design idea of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer is changed, the realization of the electric tuning function is transferred to the more mature and simple electrically-tunable attenuator from the inside of the amplitude equalizer circuit by using the method of unequal amplitude power synthesis, the design difficulty of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer is greatly reduced, and the performance index of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer is improved;
(2) The electric-tuning amplitude equalizer has the advantages that under different electric tuning states, the insertion loss change at the central frequency point of the working frequency band is small, the influence of the electric-tuning amplitude equalizer on the system gain in the electric tuning process can be obviously reduced, and the usability of the electric-tuning amplitude equalizer is improved;
(3) The two synthesized signals are synthesized by unequal amplitude power, and the synthesis method has lower tolerance requirements on the amplitude difference and the phase difference of the two synthesized signals. Meanwhile, the method for finely adjusting the attenuation of the electrically-adjusted attenuator in the circuit can compensate the power synthesis loss caused by the amplitude difference or the phase difference of the two signals to a certain degree. Therefore, the tolerance requirements on the amplitude unbalance and the phase unbalance between the two equalizing paths are lower, and the design difficulty of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer can be effectively reduced;
(4) Because the input end of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer is integrated with the first 90-degree electric bridge and the output end of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer is integrated with the second 90-degree electric bridge, the standing wave characteristic of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer in the electric tuning process and the input 1dB compression point of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer are effectively improved.
(5) The invention avoids using magnetic devices such as iron core coils and the like, can be realized by using multi-stage MMIC integration, and can also be realized by using a single MMIC, thereby having high integration level. Meanwhile, the design flexibility is high, the universal design is strong, and the method can be well applied to satellite-borne microwave receivers and linearizers.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a Ku frequency band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 (a) is a schematic diagram of insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of a Ku frequency band +3dB equalization fixed amplitude equalizer in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 (b) is a schematic diagram of insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of a Ku band-3 dB equalization fixed-amplitude equalizer in example 1 of the present invention
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equalization states of the Ku frequency band electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 (a) is a schematic diagram of insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equilibrium states when the standing wave of the electrically tunable attenuator in embodiment 1 of the present invention is 2.0;
FIG. 4 (b) is a schematic diagram showing the insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equalization states when the amplitude difference between two synthesized signals is 2dB in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 (c) is a schematic diagram showing the insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equilibrium states when the phase difference between the two synthesized signals is 10 ° in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 (d) is a schematic diagram showing the insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equilibrium states when the phase difference between the two synthesized signals is 20 ° in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 (e) is a schematic diagram showing the insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equilibrium states when the phase difference between the two synthesized signals is 30 ° in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 (f) is a schematic diagram showing the insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equilibrium states when the two synthesized signals in example 1 of the present invention have an amplitude difference of 2dB and a phase difference of 30 °;
fig. 5 (a) is a schematic block diagram of a Ka frequency band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 5 (b) is a schematic diagram of insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equalization states of the Ka-band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a satellite borne power amplifier with a typical convex gain curve and amplitude equalization using an amplitude equalizer with U-shaped equalization characteristics;
fig. 7 (a) is a schematic block diagram of an X frequency band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 7 (b) is a schematic diagram of insertion loss and standing wave characteristics of 5 equalization states of the X-band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a digitally controlled electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
The invention provides an electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure, which comprises an input 90-degree electric bridge, fixed amplitude equalizers with different equalization amounts, electrically-tunable attenuators corresponding to the different fixed amplitude equalizers and an output 90-degree electric bridge. The attenuation quantities of the electrically-tuned attenuators corresponding to the different fixed-amplitude equalizers are controlled to be different combination states, signals with different equalization quantities and different attenuation quantities are obtained, and the signals in the different combination states are combined through unequal-amplitude power of the output 90-degree electric bridge to achieve the equalization quantity electric tuning function. The invention changes the design idea of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer, transfers the realization of the electrically-tuned function from the inside of the amplitude equalizer circuit to a more mature and simple electrically-tuned attenuator, greatly reduces the design difficulty of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer and improves various performances. The problems that an existing fixed amplitude equalizer cannot be tuned, and an existing electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer is poor in equalization linearity, large in insertion loss change, poor in standing wave characteristic and low in input 1dB compression point in an electric tuning process are solved.
The invention provides an electric modulation amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure and an implementation method of the electric modulation amplitude equalizer. The electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer changes the design idea, the realization of the electrical tuning function is transferred to a more mature and simple electrically-tuned attenuator from the inside of the amplitude equalizer circuit, the design difficulty of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer is reduced, and various performances of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer are improved. The electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer has the advantages of good equalization linearity, small insertion loss change, good standing wave characteristic and higher input 1dB compression point in the electrical tuning process. The electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer can greatly reduce the debugging difficulty of the gain flatness indexes of the satellite-borne microwave receiver and the satellite-borne linearizer, thereby reducing the debugging period and the debugging cost.
The invention discloses an electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure, which has a functional block diagram as shown in figure 1 and is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps: the variable-amplitude attenuator comprises an input port (1), a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), a first fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3), a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4), a second 90-degree electric bridge (5), an output port (6), a first 50-ohm load resistor (7), a second fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8), a second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) and a second 50-ohm load resistor (10);
the first 90-degree electric bridge (2) comprises an input end (2-1), an isolation end (2-4), an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3), and the second 90-degree electric bridge (5) comprises an input end 1 (5-2), an input end 2 (5-3), an output end (5-1) and an isolation end (5-4).
The isolation ends (2-4) of the first 90-degree bridge are grounded through a first 50 omega load resistor (7), and the isolation ends (5-4) of the second 90-degree bridge are grounded through a second 50 omega load resistor (10).
The amplitude equalization amount of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) is taken as the first equalization amount, and the amplitude equalization amount of the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) is taken as the second equalization amount. The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) form a first equalization path, and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) form a second equalization path.
A signal in an operating frequency band is input from an input port (1), is divided into two paths of signals with equal amplitude and 90-degree phase difference through a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), and is output from an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3) of the electric bridge. A signal output by an output end 1 (2-2) of a first 90-degree electric bridge enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and performs amplitude equalization of a first equalization amount on the signal, then enters a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and performs attenuation of a first attenuation amount on the signal to obtain a signal with the first equalization amount and the first attenuation amount, and enters an input end 1 (5-2) of a second 90-degree electric bridge; meanwhile, the signal output by the output end 2 (2-3) of the first 90 ° bridge enters the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and performs amplitude equalization of a second amount of equalization on the signal, and then enters the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) and attenuates the signal by a second amount of attenuation, so as to obtain a signal with the second amount of equalization and the second amount of attenuation, and enters the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90 ° bridge. The signal with the first balance and the first attenuation and the signal with the second balance and the second attenuation are output from an output port (6) after being subjected to phase shift, power division and synthesis by a second 90-degree bridge (5).
The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are designed to have the same phase transfer characteristics. The first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) use the same circuit design and also have the same phase transmission characteristic. The first equalization path and the second equalization path have the same phase transfer characteristics. The phase difference of the combined signals at the input 1 (5-2) and the input 2 (5-3) of the second 90 ° bridge is thus 90 °, and in-phase power combining of the two signals can be achieved via the second 90 ° bridge (5).
The power of signals with different equalization amounts during synthesis can be controlled by controlling the attenuation amounts of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9), so that the control of the signal equalization amount after synthesis is realized, specifically:
when a first equalization amount is needed, the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) is electrically tuned to a minimum attenuation gear, and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) is electrically tuned to a maximum attenuation gear, at this time, a signal with the first equalization amount at the input end 1 (5-2) of the second 90-degree bridge has a larger amplitude, and a signal with the second equalization amount at the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90-degree bridge has a smaller amplitude. Since the amplitude difference between the two synthesized signals is large, the characteristics of the synthesized signal are mainly determined by the signal with large amplitude, and thus the synthesized signal will have the characteristics of the first balance amount.
When a second equalization amount is needed, the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) is electrically tuned to the maximum attenuation level, and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) is electrically tuned to the minimum attenuation level, at this time, a signal with the first equalization amount at the input end 1 (5-2) of the second 90-degree electric bridge has a small amplitude, and a signal with the second equalization amount at the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90-degree electric bridge has a large amplitude. Since the amplitude difference between the two synthesized signals is large, the characteristics of the synthesized signal are mainly determined by the signal with large amplitude, and thus the synthesized signal will have the characteristics of the second equalization amount.
When the required equalization amount is between the first equalization amount and the second equalization amount, the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) is electrically tuned to a certain medium attenuation level, and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) is electrically tuned to a certain medium attenuation level, at this time, a signal with the first equalization amount obtained at the input end 1 (5-2) of the second 90 ° bridge has a medium amplitude, a signal with the second equalization amount obtained at the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90 ° bridge has a medium amplitude, and the equalization amount of the synthesized signal is between the first equalization amount and the second equalization amount.
Therefore, the attenuation of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and the attenuation of the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) are combined differently, and a signal with the balance continuously adjustable from the first balance to the second balance can be obtained at the output end through the synthesis of the second 90-degree bridge (5), so that the electrically-tuning function of the amplitude balance is realized. Meanwhile, due to the fact that the attenuation amount of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the attenuation amount of the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) are combined in various attenuation states, the insertion loss change of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer at the central frequency point in the working frequency band is small when the attenuation amounts of the two electrically-adjustable attenuators are reasonably combined.
The power combining efficiency of the rf/microwave signals is determined by both amplitude and phase characteristics, so that at the input 1 (5-2) and the input 2 (5-3) of the second 90 ° bridge (5), the difference between the amplitude and the phase of the signal with the first amount of equalization and the first attenuation and the signal with the second amount of equalization and the second attenuation will affect the power combining efficiency.
Because the two paths of signals respectively pass through the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9), the amplitude difference of the two paths of signals can be compensated by adjusting the attenuation of the two electrically-adjustable attenuators. And the loss of function synthesis caused by the phase difference cannot be effectively compensated, and the influence of the phase difference on power synthesis is analyzed and evaluated.
After phase shifting and power dividing of the same-frequency signals with different equalization amounts and different attenuation amounts through the second 90-degree bridge (5) and before synthesis, the same-frequency signals can be expressed as Acos (ω t + a) and Bcos (ω t + a + θ), wherein a and B are amplitude values of the two signals respectively, ω is the angular frequency of the signal, a is the initial phase of the signal a, θ is the phase difference of the two signals, and t is time. The power combining process of the two signals can be expressed as:
wherein
According to a conversion formula from the amplitude value to the power value of the sine wave signal:
wherein Vp is an amplitude value according to the sine wave signal, Z 0 Is the system impedance.
The power of the resulting signal is:
in RF/microwave systems, Z is common 0 =50 Ω. Without loss of generality, the signal amplitude a is set to be larger than or equal to B, a is normalized to 1V, when B is 1V, 0.708V, 0.5V, 0.25V and 0.10V respectively (namely, the amplitudes of the two signals are different by 0dB, 3dB, 6dB, 12dB and 20dB respectively), the influence on power synthesis when the phase difference of the two signals is 0 °, 10 °,20 ° and 30 ° is calculated according to (formula 3) and summarized to table 1.
TABLE 1 Effect of phase difference on unequal amplitude power combining of two signals
As can be seen from table 1, when two signals are power-combined at unequal amplitudes, the power combining loss due to the phase difference between the two signals decreases as the amplitude difference between the two signals increases.
When one of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) is in small attenuation and the other is in large attenuation, the amplitude difference value is large when the two synthesized signals are subjected to power synthesis in a working frequency band, and the power synthesis loss caused by the phase difference of the two synthesized signals is small. When the amplitude difference of the two synthesized signals is greater than 20dB, the power synthesis loss caused by the phase difference of 30 ° will be less than 0.10dB, and the influence thereof is negligible.
When the attenuation amounts of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) are close, the amplitude difference value of the two synthesized signals during power synthesis is small, and the influence of the phase difference on the power synthesis is not negligible. When the amplitude difference of the two synthesized signals is less than 3dB, the power synthesis loss brought by the phase difference of 20 degrees is close to 0.15dB, and the power synthesis loss brought by the phase difference of 30 degrees can reach 0.30dB. At this time, the attenuation of the first electrically-controlled attenuator VVA1 (4) or the second electrically-controlled attenuator VVA2 (9) is properly reduced, and the amplitude of one of the two synthesized signals can be increased, so that the power value after synthesis is increased, and the power synthesis loss caused by the phase difference of the two synthesized signals is further reduced. However, since at this time at different frequency points within the operating band, the amplitude difference of the two composite signals is different: at the frequency points with small amplitude difference, the power synthesis loss caused by the phase difference is large; at the frequency point with larger amplitude difference, the power synthesis loss caused by the phase difference is smaller, and the amplitude equalization linearity of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer will be deteriorated. Therefore, for the application with high requirement on the equalization linearity, the phase imbalance degree of the two equalization paths is ensured to be within 20 degrees, and the phase imbalance degree of the two equalization paths is controlled to be within 30 degrees by other applications.
The scheme of the preferred embodiment 1 is as follows: the electric modulation amplitude equalizer with the novel topological structure is a Ku frequency band electric modulation amplitude equalizer.
Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a Ku frequency band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 1 of the present invention, and its operating frequency band is 12GHz to 18GHz. The electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer comprises an input end (1), a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3), a first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4), a second 90-degree electric bridge (5), an output end (6), a first 50-omega load resistor (7), a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8), a second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) and a second 50-omega load resistor (10). The first 90-degree bridge 2 comprises an input end (2-1), an isolation end (2-4), an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end (2-3), and the second 90-degree bridge (5) comprises an input end 1 (5-2), an input end 2 (5-3), an output end (5-1) and an isolation end (5-4).
The isolation end (2-4) of the first 90-degree bridge is grounded through a first 50 omega load resistor (7), and the isolation end (5-4) of the second 90-degree bridge is grounded through a second 50 omega load resistor (10).
Wherein the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) has a +3dB equalization amount, fig. 2 (a) is a schematic diagram of performance parameters thereof: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph is the output standing wave and the horizontal axis is frequency. The fixed amplitude equalizer has an equalization amount of +3dB, and both the input standing wave and the output standing wave are less than 1.2.
Wherein the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) has a-3 dB equalization amount, fig. 2 (b) is a schematic diagram of its performance parameters: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph is the output standing wave and the horizontal axis is frequency. The fixed amplitude equalizer has an equalization amount of-3 dB, and both the input standing wave and the output standing wave are less than 1.1.
The insertion loss of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) at the center of the working frequency band is between 2.5dB and 3.0 dB. The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) form a +3dB equalization path, and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) form a-3 dB equalization path. The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are designed to have the same phase transfer characteristics. The first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) use the same circuit design, and therefore have the same phase transmission characteristic. The +3dB equalization path and the-3 dB equalization path thus have the same phase transmission characteristics while having similar insertion loss characteristics at the center frequency point of the operating band in the minimum attenuation state.
In embodiment 1, the attenuation ranges of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) are both 1.5dB to 43dB, the transmission phase difference between the +3dB equalization path and the-3 dB equalization path is within ± 6.5 °, and the input standing wave and the output standing wave are both 1.5.
As described above, by controlling the first electrically tunable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically tunable attenuator VVA2 (9) to be different attenuation state combinations, the power of different equalization amount signals can be controlled during synthesis, so as to control the equalization amount of the synthesized signal: when positive equalization is needed, the attenuation of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) is reduced and the attenuation of the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) is increased; the operation when other equalization amounts are needed is similar.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of performance parameters of 5 equalization states of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer in embodiment 1: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph is the output standing wave and the horizontal axis is frequency. The attenuation amounts of the electrically-controlled attenuator corresponding to the 5 states are respectively as follows:
as can be seen from FIG. 3, in the working frequency band of 12-18 GHz, the insertion loss of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer is better than 12dB, the amplitude equalization amount is continuously adjustable between-3 dB to +3dB, the linearity of the amplitude equalization is good, and the input and output standing waves are all below 1.25.
In the process of electric tuning, the insertion loss of the electric tuning amplitude equalizer at the central frequency point in the working frequency band is basically consistent under different equalization states by various combinations of the attenuation states of the first electric tuning attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electric tuning attenuator VVA2 (9). It is seen from fig. 3 that under 5 equalization states, the insertion loss of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer at the central frequency point varies within 0.3 dB.
The input 1dB compression point of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer is determined by an electrically-tuned attenuator in the circuit. The signal firstly enters a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), then enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8), and then enters a first electrically-adjusted attenuator VVA1 (4) and a second electrically-adjusted attenuator VVA2 (9). The typical input 1dB compression point of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) is 15dBm, the insertion loss of the first 90-degree electric bridge (2) is more than 3dB, the insertion loss of the first fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) is more than 1dB, and therefore the typical value of the input 1dB compression point of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer is 19dBm.
Tolerance analysis is carried out on circuit parameters influencing the performance of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer, and the circuit parameters comprise the following parameters: the standing wave characteristics of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9), the amplitude and phase unbalance degree of the first 90-degree electric bridge (2) and the second 90-degree electric bridge (5), and the amplitude difference and the phase difference of two combined signals caused by the amplitude and phase unbalance of a +3dB equalizing path and a-3 dB equalizing path. The amplitude and phase imbalance of the first 90 DEG bridge (2) and the second 90 DEG bridge (5) are combined into the amplitude difference and the phase difference of the two synthesized signals for analysis.
Fig. 4 (a) is a schematic diagram of performance parameters of 5 kinds of equilibrium states when both input standing waves and output standing waves of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) are 2.0: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph is the output standing wave and the horizontal axis is frequency. The attenuation amounts of the electrically-controlled attenuator corresponding to the 5 states are respectively as follows:
from 4 (a), since the 90 ° electrical bridge at the input and output ends has good isolation characteristics, when the standing wave of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) is 2.0, the standing wave of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer is still below 1.35, and the equalization amount, the equalization linearity, and the like of the electrically-tuned equalizer are not affected.
Fig. 4 (b) is a diagram of performance parameters of 5 equalization states when the amplitude difference of two synthesized signals is 2 dB: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph is the output standing wave and the horizontal axis is frequency. The attenuation amounts of the electrically-controlled attenuator corresponding to the 5 states are respectively as follows:
as seen from fig. 4 (b), the insertion loss of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer is increased by about 1.2dB, but other indexes are not affected. The amplitude difference is compensated by adjusting the attenuation of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9), so that the balance amount, the balance linearity and the input and output standing waves of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer are not affected, and the change of the insertion loss is acceptable compared with good balance performance.
Fig. 4 (c), fig. 4 (d), and fig. 4 (e) are schematic diagrams of performance parameters of 5 equalization states when the phase difference between the two synthesized signals is 10 °,20 °, and 30 °, respectively: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph is the output standing wave, and the horizontal axis is the frequency. The attenuation amounts of the electrically-controlled attenuator corresponding to the 5 states are respectively as follows:
as can be seen from fig. 4 (c), fig. 4 (d), and fig. 4 (e), when the two combined signals have a certain phase difference, the equalization linearity and the standing wave characteristic of the electrically-tunable equalizer are affected to a certain extent, but still have good equalization performance and standing wave characteristic. The two synthesized signals are unequal-amplitude power synthesis, and power synthesis loss caused by phase imbalance between the two signals is compensated to a certain extent by adjusting the attenuation of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9).
Fig. 4 (f) is a diagram of performance parameters for 5 equalization states for two composite signals with an amplitude difference of 2dB and a phase difference of 30 °: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph is the output standing wave and the horizontal axis is frequency. The attenuation amounts of the electrically-controlled attenuator corresponding to the 5 states are respectively as follows:
as can be seen from fig. 4 (f), when the amplitude difference between the two synthesized signals is 2dB and the phase difference is 30 °, the insertion loss of the electrically tunable amplitude equalizer is increased by about 1.2dB, the equalization linearity is deteriorated to a certain extent, but the insertion loss, the equalization amount, the standing wave and other index characteristics are still at a good level.
Therefore, in embodiment 1 of the present invention, the standing wave characteristics of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9), the amplitude and phase imbalance of the first 90 ° bridge (2) and the second 90 ° bridge (5), and the allowable tolerance range of the amplitude difference and the phase difference of the two combined signals are large. When the standing wave of the electrically-tuned attenuator is within 2.0, the amplitude difference of the two synthetic signals is within 2dB, and the phase difference is within 30 degrees, the performance of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer can be ensured. Through reasonable design and optimization, the circuit parameters can be controlled within a required tolerance range, and the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer with good performance is realized.
In conclusion, it can be seen that the insertion loss of the Ku frequency band electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer in the working frequency band of 12-18 GHz is better than 12dB, the amplitude balance amount is continuously adjustable between-3 dB and +3dB, the linearity of the amplitude balance is good, the input and output standing waves are all below 1.25, and the Ku frequency band electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer has good balance performance; the change of the insertion loss of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer at the central frequency point in the working frequency band under different equilibrium states is within 0.3dB, so that the influence on an external circuit in the electrically-tunable process is obviously reduced; the typical value of the input 1dB compression point of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer is 19dBm, and compared with the typical input 1dB compression point of the traditional electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer, the performance is obviously improved; in addition, the circuit has lower tolerance requirement, and can effectively reduce the design difficulty of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer.
In some embodiments, the electronic tuning function of the negative equalization amount is not needed, and the influence of the electronic tuning amplitude equalizer on the gains of the satellite-borne microwave receiver and the linearizer is needed to be as small as possible when the electronic tuning amplitude equalizer is used, and at the moment, the electronic tuning amplitude equalizer can be realized by properly adjusting and optimizing the electronic tuning amplitude equalizer.
Preferred example 2 shows the type of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer, which uses a transmission line to replace an equalizer with a negative equalization amount to improve the integration of the design, and adds an amplifying circuit to improve the insertion loss characteristic of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer, thereby reducing the influence of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer on the gain of an external circuit when in use.
Fig. 5 (a) is a schematic block diagram of a Ka-band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer in embodiment 2 of the present invention, and its operating frequency band is 18GHz to 26GHz. The electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer comprises an input end (11), a first 90-degree electric bridge (12), a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ3 (13), a first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA3 (14), a second 90-degree electric bridge (15), an amplifier (16), an output end (17), a first 50 omega load resistor (18), a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ4 (19), a second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA4 (20) and a second 50 omega load resistor (21). The first 90-degree bridge (12) comprises an input end (12-1), an isolation end (12-4), an output end 1 (12-2) and an output end 2 (12-3), and the second 90-degree bridge 15 comprises an input end 1 (15-2), an input end 2 (15-3), an output end (15-1) and an isolation end (15-4).
Wherein the isolated end (12-4) of the first 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a first 50 Ω load resistor (18), and the isolated end (15-4) of the second 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a second 50 Ω load resistor (21).
Wherein the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ3 (13) has a +8dB equalization amount and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ4 (19) has no amplitude equalization function. The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ3 (13) and the first electrically-adjusted attenuator VVA3 (14) form a +8dB equalization path, and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ4 (19) and the second electrically-adjusted attenuator VVA4 (20) form an unbalanced path. The first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA3 (14) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA4 (20) are designed in the same way, and the same circuit design is used, so that the phase transmission characteristics are the same. The +8dB balanced path and the unbalanced path have the same phase transmission characteristic through optimization, and simultaneously have similar insertion loss characteristics at the central frequency point of an operating frequency band in a minimum attenuation state.
In embodiment 2, the attenuation ranges of the first electrically tunable attenuator VVA3 (14) and the second electrically tunable attenuator VVA4 (20) are both 2.0dB to 44dB. The difference value of the transmission phase of the +8dB balanced path and the unbalanced path in the working frequency band is within +/-5.5 degrees, and the standing wave is less than 1.8. The gain of the amplifier (16) is 15.8dB, and the input standing wave and the output standing wave are 1.3.
As described above, by controlling the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA3 (14) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA4 (20) to be different attenuation state combinations, the power of different signals with equalization amount during synthesis can be controlled, so as to control the equalization amount of the synthesized signal: when positive equalization is needed, the attenuation of the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA3 (14) is reduced and the attenuation of the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA4 (20) is increased; the operation is similar when other equalization amounts are needed.
Fig. 5 (b) is a schematic diagram of performance parameters of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer in 5 states in embodiment 2: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph represents the output standing wave, and the horizontal axis represents the frequency. The attenuation amounts of the electrically-controlled attenuators corresponding to the 5 kinds of equilibrium states are respectively as follows:
| | State | 1 | |
|
|
|
| Electrically adjustable attenuator VVA3 (14) attenuation (dB) | 2.1 | 5.0 | 9.3 | 15.0 | 40 | |
| Electrically adjustable attenuator VVA4 (20) attenuation (dB) | 40 | 20.0 | 14.3 | 11.8 | 9.7 |
It is seen from fig. 5 (b) that the insertion loss of the electrically tunable amplitude equalizer is between-4.5 dB to +4.5dB within the operating frequency of 18 to 26GHz, the amplitude equalization amount is continuously adjustable between 0dB to +8dB, the equalization linearity is good, and the input and output standing waves are all less than 1.3. The insertion loss of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer at the central frequency point of the working frequency band is about 0dB, and in the electrically-tunable process, the insertion loss of the central frequency point changes within-0.2 dB to +0.2 dB. The characteristic can reduce the influence of the electric-tuning amplitude equalizer on the gain of an external circuit to the minimum before and after use and in the use process, and further improve the usability of the electric-tuning amplitude equalizer.
The input 1dB compression point of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer is determined by an electrically-adjusted attenuator in a circuit. The signal firstly enters a first 90-degree electric bridge (12), then enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ3 (13) and a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ4 (19), and then enters a first electrically-adjusted attenuator VVA3 (14) and a second electrically-adjusted attenuator VVA4 (20). The typical input 1dB compression point of the first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA3 (14) and the second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA4 (20) is 15dBm, the insertion loss of the first 90 ° electrical bridge (12) is greater than 3dB, the insertion loss of the first fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ3 (13) and the second fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ4 (19) is greater than 0dB, and therefore the typical value of the input 1dB compression point of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer is 18dBm.
In order to further improve the application range of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer and increase the amplitude equalization capability of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer, the circuit of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer is adjusted and an optimization function circuit is added, so that the specific amplitude equalization characteristic is realized. Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of amplitude equalization performed by a satellite-borne power amplifier with a typical convex gain curve and an amplitude equalizer with U-shaped equalization characteristics: wherein the vertical axis of fig. 6 (a) is the gain of the satellite borne power amplifier and the horizontal axis is the frequency; fig. 6 (b) shows the insertion loss of the amplitude equalizer having the U-shaped equalization characteristic on the vertical axis and the frequency on the horizontal axis; the vertical axis of fig. 6 (c) represents the gain of the equalized on-board power amplifier, and the horizontal axis represents the frequency. It can be seen that the gain flatness of the satellite borne power amplifier is significantly improved after using the amplitude equalizer with the U-shaped equalization characteristic.
A schematic block diagram of a preferred electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer with U-shaped equalization characteristics according to the present invention is shown in fig. 7 (a), and is characterized in that: the constant amplitude equalizer comprises an input end (22), a first 90-degree electric bridge (23), a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24), a fixed attenuator ATT1 (25), a second 90-degree electric bridge (26), an output end (27), a first 50-omega load resistor (28), a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29), an electrically-adjusted phase shifter PS (30) and a second 50-omega load resistor (31). The first 90 ° bridge (23) comprises an input terminal (23-1), an isolated terminal (23-4), an output terminal 1 (23-2) and an output terminal 2 (23-3), and the second 90 ° bridge (26) comprises an input terminal 1 (26-2), an input terminal 2 (26-3), an output terminal (26-1) and an isolated terminal (26-4).
Wherein the isolated end (23-4) of the first 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a first 50 Ω load resistor (28), and the isolated end (26-4) of the second 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a second 50 Ω load resistor (31).
The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24) and the fixed attenuator ATT1 (25) are used as an upper equalization path, and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29) and the electrically-adjusted phase shifter PS (30) are used as a lower equalization path.
Setting the working frequency range as f 1-f 2, the amplitude equalization amount of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24) as M, the amplitude equalization amount of the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29) as N, and the insertion loss of the upper equalization path as G up (f) Insertion loss of the lower equalization path is G down (f) The transmission phase difference of the upper equalization path and the lower equalization path is P diff (f) The phase shift range of the electrically-adjusted phase shifter PS (30) is larger than 180 degrees. Where f is the operating frequency.
Satisfies the following conditions:
m = -N, and | M | > 6dB;
G up ((f1+f2)/2)＝G down ((f1+f2)/2)；
max(P diff (f))-min(P diff (f))＜30°；
The optimal constraint condition is met, and the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer with the U-shaped equalization characteristic can be realized.
The signal in the working frequency band enters a first 90-degree electric bridge (23) through an input end (22) and is divided into two signals with the same amplitude and 90-degree phase difference. Wherein, the signal output by the output end 1 (23-2) of the first 90-degree bridge enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24) to realize the amplitude equalization of M equalization amount, and then enters a fixed attenuator ATT1 (25) to obtain certain attenuation and then enters the input end 1 (26-2) of the second 90-degree bridge; meanwhile, a signal output by the output end 2 (23-2) of the first 90-degree bridge enters a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29) to realize amplitude equalization of N equalization amount, and then enters an electrically-controlled phase shifter PS (30) to obtain S-degree phase shift and then enters the input end 2 (26-3) of the second 90-degree bridge. The signal with the M balance amount and the signal with the N balance amount and the S degree phase shift amount are output from an output port (27) after phase shift, power division and synthesis of a second 90-degree electric bridge (26).
When the two unequal amplitude signals are power combined, the power combination loss caused by the phase difference is reduced along with the increase of the amplitude difference of the two signals. Since the absolute values of the amplitude equalization amount M of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24) and the amplitude equalization amount N of the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29) are both greater than 6dB, the amplitude difference between the two synthesized signals is greater than 6dB at the low end and the high end of the operating frequency, and the power synthesis loss at this point is less affected by the phase difference between the two signals; and because the amplitudes of the two synthesized signals are close near the central frequency point of the working frequency, the power synthesis loss of the two synthesized signals is greatly influenced by the phase difference of the two signals. So that a signal with a U-shaped equalization characteristic is obtained at the output (27).
Because the transmission phase difference value variation of the upper equalization channel and the lower equalization channel is less than 30 degrees in the working frequency band range, the phase difference between two synthesized signals in the working frequency band is changed by changing the phase shift quantity of the electrically-adjustable phase shifter PS (30), so that the power synthesis loss at different frequency points in the working frequency band is changed, and the equalization quantity of the U-shaped equalizer is further changed. When a small amount of equalization is needed, the phase shift amount of the electrically-tunable phase shifter PS (30) is changed to enable the phase difference of the two synthesized signals to be close to 0 degree during synthesis; when a large amount of equalization is needed, the phase shift amount of the electrically-tunable phase shifter PS (30) is changed to enable the phase difference of the two synthesized signals to be close to 180 degrees during synthesis. Finally, the electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with the continuously adjustable equalization amount and the U-shaped equalization characteristic is realized. Meanwhile, due to the integration of the 90-degree electric bridge, the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer has good standing wave characteristics and high input 1dB compression point characteristics.
Fig. 7 (a) is a schematic block diagram of an X-band electrically tunable amplitude equalizer with U-shaped equalization characteristics in embodiment 3 of the present invention, and its operating frequency band is 8GHz to 12GHz. The electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer comprises an input end (22), a first 90-degree electric bridge (23), a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24), a fixed attenuator ATT1 (25), a second 90-degree electric bridge (26), an output end (27), a first 50-omega load resistor (28), a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29), an electrically-adjustable phase shifter PS (30) and a second 50-omega load resistor (31). The first 90-degree bridge (23) comprises an input end (23-1), an isolation end (23-4), an output end 1 (23-2) and an output end 2 (23-3), and the second 90-degree bridge (26) comprises an input end 1 (26-2), an input end 2 (26-3), an output end (26-1) and an isolation end (26-4).
Wherein the isolated end (23-4) of the first 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a first 50 Ω load resistor (28), and the isolated end (26-4) of the second 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a second 50 Ω load resistor (31).
The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24) has a +12dB equalization magnitude and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29) has a-12 dB equalization magnitude, both having better equalization linearity. The electrically-tunable phase shifter PS (30) has a phase shift range of 0-180 degrees, and the insertion loss of the fixed attenuator ATT1 (25) is 3dB.
The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ5 (24) and the fixed attenuator ATT1 (25) are used as a +12dB equalization path, the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29) and the electrically-adjusted phase shifter PS (30) are used as a-12 dB equalization path, and the two equalization paths have similar insertion loss at the central frequency point of the working frequency band. When the phase shift value of the electrically-adjusted phase shifter 30 is 0 degree, the transmission phase difference of the +12dB equalizing path and the-12 dB equalizing path in the working frequency band is 160 degrees to 180 degrees.
As previously described: when the two unequal amplitude signals are power combined, the power combination loss caused by the phase difference is reduced along with the increase of the amplitude difference of the two signals. Therefore, in embodiment 3, the amplitude difference of the two synthesized signals is 12dB at the low end and the high end of the operating frequency, and thus the power synthesis loss at this point is less affected by the phase difference of the two signals; and because the amplitudes of the two synthesized signals are close near the central frequency point of the working frequency, the power synthesis loss of the two synthesized signals is greatly influenced by the phase difference of the two signals. Thus, when the two combined signals have a certain phase difference, the output signal will have a U-shaped transmission characteristic.
The phase of a signal with-12 dB balance is shifted by adjusting the electrically-adjustable phase shifter PS (30), and the phase difference of two synthesized signals is changed, so that the power synthesis loss of different frequency points in a working frequency band is changed, and a tunable signal with U-shaped balance is obtained at an output port (27).
Fig. 7 (b) is a schematic diagram of performance parameters of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer in 5 equalization states in embodiment 3: the vertical axis of the left graph is insertion loss, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the middle graph is input standing waves, and the horizontal axis is frequency; the vertical axis of the right graph represents the output standing wave, and the horizontal axis represents the frequency. The phase shift values of the electrically-adjusted phase shifter PS (30) under the 5 states are respectively as follows: 5 °, 18 °,30 °, 50 °, 90 °. As can be seen from FIG. 7 (b), the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer realizes the electrically-tunable function of U-shaped amplitude equalization within the working frequency of 8-12 GHz, and the equalization amount is continuously adjustable between 1.5dB and 4.5 dB; the input and output standing waves of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer are all below 1.35, and the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer has good amplitude equalization performance. The method is very suitable for improving the gain flatness of the satellite-borne power amplifier in the frequency band.
The input 1dB compression point of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer is determined by an electrically-adjusted phase shifter PS (30) in the circuit. The typical input 1dB compression point of the electrically tunable phase shifter PS (30) is 13dBm, the loss of the first 90 ° bridge (23), and the loss of the second fixed-amplitude equalizer EQ6 (29), so the typical value of the input 1dB compression point of the electrically tunable amplitude equalizer is 18dBm.
In some embodiments, the electrically-controlled equalizer of the present invention is designed as a numerically-controlled electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer for large-scale applications, and its functional block diagram is shown in fig. 8. The electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer comprises an input end (32), a first 90-degree electric bridge (33), a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ7 (34), a first numerical control attenuator VVA5 (35), a second 90-degree electric bridge (36), an output end (37), a first 50-omega load resistor (38), a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ8 (39), a second numerical control attenuator VVA6 (40) and a second 50-omega load resistor (41). The first 90-degree bridge (33) comprises an input end (33-1), an isolation end (33-4), an output end 1 (33-2) and an output end 2 (33-3), and the second 90-degree bridge (36) comprises an input end 1 (36-2), an input end 2 (36-3), an output end (36-1) and an isolation end (36-4).
Wherein the isolated end (33-4) of the first 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a first 50 Ω load resistor (38), and the isolated end (36-4) of the second 90 ° bridge is connected to ground through a second 50 Ω load resistor (41).
The first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ7 (34) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ8 (39) may be designed as fixed amplitude equalizers with different equalization amounts, or as transmission lines without amplitude equalization function, and the two fixed amplitude equalizers are designed to have the same phase transmission characteristic and good standing wave characteristic.
The first numerical control attenuator VVA5 (35) and the second numerical control attenuator VVA6 (40) are 6-digit numerical control attenuators, and use the same circuit design, so that the phase transmission characteristics are the same.
Compared with other embodiments, the electric tuning function and performance of the electric tuning amplitude equalizer are unchanged, the format of the electric tuning signal is a universal serial/parallel numerical control signal, the electric tuning of the balance amount can be realized by using a universal digital instruction, and the electric tuning amplitude equalizer is very suitable for large-scale application such as phased arrays.
The invention uses the method of unequal amplitude power synthesis, and utilizes the relatively mature and simple electrically-tuned attenuator to realize the electric tuning function of the amplitude equalizer, thereby reducing the design difficulty of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer and improving various performances. The typical index pairs of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer of the present invention and the existing amplitude equalizer are shown in table 2.
Table 2 comparison of the electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer of the present invention with the existing amplitude equalizer
As can be seen from the comparison of Table 2, the electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer of the invention can realize continuous adjustment of the amplitude equalization amount; under different electric tuning states, the insertion loss variation at the central frequency point of the working frequency band is within +/-0.5 dB, and the electric tuning process has good amplitude balance linearity; the input standing wave and the output standing wave of the electrically-tuned amplitude equalizer are both less than 1.35 in the electrical tuning process; the typical value of the input 1dB compression point of the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer is 19dBm; the two synthesized signals are synthesized by unequal amplitude power, the synthesis method has lower tolerance requirements on the amplitude difference and the phase difference of the two synthesized signals, and the design difficulty of the electrically-adjustable amplitude equalizer can be effectively reduced; in addition, the invention is compatible with MMIC design, can be realized by using multi-stage MMIC integration, and can also be realized by using a single MMIC, thereby having high integration level.
Therefore, compared with the existing amplitude equalizer, the electrically-adjusted amplitude equalizer disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the equalization linearity, the insertion loss change at the central frequency point during tuning, the standing wave characteristic, the input 1dB compression point, the capacitance design tolerance requirement, the design difficulty and the like are greatly improved. The electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer has high design flexibility and strong general design, and can be well applied to satellite-borne microwave receivers, linearizers and satellite-borne power amplifiers.
The above description is only exemplary of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the invention, as any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
The present invention is not disclosed in the technical field of the common general knowledge of the technicians in this field.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a novel topological structure's electrically tunable amplitude equalizer which characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps: the device comprises an input port (1), a first 90-degree bridge (2), a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3), a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4), a second 90-degree bridge (5), an output port (6), a first 50-ohm load resistor (7), a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8), a second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) and a second 50-ohm load resistor (10);
the first 90-degree electric bridge (2) comprises an input end (2-1), an isolation end (2-4), an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3), and the second 90-degree electric bridge comprises an input end 1 (5-2), an input end 2 (5-3), an output end (5-1) and an isolation end (5-4);
the isolation end (2-4) of the first 90-degree bridge is grounded through a first 50 omega load resistor (7), and the isolation end (5-4) of the second 90-degree bridge is grounded through a second 50 omega load resistor (10);
a first equalization channel is formed by the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the first electrically-controlled attenuator VVA1 (4), and a second equalization channel is formed by the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and the second electrically-controlled attenuator VVA2 (9); the amplitude equalization amount of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) is used as a first equalization amount, and the amplitude equalization amount of the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) is used as a second equalization amount;
a signal in a working frequency band is input from an input port (1), is divided into two paths of signals with equal amplitude and 90-degree phase difference through a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), and is output from an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3) of the electric bridge; a signal output by an output end 1 (2-2) of a first 90-degree electric bridge enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and performs amplitude equalization of a first equalization amount on the signal, then enters a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and performs attenuation of a first attenuation amount on the signal to obtain a signal with the first equalization amount and the first attenuation amount, and enters an input end 1 (5-2) of a second 90-degree electric bridge; meanwhile, a signal output by the output end 2 (2-3) of the first 90-degree bridge enters a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and performs amplitude equalization on the signal by a second equalization amount, and then enters a second electrically-controlled attenuator VVA2 (9) and attenuates the signal by a second attenuation amount to obtain a signal with the second equalization amount and the second attenuation amount, and the signal enters the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90-degree bridge;
the signal with the first balance and the first attenuation and the signal with the second balance and the second attenuation are output from an output port (6) through phase shifting, power dividing and synthesizing of a second 90-degree bridge (5);
the first and second fixed amplitude equalizers EQ1 (3) and EQ2 (8) are fixed amplitude equalizers with different amounts of equalization.
2. The electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with novel topological structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are transmission lines without amplitude equalization function.
3. The novel topological structure electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are designed to have the same phase transfer characteristics.
4. The electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with novel topological structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: the first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4) and the second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9) use the same circuit design and have the same phase transmission characteristic.
5. The electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with novel topological structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: the first equalization path and the second equalization path have the same phase transfer characteristics; the first equalizing path and the second equalizing path have similar insertion loss characteristics at a center frequency point of the operating frequency band in a minimum attenuation state.
6. The novel topological structure electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the signals with the first amount of equalization and the first amount of attenuation and the signals with the second amount of equalization and the second amount of attenuation are 90 out of phase at the input 1 (5-2) and the input 2 (5-3) of the second 90 bridge.
7. A balance realization method of an electrically-controlled amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) The isolation end (2-4) of the first 90-degree bridge is grounded through a first 50 omega load resistor (7), and the isolation end (5-4) of the second 90-degree bridge is grounded through a second 50 omega load resistor (10);
(2) A first equalizing path is formed by a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and a first electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA1 (4), and a second equalizing path is formed by a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and a second electrically-adjustable attenuator VVA2 (9); the amplitude equalization amount of the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) is used as a first equalization amount, and the amplitude equalization amount of the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) is used as a second equalization amount;
(3) Inputting a signal in a working frequency band from an input port (1), dividing the signal into two paths of signals with equal amplitude and 90-degree phase difference through a first 90-degree electric bridge (2), and outputting the signals from an output end 1 (2-2) and an output end 2 (2-3) of the electric bridge;
(4) A signal output by an output end 1 (2-2) of a first 90-degree electric bridge enters a first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and performs amplitude equalization of a first equalization amount on the signal, then enters a first electrically-tuned attenuator VVA1 (4) and performs attenuation of a first attenuation amount on the signal to obtain a signal with the first equalization amount and the first attenuation amount, and enters an input end 1 (5-2) of a second 90-degree electric bridge;
(5) When the step (4) is executed, a signal output by the output end 2 (2-3) of the first 90-degree electric bridge enters a second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) and performs amplitude equalization of a second equalization amount on the signal, and then enters a second electrically-tuned attenuator VVA2 (9) and performs attenuation of a second attenuation amount on the signal to obtain a signal with the second equalization amount and the second attenuation amount, and the signal enters the input end 2 (5-3) of the second 90-degree electric bridge;
(6) The signal with the first balance and the first attenuation and the signal with the second balance and the second attenuation are output from an output port (6) through phase shift, power division and synthesis of a second 90-degree bridge (5);
the first and second fixed amplitude equalizers EQ1 (3) and EQ2 (8) are fixed amplitude equalizers with different amounts of equalization.
8. The method for implementing equalization of an electrically-tunable amplitude equalizer with a novel topological structure according to claim 7, wherein: the first fixed amplitude equalizer EQ1 (3) and the second fixed amplitude equalizer EQ2 (8) are transmission lines without amplitude equalization function.
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| CN116781026B (en) * | 2023-08-24 | 2023-10-20 | 南京纳特通信电子有限公司 | Low-frequency adjustable equalizer for power amplifier system and smooth adjustment method thereof |
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