CN110198189B - High-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method, system and storage medium based on chip integrated optical path - Google Patents
High-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method, system and storage medium based on chip integrated optical path Download PDFInfo
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- CN110198189B CN110198189B CN201910624014.3A CN201910624014A CN110198189B CN 110198189 B CN110198189 B CN 110198189B CN 201910624014 A CN201910624014 A CN 201910624014A CN 110198189 B CN110198189 B CN 110198189B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method based on a chip integrated optical circuit, which is characterized in that in the quantum information coding process, a plurality of optical degrees of freedom of a light quantum are multiplexed in sequence, and multi-bit quantum bit coding is realized on the basis of each optical degree of freedom; the transmission of high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information is carried out through a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable; decoding is carried out through a corresponding high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information decoding system, and detection and analysis of quantum information are achieved through a single photon detector array. In the process of realizing the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system, the technical scheme of the chip integrated optical circuit is adopted, and the advantages of low power consumption, low loss, high stability, high optical performance and the like of the chip integrated optical circuit are utilized to realize the full-chip integration of the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system. The invention utilizes the relative independence between the optical degrees of freedom and the characteristic that the single optical degree of freedom can be densely coded, realizes the promotion of the quantum information rate on the basis of the traditional single-dimensional quantum communication system, and is expected to promote the miniaturization, the popularization and the high-speed engineering application of the quantum communication technology.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of micro-nano photoelectron and quantum communication, and particularly relates to a quantum communication method, a system and a storage medium for realizing a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol by using a chip large-scale integrated optical path.
Background
The quantum communication technology is based on the principle that Heisebauer cannot measure accurately, the principle that quantum states cannot be copied and the principle that quantum states cannot be separated, and is recognized at present as the communication technology capable of realizing 'unconditional safety'. The quantum communication technology can be divided into a quantum invisible transmission state communication technology and a quantum key distribution technology according to the working principle. The quantum invisible transmission state communication technology is to realize instant safe transmission of information by utilizing the over-distance effect of entangled quantum states, and the basic principle can be summarized as follows: the two communication parties share a group of entangled quantum states and measure the entangled quantum states; both communication parties publish the measurement result on the public channel; determining communication content through measurement result matching; the eavesdropper cannot know the measurement results of both parties and thus cannot eavesdrop on the information content. The quantum key distribution technology is a technology for defining a group of quantum keys through the random characteristics of quantum states and encrypting/decrypting a classical communication signal to realize information secure transmission, and the basic principle can be summarized as follows: the communication sender transmits the quantum key parent to the receiver through a quantum channel; the receiver determines a valid key through measurement and transmits information (not key content) such as measurement means back to the sender; the sender encrypts the classical communication signal by using the effective key and transmits the classical communication signal to the receiver through a classical channel; the receiver decrypts the classical communication signal by using the effective key and obtains the information content; an eavesdropper can intercept the encrypted classical communication signal but cannot acquire specific information because the specific content of the valid key cannot be known.
The quantum invisible state-transfer communication technology is still in a primary research stage at present due to the limitation of factors such as high-rate entangled quantum state preparation and the like; limited by factors such as high-speed quantum state preparation, the technical route generally adopted by the quantum key distribution technology is as follows: the quantum key pool is defined through the quantum state random characteristic, the classical key is encrypted by using the quantum key, the encrypted transmission of information is realized through the bitwise XOR of the classical key and the classical communication signal, and the process can also be called as the electric domain transformation of the communication signal. Therefore, the quantum invisible state communication technology and the full quantum transformation technology of direct bitwise exclusive or of the quantum key and the classical signal are limited by the bottleneck of quantum information rate. Taking quantum key distribution based on single photons as an example, the quantum information rate is limited by factors of the repetition frequency of a single photon light source, the quantum information encoding efficiency, the quantum channel transmission efficiency, the quantum information decoding efficiency, the single photon detection efficiency and the like, and the communication requirements of high capacity, high safety, long-distance non-relay and the like are difficult to be considered simultaneously.
Research results in the current stage show that the technical difficulty of further greatly improving the repetition frequency of the single photon light source and the detection efficiency of the single photon detector is high, and meanwhile, the transmission efficiency of the quantum channel in a specific distance is difficult to be improved to a greater extent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that the quantum information rate bottleneck of a single-degree-of-freedom and low-dimensional quantum communication protocol commonly adopted at the present stage is solved, and the quantum information rate is multiplied by a multi-degree-of-freedom multiplexing and high-dimensional coding quantum communication protocol; aiming at the severe requirements of the optical path required by the realization of the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol on the aspects of complexity, stability, high efficiency and the like, a technical route for realizing the full-chip quantum communication system by using the chip large-scale integrated optical path and the photoelectric hybrid integrated technology is provided.
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method based on a chip integrated optical circuit, including:
step one, in the process of quantum information encoding and decoding, a plurality of optical degrees of freedom of a single light quantum participate in encoding as encoding content, and a plurality of bit quanta are compiled on the same optical degree of freedom;
step two, adopting a technical route of a chip integrated optical circuit to realize quantum information decoding;
and thirdly, transmitting the quantum information by adopting a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable.
Preferably, in the above two steps, an optical system is constructed by a chip integrated photonic device, single chip integration of optical devices such as a quantum light source, an optical beam splitter, an optical delay line, a tunable attenuator, a wavelength division multiplexer, a polarization beam splitter, a polarization controller, and a phase shifter is realized, an integrated circuit and an integrated optical circuit are prepared on the same chip by a photoelectric hybrid integration technology, device performance of the integrated optical circuit is controlled by level distribution of the integrated circuit, and a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information encoding function is realized.
Preferably, the second step further includes controlling device performance of the integrated optical circuit through level distribution of the integrated circuit, so as to implement a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information decoding function; the quantum information decoding system and the low-temperature superconducting silicon-based nanowire are respectively compatible and adaptive to an optical layer and an electrical layer, so that the quantum information decoding system packaged by the whole chip is realized, and the insertion loss and the noise brought by the space environment are reduced.
Preferably, the multicore fiber in the third step is a special fiber having a plurality of cores in the same fiber; the multi-fiber optical cable is provided with a plurality of optical fibers in the same optical cable, and quantum information separated in space is independently transmitted in each optical fiber.
Preferably, the method adopts a full optical fiber optical path or a space optical path mode or adopts a multi-material chip integrated optical path technical scheme.
Preferably, the plurality of optical degrees of freedom include wavelength, polarization, path, phase, and arrival time.
Preferably, the above-described compiling of multiple-bit qubits in the same optical degree of freedom, i.e. the number of bits in the same optical degree of freedom, exceeds 2.
A system for realizing a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method based on a chip integrated optical path comprises a chip integrated photonic device, a quantum light source, an optical beam splitter, an optical delay line, a tunable attenuator, a wavelength division multiplexer, a polarization beam splitter, a polarization controller and a phase shifter, wherein the chip integrated photonic device constructs an optical system to realize single-chip integration of the quantum light source, the optical beam splitter, the optical delay line, the tunable attenuator, the wavelength division multiplexer, the polarization beam splitter, the polarization controller and the phase shifter, an integrated circuit and the integrated optical path are prepared on the same chip through a photoelectric hybrid integration technology, and the device performance of the integrated optical path is controlled through the level distribution of the integrated circuit.
Preferably, when the system adopts the chip integrated optical circuit to realize the construction of the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system, the type and the performance of chip materials are not limited, and a technical scheme of the single-material chip integrated optical circuit is adopted.
Preferably, the single material is one of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, high-refractive-index quartz, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, a chalcogenide waveguide, and aluminum gallium arsenic.
Preferably, the multiplexing order of the multiple degrees of freedom of the system, the dimension of each degree of freedom coding and the construction of the whole optical system meet the actual requirements of a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol, the coding system-decoding system one-to-one correspondence is achieved, and the quantum information rate is doubled on the basis of the traditional single-dimensional quantum communication system.
A computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored which, when being executed by a processor, carries out the steps of the above-mentioned method.
Compared with the prior art, the invention adopts the technical scheme of the chip integrated optical circuit in the process of realizing the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system, and utilizes the advantages of low power consumption, low loss, high stability, high optical performance and the like of the chip integrated optical circuit to realize the full-chip integration of the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system. The invention utilizes the relative independence between the optical degrees of freedom and the characteristic that the single optical degree of freedom can be densely coded, realizes the promotion of the quantum information rate on the basis of the traditional single-dimensional quantum communication system, and is expected to promote the miniaturization, the popularization and the high-speed engineering application of the quantum communication technology.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required to be used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic structure diagram of a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system based on a weak coherent pulsed light source.
Detailed Description
Features and exemplary embodiments of various aspects of the present invention will be described in detail below, and in order to make objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. The following description of the embodiments is merely intended to provide a better understanding of the present invention by illustrating examples of the present invention.
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The invention provides a technical route of a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol from the viewpoint of improving the coding/decoding efficiency of quantum information, multiplexes a plurality of optical degrees of freedom of a single photon, realizes high-dimensional coding on the basis of each degree of freedom, endows a single photon with multi-bit quantum bits, and realizes the doubling improvement of the quantum information rate. The technical route can not only improve the quantum bit quantity carried by the single photon, but also realize high-dimensional entanglement of multiple degrees of freedom between two photons, and promote the further development of the full-quantum-conversion quantum key distribution technology and the quantum invisible state communication technology. In addition, the technical route can also be used for improving the quantum bit rate of the quantum computing system, improving the parallel computing speed of the quantum computing system and promoting the development of quantum optics.
It should be noted that the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol technology provided by the invention needs to control a single photon with multiple degrees of freedom, and each degree of freedom needs to be accurately quantized to realize high-dimensional control. In consideration of the great influence of the performance of discrete devices and interconnection loss on the performance of the all-optical system, the invention adopts the large-scale integrated optical circuit of the chip to realize the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol. The chip integrated optical circuit has the advantages of small size, low power consumption, high stability and the like, is highly compatible with a large-scale integrated circuit, and realizes the function of modularized chip integrated quantum communication. The photonic device prepared based on the silicon-on-insulator process has optical performance close to that of a space optical path discrete device, and has stronger environmental stability and lower interconnection loss; the chip integrated optical circuit has the integrated characteristic of an all-fiber optical circuit, and can realize stable polarization state and mode control on the basis of smaller size. Therefore, the invention will mainly consider the chip LSI as the implementation mode of the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system.
The technical scheme adopted by the embodiment is that the degrees of freedom such as single photon polarization, phase, frequency, path, arrival time and the like are multiplexed, high-dimensional coding is realized on each degree of freedom, and the quantum information rate is doubled. The technical scheme adopted by the invention can be simultaneously applied to an ideal single-photon light source, a weak coherent pulse light source and an entangled single-photon pair light source.
The embodiment provides a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method based on a chip integrated optical path, which comprises the following steps:
step one, in the process of quantum information encoding and decoding, a plurality of optical degrees of freedom of a single light quantum participate in encoding as encoding content, and a plurality of bit quanta are compiled on the same optical degree of freedom;
step two, adopting a technical route of a chip integrated optical circuit to realize quantum information decoding;
and thirdly, transmitting the quantum information by adopting a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable.
In some embodiments, the two steps construct an optical system through a chip integrated photonic device, so as to realize single-chip integration of optical devices such as a quantum light source, an optical beam splitter, an optical delay line, a tunable attenuator, a wavelength division multiplexer, a polarization beam splitter, a polarization controller, a phase shifter and the like, prepare an integrated circuit and an integrated optical circuit on the same chip through a photoelectric hybrid integration technology, and control the device performance of the integrated optical circuit through the level distribution of the integrated circuit, so as to realize a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information encoding function.
In some embodiments, the second step further includes controlling device performance of the integrated optical circuit through level distribution of the integrated circuit, so as to realize a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information decoding function; the quantum information decoding system and the low-temperature superconducting silicon-based nanowire are respectively compatible and adaptive to an optical layer and an electrical layer, so that the quantum information decoding system packaged by the whole chip is realized, and the insertion loss and the noise brought by the space environment are reduced.
In some embodiments, the multicore fiber in step three is a special fiber having multiple cores in the same fiber; the multi-fiber optical cable is provided with a plurality of optical fibers in the same optical cable, and quantum information separated in space is independently transmitted in each optical fiber.
In some embodiments, the method is implemented by using an all-fiber optical path or a spatial optical path or by using a multi-material chip integrated optical path technical scheme.
In some embodiments, the multiple optical degrees of freedom include primarily wavelength, polarization, path, phase, arrival time.
In some embodiments, multiple-bit qubits are compiled in the same optical degree of freedom, i.e., the number of bits in the same optical degree of freedom exceeds 2.
In some embodiments, a system for implementing the above-mentioned chip-integrated optical circuit-based high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method includes a chip-integrated photonic device, a quantum light source, an optical beam splitter, an optical delay line, a tunable attenuator, a wavelength division multiplexer, a polarization beam splitter, a polarization controller, and a phase shifter, where the chip-integrated photonic device constructs an optical system, and implements single-chip integration of the quantum light source, the optical beam splitter, the optical delay line, the tunable attenuator, the wavelength division multiplexer, the polarization beam splitter, the polarization controller, and the phase shifter, and an integrated circuit and an integrated optical circuit are fabricated on the same chip by an optoelectronic hybrid integration technology, and device performance of the integrated optical circuit is controlled by level distribution of the integrated circuit.
In some embodiments, when the system adopts the chip integrated optical circuit to realize the construction of the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system, the type and performance of chip materials are not limited, and a single-material chip integrated optical circuit technical scheme is adopted.
In some embodiments, the single material is one of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, high index quartz, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, chalcogenide waveguide, aluminum gallium arsenic.
In some embodiments, the multiplexing order of multiple degrees of freedom of the system, the dimension of each degree of freedom coding and the construction of the whole optical system meet the actual requirements of a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol, the coding system-decoding system one-to-one correspondence is achieved, and the quantum information rate is doubled on the basis of the traditional single-dimensional quantum communication system.
In some embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium has stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the above-described method.
In some embodiments, a typical high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system structure based on a weak coherent pulsed light source is shown in fig. 1. The weak coherent pulse is generated by a wide-spectrum light source, and the time domain characteristics (pulse width, repetition frequency and the like) of the wide-spectrum light source determine the time domain characteristics of the weak coherent pulse; the wavelength components of the output pulse of the wide-spectrum light source are separated to different paths by the wavelength division multiplexer, and the average power is adjusted by the tunable attenuator. In this case, the weak coherent pulse sequences of different center wavelengths are in accordance with L1-L4The wavelength quantum key coding is realized by separating the sequential space and respectively obtaining different single pulse average photon numbers under the control of the tunable attenuator. When the average photon number of a single pulse is less than 1, the appearance positions of null pulses (containing no photons) and non-null pulses (containing photons) on a time sequence present certain random characteristics, and weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths can also independently realize the noise and control of a decoy state. Polarization states of the weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths are independently regulated and controlled by a polarization controller, quantum key coding based on the polarization direction can be realized, and the simplest two-dimensional coding assigns values to two orthogonal polarization states in the horizontal direction (H) and the vertical direction (V). The equal-arm interferometer composed of the optical beam splitter, the optical phase shifter and the 50% -50% directional coupler can realize the quantum key coding based on the path selection, namely the weak coherent pulse sequence can be controlled to irradiate along the beam P by controlling the phase difference of two arms introduced by the phase shifter1Or P2And (5) path transmission. By means of an optical phase shifter, relative phase basedThe quantum key coding uses the relative phase difference between two adjacent pulses as coding variables, and the commonly used orthogonal bases are respectively 0 phase and pi phase. By using the tunable optical delay line, the quantum key coding based on the arrival time can be realized, that is, the arrival time coding is realized by assigning a relative time delay 0 or T, and it should be noted that the relative time delay T is different from the weak coherent pulse sequence period. Through the wavelength division multiplexer, weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths can be lumped into the same path according to groups, and transmitted through a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable to construct a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information transmitting system.
It should be noted that the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system transmits two sets of quantum information, which are respectively grouped as P1And P2Corresponding to P in the course of path selection quantum key coding1And P2. In practical application, the dimension of path selection quantum key coding can be improved, and the path selection quantum key coding can be transmitted through a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable in a lump. The path selection quantum key can be decoded by the position difference of the transmission channel directly; after passing through the polarization beam splitter, the weak coherent pulse polarized in the horizontal direction is transmitted by an H path, and the weak coherent pulse polarized in the vertical direction is transmitted by a V path, so that the polarized quantum key decoding is realized; the weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths can be separated to different paths through a wavelength division multiplexer, so that wavelength quantum key decoding is realized; phase difference between adjacent pulses can be judged through the unequal-arm interferometer, and phase quantum key decoding is realized through synchronous response of the single-photon detector; and finally, analyzing the response time of the single photon detector by a time domain analyzer in the single photon detection system, and realizing the quantum key decoding of the arrival time.
The high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system can realize multi-bit quantum key coding. The wavelength is used as the first bit and the second bit coding content, and there is a corresponding relation, L1→00，L2→01，L3→10，L4→ 11; the polarization is used as the third bit coding content, and the corresponding relation is V → 0, H → 1; the phase is taken as the fourth bit of the coded content, and the corresponding relation is 0 → 0, pi → 1; the content is encoded with the arrival time as the fifth bit,there is a corresponding relationship, 0 → 0, T → 1; the sixth bit of the encoded content is the path, and there is a corresponding relationship, P1→0，P2→ 1. The high-dimensional multiplexing encoded quantum key has an information rate six times higher than that of a single-dimensional multiplexing-free quantum key, and an encoding table is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 high-dimensional multiplexing Quantum Key encoding Table
It should be noted that fig. 1 mainly describes the problem of multiplexing with multiple degrees of freedom in the quantum key distribution process. In fact, high-dimensional encoding in the same degree of freedom can also increase the quantum information rate by multiples. The effective luminous bandwidth of the wide-spectrum light source and the wavelength interval of the wavelength division multiplexer determine the dimension of wavelength coding quantum key distribution; the distribution dimensionality of the polarization encoding quantum key is determined by the precision of polarization direction control (generally, the distribution dimensionality is about four dimensions), the distribution dimensionality of the relative phase encoding quantum key is determined by the precision of a phase shifter (the distribution dimensionality can reach four dimensions), the distribution dimensionality of the arrival time encoding quantum key is determined by the control precision and the detection precision on a time scale, and finally, the distribution dimensionality improvement of the path selection encoding quantum key which is increased in a quadratic index mode can be achieved through the cascade connection of the equal-arm interferometer and the optical beam splitter. Through high-dimensional coding and multi-degree-of-freedom multiplexing, the finally generated quantum information rate has the development potential of being improved by multiple orders of magnitude.
In some embodiments, the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system can be divided into three types, namely a space optical path type, an all-fiber type and a chip integrated optical path type, according to the types of devices adopted by the quantum information encoding system and the quantum information decoding system. The high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol implemented by using a chip integrated optical circuit is an optimal scheme, and the main reasons include that: the chip integrated photoelectric device has the advantages of small size, low power consumption, low cost, strong stability and the like, and is particularly suitable for constructing a large-scale optical path to realize a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol; the chip integrated optical circuit has lower insertion loss and transmission loss, can realize compatible preparation with a large-scale integrated circuit under the support of a photoelectric hybrid integration technology, and is expected to realize a photoelectric integrated quantum communication system; each degree of freedom, particularly the polarization direction, of the chip integrated optical circuit has high tolerance to the environment, and a miniaturized and portable quantum communication system is expected to be realized through the chip integrated optical circuit; at present, the low-temperature superconducting silicon-based nanowire single photon detector is the best single photon detector at present, and the detector is hopeful to be integrated with a quantum information processing system, so that the detection loss and the ambient light interference introduced by the interconnected optical fibers are further reduced.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable effects: in the field of quantum information, particularly in the field of quantum communication, it has been a key and difficult point of research to improve the rate of quantum information. Quantum communication is always in a low-rate state, limited by the quantum light source generation rate and its inevitable loss problems during long-distance transmission. The technical means for improving the quantum information rate can be summarized into two types of open source throttling, wherein the technical means of throttling mainly comprises development design and interconnection integration of low insertion loss optical devices; developing and preparing a low-loss high-capacity transmission optical fiber; high detection efficiency, low noise interference, development and preparation of a high repetition frequency single photon detector and the like. However, the processes of optical devices, transmission fibers and other devices are well developed, and great technical breakthroughs are difficult to make; the performance index of the single photon detector is improved by times and faces serious barriers at present. Therefore, the invention adopts the technical means of 'open source', utilizes the technical potential of the wide-spectrum light source in the aspect of generating the multi-wavelength weak coherent pulse sequence, and can exponentially improve the quantum information generation rate on the premise of using the quantum light source with the specific repetition frequency by the mode of multi-freedom multiplexing and single-freedom high-dimensional coding. Meanwhile, parallel detection processing of high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information can be realized through a large-scale light path, the technical problem of a single photon detector in a time domain is transferred to a quantity domain, and the engineering landing of a quantum information processing system, particularly a quantum communication system, is further promoted. In addition, the invention provides a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol based on a chip integrated optical circuit, the protocol can be applied to the field of high-speed quantum communication research, has wide application prospect in the aspect of improving the quantum information rate, and has important significance in the aspect of promoting the quantum information system engineering.
For convenience of description, the above devices are described as being divided into various units by function, and are described separately. Of course, the functionality of the units may be implemented in one or more software and/or hardware when implementing the present application.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The present invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The application may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The application may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
In a typical configuration, a computing device includes one or more processors (CPUs), input/output interfaces, network interfaces, and memory.
The memory may include forms of volatile memory in a computer readable medium, Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or non-volatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM) or flash memory (flash RAM). Memory is an example of a computer-readable medium.
Computer-readable media, including both non-transitory and non-transitory, removable and non-removable media, may implement information storage by any method or technology. The information may be computer readable instructions, data structures, modules of a program, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include, but are not limited to, phase change memory (PRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), other types of Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmission medium that can be used to store information that can be accessed by a computing device. As defined herein, a computer readable medium does not include a transitory computer readable medium such as a modulated data signal and a carrier wave.
It should also be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The embodiments in the present specification are described in a progressive manner, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from the other embodiments. In particular, for the system embodiment, since it is substantially similar to the method embodiment, the description is simple, and for the relevant points, reference may be made to the partial description of the method embodiment.
The above description is only an example of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Various modifications and changes may occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (11)
1. A high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method based on a chip integrated optical circuit is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, in the process of quantum information encoding and decoding, a plurality of optical degrees of freedom of a single light quantum participate in encoding as encoding content, and a plurality of bit quanta are compiled on the same optical degree of freedom;
secondly, quantum information decoding is achieved by adopting a technical route of a chip integrated optical circuit, an optical system is constructed by a chip integrated photonic device, and when the weak coherent pulse is generated by a wide-spectrum light source, the time domain characteristic of the wide-spectrum light source determines the time domain characteristic of the weak coherent pulse; the wavelength components of the output pulse of the wide-spectrum light source are separated to different paths by a wavelength division multiplexer, the average power is adjusted by a tunable attenuator, and the weak coherent pulse sequences with different central wavelengths are in accordance with L1-L4The sequential spatial separation is carried out, and the tunable attenuator is used for controlling to respectively obtain different single-pulse average photon numbers, namely the wavelength quantum key coding is realized; when the average photon number of the single pulse is less than 1, the appearance positions of the null pulse without the photon and the non-null pulse with the photon on the time sequence present certain random characteristics, and the weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths can independently realize the noise and the control of a decoy state; polarization states of the weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths are independently regulated and controlled by a polarization controller, quantum key coding based on the polarization direction can be realized, and the simplest two-dimensional coding is that two orthogonal polarization states in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction are assigned; the equal-arm interferometer composed of the optical beam splitter, the optical phase shifter and the 50% -50% directional coupler can realize the quantum key coding based on the path selection, namely the weak coherent pulse sequence can be controlled to irradiate along the beam P by controlling the phase difference of two arms introduced by the phase shifter1Or P2Path transmission; through the optical phase shifter, quantum key coding based on relative phase can be realized, relative phase difference between two adjacent pulses is taken as a coding variable, and commonly used orthogonal bases are respectively 0 phase and pi phase; the quantum key coding based on the arrival time can be realized by utilizing the tunable optical delay line, namely, the arrival time coding is realized by assigning a value to the relative time delay 0 or T; through the wavelength division multiplexer, weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths can be lumped into the same path according to groups and transmitted by a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable to construct a high-dimensional structureMultiplexing a quantum information transmission system; the single-chip integration of a quantum light source, an optical beam splitter, an optical delay line, a tunable attenuator, a wavelength division multiplexer, a polarization beam splitter, a polarization controller and a phase shifter is realized, an integrated circuit and an integrated optical circuit are prepared on the same chip by a photoelectric hybrid integration technology, the device performance of the integrated optical circuit is controlled by the level distribution of the integrated circuit, and the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information coding function is realized;
and thirdly, transmitting the quantum information by adopting a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second step further comprises controlling device performance of the integrated optical circuit by level distribution of the integrated circuit to implement a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information decoding function; the quantum information decoding system and the low-temperature superconducting silicon-based nanowire are respectively compatible and adaptive to an optical layer and an electrical layer, so that the quantum information decoding system packaged by the whole chip is realized, and the insertion loss and the noise brought by the space environment are reduced.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the multicore fiber in step three is a special fiber having multiple cores in the same fiber; the multi-fiber optical cable is provided with a plurality of optical fibers in the same optical cable, and quantum information separated in space is independently transmitted in each optical fiber.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is implemented by using an all-fiber optical path or a spatial optical path or a multi-material chip optical integrated circuit.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of optical degrees of freedom comprise wavelength, polarization, path, phase, and arrival time.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of bits in the same optical degree of freedom for compiling multiple-bit qubits is greater than 2.
7. A system for implementing the chip-integrated optical circuit-based high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the system comprises a chip-integrated photonic device, a quantum light source, an optical splitter, an optical delay line, a tunable attenuator, a wavelength division multiplexer, a polarization splitter, a polarization controller, and a phase shifter, wherein the chip-integrated photonic device constitutes an optical system, and implements single-chip integration of the quantum light source, the optical splitter, the optical delay line, the tunable attenuator, the wavelength division multiplexer, the polarization splitter, the polarization controller, and the phase shifter, and wherein the integrated circuit and the integrated optical circuit are fabricated on the same chip by an optical-electrical hybrid integration technique, and wherein the device performance of the integrated optical circuit is controlled by the level distribution of the integrated circuit, and wherein the optical system is constructed by the chip-integrated photonic device when a weak coherent pulse is generated by a broad-spectrum light source, the time domain characteristic of the weak coherent pulse is determined by the time domain characteristic of the wide spectrum light source; the wavelength components of the output pulse of the wide-spectrum light source are separated to different paths by a wavelength division multiplexer, the average power is adjusted by a tunable attenuator, and the weak coherent pulse sequences with different central wavelengths are in accordance with L1-L4The sequential spatial separation is carried out, and the tunable attenuator is used for controlling to respectively obtain different single-pulse average photon numbers, namely the wavelength quantum key coding is realized; when the average photon number of the single pulse is less than 1, the appearance positions of the null pulse without the photon and the non-null pulse with the photon on the time sequence present certain random characteristics, and the weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths can independently realize the noise and the control of a decoy state; the polarization states of the weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths are independently regulated and controlled by a polarization controller, quantum key coding based on the polarization direction can be realized, and the simplest two-dimensional coding assigns values to two orthogonal polarization states in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction(ii) a The equal-arm interferometer composed of the optical beam splitter, the optical phase shifter and the 50% -50% directional coupler can realize the quantum key coding based on the path selection, namely the weak coherent pulse sequence can be controlled to irradiate along the beam P by controlling the phase difference of two arms introduced by the phase shifter1Or P2Path transmission; through the optical phase shifter, quantum key coding based on relative phase can be realized, relative phase difference between two adjacent pulses is taken as a coding variable, and commonly used orthogonal bases are respectively 0 phase and pi phase; the quantum key coding based on the arrival time can be realized by utilizing the tunable optical delay line, namely, the arrival time coding is realized by assigning a value to the relative time delay 0 or T; through the wavelength division multiplexer, weak coherent pulse sequences with different wavelengths can be lumped into the same path according to groups, and transmitted through a multi-core optical fiber or a multi-fiber optical cable to construct a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum information transmitting system.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein when the system is used for implementing the high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication system by using the chip integrated optical circuit, the technical scheme of the single-material chip integrated optical circuit is adopted without limiting the types and performances of chip materials.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the single material is one of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, high index quartz, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, chalcogenide waveguide, aluminum gallium arsenic.
10. The system according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the multiplexing order of the multiple degrees of freedom of the system, the dimension of each degree of freedom coding and the whole optical system construction meet the actual requirements of a high-dimensional multiplexing quantum communication protocol, the coding system-decoding system one-to-one correspondence is achieved, and the quantum information rate is doubled on the basis of the traditional single-dimensional quantum communication system.
11. A computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored which, when being executed by a processor, carries out the steps of the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.
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