CN110308314A - Low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and its electricity anti-theft method - Google Patents
Low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and its electricity anti-theft method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110308314A CN110308314A CN201910505758.3A CN201910505758A CN110308314A CN 110308314 A CN110308314 A CN 110308314A CN 201910505758 A CN201910505758 A CN 201910505758A CN 110308314 A CN110308314 A CN 110308314A
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- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 101100434411 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) ADH1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150102866 adc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- CUZMQPZYCDIHQL-VCTVXEGHSA-L calcium;(2s)-1-[(2s)-3-[(2r)-2-(cyclohexanecarbonylamino)propanoyl]sulfanyl-2-methylpropanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Ca+2].N([C@H](C)C(=O)SC[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C([O-])=O)C(=O)C1CCCCC1.N([C@H](C)C(=O)SC[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C([O-])=O)C(=O)C1CCCCC1 CUZMQPZYCDIHQL-VCTVXEGHSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R11/00—Electromechanical arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. of consumption
- G01R11/02—Constructional details
- G01R11/24—Arrangements for avoiding or indicating fraudulent use
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08C—TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR MEASURED VALUES, CONTROL OR SIMILAR SIGNALS
- G08C19/00—Electric signal transmission systems
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of low-voltage anti-theft electric switches, including voltage sample module, current sampling module, power module, controller module, clock module and communication module；Low-voltage electricity larceny prevention switch is serially connected on power line, is located at electric energy meter front end；Power module power supply；Voltage sample module samples power voltage line signal simultaneously uploads controller module；Current sampling module sample power line current signal simultaneously uploads controller module；Clock module provides clock signal；Controller module receives voltage, current sampling signal carries out electrical energy measurement, and passes through communication module and PERCOM peripheral communication.The invention also discloses the electricity anti-theft methods of the low-voltage anti-theft electric switch.The present invention before electric energy meter by increasing the low-voltage anti-theft electric switch with metering and communication function, and to the mode that the continuous data of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and electric energy meter compares, realize prevention, discovery and the upload to electricity stealing, and technical solution of the present invention high reliablity, stealing detect high-efficient.
Description
Technical field
Present invention relates particularly to a kind of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and its electricity anti-theft methods.
Background technique
With the development and the improvement of people's living standards of economic technology, electric energy has become people's production and life
In essential secondary energy sources, endless convenience is brought to people's production and life.
But with the increase of electricity consumption, the expense of the electricity charge also gradually increases.A small number of criminals are in order to reach few friendship
Or the purpose that do not pay tariff, start stealing.Currently used stealing electricity method is varied, as being shorted for measuring electric energy
Secondary current mutual inductor, the electric current for acquiring electric energy meter are less than actual current value, or the outlet of electric energy meter and inlet wire is short
It connects, gets around electric energy meter.To make ammeter that can not normally be metered into accurate electricity data.Stealing can not only give power supply enterprise's band
Carry out financial losses, more seriously stealing can upset the topological structure of power grid, to influence the safe and reliable operation of power grid.
Currently, user's stealing in order to prevent, power supply enterprise is mostly the mode of manual patrol by the way of, or is used
Mobile electric energy logging carries out thief-proof pyroelectric monitor.But the mode of manual patrol is not only time-consuming and laborious, but also efficiency pole
Low, reliability is not also high.
Summary of the invention
One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a kind of high reliablity and the high low-voltage anti-theft electric switches of detection efficiency.
The second object of the present invention is to provide a kind of electricity anti-theft method of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch.
This low-voltage anti-theft electric switch provided by the invention, including voltage sample module, current sampling module, power supply mould
Block, controller module, clock module and communication module；Voltage sample module, current sampling module, clock module and communication mould
Block is connect with controller module；Low-voltage electricity larceny prevention switch is serially connected on power line, and is located at the front end of electric energy meter；Power supply mould
Block is powered to the low-voltage anti-theft electric switch；Voltage sample module be used for sample connected power line voltage signal and
Pass controller module；Current sampling module is used to sample the current signal of connected power line and uploads controller module；When
Clock module is used to provide clock signal to controller module；Controller module is for receiving voltage sampling signal and current sample
Signal simultaneously carries out electrical energy measurement, while passing through communication module and PERCOM peripheral communication.
The low-voltage anti-theft electric switch further includes memory module；Memory module is connect with controller module, is used for
Store the operational data of the low-voltage anti-theft electric switch.
The memory module is the circuit being made of the memory chip of model M24C512A.
The voltage sample module is the voltage sample module being made of amplifier.
The current sampling module includes current transformer and current sampling circuit；Current transformer is connected to electric power
On line and sample power line current signal；Signal after sampling is converted to voltage signal by current sampling circuit and handles
After upload to controller module.
The current sampling circuit is the current sampling circuit being made of amplifier.
The controller module is the controller module being made of the controller chip of model KM34.
The clock module is the clock module being made of the clock chip of model RX8025.
The communication module includes the first telecommunication circuit and the second telecommunication circuit；First telecommunication circuit and electric energy meter
Communication interface connects and carries out data communication；Second telecommunication circuit and the information acquisition terminal of electric system connect line number of going forward side by side
According to communication.
First telecommunication circuit is the telecommunication circuit being made of the RS485 communication chip of model MAX13085；Institute
The second communication module stated is the telecommunication circuit being made of the RS485 communication chip of model MAX13085.
The invention also discloses a kind of electricity anti-theft methods of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch, include the following steps:
S1. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch obtains the voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal of connected power line；
S2. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch carries out electrical energy measurement according to voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal；
S3. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch is communicated with the electric energy meter of rear end by communication module and obtains the meter of electric energy meter
Measure data；
S4. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch compares the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself, and according to such as
Lower rule is judged:
If the difference of the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself in the first setting range, is assert at this time
Stealing event does not occur；
If the difference of the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself is greater than the first setting range, assert at this time
Stealing event occurs；
S5. the judgement result of step S4 is sent to electric energy meter by communication module by low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and information is adopted
Collect terminal.
This low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and its electricity anti-theft method provided by the invention have by increasing before electric energy meter
There is a low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of metering and communication function, and the continuous data of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and electric energy meter is carried out pair
The mode of ratio realizes the prevention to electricity stealing, in time discovery and uploads in time, and technical solution of the present invention is reliable
Property it is high, and the efficiency of stealing detection is higher.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the connection schematic diagram of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention and electric system.
Fig. 2 is the functional block diagram of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Fig. 3 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the current sampling circuit all the way of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Fig. 4 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the voltage sampling circuit all the way of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Fig. 5 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the controller module of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Fig. 6 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the memory module of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Fig. 7 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the clock module of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Fig. 8 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the first telecommunication circuit of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Fig. 9 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the second telecommunication circuit of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention.
Figure 10 is the method flow diagram of electricity anti-theft method of the invention.
Specific embodiment
As shown in Figure 1 be the connection schematic diagram of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention and electric system: low-voltage anti-theft is established by cable
Pass is serially connected on power line, and is located at electric energy meter front end；Low-voltage anti-theft electric switch is used for before electric energy meter, is carried out to electric energy
It measures for the first time；Meanwhile low-voltage anti-theft electric switch connects electric energy meter and information acquisition terminal by communication line, and information collection
Terminal is no longer directly connected to electric energy meter.When information acquisition terminal needs are communicated with electric energy meter, low-voltage anti-theft electric switch can
Transmission to carry out communication data as intermediate bridge, to realize the data communication between electric energy meter and information acquisition terminal.
Be illustrated in figure 2 the functional block diagram of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention: this low pressure provided by the invention is anti-
Stealing switch, including voltage sample module, current sampling module, power module, controller module, clock module, communication module
And memory module；Memory module, voltage sample module, current sampling module, clock module and communication module with control
The connection of device module；Low-voltage electricity larceny prevention switch is serially connected on power line, and is located at the front end of electric energy meter；Power module is to described low
Press electricity fraudulent using-proof switch power supply；Voltage sample module is used to sample the voltage signal of connected power line and uploads controller mould
Block；Current sampling module is used to sample the current signal of connected power line and uploads controller module；Clock module is used for
Clock signal is provided to controller module；Controller module is for receiving voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal and carrying out
Electrical energy measurement, while passing through communication module and PERCOM peripheral communication；Memory module is for storing the low-voltage anti-theft electric switch
Operational data.
It is illustrated in figure 3 the circuit theory schematic diagram of the current sampling circuit all the way of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention:
It as shown is A phase current sampling circuit of the invention, same also B phase and C phase current sampling circuit, and B phase and C
Phase current sampling circuit is identical as A phase current sampling circuit；In current sampling circuit, IA- connects A phase current mutual inductance with IA+
The output end of device；After the current sampling signal of current transformer output is converted to voltage signal by resistance R3, then pass through resistance
R1 carries out current limliting, after then carrying out voltage follow by the voltage follower being made of amplifier U1, obtains A phase current sampling letter
Number ADC_IA simultaneously uploads to controller module；Resistance R2 and C1 are for being filtered signal.
It is illustrated in figure 4 the circuit theory schematic diagram of the voltage sampling circuit all the way of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention:
It as shown is A phase voltage sample circuit of the invention, same also B phase and C phase voltage sample circuit, and B phase and C
Phase voltage sample circuit is identical as A phase voltage sample circuit；The A phase line of UA connection power line, zero phase of UN connection power line
Line；After voltage between UA and UN two lines is divided by resistance R13 and R16, the voltage of resistance R16 is carried out by resistance R14
Current limliting after then carrying out voltage follow by the voltage follower being made of amplifier U7, obtains final A phase voltage sampling letter
Number ADC_UA is simultaneously input to controller module；Resistance R15 and capacitor C6 composition RC filter circuit is filtered signal.
It is illustrated in figure 5 the circuit theory schematic diagram of the controller module of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention: controller
Module is constituted using the controller chip of model KM34；Wherein, three road current sampling signal ADC_IA, ADC_IB and ADC_
IC, three road voltage sampling signal ADC_UA, ADC_UB and ADC_UC upload to controller chip U13 pin (ADC1~
ADC6)；Meanwhile the SDA pin of the I2C communication bus of controller chip connected with SCL pin rear end memory module and when
Clock module, while two communication lines pass through respective pull-up resistor (resistance R17 and R18) connection power supply signal VDD, thus
Guarantee the level equalization of communication line；The VDD pin of controller chip is directly connected to power supply signal VDD, the GND of controller chip
Pin and VREF pin are then grounded simultaneously；The first serial RXD1 of controller chip connects the first telecommunication circuit with TXD1, thus
Electric energy meter is connected by the first telecommunication circuit and is communicated；The second serial RXD2 of controller chip connects the second communication with TXD2
Circuit, to pass through the second telecommunication circuit link information acquisition terminal and communicate；Wherein, 485EN1 is for exporting the first communication
The work that signal controls the first telecommunication circuit is controlled, 485EN2 is for exporting the second communications control signal control the second communication electricity
The work on road.
It is illustrated in figure 6 the circuit theory schematic diagram of the memory module of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention: memory
Module is the module being made of the memory chip of model M24C512A；1 foot of chip~4 feet are directly grounded；Chip
The I2C communications pins of 5 feet and 6 feet as I2C bus connection controller module, while 7 feet of chip are hanging, 8 feet connect power supply
Signal takes electricity.
It is illustrated in figure 7 the circuit theory schematic diagram of the clock module of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention: clock module
The circuit constituted using the clock chip of model RX8025；The 6 feet connection power supply signal of chip simultaneously takes electricity；11 feet of chip connect
Ground；7 feet of chip are grounded, and 2 feet and 13 feet of chip are I2C communications pins, are directly connected to the I2C communications pins of controller module
And it communicates and (provides clock signal)；Meanwhile other pins of chip are then all hanging.
It is illustrated in figure 8 the circuit theory schematic diagram of the first telecommunication circuit of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention: first
Telecommunication circuit is the circuit being made of the communication chip of model MAX13085；The RXD1 of the 1 foot connection controller module of chip
Signal of communication, 4 feet connect the TXD1 signal of communication of controller module, and 2 feet and 3 feet are all connected with the first communication of controller module
Control signal 485EN1；The direct power supply signal of 8 feet of chip simultaneously takes electricity；5 feet of chip are directly grounded；6 feet and 7 feet of chip
It is then the RS485 communications pins of external connection；6 feet pass through pull down resistor by pull-up resistor R11 connection power supply signal, 7 feet
R12 ground connection, to ensure that the stabilization of 6 feet and 7 the feet signal when being not used.
It is illustrated in figure 9 the circuit theory schematic diagram of the second telecommunication circuit of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch of the invention: second
Telecommunication circuit is the circuit being made of the communication chip of model MAX13085；The RXD2 of the 1 foot connection controller module of chip
Signal of communication, 4 feet connect the TXD2 signal of communication of controller module, and 2 feet and 3 feet are all connected with the first communication of controller module
Control signal 485EN2；The direct power supply signal of 8 feet of chip simultaneously takes electricity；5 feet of chip are directly grounded；6 feet and 7 feet of chip
It is then the RS485 communications pins of external connection；6 feet pass through pull down resistor by pull-up resistor R19 connection power supply signal, 7 feet
R24 ground connection, to ensure that the stabilization of 6 feet and 7 the feet signal when being not used.
When information acquisition terminal needs communicated with electric energy meter when, information acquisition terminal directly pass through the first telecommunication circuit and
Communication data is sent to low-voltage anti-theft electric switch by the first telecommunication circuit by low-voltage electricity larceny prevention Switch Communication, and low-voltage anti-theft
Electric switch then passes through the second telecommunication circuit and communication data is sent to electric energy meter；Similar, electric energy meter needs to upload data to letter
When ceasing acquisition terminal, the data information of upload can be uploaded to low-voltage anti-theft electric switch by the second telecommunication circuit by electric energy meter,
Communication data can be uploaded to information by the first telecommunication circuit in the information acquisition terminal free time and adopted by low-voltage anti-theft electric switch
Collect terminal.Due to the presence of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch, so that there are a communications bridges between information acquisition terminal and electric energy meter
Beam.Meanwhile low-voltage anti-theft electric switch also can individually be communicated with information acquisition terminal or electric energy meter and data interaction.
In normal electricity consumption electric quantity acquisition, low-voltage anti-theft electric switch is as information acquisition terminal and electric supply meter
Communication channel.Information acquisition terminal can be with electric supply meter normal communication at this time.Realize that information about power is acquired, responded in event
And relevant control operation etc..The communication routing unit of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch is as a data transmission channel at this time, to terminal
Data between ammeter carry out transparent transmission transmission, without interference.
Low-voltage anti-theft electric switch can be by monitoring communication channel, when information acquisition terminal no longer electric supply meter downwards
When sending data, communication channel is idle at this time.Low-voltage anti-theft electric switch turns off information acquisition terminal by control communication unit
With the communication channel of electric supply meter, the communication channel of a low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and electric supply meter is re-established.Low-voltage anti-theft
Electric switch calls the related datas such as the electricity data for surveying user and load curve together by transmitting order to lower levels.After the completion of to be transmitted, it will lead to
Letter channel reverts to the communication channel of information acquisition terminal and electric supply meter.
Since electricity data is corresponding with the time, to ensure electricity data accuracy, when information acquisition terminal issues broadcast
When being ordered when school.Electric supply meter and low-voltage anti-theft electric switch can receive this and order and operation is calibrated.Low-voltage anti-theft
Electric switch updates the clock after calibration into real-time clock module.And using this clock as the reference frame to electricity.
Low-voltage anti-theft electric switch is handled by the electric current, the voltage signal that incude from current transformer and bus, is divided
Analysis and calculating.Obtain real-time measurement values and the charge values such as electric current, voltage, the power of bus.Form the load curve of route.Together
When timing freeze operation and storage are carried out to electricity.
It is as shown in Figure 10 the method flow diagram of electricity anti-theft method of the invention: this low pressure disclosed by the invention
The electricity anti-theft method of electricity fraudulent using-proof switch, includes the following steps:
S1. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch obtains the voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal of connected power line；
S2. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch carries out electrical energy measurement according to voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal；
S3. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch is communicated with the electric energy meter of rear end by communication module and obtains the meter of electric energy meter
Measure data；
S4. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch compares the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself, and according to such as
Lower rule is judged:
If the difference of the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself in the first setting range, is assert at this time
Stealing event does not occur；
If the difference of the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself is greater than the first setting range, assert at this time
Stealing event occurs；
S5. the judgement result of step S4 is sent to electric energy meter by communication module by low-voltage anti-theft electric switch and information is adopted
Collect terminal.
When judgement has electricity stealing generation, intelligent switch can according to circumstances, by intelligent switch in nearest a period of time
The ammeter load curve data that load curve data (electric current, voltage, power etc.) call survey together with switch from ammeter are compared one by one
To analysis.So as to according to circumstances determine the stealing period, carried out by the electricity number that the timing to switch and ammeter is freezed
Analysis comparison, it can be deduced that the specific electricity at times of stealing.
, can according to the actual situation after judging stealing, remote control switch realizes trip operation, open-circuit line, to have
Effect control user's stealing, prevents loss from expanding.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch, it is characterised in that including voltage sample module, current sampling module, power module, control
Device module, clock module and communication module processed；Voltage sample module, current sampling module, clock module and communication module with
Controller module connection；Low-voltage electricity larceny prevention switch is serially connected on power line, and is located at the front end of electric energy meter；Power module is to described
The power supply of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch；Voltage sample module is used to sample the voltage signal of connected power line and uploads controller mould
Block；Current sampling module is used to sample the current signal of connected power line and uploads controller module；Clock module is used for
Clock signal is provided to controller module；Controller module is for receiving voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal and carrying out electricity
It can measure, while pass through communication module and PERCOM peripheral communication.
2. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that further include memory module；Memory module
It is connect with controller module, for storing the operational data of the low-voltage anti-theft electric switch.
3. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the memory module is by model
The circuit that the memory chip of M24C512A is constituted.
4. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch described according to claim 1~one of 3, it is characterised in that the voltage sample module is
The voltage sample module being made of amplifier.
5. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch described according to claim 1~one of 3, it is characterised in that the current sampling module packet
Include current transformer and current sampling circuit；Current transformer is connected on power line and the current signal of sample power line；It adopts
Signal after sample uploads to controller module after being converted to voltage signal and processing by current sampling circuit；The electric current is adopted
Sample circuit is the current sampling circuit being made of amplifier.
6. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch described according to claim 1~one of 3, it is characterised in that the controller module is served as reasons
The controller module that the controller chip of model KM34 is constituted.
7. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch described according to claim 1~one of 3, it is characterised in that the clock module is by type
Number for RX8025 clock chip constitute clock module.
8. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch described according to claim 1~one of 3, it is characterised in that the communication module includes the
One telecommunication circuit and the second telecommunication circuit；First telecommunication circuit and the communication interface of electric energy meter connect and carry out data communication；The
Two telecommunication circuits and the information acquisition terminal of electric system connect and carry out data communication.
9. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch according to claim 8, it is characterised in that first telecommunication circuit is by model
The telecommunication circuit constituted for the RS485 communication chip of MAX13085；The second communication module is by model MAX13085
RS485 communication chip constitute telecommunication circuit.
10. the electricity anti-theft method of low-voltage anti-theft electric switch described in a kind of one of claim 1~9, includes the following steps:
S1. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch obtains the voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal of connected power line；
S2. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch carries out electrical energy measurement according to voltage sampling signal and current sampling signal；
S3. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch is communicated with the electric energy meter of rear end by communication module and obtains the stoichiometric number of electric energy meter
According to；
S4. low-voltage anti-theft electric switch compares the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself, and according to following rule
Then judged:
If the difference of the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself in the first setting range, is assert and is not occurred at this time
Stealing event；
If the difference of the continuous data of electric energy meter and the continuous data of itself is greater than the first setting range, assert and steal at this time
Electric event；
S5. the judgement result of step S4 is sent to electric energy meter and information acquisition terminal by communication module by low-voltage anti-theft electric switch.
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| CN113009219A (en) * | 2021-01-26 | 2021-06-22 | 江阴长仪集团有限公司 | Intelligent electric energy meter based on broadband carrier module |
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| CN104535813A (en) * | 2015-01-29 | 2015-04-22 | 威胜集团有限公司 | Electricity larceny prevention system and electricity larceny judgment method for large specific power transformer electricity user |
| CN105388357A (en) * | 2015-10-19 | 2016-03-09 | 国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Electricity larceny prevention system |
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| CN205826723U (en) * | 2016-07-20 | 2016-12-21 | 国网江西省电力公司南昌供电分公司 | The low pressure device against charge evasion of electrically-based line carrier wave |
| CN107449951A (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2017-12-08 | 郑州启硕电子科技有限公司 | A kind of anti-electricity-theft intelligent electric meter |
| CN210181110U (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2020-03-24 | 威胜电气有限公司 | Low-voltage electricity stealing prevention switch |
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