CN118475537A

CN118475537A - Carbon-based nanomaterial composition and method of forming the same from a gas mixture comprising a hydrogen gas and an oxygen gas

Info

Publication number: CN118475537A
Application number: CN202280085058.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: E·约翰逊; P·约林; D·库克
Original assignee: Nepos Energy Conversion Solutions Co ltd
Current assignee: Nepos Energy Conversion Solutions Co ltd
Priority date: 2021-12-22
Filing date: 2022-12-21
Publication date: 2024-08-09

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a carbon-based nanomaterial composition that can be formed from a gas mixture. The gas mixture may comprise: acetylene gas at a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.20 and not greater than about 0.99, oxygen gas at a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 0.85, and hydrogen gas at a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.00 and not greater than about 0.99. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Description

Carbon-based nanomaterial composition and method of forming the same from a gas mixture comprising a hydrogen gas and an oxygen gas

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to carbon-based nanomaterial compositions and methods of forming the same. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods, systems, and devices for converting exhaust gases to carbon-based nanomaterials.

Background

It is well known that carbon, especially compounded in CO and CO ₂, but convertible in any form to greenhouse gases, is causing an increase in global temperature. Various technologies are being developed to capture carbon generated by human activities, primarily industrial processes, fossil fuels, and other combustion from vehicles (e.g., aircraft, automobiles, and trucks, as well as commercial and residential uses).

Carbon-based materials have many desirable properties such as high thermal and electrical conductivity along their plane, unique optical properties, and high mechanical strength. Due to these characteristics, carbon-based nanomaterials have a variety of applications including energy storage, electronics, semiconductors, composites, and films.

Existing combustion-based techniques for producing carbon-based nanomaterial carbon-based materials use oxygen and carbon-based gas mixtures. However, these techniques do not fully and consistently decompose carbon, resulting in inconsistent products.

Disclosure of Invention

According to a first aspect, a carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be formed from a gas mixture. The gas mixture may comprise: acetylene gas at a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.20 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein AG _mol is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; an oxygen gas at a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 0.85, wherein OG _mol is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and a hydrogen gas at a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.00 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein HOG _mol is equal to the number of moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

According to another aspect, a method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition may include: supplying a gas mixture, and igniting the gas mixture to form the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The gas mixture may comprise: acetylene gas at a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.20 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein AG _mol is equal to the moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; an oxygen gas at a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 0.85, wherein OG _mol is equal to the moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total moles of gas in the gas mixture; and a hydrogen gas at a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.00 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein HOG _mol is equal to the number of moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

According to yet another aspect, a carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise: a carbon content of at least about 75% and not greater than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0.0% and not greater than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have a D/G ratio of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 2.0. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition can further have a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

According to yet another aspect, a carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise: a carbon content of at least about 75% and not greater than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0% and not greater than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have an aspect ratio of at least about 1.0 and not greater than about 100.00. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition can further have a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _spf2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Drawings

The embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 includes a diagram illustrating a method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to embodiments described herein;

FIG. 2 includes a schematic diagram of a carbon capture system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

fig. 3 a-3 c include Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of a sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 4a and 4b include Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images of a sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 shows a graph giving Raman spectra for a sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

Fig. 6a and 6b show graphs giving functional group scan spectra for sample carbon-based nanomaterial compositions according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.

Detailed Description

The following discussion will focus on the specific implementation and examples of the teachings. The detailed description is provided to assist in describing certain embodiments and should not be construed as limiting the scope or applicability of the disclosure or teachings. It should be understood that other embodiments may be used based on the disclosure and teachings as provided herein.

The terms "comprising" (comprises, comprising) "," including "(includes, including)", "having" (or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited to only those features, but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, "or" means an inclusive or rather than an exclusive or. For example, the condition "a" or "B" is satisfied by any one of the following: a is true (or present) and B is false (or absent); a is false (or absent) and B is true (or present); and both a and B are true (or present).

Furthermore, the use of "a" or "an" is used to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. The description should be read to include one, at least one, or the singular, as well as the plural, and vice versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise. For example, when a single item is described herein, more than one item may be used in place of a single item. Similarly, where more than one item is described herein, a single item may replace the more than one item.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to a carbon-based nanomaterial composition. According to particular embodiments, a carbon-based nanomaterial composition may be defined as any carbon-based nanomaterial that may comprise a particular carbon content and a particular oxygen content.

Referring first to a method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition, fig. 1 includes a diagram illustrating a method 1000 of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition according to embodiments described herein. According to a particular embodiment, the forming method 1000 may include a first step 1010 of supplying a gas mixture and a second step 1020 of igniting the gas mixture to form a carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Referring to the first step 1010, according to a particular embodiment, the gas mixture may include acetylene gas and oxygen gas. According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may further comprise a hydrogen gas.

According to certain embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a particular molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol, wherein AG _mol is equal to the number of moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture. For example, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.20, such as at least about 0.21, or at least about 0.22, or at least about 0.23, or at least about 0.24, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.26, or at least about 0.27, or at least about 0.28, or at least about 0.29, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.31, or at least about 0.32, or at least about 0.33, or at least about 0.34, or at least about 0.35, or at least about 0.40, or at least about 0.45, or even at least about 0.50. According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of no greater than about 0.99, such as no greater than about 0.95, or no greater than about 0.90, or no greater than about 0.85, or no greater than about 0.80, or no greater than about 0.75, or no greater than about 0.70, or no greater than about 0.65, or even no greater than about 0.60. It is to be understood that the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol within a range between (and including) any of the above-described minima and maxima.

According to certain embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a specific molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol, wherein OG _mol is equal to the number of moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture. For example, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.1, such as at least about 0.11, or at least about 0.12, or at least about 0.13, or at least about 0.14, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.16, or at least about 0.17, or at least about 0.18, or at least about 0.19, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.35, or even at least about 0.40. According to still other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of no greater than about 0.85, such as no greater than about 0.80, or no greater than about 0.75, or no greater than about 0.70, or no greater than about 0.65, or no greater than about 0.60, or no greater than about 0.55, or no greater than about 0.50, or even no greater than about 0.45. It is to be understood that the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol within a range between (and including) any of the above-described minimums and maximums.

According to certain embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a specific molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol, wherein HG _mol is equal to the number of moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture. For example, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.0, such as at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.10, or at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.35, or at least about 0.40, or at least about 0.45, or even at least about 0.50. According to yet other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of no greater than about 0.99, such as no greater than about 0.95, or no greater than about 0.90, or no greater than about 0.85, or no greater than about 0.80, or no greater than about 0.75, or no greater than about 0.70, or no greater than about 0.65, or even no greater than about 0.60. It is to be understood that the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the gas mixture may comprise a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol within a range between (and including) any of the above-described minimums and maximums.

According to a particular embodiment, the gas mixture may comprise a particular content of acetylene gas. For example, the gas mixture may comprise a gas at a concentration of at least about 1.0mol, such as at least about 1.01mol, or at least about 1.02mol, or at least about 1.03mol, or at least about 1.04mol, or at least about 1.05mol, or at least about 1.06mol, or at least about 1.07mol, or at least about 1.08mol, or at least about 1.09mol, or at least about 1.10mol, or at least about 1.11mol, or at least about 1.12mol, or at least about 1.13mol, or at least about 1.14mol, or at least about 1.15mol, or at least about 1.16mol, or at least about 1.17mol, or at least about 1.18mol, or at least about 1.19mol, or at least about 1.20mol, or at least about 1.25mol, or at least about 1.30mol, or at least about 1.35mol, or at least about 1.40mol, or at least about 1.45mol, or at least about 1.50mol, or at least about 1.75mol, or at least about 2.12 mol, or at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.5.0 mol, or at least about 0.5. According to still other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise acetylene gas at a concentration of no greater than about 18mol, such as no greater than about 17.5mol, or no greater than about 17.0mol, or no greater than about 16.5mol, or no greater than about 16.0mol, or no greater than about 15.5mol, or no greater than about 15.0mol, or no greater than about 14.5mol, or no greater than about 14.0mol, or no greater than about 13.5mol, or no greater than about 13.0mol, or no greater than about 12.5mol, or no greater than about 12.0mol, or no greater than about 11.5mol, or even no greater than about 11.0mol, or no greater than about 10.5mol, or even no greater than about 10.0 mol. It is to be understood that the concentration of acetylene gas in the gas mixture may be any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the concentration of acetylene gas in the gas mixture may be in a range between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values.

According to other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a specific content of oxygen gas. For example, the gas mixture may comprise oxygen at a concentration of at least about 0.5mol, such as at least about 0.51mol, or at least about 0.52mol, or at least about 0.53mol, or at least about 0.54mol, or at least about 0.55mol, or at least about 0.56mol, or at least about 0.57mol, or at least about 0.58mol, or at least about 0.59mol, or at least about 0.60mol, or at least about 0.61mol, or at least about 0.62mol, or at least about 0.63mol, or at least about 0.64mol, or at least about 0.65mol, or at least about 0.66mol, or at least about 0.67mol, or at least about 0.68mol, or at least about 0.69mol, or even at least about 0.70mol, or at least about 1.0mol, or at least about 1.25mol, or at least about 1.30mol, or at least about 1.35mol, or at least about 1.40mol, or at least about 1.45mol, or at least about 1.50mol, or at least about 1.35mol, or at least about 2.5, or at least about 5.5mol, or at least about 0.5, or at least about 3.5mol, or at least about 0.5 mol. According to still other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise oxygen gas at a concentration of not greater than about 12 moles, such as not greater than about 12.5 moles, or not greater than about 11.0 moles, or not greater than about 11.5 moles, or not greater than about 11.0 moles, or not greater than about 10.5 moles, or not greater than about 10.0 moles, or not greater than about 9.5 moles, or not greater than about 9.0 moles, or not greater than about 8.5 moles, or not greater than about 8.0 moles, or not greater than about 7.5 moles, or even not greater than about 7.0 moles. It is to be understood that the oxygen gas concentration in the gas mixture may be any value between (and including) any of the above-mentioned minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the oxygen gas concentration in the gas mixture may be in a range between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values.

According to still other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise a specific content of hydrogen gas. For example, the gas mixture may comprise hydrogen gas at a concentration of at least about 0.0mol, such as at least about 0.25mol, or at least about 0.50mol, or at least about 0.75mol, or at least about 1.0mol, or at least about 1.25mol, or at least about 1.50mol, or at least about 1.75mol, or at least about 2.0mol, or at least about 2.5mol, or at least about 3.0mol, or at least about 3.5mol, or at least about 4.0mol, or at least about 4.5mol, or at least about 5.0mol, or at least about 5.5mol, or at least about 6.0mol, or at least about 7.0mol, or at least about 8.0mol, or at least about 8.5mol, or at least about 9.0mol, or at least about 9.5mol, or even at least about 10.0 mol. According to still other embodiments, the gas mixture may comprise hydrogen at a concentration of no greater than about 20.0 moles, such as no greater than about 19.5 moles, or no greater than about 19.0 moles, or no greater than about 18.5 moles, or no greater than about 18.0 moles, or no greater than about 17.5 moles, or no greater than about 17.0 moles, or no greater than about 16.5 moles, or no greater than about 16.0 moles, or no greater than about 15.5 moles, or no greater than about 15.0 moles, or no greater than about 14.5 moles, or no greater than about 14.0 moles, or no greater than about 13.5 moles, or no greater than about 13.0 moles, or no greater than about 12.5 moles, or no greater than about 12.0 moles, or no greater than about 11.5 moles, or even no greater than about 11.0 moles, or no greater than about 10.5 moles, or even no greater than about 10.0 moles. It is to be understood that the hydrogen gas concentration in the gas mixture may be any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the concentration of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture may be in a range between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values.

Referring now to an embodiment of a carbon-based nanomaterial composition formed according to the formation method 1000, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a specific carbon content based on elemental analysis using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a carbon content of at least about 75.0%, such as at least about 78.0%, or at least about 80.0%, or at least about 83%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 88%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 91%, or at least about 92%, or at least about 93%, or at least about 94.0%, or even at least about 95.0%. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a carbon content of not greater than about 100%, such as not greater than about 99.5%, or not greater than about 99%, or not greater than about 98.5%, or not greater than about 98%, or not greater than about 97.5%, or not greater than about 97%, or not greater than about 96.5%, or even not greater than about 96.0%. It is to be understood that the carbon content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the carbon content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may range between (and include) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise a specific oxygen content based on elemental analysis using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can comprise an oxygen content of at least about 0.0%, such as at least about 0.5%, or at least about 1.0%, or at least about 1.5%, or at least about 2.0%, or at least about 2.5%, or at least about 3.0%, or at least about 3.5%, or at least about 4.0%, or at least about 4.5%, or even at least about 5.0%. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may comprise an oxygen content of not greater than about 25%, such as not greater than about 23%, or not greater than about 20%, or not greater than about 18%, or not greater than about 15%, or not greater than about 13%, or not greater than about 10%, or not greater than about 8%, or even not greater than about 6.0%. It is to be understood that the oxygen content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the oxygen content in the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may range between (and include) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a specific D/G ratio as measured by performing raman spectroscopy on a powder sample and carding the resulting spectrum. For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have a D/G ratio of at least about 0.1, such as at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.20, or at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.30, or at least about 0.35, or at least about 0.40, or at least about 0.45. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a ratio of no greater than about 2.0, such as no greater than about 1.95, or no greater than about 1.90, or no greater than about 1.85, or no greater than about 1.80, or no greater than about 1.75, or no greater than about 1.70, or no greater than about 1.65, or no greater than about 1.60, or no greater than about 1.55, or no greater than about 1.50, or no greater than about 1.45, or no greater than about 1.40, or no greater than about 1.35, or no greater than about 1.30, or no greater than about 1.25, or no greater than about 1.20, or no greater than about 1.15, or no greater than about 1.10, or no greater than about 1.05, or no greater than about 1.00, or no greater than about 0.95, or no greater than about 0.9, or no greater than about 0.85, or no greater than about 8, or no greater than about 0.35, or even no greater than about 0.0.75, or even. It is to be understood that the D/G ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the D/G ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be in a range between (and including) any of the above-described minima and maxima.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a particular aspect ratio as measured by dividing the lateral dimension of a given sample by the thickness. For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have an aspect ratio of at least about 1.0, such as at least about 5, or at least about 10, or at least about 15. According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have an aspect ratio of not greater than about 100, such as not greater than about 95, or not greater than about 90, or not greater than about 85, or not greater than about 80, or not greater than about 75, or not greater than about 70, or not greater than about 65, or even not greater than about 60. It is to be understood that the aspect ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the aspect ratio of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can range between (and include) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a specific carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2, wherein P _sp3 is the percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is the percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. For example, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can have a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0, such as at least about 0.1, or at least about 0.2, or at least about 0.3, or at least about 0.4, or at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.6, or at least about 0.7, or at least about 0.8, or at least about 0.9, or at least about 1.0, or at least about 1.1, or at least about 1.2, or at least about 1.3, or at least about 1.4, or even at least about 1.5. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial composition may have a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of no greater than about 5.00, such as no greater than about 4.75, or no greater than about 4.5, or no greater than about 4.25, or no greater than about 4.0, or no greater than about 3.75, or no greater than about 3.50, or no greater than about 3.25, or no greater than about 3.0, or no greater than about 2.9, or no greater than about 2.8, or no greater than about 2.7, or no greater than about 2.6, or no greater than about 2.5, or no greater than about 2.4, or no greater than about 2.3, or no greater than about 2.2, or no greater than about 2.1, or even no greater than about 2.0. It is to be understood that the carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be any value between (and including) any of the above-described minimum and maximum values. It is further understood that the carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition can be in a range between (and including) any of the above-described minima and maxima.

According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may have a specific carbon structure. For example, according to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise carbon-based nanoplatelets. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be composed of carbon-based nanoplatelets. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, a nanoplatelet may be defined as a two-dimensional allotropic form of carbon. According to yet other embodiments, the nanoplatelets may have Sp2 hybridized carbon atoms connected by sigma and pi bonds in the hexagonal lattice of the polyaromatic ring.

According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise carbon-based nanoflakes. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be composed of carbon-based nanoflakes. For purposes of the embodiments described herein, nanoflakes may be defined as sheets (Lamellae) of graphene, such as two-dimensional carbon sheets. According to still other embodiments, the nanoflakes may have a two-dimensional carbon sheet size of about 50nm to 100 nm.

According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise carbon-based nanospheres. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of carbon-based nanospheres. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, nanospheres may be defined as Sp2 hybridized forms of carbon, wherein clusters of atomic carbon are formed into a spherical structure via covalent bonds. According to certain embodiments, the nanospheres may have a radius ranging from about 50nm to about 250 nm.

According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise carbon-based nano-onions. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of carbon-based nano-onions. For purposes of the embodiments described herein, a nano-onion may be defined as a nanostructure comprising a plurality of concentric shells stretched to form hexagonal lattice-like sheets of spherical structure. According to still other embodiments, nano-onions may include layers that are folded over themselves so that they resemble onion shells, sometimes containing small amounts of amorphous carbon.

According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise carbon black. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of carbon black. For the purposes of the embodiments described herein, carbon black may be defined as a spherical material with a radius of less than 1000 nm. According to still other embodiments, the carbon black may be amorphous and may be a black fine powder.

According to yet other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise turbostratic carbon. According to certain embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be comprised of turbostratic carbon. For purposes of the embodiments described herein, turbostratic carbon may be defined as a material having a mixture of sp 2-hybridized carbon and sp 3-hybridized carbon, wherein sp 2-hybridized planes are surrounded and connected by an sp 3-hybridized amorphous matrix. The turbostratic carbon may comprise curved sheets of graphene-like carbon-polyarylene structures forming a grape-like fractal aggregate of primary particles.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may comprise any combination of carbon-based nanoplatelets, carbon-based nanoflakes, carbon-based nanospheres, carbon-based nano-onions, carbon black, or turbostratic carbon. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may consist of any combination of carbon-based nanoplatelets, carbon-based nanoflakes, carbon-based nanospheres, carbon-based nano-onions, carbon black, or turbostratic carbon.

Turning now to a system for synthesizing carbon-based nanomaterials according to embodiments described herein, fig. 2 includes a diagram of a carbon capture system according to embodiments described herein. As shown in fig. 2, a carbon capture system 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a combustion chamber 10 for converting hydrocarbon gases or liquids into carbon-based nanomaterials. The system 100 may be scaled as desired and may be located on site, for example, at a hydrocarbon drilling operation or other suitable hydrocarbon feedstock site. Advantageously, the apparatus and methods disclosed herein allow for the use of a wide variety of hydrocarbons as feedstock to convert a wide variety of types of carbon-containing fluids (such as industrial flue gas output) to produce valuable products, e.g., carbon-based nanomaterials. Accordingly, the disclosure herein advantageously teaches capturing multiple carbons in industrial outputs and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions therefrom while providing valuable products for further industrial processes, materials, and equipment, such as proton electronic membranes coated with carbon-based nanomaterials. The combustion chamber 10 of fig. 2 may be a heavy duty chamber with multiple injection ports for controlled injection of hydrocarbon materials and independent injection of oxygen and hydrogen, which when ignited forces carbon, hydrogen and oxygen to recombine to form carbon-based nanomaterials and other products that do not cause greenhouse gas emissions, such as water. Without being bound by theory, the use of controlled, independent injection of oxygen and hydrogen allows for much faster combustion of hydrocarbon materials than conventional oxidants; this allows for more complete decomposition of the hydrocarbon material. The combustion chamber 10 may be formed of any suitable material, such as aluminum, titanium aluminum, nickel aluminum, cast iron, steel, and the like. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 is configured to withstand an internal pressure of at least 1000 psi.

The combustion chamber 10 may include one or more sensors configured to monitor and measure conditions within the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 includes a temperature sensor 18 configured to measure a temperature within the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 includes a low pressure sensor 16, a pressure sensor 14, and a high pressure sensor 12, each configured to measure the pressure within the combustion chamber 10. In one or more embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 may include an opacity sensor configured to measure the opacity within the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 may include a vacuum valve configured to create a vacuum within the combustion chamber 10 as a precursor to the introduction of any reactants (or inert gases). In some embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 includes a pressure relief valve configured to relieve pressure from the combustion chamber 10. Once a threshold pressure is reached within the combustion chamber 10 and/or as desired (e.g., at a set time after each combustion within the combustion chamber 10), the pressure relief valve may be actuated.

The system includes an inert gas source 40, a flue gas source 50, an oxygen source 60, and a hydrogen source 70, each in fluid communication with the combustion chamber 10. The inert gas source 40 is arranged to provide a supply of inert gas (such as argon) to the combustion chamber 10 under pressure, wherein the pressure may be monitored by the pressure sensor 44. The inert gas provides an inert environment for clean combustion within the combustion chamber 10. For example, the inert environment may prevent or inhibit the formation of NOx (nitrogen oxides) that might otherwise occur. A flow meter 46 is disposed between the inert gas source 40 and the combustion chamber 10, and the flow meter 46 is configured to measure the flow of inert gas from the inert gas source 40 into the combustion chamber 10. Inert gas is introduced into the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 48, which may include a one-way valve, to maintain pressure within the combustion chamber 10 and avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve.

The flue gas source 50 supplies a carbon-based gas or liquid to the combustion chamber 10. Suitable carbon-based gases or liquids include a variety of commercial and industrial output products comprising carbon (typically in hydrocarbons) including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, methane, propane, acetylene, butane, or combinations thereof. The carbon content of the carbon-based gas or liquid is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the flue gas source 50 is a waste stream from an industrial reaction process, such as a coal energy plant, drilling operation, combustion engine, or waste landfill. In other embodiments, the waste stream from the industrial reaction process may be collected and stored in a tank or other vessel that may be later used in the system 100. In some embodiments, the flue gas source 50 includes a holding tank configured to receive a waste stream from such industrial processes and pressurize the waste stream to provide a consistent feedstock pressure to the devices herein. In any embodiment, the flue gas source 50 may include a pressure sensor 54 in communication therewith configured to monitor the pressure of the carbon-based gas or liquid from the flue gas source 50. A flow meter 56 is disposed between the flue gas source 50 and the combustion chamber 10 and is configured to measure the flow of carbon-based gas or liquid from the flue gas source 50 into the combustion chamber 10. Carbon-based gas or liquid is introduced into the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 58, which may include a one-way valve, in order to maintain pressure within the combustion chamber 10 and avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve. In some embodiments, a flame arrestor 52 may also be included between the flue gas source 50 and the combustion chamber 10 (e.g., between the pressure sensor 54 and the flue gas source 50). Flame arrestor 52 may include a sensor configured to detect flashback during a combustion process in combustion chamber 10, and in response, shut down system 100 to minimize or avoid the risk of explosion or fire.

An oxygen source 60 supplies oxygen gas to the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the oxygen source 60 is pressurized at about 50psi or greater. In some embodiments, the oxygen source 60 receives oxygen from a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and optionally pressurizes the oxygen. In other embodiments, the oxygen source 60 comprises an oxygen cylinder. In any embodiment, the oxygen source 60 may include a pressure sensor 64 in communication therewith configured to monitor the pressure of oxygen from the oxygen source 60. Between the oxygen source 60 and the combustion chamber 10 is a flow meter 66 configured to measure the flow of oxygen from the oxygen source 60 into the combustion chamber 10. Oxygen is introduced into the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 68, which may include a one-way valve, to maintain pressure within the combustion chamber 10 and avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve. In some embodiments, flame arrestor 62 may also be included between oxygen source 60 and combustion chamber 10 (e.g., between pressure sensor 64 and oxygen source 60). Flame arrestor 62 may include a sensor configured to detect flashback during a combustion process in combustion chamber 10, and in response, shut down system 100.

The hydrogen source 70 supplies a hydrogen gas to the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the hydrogen source 70 is pressurized at about 50psi or more. In some embodiments, a hydrogen source 70 receives hydrogen from a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and optionally pressurizes the hydrogen. In other embodiments, the hydrogen source 70 comprises a hydrogen cylinder. In any embodiment, the hydrogen source 70 may include a pressure sensor 74 in communication therewith configured to monitor the pressure of the hydrogen from the hydrogen source 70. Between the hydrogen source 70 and the combustion chamber 10 is a flow meter 76 configured to measure the flow of hydrogen from the hydrogen source 70 into the combustion chamber 10. Hydrogen is introduced into the combustion chamber 10 through an injection port 78, which may include a one-way valve, to maintain pressure within the combustion chamber 10 and avoid flashback. In some embodiments, the one-way valve is a solenoid valve. In some embodiments, flame arrestor 72 may also be included between hydrogen source 70 and combustion chamber 10 (e.g., between pressure sensor 74 and hydrogen source 70). Flame arrestor 72 may include a sensor configured to detect flashback during a combustion process in combustion chamber 10, and in response, shut down system 100.

The combustion chamber 10 includes an ignition device 38, such as a spark plug. The ignition device 38 is configured to initiate a series of precisely timed combustions. For example, each combustion event may last for about one millisecond. The interval between combustions and the duration of the combustions may be appropriately adjusted based on the measured conditions of the system 100. In one or more embodiments, the ignition device 38 is positioned at a midpoint of the combustion chamber 10. According to this configuration, when particles of reactants (flue gas, oxygen, and hydrogen) are accelerated in each direction, the particles collide at each end and assemble the carbon-based nanomaterial.

The system 100 also includes a controller 30 configured to receive input from sensors within the system 100 and to control combustion conditions within the combustion chamber 10. In some embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to receive inputs from one or more of the flow meters 46, 56, 66, 76, the temperature sensor 18, the low pressure sensor 16, the pressure sensor 14, the high pressure sensor 12, and the pressure sensors 44, 54, 64, 74. In some embodiments, the controller 30 includes a converter 20 configured to receive the input as an analog signal and to convert the analog signal to a digital signal.

The controller 30 may also include a driver 36. In some embodiments, the driver 36 is configured to actuate one or more of the solenoid valves at the injections 48, 58, 68, 78 and/or actuate the ignition device 38. In some embodiments, the controller 30 may also include a power distributor 32 to distribute power throughout the system, for example, to solenoid valves at the injection ports 48, 58, 68, 78 and to the ignition device 38.

In one or more embodiments, the system 100 includes a user interface 34. The user interface 34 may display any one or more of the measurements from the above-described sensors. In some embodiments, the user interface 34 may be configured to allow for customizing combustion conditions, such as flow, pressure, and temperature. The user interface 34 may allow for individual control of each parameter of the system 100 and/or may include preprogrammed functions.

In one or more embodiments, the combustion chamber 10 is maintained at about 100F or less prior to combustion, which helps to build pressure once the carbon-based nanomaterial is produced. After combustion, the temperature within the combustion chamber 10 may be around 120°f. In some embodiments, the pressure within the combustion chamber 10 is maintained at about 5psi to 20psi prior to combustion. In some embodiments, the pressure within the combustion chamber 10 prior to combustion is about half the pressure after combustion (e.g., to about 10psi to 40 psi) to facilitate efficient conversion of the carbon-based flue gas into carbon-based nanomaterial production.

In some embodiments, the system 100 may be automated to enable cost-effective in-situ or off-site carbon-based nanomaterial production methods. The automated system 100 determines in real-time the mixture for each internal combustion in the chamber that is used to produce the carbon-based nanomaterial. In other embodiments, the system 100 may be controlled manually through the use of the user interface 34.

In any embodiment, the system 100 may be configured to measure the composition of a carbon-based gas or liquid in real-time. For example, such measurements may be derived from measured temperature and pressure changes within the combustion chamber 10 during and after combustion. The ratio of carbon-based gas or liquid, hydrogen, and oxygen can be precisely adjusted to achieve a consistent carbon-based nanomaterial product, to alter the conversion of carbon from a carbon-based feedstock to a carbon-based nanomaterial to increase its yield, or both in the ideal case. After each combustion, the system 100 makes fine adjustments to one or more parameters as needed to improve the efficiency of carbon-based nanomaterial production. Multiple combustions may be required to achieve optimal combustion conditions for a given carbon-based gas or liquid. However, precise control of each of the input reactants allows the system 100 to operate with a wide variety of carbon sources (even with variable carbon sources).

Turning now to a particular application or use of carbon-based nanomaterials formed according to embodiments described herein, the carbon-based nanomaterials can be used in a variety of applications. For example, according to certain embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form concrete. According to particular embodiments, the concrete mixture may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, carbon-based nanomaterials may improve structural properties of concrete, such as reducing slump, increasing the time available for curing, or reducing water demand. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of concrete.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form a building material, such as a brick. According to certain embodiments, the building material may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. According to still other embodiments, the brick may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the conductivity of a building material or brick. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve structural properties of a building material or brick. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of a building material or brick.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form an oil. According to certain embodiments, the oil may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the antifriction properties of the oil. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the oil.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form filters. According to certain embodiments, the filter may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the performance of the filter.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used in radio frequency energy harvesting. Without being bound by any particular theory, carbon-based nanomaterials can improve long-range energy transfer.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form capacitors. According to certain embodiments, the capacitor may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the energy density of the capacitor. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the charge-discharge rate of a capacitor.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used in geothermal processes. Without being bound by any particular theory, carbon-based nanomaterials can improve the thermal characteristics of geothermal processes.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form coatings, coating durability, and coating adhesion. According to certain embodiments, the coating may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the corrosion resistance of the coating. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the coating. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the color characteristics of the coating. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the durability of the coating. According to other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve adhesion of the coating.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form a coolant. According to certain embodiments, the coolant may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the coolant. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve coolant flow due to reduced friction.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form metals. According to certain embodiments, the metal may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, carbon-based nanomaterials can improve the structural characteristics of metals. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of a metal. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the corrosion characteristics of metals. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve flexibility of the metal. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve durability of the metal.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form tire additives. According to certain embodiments, the tire additive may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the wear characteristics, color characteristics, thermal characteristics, or grip of the tire additive.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form various household or commercial counter tops. According to certain embodiments, a household or commercial counter top may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the strength of a household or commercial counter top. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve scratch and abrasion resistance of household or commercial counter tops. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal characteristics of a household or commercial counter top.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form digital displays. According to certain embodiments, a digital display may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form sunscreens. According to certain embodiments, the sunscreen may comprise carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal characteristics of the sunscreen cream.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form soaps or shampoos. According to certain embodiments, the soap or shampoo may comprise carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the cleanliness of the soap or shampoo.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form non-tacky or thermally conductive coatings for kitchen appliances. According to certain embodiments, the non-tacky or thermally conductive coating for a kitchen appliance may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of a non-stick or thermally conductive coating for kitchen appliances.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form sunglasses. According to certain embodiments, the sunglasses may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal characteristics of sunglasses. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve UV absorption of sunglasses.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form Wi-Fi antennas. According to certain embodiments, wi-Fi antennas may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve signal reception by Wi-Fi antennas.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form textiles. According to certain embodiments, the textile may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form glass. According to certain embodiments, the glass may comprise carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the glass. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve structural properties of the glass. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the color characteristics of glass.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form solar panels. According to certain embodiments, the solar panel may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the conductivity, light absorption, or strength of the solar panel. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve thermal properties of the solar panel.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form solar epoxy. According to certain embodiments, the epoxy may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the tensile strength and performance of the epoxy. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of an epoxy.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form solar windows. According to certain embodiments, a solar window may include a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form ceramic additives. According to certain embodiments, the ceramic additive may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the ceramic additive. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve structural properties of the ceramic additive. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the color characteristics of the ceramic additive.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form biomedical implants. According to certain embodiments, the biomedical implant may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used in the paper and pulp industry.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form reversible hydrogen storage materials.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form polishing compound additives.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used in the sports industry.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form weatherstrips.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form lightweight personnel armor as a lightweight and more resilient body armor.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form a carbon hexahedron (carbox), which may provide structural integrity to other materials.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form grease. According to certain embodiments, the grease may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the grease. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the lubrication of grease. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the color characteristics of the grease.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form the binder. According to certain embodiments, the binder may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein. Without being bound by any particular theory, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the surface area of the adhesive. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the adhesive.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form roofing materials, such as shingles, tar coatings, metal roofing materials. According to certain embodiments, the roofing material may include carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve structural properties of the roofing material. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve the thermal properties of the roofing material.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form soil. According to certain embodiments, the soil may comprise carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein. According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may improve soil stability (resistance to water action (anti-hydro faction)) and soil improvement (nutrients).

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form a fire extinguisher or a fire retardant, such as a fire blanket.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form batteries.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form fuel cell catalysts.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used to form or operate nuclear power plants.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used in alcohol distillation or water purification.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form a drug delivery system.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form cancer treatments.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form gene delivery.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used in diabetes monitoring.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form a biosensor.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form a light generator.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form transistors.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form a waterproof material.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form a wearable shield.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form a wearable electronic product.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form a touch screen.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form flexible screens.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form food packaging.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials may be used in desalination processes.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form gasoline or used in combination with gasoline. According to certain embodiments, the gasoline may comprise carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form or be used in combination with ethanol or ethanol-based fuels. According to certain embodiments, the ethanol or ethanol-based fuel may comprise carbon-based nanomaterials having any of the features described herein.

According to still other embodiments, carbon-based nanomaterials can be used to form or in combination with cancer targeting materials such as peptides or other known proteins. According to certain embodiments, the cancer-targeting material may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein.

According to still other embodiments, the carbon-based nanomaterial may be used to form or be used in combination with a medical drug delivery system, in particular a nanomedicine delivery system. According to certain embodiments, the drug delivery system may comprise a carbon-based nanomaterial having any of the features described herein.

Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described herein. Those skilled in the art will appreciate after reading this specification that those aspects and embodiments are merely illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments listed below.

Embodiment 1. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition formed from a gas mixture, wherein the gas mixture comprises: acetylene gas at a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.20 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein AG _mol is equal to the number of moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture; an oxygen gas at a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 0.85, wherein the OG _mol is equal to the number of moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture; and a hydrogen gas at a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.00 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein the HG _mol is equal to the number of moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is the percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is the percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 2. A method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition, wherein the method comprises: supplying a gas mixture comprising: acetylene gas at a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.20 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein AG _mol is equal to the number of moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture; an oxygen gas at a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 0.85, wherein the OG _mol is equal to the number of moles of oxygen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture; and a hydrogen gas at a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.00 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein said HG _mol is equal to the number of moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture; and igniting the gas mixture to form the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Example 3. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising: a carbon content of at least about 75% and not greater than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0.0% and not greater than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a D/G ratio of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 1.8; and wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Example 4. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising: a carbon content of at least about 75% and not greater than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and an oxygen content of at least about 0% and not greater than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of at least about 1 and not greater than about 100; wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 5. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon content of at least about 75% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 6. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon content of not greater than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 7. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of at least about 0% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 8. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of not greater than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 9. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 10. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of no greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

Embodiment 11. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of not greater than about 1.0.

Embodiment 12. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of at least about 0.3.

Embodiment 13. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of no greater than about 100.

Embodiment 14. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of at least about 1.

Embodiment 15. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition of any of embodiments 3 and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed from a gas mixture.

Embodiment 16. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises acetylene gas at a concentration of at least about 1.0 mol.

Embodiment 17. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises acetylene gas at a concentration of no greater than about 1.2 mol.

Embodiment 18. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises oxygen gas at a concentration of at least about 0.5 mol.

Embodiment 19. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises an oxygen-containing gas at a concentration of not greater than about 0.9 mol.

Embodiment 20. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises hydrogen gas at a concentration of at least about 1.2 mol.

Embodiment 21. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, and 15, wherein the gas mixture comprises hydrogen gas at a concentration of at least about 1.2mol and not greater than about 1.6 mol.

Embodiment 22. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed in a system for carbon-based nanomaterial synthesis, wherein the system comprises: a closed chamber comprising a hollow interior; a carbon-based gas source fluidly coupled with the chamber and configured to supply a carbon-based gas to the hollow interior; a hydrogen source, independent of the carbon-based gas source, fluidly coupled to the chamber and configured to supply hydrogen to the hollow interior; an oxygen source, independent of the carbon-based gas source, fluidly coupled to the chamber and configured to supply oxygen to the hollow interior; an igniter configured to ignite the carbon-based gas, the hydrogen gas, and the oxygen gas in the hollow interior; a first flow meter coupled to the carbon-based gas source, a second flow meter coupled to the hydrogen source, a third flow meter coupled to the oxygen source; and a controller in communication with the first, second, and third flow meters and configured to receive flow data from the first, second, and third flow meters; wherein the controller is configured to adjust the flow from one or more of the carbon-based gas source, the hydrogen source, and/or the oxygen source in response to the flow data.

Embodiment 23. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 22 wherein the carbon-based gas is a flue gas generated by an industrial reaction process.

Embodiment 24. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 23, wherein the industrial reaction process is a coal energy plant, a drilling operation, a combustion engine, or a waste landfill.

Embodiment 25. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 23, wherein the carbon-based gas source comprises a storage tank, an inlet line, and an outlet line; wherein the storage tank is coupled with the chamber via the outlet line; and wherein the flue gas is directed from the industrial reaction process to the storage tank through the inlet line.

Embodiment 26. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 23, wherein the chamber is co-located with the industrial reaction process.

Embodiment 27. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 22 further comprising an inert gas source fluidly coupled to the chamber and configured to supply an inert gas to the hollow interior.

Embodiment 28. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 22, wherein the carbon-based gas source is coupled to the chamber via a first one-way valve, the hydrogen source is coupled to the chamber via a second one-way valve, and the oxygen source is coupled to the chamber via a third one-way valve.

Embodiment 29. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 28, wherein the chamber further comprises an exhaust valve.

Embodiment 30. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of embodiment 22 further comprising a pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure within the hollow interior and a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature within the hollow interior; wherein the controller is in communication with the pressure sensor and is configured to receive pressure data from the pressure sensor; wherein the controller is in communication with the temperature sensor and is configured to receive temperature data from the temperature sensor; and wherein the controller is configured to adjust the flow from one or more of the carbon-based gas source, the hydrogen source, and the oxygen source in response to the flow data, the pressure data, the temperature data, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 31 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form concrete.

Embodiment 32. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a concrete mixture comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 33. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a building material, such as a brick.

Embodiment 34. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein a building material comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 35. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form an oil.

Embodiment 36. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the oil comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 37 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a filter.

Embodiment 38. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a filter comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 39. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in radio frequency energy harvesting.

Embodiment 40. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a capacitor.

Embodiment 41. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a capacitor comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 42. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a coating, a coating durability, and a coating adhesion.

Embodiment 43. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the coating comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 44. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a coolant.

Embodiment 45. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a coolant comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 46. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a metal.

Embodiment 47. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the metal comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 48. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a tire additive.

Embodiment 49 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a tire additive comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 50. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a household or commercial counter top.

Embodiment 51. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a household or commercial counter top comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 52 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a digital display.

Embodiment 53. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a digital display comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 54 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a sunscreen.

Embodiment 55. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a sunscreen comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 56. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a soap or shampoo.

Embodiment 57. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a soap or shampoo comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 58 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a non-tacky or thermally conductive coating for a kitchen appliance.

Embodiment 59. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the non-tacky or thermally conductive coating comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 60. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a sunglass.

Embodiment 61. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein a sunglass comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 62. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a Wi-Fi antenna.

Embodiment 63. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a Wi-Fi antenna comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 64 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a textile.

Embodiment 65. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the textile comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 66. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form glass.

Embodiment 67. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the glass comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 68. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a solar panel.

Embodiment 69 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein a solar panel comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 70. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a solar epoxy.

Embodiment 71. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein an epoxy resin comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 72. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a solar window.

Embodiment 73. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a solar window comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 74 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a ceramic additive.

Embodiment 75. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the ceramic additive comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 76 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a biomedical implant.

Embodiment 77 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a biomedical implant comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 78. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the paper and pulp industry.

Embodiment 79 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a reversible hydrogen storage material.

Embodiment 80. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the hydrogen storage material comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 81 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a polishing compound additive.

Embodiment 82. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the polishing compound comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 83 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in the sports industry.

Embodiment 84 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a weather strip.

Embodiment 85. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the weather strip comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 86. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form light weight personnel armor that is a light weight and more elastic body armor.

Embodiment 87 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a lightweight personnel armor or body armor comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 88 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a carbon hexahedron that can provide structural integrity to other materials.

Embodiment 89 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon hexahedron comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 90 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a grease.

Embodiment 91. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the grease comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 92. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a binder.

Embodiment 93 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein an additive comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 94 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a roofing material, such as a tile, tar coating, metal roofing material.

Embodiment 95. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein a roofing material comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 96. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form soil.

Embodiment 97 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein soil comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 98. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a fire extinguisher or flame retardant, such as a fire blanket.

Embodiment 99 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a fire extinguisher or flame retardant comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 100. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a battery.

Embodiment 101. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein a battery comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 102. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a fuel cell catalyst.

Embodiment 103. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a fuel cell catalyst comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 104. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form or operate a nuclear power plant.

Embodiment 105. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein a nuclear power plant comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 106. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in alcohol distillation or water purification.

Embodiment 107 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a drug delivery system.

Embodiment 108 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a drug delivery system comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 109. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a cancer treatment.

Embodiment 110. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the cancer treatment comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 111 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a gene delivery system.

Embodiment 112 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a gene delivery system comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 113 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in diabetes monitoring.

Embodiment 114. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a biosensor.

Embodiment 115. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a biosensor comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 116. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a light generator.

Embodiment 117 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a light generator comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 118 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a transistor.

Embodiment 119 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein a transistor comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 120 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a waterproof material.

Embodiment 121. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the waterproof material comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 122. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a wearable electronic component.

Embodiment 123 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a wearable electronic component comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 124 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a touch screen.

Embodiment 125 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the touch screen comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 126 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a flexible screen.

Embodiment 127. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the flexible screen comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 128 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form a food package.

Embodiment 129 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a food packaging material comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 130. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in a desalination process.

Embodiment 131 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form gasoline or is used in combination with gasoline.

Embodiment 132. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2,3, and 4, wherein the gasoline comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 133 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form or be used in combination with ethanol or an ethanol-based fuel.

Embodiment 134. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2,3, and 4, wherein ethanol or ethanol-based fuel comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 135 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form or be used in combination with a cancer targeting material such as a peptide or other protein.

Embodiment 136. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein a cancer targeting material such as a peptide or other known protein comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 137 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used to form or be used in combination with a medical drug delivery system, particularly a nanomedicine delivery system.

Embodiment 138 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, wherein a drug delivery system comprises the carbon-based nanomaterial.

Embodiment 139 the carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of embodiments 1,2, 3, and 4, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial is used in a geothermal process.

Examples

The concepts described herein will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention as described in the claims.

Example 1

A sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 is formed according to certain embodiments described herein. The sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed from a gas mixture that is placed into a carbon capture unit as described herein and ignited to form the carbon-based nanomaterial composition. The composition of the gas mixture used to form the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 is summarized in table 1 below.

TABLE 1 composition of gas mixture

The temperature and pressure conditions for igniting the gas mixture to form the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 are summarized in table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Forming conditions

Conditions (conditions)	Before combustion	After combustion
			Temperature (° F)	68.7	81.6
Pressure (psig)	70.7	92.5

The elemental composition of the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 is summarized in table 3 below.

TABLE 3 composition of gas mixture

Element(s)	Content (%)
		Carbon content	95.0
Oxygen content	5.0

Fig. 3a to 3b show Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1. Fig. 4a and 4b show Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images of the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1. Fig. 5 shows a graph of raman spectra for sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1. Fig. 6a and 6b show graphs giving functional group scan spectra for a sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1.

While not being bound by any particular theory, it is understood that the pores and voids as seen in SEM images suggest that the material of the sample carbon-based nanomaterial composition S1 has great potential for energy storage because of the space available for ion storage and transport. An ID/IG of less than 1 is associated with nanomaterials currently known in the research community. Multilayer structures of fluffy powder materials may also have good mechanical structure applications in coating reinforcement or concrete reinforcement. The D-peak of raman spectroscopy, as seen on TEM images, may supplement this mechanically enhanced argument. The high 2D peak (the rightmost peak in the raman plot) indicates significant order at the molecular level of the sample.

Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more other activities may be performed in addition to those described. Moreover, the order in which the activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, however, are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.

The illustrations and descriptions of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The description and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Individual embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, references to values stated in ranges include the individual values and each value within the range. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this specification. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived from the disclosure, such that structural, logical substitutions, or other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure should be considered as illustrative and not restrictive.

Claims

1. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition formed from a gas mixture, wherein the gas mixture comprises:

Acetylene gas at a molar ratio AG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.20 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein AG _mol is equal to the number of moles of acetylene gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture,

An oxygen gas at a molar ratio OG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 0.85, wherein said OG _mol is equal to the number of moles of oxygen gas in said gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in said gas mixture, and

A hydrogen gas at a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein said HG _mol is equal to the number of moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture, and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture,

Wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.0 and not greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

2. A method of forming a carbon-based nanomaterial composition, wherein the method comprises:

supplying a gas mixture comprising:

A hydrogen gas at a molar ratio HG _mol/GM_mol of at least about 0.00 and not greater than about 0.99, wherein the HOG _mol is equal to the number of moles of hydrogen gas in the gas mixture and GM _mol is equal to the total number of moles of gas in the gas mixture, an

Igniting the gas mixture to form the carbon-based nanomaterial composition,

3. A carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprising:

A carbon content of at least about 75% and not greater than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition, and

An oxygen content of at least about 0% and not greater than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition,

Wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a D/G ratio of at least about 0.1 and not greater than about 1.8; and

4. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1,2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon content of at least about 75% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

5. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1,2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon content of not greater than about 100% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

6. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1, 2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of at least about 0.5% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

7. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1, 2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an oxygen content of not greater than about 25% based on elemental analysis of the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

8. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1, 2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of at least about 0.1, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

9. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1,2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial has a carbon hybridization ratio P _sp3/P_sp2 of no greater than about 5.0, wherein P _sp3 is a percentage of carbon having sp3 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition and P _sp2 is a percentage of carbon having sp2 hybridization within the carbon-based nanomaterial composition.

10. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1, 2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of no greater than about 1.0.

11. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1, 2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of at least about 0.3.

12. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1, 2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of no greater than about 100.

13. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition or method of any of claims 1,2, and 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition comprises an aspect ratio of at least about 1.

14. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition of claim 3, wherein the carbon-based nanomaterial composition is formed from a gas mixture.

15. The carbon-based nanomaterial composition of claim 14, wherein the gas mixture comprises acetylene gas, oxygen gas, and hydrogen gas.