CN110086512B - Array antenna multi-beam forming method and device in TDMA communication system - Google Patents
Array antenna multi-beam forming method and device in TDMA communication system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a device and a method for array antenna multi-beam forming of a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) communication system; the problems that the existing beam forming technology needs to adopt a training sequence, is high in complexity, poor in time-varying characteristic and the like are solved. The device includes: the antenna comprises an array antenna with N array elements, N radio frequency and baseband signal processing channels and M self-adaptive beam forming calculation units. The device realizes beam forming pointing to M mobile users based on received signals, and a sending end utilizes the same group of weight coefficients to carry out transmitting beam forming. The self-adaptive beam forming method is characterized in that: when the N weight coefficients are updated in a self-adaptive mode, one weight coefficient is always equal to 1, and the modulus values of the rest N-1 weight coefficients are kept to be 1. It does not need training sequence, and does not need signal processing except synchronization for frame head; therefore, the method has low complexity, high convergence speed and good real-time performance of beam tracking mobile users, and each beam can obtain complete array processing gain.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of communication, and particularly relates to an array antenna multi-beam forming method and device based on a time division multiple access TDMA communication system.
Background
Beamforming, one of the key techniques for array signal processing, is widely used in the fields of communications, radar, sonar, and the like. Beamforming is the formation of the main lobe of a beam for signals in a direction of interest and the attenuation of interference in other directions. The importance of the intelligent array antenna technology is very significant in the fields of cellular network mobile communication, ground-to-air communication, multi-user cooperative communication and the like, wherein the array antenna beam forming technology is the most important basic technology. Adaptive beam forming can improve antenna gain and improve link characteristics, and can enlarge communication coverage and expand user capacity by quickly tracking and aiming at a target direction, so that the method has great significance.
The invention discloses a multi-beam phased antenna system (application publication No. CN 105896079A), which comprises an M array element antenna array, an M-to-N switch component, an N-channel filter component, an N-channel power amplifier, a low noise component, an N-channel frequency conversion component and an N-channel baseband processing component. The system utilizes a plane directional antenna to form a circular array, and combines antenna selection to carry out beam forming, so that M beams can be generated to realize horizontal 360-degree coverage. The invention has the functions of multi-beam full coverage and instantaneous spot beam intercommunication, and has small volume and light weight. However, the method of using the switch component to scan the wave beams is adopted to realize the multi-wave beam full coverage, and the real-time performance and the flexibility of tracking and aligning the mobile user are insufficient. In addition, the hardware complexity of the existing array antenna may be high when multiple beams are simultaneously aligned with a mobile user; in addition, the adaptive beamforming method for tracking multiple targets at the same time usually needs training sequences, and thus a large frequency band utilization cost is required.
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a multi-beam forming method and a multi-beam forming device which do not depend on a training sequence, can timely track and align a plurality of mobile users, have low complexity and are easy to realize by hardware. .
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an array antenna multi-beam forming method and device in a time division multiple access TDMA communication system, which solve the problems that the existing adaptive beam forming technology needs to depend on a training sequence, the equipment complexity is high, the time-varying characteristic is poor and the like, and have the advantages of no need of the training sequence overhead, low equipment and calculation complexity, good real-time performance of beam tracking mobile users, capability of obtaining complete array processing gain of each beam and the like.
A. General structural principles and method descriptions
The invention relates to a method and a device for multi-beam forming of an array antenna in a TDMA communication system, wherein for a given communication frequency band B, the time duration of each frame is TfrmEach frame is divided into M time slots (M is 4-32), and M users respectively adopt a transceiving shared antenna with N array elements (N is 2-16) to transmit and receive signals in the appointed time slot.
The receiving end of the system comprises: the system comprises N radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing units (101), N orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization units (102), N time division and tapping units (103) and K self-adaptive beam forming calculation units (104); the signal processing steps of the multi-beam adaptive forming are as follows:
step 101: n paths of signals received by the N antenna array elements are processed by a corresponding radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing unit (101) and an orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization unit (102) respectively, and then N baseband complex digital signals are output and sent to a corresponding time division and tapping unit (103).
Step 102: the N signals are time-division-tapped in N time-division-tapping units (103), and K signals are output respectively and have the length of LslotSubframe signal { x of each sample pointi，n(t)；i＝1：K，t＝1：Lslot1 } | n: n, wherein LslotRegarding the KN subframe signals as K vector sequences with N dimensions for the number of samples contained in each time slot of each frame, namely
{Xi(t)，t＝1：Lslot}|i＝1：K＝{[xi，1(t) xi，2(t)...xi，N(t)]，t＝1：Lslot}|i＝1：K
The sub-frame signals are arranged in sequence as a vector sequence of infinite length
Step 103: the ith vector sequence
Sending the signal to an ith adaptive beam forming calculation unit (104), performing adaptive iterative update of weight values by adopting an adaptive beam forming method based on output power maximization, and outputting an N-dimensional weight vector at each sampling time t
For synthesizing the output signal of the ith beam, i.e.
Wherein the weight vector sequence
Also by L of each respective time slotslotLong weight vector sequence { Wi，q(τ)，q＝0：∞；τ＝1：LslotAre arranged one after another, i.e.
The resulting received signal Y is then available during successive adaptive iterationsi(t)}|i＝1：KConverge to the correct output of the K beams, whose beam directions point to the incoming wave directions of the K transmitting users, respectively.
The system sending end includes: a baseband complex signal generating unit (201), a digital-to-analog converting unit (202), an orthogonal carrier modulating unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplifying unit (204); the signal processing steps for sending multi-beam forming are as follows:
step 201: for information to be transmitted to K users, the information is respectively sent to corresponding baseband complex signal generating units (201), and one baseband complex signal is respectively output
And divide them into each segment LslotSignal segments of individual samples, i.e.
Step 202: for a signal { U) to be sent to the ith user (i ═ 1: K)i，q(τ) }, multiplying it by weight vector { W) obtained by updating adaptive iteration weight in unit 104 at receiving endi，q(τ)，q＝0：∞；τ＝1：LslotGet an LslotLong N-dimensional signal vector sequences
That is, the vector sequence corresponding to the q frame and the i time slot is
Step 203: will be provided with
And the signal is sent to an nth (N is 1: N) sending signal processing channel which is formed by a corresponding digital-to-analog conversion unit (202), an orthogonal carrier modulation unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplification unit (204), and the signal is changed into a radio frequency signal which is then sent to an nth antenna array element through a duplex coupler to be transmitted in an ith time slot of a qth frame.
The maximum advantage of the multi-beam self-adaptive forming method is that the required number of radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing channels is less; it is always equal to the number of antenna elements N, no matter how large the number of time slots M is, or how many times the total number of users is further enlarged by adopting the MF-TDMA system. The complexity of its hardware implementation is low.
B. Unique adaptive beamforming method description
The invention adopts a self-adaptive multi-beam forming method based on output power maximization, which comprises the following steps:
step 301-array antenna received signal preprocessing
Each array element of the array antenna with N array elements receives radio frequency signals respectively, N baseband complex signals are obtained after the radio frequency signals are processed by each signal processing channel, the baseband complex signals can be represented as an N-dimensional vector sequence, and the incoming wave direction is embodied in the phase difference of carrier waves implicit in the N complex signals. For a TDMA system having M time slots, the signal segments of the sub-frames of the ith time slot (i.e., the ith user) are arranged in sequence as an N-dimensional vector sequence
In the following, the subscript i is omitted, and the received signal vector sequence of any one user is represented as { x (t) ═ x1(t)，x2(t)，…，xN(t)]And t is 1: infinity, and how to form an antenna beam pointing in the incoming direction of the user signal, the adaptive iterative process is as follows.
Step 302-adaptive iterative process initialization:
making t equal to 1, W (t) non-combustiblet＝1＝[w1(t)，w2(t)，…，wN(t)]|t＝1＝[1，1，…，1]；
Step 303-synthesize output signal based on weights: synthesizing the input N-array element receiving signals { X (t) } into an output signal Y (t) ═ X (t) (W (t))T；
Step 304-calculate weight vector modifier: calculating weight vector modification values according to steepest gradient hill climbing, i.e.
ΔW(t)＝μX(t)(Y(t))*
Step 305-preliminary update of weight vector:
step 306-weight vector update callback: by
Callback to get corrected weight vector
W(t+1)＝[w1(t+1)，w2(t+1)，…，wN(t+1)]
Wherein w1(t+1)＝1；
Let t → t +1, W (t) ═ W (t +1), and then go to step 303 to continue the iteration.
The adaptive iterative beamforming algorithm is a steepest gradient hill climbing method based on the output signal power maximization criterion, and a flow chart of the adaptive iterative beamforming algorithm is shown in fig. 2. The modulus of each weight value is always kept equal to 1 during the iteration process, which prevents the signal power from going to infinity. The convergence speed of the algorithm is high, the algorithm can converge to be close to a target value only by iteration of more than 100 sampling points, the calculation complexity is low, and compared with the algorithm for estimating multiple incoming wave directions by using a training sequence in the conventional method, the calculation complexity can be reduced by many times, for example, tens to hundreds of times.
The invention has the following positive effects:
1. without training sequence overhead
The invention utilizes the phase information of the array receiving signal, adopts the self-adaptive iteration method to obtain the beam forming weight, and does not need to depend on the training sequence, thereby avoiding the redundant expenditure caused by the addition of the training sequence.
2. Solves the contradiction between the antenna gain and the angle coverage range
The invention combines the TDMA technology and the array antenna technology, adopts different beam forming weights for different time slot signals, and respectively carries out iterative updating on the beam forming weights of the time slots without influencing each other, thereby being capable of accurately distinguishing the incoming wave directions of multiple users, pointing different angles of the time slot beams to different users, having wide angle coverage range, and obtaining complete array beam forming gain for each beam.
3. Can solve the problem that the time slot number of each frame of the TDMA system can not be too much, and is beneficial to expanding the user capacity
Generally, the number of time slots of each frame of a TDMA system can only be about 10, because the larger the number of time slots is, the smaller the peak-to-average ratio of the transmitted signal power of each user is, which not only makes the radio frequency power conversion efficiency become very low, but also makes the budget of the transmission link insufficient. The invention adopts the adaptive beam forming method to simultaneously improve the gains of the transmitting and receiving antennas, can obviously increase the margin of the link budget, thus allowing the number of time slots to be increased to 32, for example, which is beneficial to enlarging the user capacity. Meanwhile, the method of the invention is also suitable for an MF-TDMA system, and can further expand the user capacity.
4. Good real-time performance and flexibility for tracking mobile users
The invention independently carries out the iterative updating of the beam forming weight values for different user signals, and only needs to read different weight values for updating when the user changes, so that the real-time performance and the flexibility of tracking the mobile user are better.
5. Low computation complexity and easy hardware implementation
The adaptive beam forming method adopted by the invention does not relate to complex matrix operations such as signal autocorrelation matrix solution, matrix inversion, matrix decomposition and the like, and only relates to simple vector operations, so that the computational complexity is greatly reduced, and the hardware implementation is easy. And when the hardware is realized, the M self-adaptive beam forming units can multiplex a set of hardware resources in a time slot mode, and the hardware cost is further reduced.
Drawings
Figure 1 is a schematic view of a multi-beam forming apparatus of the present invention
Figure 2 flow chart of the multi-beam forming algorithm of the present invention
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the present invention will be further explained below by taking an 8-array element uniform linear array multi-beam forming device and a method thereof in a 4-user TDMA communication system as an example with reference to the accompanying drawings.
With reference to fig. 1, the specific components and connection modes of the array antenna multi-beam forming apparatus in the TDMA communication system of the present invention are as follows:
(1) the receiving end of the device consists of 8 radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing units (101), 8 orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization units (102), 8 time division tapping units (103) and 4 self-adaptive beam forming calculation units (104). The signal transmission and processing process comprises the following steps:
8 paths of signals received by 8 antenna array elements are processed by 8 radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing units (101) and an orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization unit (102) respectively to obtain 8 baseband complex digital signals, and the signals are sent to corresponding time division tapping units (103) for time division tapping; then, dividing the weight into 4 groups again and sending the 4 groups to 4 self-adaptive beam forming calculation units (104) respectively, and performing self-adaptive iterative updating on the weight to obtain 4 groups of weights respectively; and then form 4 beams and generate 4 output signals, namely 4 groups of weight values which are updated continuously, and 8 received signals are respectively synthesized into one signal to obtain 4 output signals.
(2) Its sending end includes: a baseband complex signal generating unit (201), a digital-to-analog converting unit (202), an orthogonal carrier modulating unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplifying unit (204); the signal transmission and processing process comprises the following steps:
for the information to be sent to 4 users, respectively sending the information to corresponding baseband complex signal generating units (201), and respectively generating a baseband complex signal to obtain 4 complex signals; in a digital-to-analog conversion unit (202), segmenting the signals according to time slots, and multiplying the segmented signals by weight vectors obtained by self-adaptive iterative updating of each time slot of a receiving end to obtain 4N-dimensional signal vector sequences; then the signals are sent to an orthogonal carrier modulation unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplification unit (204) to be converted into radio frequency carrier modulation signals, the signals are sent by 8-array element antennas according to 4 appointed time slot segments, and then the sending signals are subjected to power synthesis in space to form a sending beam with the same main lobe direction as 4 receiving beams.
According to the basic scheme, the following two specific embodiments are provided to further explain the use scenarios and advantages of the invention:
example 1: the invention is used for the 3G base station of the TDD-SCDMA which is widely applied at present, can enlarge the coverage area of the cell by more than 8 times and provides broadband service for rural areas with sparse population. The base station antenna adopts 3 pairs of 8-array element array antennas, and each area covering 120 degrees realizes space division multiple access; meanwhile, each array antenna supports 4 frequency bands with the bandwidth of 1.6MHz, and each frequency band has 8 time slots and has 32 wave beams for self-adaptive forming; the 3 array antennas can form 96 beams in total. Since the gain of the adaptive beamforming antenna is improved by about 8 times compared with the gain of a 120-degree single beam antenna, the coverage radius of the adaptive beamforming antenna is increased by about 2.8 times, and the area of a coverage area is increased by about 8 times. Each 8-array element antenna only needs 8 radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing channels, although 32 adaptive weight iteration beam forming units are needed, because each time slot adjusts one adaptive weight, the 32 adaptive iteration units can use one set of hardware computing resources in a multiplexing mode, and the hardware complexity is acceptable.
Example 2: an unmanned aerial vehicle cluster formed by 32 unmanned aerial vehicles constructs a centerless TDD-TDMA communication system with 64MHz signal bandwidth, frame length of 25ms and 32 time slots per frame, the information rate of each user is 2Mbps, and the bidirectional communication of time division duplex among 32 users can be realized; any one of the users can be used as a super user and simultaneously carries out two-way communication with the other 31 users; the super user can also be a remote ground command center station with higher antenna gain and larger transmitting power. Each unmanned aerial vehicle user's antenna adopts 4 array element antennas, and every array element is located the summit of an equilateral 4 face body, selects 3 of them array elements to carry out self-adaptation beam forming each time, can cover 360 degrees scopes around. Each user can have 1-31 self-adaptive beam forming units, so that at most one beam can be formed in 31 time slots (except the time slot occupied by the user) to align the direction of the incoming wave user. Because 3 array element antennas can obtain gains of about 7dB (2dB single-element gains and 4.77dB array processing gains), although each user can transmit signals only in 1/32 time, because the receiving and transmitting antenna beams have gain improvement of about 4.77dB, compared with the single-element antennas, the margin of the link budget can be increased by 9.5dB, so that the rated power of the power amplifier tube required for reaching the same transmission distance can be reduced by about 9 times, and the problem of high peak-to-average power ratio is remarkably relieved.
The invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and can be adjusted according to the need, for example, the weight initialization step in the implementation method of the invention can be set according to the actual situation; the iteration step length can be selected in a variable step length mode to accelerate the iteration speed; other adaptive iteration methods can also be adopted in the step of updating the weights so as to achieve the goal of maximizing the output power. Accordingly, various modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (3)
1. An array antenna multi-beam forming method in time division multiple access TDMA communication system, for a given communication frequency band B, each frame time length is TfrmEach frame is divided into M time slots, M is 4-32, M users respectively adopt N array elements to transmit and receive shared antenna to transmit and receive signals in the appointed time slot, wherein the array antenna of any user forms K wave beams, K is 1-M, the method is characterized in that:
(1) its receiving end includes: the system comprises N radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing units (101), N orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization units (102), N time division and tapping units (103) and K self-adaptive beam forming calculation units (104); the signal processing steps of the multi-beam adaptive forming are as follows:
step 101: n paths of signals received by the N antenna array elements are processed by a corresponding radio-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing unit (101) and an orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization unit (102) respectively, and then N baseband complex digital signals are output and sent to a corresponding time division and tapping unit (103);
step 102: the N signals are time-division-tapped in N time-division-tapping units (103), and K signals are output respectively and have the length of LslotSubframe signal { x of each sample pointi，n(t)；i＝1：K，t＝1：Lslot}|n＝1：NWherein L isslotThe number of sampling points contained in each time slot of each frame; the KN subframe signals are regarded as K vector sequences of N dimensions, i.e.
{Xi(t)，t＝1：Lslot}|i＝1：K＝{[xi，1(t) xi，2(t) ... xi，N(t)]，t＝1：Lslot}|i＝1：K
The sub-frame signals are arranged in sequence as a vector sequence of infinite length
Step 103: the ith vector sequence
1, i: k, sending the signal to an ith adaptive beam forming calculation unit (104), performing adaptive iteration weight updating by adopting an adaptive beam forming method based on output power maximization, and outputting an N-dimensional weight vector at each sampling time t
For synthesizing the output signal of the ith beam, i.e.
Wherein the weight vector sequence
Also by L of each respective time slotslotLong weight vector sequence { Wi，q(τ)，q＝0：∞；τ＝1：LslotAre arranged one after another, i.e.
The resulting received signal Y is then available during successive adaptive iterationsi(t)}|i＝1：KCorrect output converging on K beams;
(2) its sending end includes: a baseband complex signal generating unit (201), a digital-to-analog converting unit (202), an orthogonal carrier modulating unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplifying unit (204); the signal processing steps for sending multi-beam forming are as follows:
step 201: for information to be transmitted to K users, the information is respectively sent to corresponding baseband complex signal generating units (201), and one baseband complex signal is respectively output
And divide them into each segment LslotSignal segments of individual samples, i.e.
Step 202: for the ith user to send, i-1: k, { U }i，q(τ) }, multiplying it by a weight vector { W) obtained by updating adaptive iteration weights in an adaptive beamforming calculation unit (104) at the receiving endi，q(τ)，q＝0：∞；τ＝1：LslotGet an LslotLong N-dimensional signal vector sequences
I.e. corresponding to the q frame and i time slotThe vector sequence is
Step 203: will be provided with
Sending to the nth, where n is 1: and N, a sending signal processing channel formed by a corresponding digital-to-analog conversion unit (202), an orthogonal carrier modulation unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplification unit (204) is changed into a radio frequency signal and then sent to the nth antenna array element through a duplex coupler to be transmitted in the ith time slot of the qth frame.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the array antenna multi-beam forming device is based on the method, and the method comprises:
(1) the receiving end of the device consists of N radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing units (101), N orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization units (102), N time division and tapping units (103) and K adaptive beam forming calculation units (104), wherein K is 1-M; the process of the multi-beam self-adaptive forming is as follows:
n paths of signals received by the N antenna array elements are processed by the N radio frequency-intermediate frequency-baseband signal processing units (101) and the orthogonal down-conversion and sampling quantization unit (102) respectively to obtain N baseband complex digital signals, and the N baseband complex digital signals are sent to the corresponding time division tapping unit (103) for time division tapping; then dividing K groups again and respectively sending the K groups to K adaptive beam forming calculation units, and respectively carrying out adaptive iteration updating on the weights to obtain K groups of weights; then forming K wave beams by using the N wave beams and generating K output signals, namely combining the N receiving signals into one signal by using K groups of continuously updated weights to obtain K output signals;
(2) its sending end includes: a baseband complex signal generating unit (201), a digital-to-analog converting unit (202), an orthogonal carrier modulating unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplifying unit (204); the signal processing steps of the K transmission beam forming are as follows:
for information to be sent to K users, the information is respectively sent to corresponding baseband complex signal generating units (201), and a baseband complex signal is respectively generated to obtain K complex signals; in a digital-to-analog conversion unit (202), segmenting the time slots of the digital-to-analog conversion unit and multiplying the time slots of the digital-to-analog conversion unit by weight vectors obtained by self-adaptive iterative updating of each time slot of a receiving end to obtain K N-dimensional signal vector sequences; then the signals are sent to an orthogonal carrier modulation unit (203) and a radio frequency signal amplification unit (204) to be converted into radio frequency carrier modulation signals, and the radio frequency carrier modulation signals are sent by N array element antennas according to K appointed time slot segments, namely K transmitting beams with the same main lobe direction as the receiving beams are formed.
3. The method for array antenna multi-beamforming in a time division multiple access, TDMA, communication system according to claim 1, wherein said adaptive beamforming computation unit (104) performs the following signal processing steps:
step 201-N-dimensional weight vector initialization: w (t) ═ w1(t)，w2(t)，…，wN(t)]|t＝1＝[1，1，…，1]；
Step 202-synthesize output signal based on weights: using weight W (t), the input N array element receiving signal X (t) is equal to [ x [ ]1(t)，x2(t)，…，xN(t)]Synthesizing into an output signal Y (t) ═ X (t) (W (t))T；
Step 203-calculate weight vector modifier: calculating weight vector modification values according to steepest gradient hill climbing, i.e.
ΔW(t)＝μX(t)(Y(t))*
Step 204-preliminary update of weight vector:
step 205-weight vector update callback: by
Callback to get corrected weight vector
W(t+1)＝[w1(t+1)，w2(t+1)，…，wN(t+1)]
Wherein w1(t+1)＝1；
Let t → t +1, W (t) ═ W (t +1), go to step 202 again and continue the iteration.
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