CN117737718A - Method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of titanium alloy surface - Google Patents
Method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of titanium alloy surface Download PDFInfo
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- CN117737718A CN117737718A CN202311614808.4A CN202311614808A CN117737718A CN 117737718 A CN117737718 A CN 117737718A CN 202311614808 A CN202311614808 A CN 202311614808A CN 117737718 A CN117737718 A CN 117737718A
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- Chemically Coating (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface. Hydroxylation treatment is carried out on the surface of the titanium alloy; grafting a silane coupling agent and dopamine on the surface of the titanium alloy subjected to hydroxylation treatment; and forming a CS/MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy. Compared with the prior art, the invention obtains the grafting CS/MXene on the surface of the titanium alloy by a self-assembly method, thereby improving the biological friction performance of the titanium alloy and the corrosion resistance of the surface of the titanium alloy. The CS/MXene coating obtained by construction can effectively reduce the abrasion rate of the titanium alloy in simulated body fluid during abrasion, reduce the friction coefficient of a friction system and improve the body fluid corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of material surface coatings, and particularly relates to a method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface.
Background
Titanium alloy materials have been widely used in the field of hard tissue implantation of orthopaedics internal fixation systems, artificial joint replacement and the like due to their light weight, excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility. Poor tribological properties of titanium alloys as bone implants have a significant impact on their implant failure. However, the surface of the titanium alloy has poor wear resistance, the titanium alloy is implanted into a human body and is exposed to a body fluid corrosion environment, and the fluid caused by the body fluid weakens the passivation capability of the titanium alloy, so that toxic ions such as Al, V and the like are dissolved. In addition, toxic ions can disrupt bioactive behavior between the implant and tissue. When the joint movement occurs, abrasion occurs when the titanium alloy implant rubs with other materials. Therefore, the wear resistance and the body fluid corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface are improved, and the service life of the titanium alloy implant can be effectively prolonged.
Studies are underway to enhance its surface biological functions (wetting, tribological properties, resistance to body fluid erosion, bone integration, tissue and cell culture growth, etc.) using surface modification techniques. The surface with micro/nano texture or ordered roughness can improve the body fluid corrosion resistance and tribological performance of the surface, and the nano metal coating is becoming popular as artificial hip joint implant, and compared with other biological materials, the nano metal implant has inherited physical and mechanical properties, good thermal stability, chemical inactivity and biocompatibility. In recent years, the acceptability of nano-metal implants has also increased. Grafting a metal coating onto a metal surface has been found to be challenging.
In recent years, materials having bio-friction and corrosion resistance have become a hot spot of research in the field of biomedical materials.
For example: the Chinese patent application with publication number of CN 107841778A discloses a surface modification method of medical metal materials, and the Chinese patent document only verifies that Graphene Oxide (GO) has strong corrosion resistance, and meanwhile, GO has great potential in the application field of biomedical materials. However, it should be noted that the patent document does not disclose the study of the abrasion resistance, and the bonding strength between the coating and the substrate also affects the tribological properties of the titanium alloy and the cortical bone surface and the corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface.
For example: chinese patent application publication No. CN 114246978A discloses a method for improving bio-friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface, comprising the steps of: (1) hydroxylating the surface of the titanium alloy; (2) Grafting a silane coupling agent and dopamine on the surface of the titanium alloy subjected to hydroxylation treatment; (3) Finally Fe is added 3 O 4 The HA coating is grafted onto the titanium alloy. The patent application mentions that the material has good biocompatibility and good application prospect in medical materials. However, wear resistance and corrosion resistance are not verified, nor are further applications on medical materials.
Based on the above materials, it can be seen that an effective method for simultaneously and excellently improving the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface is lacking in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the current state of the art lacking a method for simultaneously and excellently improving the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface, the invention provides a method for improving the biological friction and corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface.
According to the invention, the chitosan-MXene hydrogel coating is constructed on the surface of the titanium alloy by a self-assembly method, so that the biological tribological performance of the titanium alloy is improved, and the corrosion resistance of the surface of the titanium alloy is improved.
The aim of the invention can be achieved by the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Hydroxylation treatment is carried out on the surface of the titanium alloy;
(2) Grafting a silane coupling agent and dopamine on the surface of the titanium alloy subjected to hydroxylation treatment;
(3) And (3) forming a chitosan-MXene-based hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy treated in the step (2), thus finishing the preparation.
In one embodiment of the invention, in step (1), the titanium alloy is also pre-mechanically polished and rinsed with acetone prior to the hydroxylation treatment.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in step (1), the hydroxylation treatment process specifically comprises: and (5) soaking the titanium alloy in potassium hydroxide solution to obtain the titanium alloy. Further, the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 2 to 6mol/L (for example, 5mol/L may be selected); the soaking treatment is carried out at 20-80 ℃ for 12-16 hours (for example, 12 hours can be selected).
In one embodiment of the invention, in the step (2), the method for grafting the silane coupling agent and the dopamine on the surface of the titanium alloy after the hydroxylation treatment specifically comprises the following steps:
the titanium alloy after hydroxylation treatment is placed in a silane coupling agent solution for self-assembly, and then is soaked in a dopamine solution after being cleaned and dried, thus the titanium alloy is finished.
Further, the mass concentration of the solution of the silane coupling agent (particularly KH550, KH560, KH570, KH792 and the like) is 30g/L, and the self-assembly time is 8h; and pH was adjusted to 8.5 with hydrochloric acid.
The mass concentration of the dopamine solution is 30g/L, the soaking time is 12-24h, and the PH is regulated to 8.5 by using tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane. Wherein dopamine can be dopamine hydrochloride, etc.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in the step (3), the method for forming the chitosan-MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy comprises the following steps: and (3) placing the titanium alloy in a chitosan-MXene aqueous solution, and irradiating with a xenon lamp (for example, the time can be 15min, 20min and the like) to finish the construction of the chitosan-MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in the step (3), the preparation method of the aqueous solution of chitosan-MXene (CS-MXene) comprises: MXene was dissolved in water, then chitosan, acetic acid, acrylic acid, 2.4.6-Trimethylbenzoyl Phosphorus Oxide (TPO), N-methylenebisacrylamide were added in sequence, and after being stirred uniformly with a magnetic stirrer, deaerated in an ultrasonic chamber for 10min.
In one embodiment of the invention, the concentration of MXene in the aqueous solution of CS-MXene is 0.01-0.05g/10g deionized water.
In one embodiment of the invention, the titanium alloy is a Ti6Al4V alloy.
The technical scheme of the application adopts a chemical self-assembly method to prepare a CS-MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy, and the application also systematically measures the tribological property of the surface of the titanium alloy under SBF (simulated body fluid) lubrication and the corrosion resistance in SBF solution. The research surface CS-MXene hydrogel coating has a more positive effect in reducing the coefficient of friction and wear rate, probably due to the conversion of sliding friction to rolling friction.
Based on the dynamic interaction mechanism of the hydrogel and the principle of matching mechanical properties of the interface between the titanium alloy and the silicon carbide pellets, an intelligent self-repairing viscoelastic coating is constructed on the surface of the titanium alloy by utilizing the polymer/inorganic hybrid hydrogel through a chemical assembly technology method, and the dynamic interaction of the hydrogel is activated by utilizing the irradiation of a xenon lamp, so that the self-repairing of the damaged coating is realized.
Specifically, the invention firstly carries out activation treatment on the surface of the titanium alloy, and enhances the adhesive force of the surface hydrogel coating through chemical assembly of the adhesive. Secondly, chitosan is used as a core monomer of the hydrogel, the functional photo-thermal nano hybrid is designed and synthesized to be used as a synergistic monomer, and other synergistic monomers are optimized to perform in-situ crosslinking, so that the intelligent hydrogel coating is formed on the surface of the titanium alloy through a method. The dynamic interaction of the hydrogel is activated through the photo-thermal effect, so that the self-repairing function after the coating is damaged is realized.
In addition, the invention further researches the influence rule of the photo-thermal effect of the nano hybrid on the hydrogel crosslinking degree, the mechanical property and the self-repairing capability. By establishing a friction system of titanium alloy and silicon carbide pellets, the influence mechanism of the silicon carbide pellets on the lubricity and wear resistance of the hydrogel coating is studied. The interaction relationship between the interfacial tribological behavior and the thickness of the lubricating film, the self-repairing capability of the coating, the wettability and the mechanical strength formed in the friction process is explored.
The invention constructs CS-MXene on the surface of the titanium alloy by self-assembly means, thereby improving the biological friction performance of the titanium alloy, improving the corrosion resistance of the surface of the titanium alloy, and having simple integral process and outstanding effect.
In the technical scheme of the invention, CS-MXene is grafted on the surface of the titanium alloy by a self-assembly method, so that the biological friction performance of the titanium alloy is improved, and the corrosion resistance of the surface of the titanium alloy is improved.
The CS-MXene coating obtained by construction can effectively reduce the abrasion rate of the titanium alloy in simulated body fluid during abrasion, reduce the friction coefficient of a friction system and improve the body fluid corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface.
In order to enhance the interfacial binding force between the CS-MXene coating and the titanium alloy surface, the titanium alloy surface is subjected to adhesion layer grafting treatment, and the CS-MXene coating is constructed on the medical titanium alloy surface by a self-assembly method, so that the CS-MXene coating is an innovative surface treatment process for improving the titanium alloy, and cannot be realized by a person skilled in the art before.
In addition, the body fluid corrosion resistance of the surface of the titanium alloy material can be obviously improved through the construction of the coating.
Finally, the surface construction method has good theoretical research value and industrial application prospect, and provides a brand new thought for effectively improving the biological tribological property of the titanium alloy and the corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy surface, so that the application prospect of the construction method in the field of orthopedics medicine is further widened.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention innovatively constructs the CS-MXene coating on the surface of the titanium alloy by a self-assembly method. The construction method is simple and feasible, and is environment-friendly and nontoxic.
2. Compared with the prior art, after the CS-MXene coating is successfully prepared on the surface of the titanium alloy by the construction method, the wear resistance of the surface of the titanium alloy is obviously improved, and the microhardness is obviously increased.
3. Compared with the prior art, after the CS-MXene coating is successfully prepared on the surface of the titanium alloy by the construction method, the surface has more excellent body fluid corrosion resistance.
4. Compared with the prior art, after the CS/MXene coating is successfully prepared on the surface of the titanium alloy by the construction method, the biological tribological performance of the surface of the titanium alloy is obviously improved. The friction coefficient of the titanium alloy is obviously reduced, and the wear rate of the surface of the titanium alloy is obviously reduced.
5. Compared with the prior art, the CS-MXene coating on the surface of the titanium alloy constructed by the construction method disclosed by the invention has firm bonding force with the surface of the titanium alloy substrate, and the corrosion resistance is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the friction performance of the CS-MXene coating on the alloy surface of example 2, a graph of the friction coefficient of SBF lubrication (a), a graph of the average friction coefficient (b), a graph of the Bode resistance (c), and a graph of Tafel (d);
FIG. 2 is a representation of the CS/MXene coating in example 2, wherein (a) shows FITR (infrared spectrum), and (b) shows XRD pattern;
FIG. 3 is a graph of contact angle measurements of CS/MXene coatings on alloy surfaces in example 2.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings and specific examples. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical scheme of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
In the examples below, KH550 was used as the silane coupling agent, dopamine was dopamine hydrochloride, and the remainder, unless specifically indicated, was a conventional commercially available raw material product or conventional treatment technique in the art.
Example 1
The embodiment selects titanium alloy to provide CS-MXene coating composite coating on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy and a preparation method thereof, which are used for improving the corrosion resistance and biological tribological characteristics of the surface. The preparation method comprises the following steps:
polishing the titanium alloy until the surface roughness is 0.5 mu m, respectively cleaning the titanium alloy for three times by acetone and deionized water, drying by nitrogen, and then soaking the titanium alloy in a KOH solution with the concentration of 5mol/L for 12-24 hours; then the mixture is put into 30g/L of silane coupling agent solution to react for 2 hours, and the silane film is assembled.
And (3) washing the obtained sample, putting the washed sample into 2g/L dopamine solution for reaction for 12-24 hours, and assembling the polydopamine adhesive layer on the surface. And then taking out and cleaning for later use.
Hydrogels prepared by dissolving 0.01g, 0.03g, and 0.05g of MXene in 10g of water, respectively, were designated as hydrogels. Then, 0.24g of chitosan, 0.2g of acetic acid, 6g of acrylic acid, 0.01g of 2.4.6-Trimethylbenzoyl Phosphorus (TPO) and 0.01g of N' N methylene bisacrylamide were sequentially added into the aqueous solution in which MXene was dissolved, and after being uniformly stirred by a magnetic stirrer, the aqueous solution was degassed in an ultrasonic chamber for 10 minutes to obtain an aqueous solution of CS-MXene. 5mL of the treated solution is poured into a surface dish (the diameter of the surface dish is 20 cm) filled with Ti6Al4V alloy, and the xenon lamp is irradiated for 15-30min to form a CS-MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy.
The biological tribological properties of the titanium alloy in SBF solution were tested by a reciprocating friction tester. Test results show that the sample surface of the CS-MXene coating exhibits a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate.
The chemical composition of the CS-MXene coating samples was characterized by FTIR infrared spectroscopy and XRD.
The contact angle of the sample was tested. And it was found that the CS-MXene coating applied to the titanium alloy surface showed improved wetting properties compared to the blank titanium alloy.
Example 2
The medical titanium alloy plate used in the embodiment is a Ti6Al4V alloy which is a raw material of medical equipment company, and the CS-MXene coating used is prepared in a laboratory. The preparation method comprises the following steps:
polishing the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy to have the roughness of 0.1 mu m, washing the surface with deionized water for a plurality of times, and then soaking the surface in a KOH solution with the concentration of 5mol/L for 6 hours; the silane adhesive layer was then assembled by placing it into a 1wt% aqueous solution of a silane coupling agent for 6 hours. After the surface is dried by nitrogen, the surface is put into a 30g/L dopamine solution to assemble a polydopamine transition layer for 6 hours. Taking out and cleaning, and drying with nitrogen, wherein the obtained sample is ready for use.
0g, 0.01g, 0.03g, 0.05g of MXene were dissolved in 10g of water, respectively. These hydrogels were named CS, CS-MXene-0.1%, CS-MXene-0.3% and CS-MXene-0.5% respectively, depending on the amount added. Then, 0.24g of chitosan, 0.2g of acetic acid, 6g of acrylic acid, 0.01g of 2.4.6-Trimethylbenzoyl Phosphorus (TPO) and 0.01g of N, N-methylenebisacrylamide were sequentially added into the aqueous solution in which MXene was dissolved, and after being uniformly stirred by a magnetic stirrer, the aqueous solution was degassed in an ultrasonic chamber for 10 minutes to obtain an aqueous solution of CS-MXene. And placing the treated titanium alloy into CS-MXene aqueous solution, and irradiating for about 15-30min by a xenon lamp to form a CS-MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy.
The biological tribological properties of the titanium alloy in dry friction and SBF solutions were tested by a reciprocating friction tester. The test results show that the sample surface of CS-MXene exhibits a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate.
The chemical composition of the CS-MXene coating samples was characterized by FTIR infrared spectroscopy and XRD.
The contact angle of the sample was tested. And it was found that the CS/MXene coating applied to the titanium alloy surface showed improved wetting properties compared to the blank titanium alloy.
In the lower graph, FIG. 1a is a graph of average friction coefficient, FIG. 1b is a graph of wear rate of hydrogel coating, and FIG. 1c is a Bode graph; FIG. 1d is a Tafel plot; FIG. 2a is an infrared view, and FIG. 2b is an infrared view of MXene; fig. 3 is a graph of contact angle of the sample, and table 1 shows electrochemical parameters of the sample in SBF solution.
With reference to fig. 1-3, it can be clearly seen from fig. 1 (a) that the friction Coefficient (COF) of the CS-MXene-0.3% hydrogel coating is the smallest, which indicates that the CS-MXene-0.3% hydrogel coating has a good protective effect on Ti6Al4V, and the CS-MXene-0.3% hydrogel coating has a good wear resistance in wet friction, and improves the wear resistance of the titanium alloy. FIG. 1 (b) is a schematic representation of a CS-MXene-0.3% hydrogel coating with minimal abrasion loss, demonstrating good abrasion resistance in simulated body fluids, and FIG. 1 (c) is a Bode plot, showing that these titanium alloy samples have resistance values of Ti6Al4V (0.89X 10, respectively 4 Ω·cm 2 )、CS(1.8×10 5 Ω·cm 2 )、CS-MXene-0.1％(1.4×10 5 Ω·cm 2 )、CS-MXene-0.3％(2.70×10 5 Ω·cm 2 ) And CS-MXene-0.5% (2.30X10) 5 Ω·cm 2 ). The CS-MXene-0.3% has the highest impedance value and the most excellent corrosion resistance. The Tafel curve (FIG. 1 d) shows a similar trend. The corrosion potential and corrosion current density of the Ti6Al4V alloy samples were fitted and the results are shown in table 1. I of the display Corr The sequence was CS-MXene-0.5% (35.85 nA/cm) -2 )<CS-MXene-0.3％345(89.66nA/cm -2 )<CS-MXene-0.1％(115.3nA/cm -2 )<CS(148.0nA/cm -2 )<Ti6Al4V(2960nA/cm -2 ). The results indicate that the hydrogel coating reduced 347 corrosion current density, with CS-MXene-0.5% based hydrogel coating being most effective. CS-MXene-0.5% I Corr The lowest value is 35.85nA/cm -2 。
FIG. 1 (d) is a Tafel plot, and the corrosion inhibition rate can be calculated according to the following formula, and the calculation results are shown in Table 1 below.
It can be clearly seen that the CS-MXene-0.5% corrosion inhibition rate reaches 99.20%, indicating that the Ti-CS-MXene hydrogel coating improves the corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V, mainly because the MXene sheet material acts as a corrosion inhibition barrier, has higher corrosion inhibition performance, and forms an effective physical separation between the covered substrate and the simulated corrosive medium in the SBF simulated body fluid.
TABLE 1 electrochemical parameters of Ti6Al4V, CS-MXene-0.1%, CS-MXene-0.3%, CS-MXene-0.5% hydrogel coating
The effect of the hydrogel coating on the wettability of the Ti6Al4V alloy surface was investigated, as shown in fig. 3. Compared with the CA value of the blank titanium alloy (83.47 degrees), the CA value of the surface of the hydrogel coated Ti6Al4V alloy is slightly reduced, and the hydrogel coated Ti6Al4V alloy is proved to enhance the wettability of the Ti6Al4V alloy. This is due to the hydrophilicity of the hydroxyl and amino groups in CS and the carboxyl groups in acrylic acid. The CA value of the CS-MXene samples decreased slightly with increasing amount of MXene compared to the hydrogel coated samples. CS-MXene-0.5% hydrogel has a CA value of 67.83. The main reason is the aggregation of MXene. The two-dimensional material MXene contains a large amount of hydrophilic groups of-F, -OH, -O and-Cl, and part of-OH in the MXene does not participate in crosslinking and exposure, so that the result shows that the Contact Angle (CA) value of the Ti6Al4V alloy surface of the CS-MXene-0.5% hydrogel coating is reduced
Example 3:
the embodiment provides a surface construction method for improving tribological performance of a metal material and a metal material friction system and improving body fluid corrosion resistance. The specific procedure is substantially the same as in example 1, except that: in this example, 0.24g of chitosan, 0.2g of acetic acid, 6g of acrylic acid, and 0.01g of 2.4.6-Trimethylbenzoyl Phosphorus Oxide (TPO) were added sequentially to 10ml of sample bottles. After stirring uniformly with a magnetic stirrer, degassing was carried out in an ultrasonic chamber for 10min, and irradiation with a xenon lamp was carried out for about 20min.
Example 4:
most of the same as in example 1, except that MXene was added in a proportion of 0.1%.
Example 5:
most of them are the same as in example 1 except that MXene was added in a proportion of 0.3%.
Example 6:
most of them are the same as in example 1 except that MXene was added in a proportion of 0.5%.
The previous description of the embodiments is provided to facilitate a person of ordinary skill in the art in order to make and use the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be readily made to these embodiments and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and those skilled in the art, based on the present disclosure, should make improvements and modifications without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface, comprising the steps of:
(1) Hydroxylation treatment is carried out on the surface of the titanium alloy;
(2) Grafting a silane coupling agent and dopamine on the surface of the titanium alloy subjected to hydroxylation treatment;
(3) And (3) forming a CS/MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy treated in the step (2), thus finishing.
2. The method for improving the bio-friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the titanium alloy is further mechanically polished in advance and washed with acetone before being subjected to the hydroxylation treatment.
3. The method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the hydroxylation treatment process comprises the following steps: and (5) soaking the titanium alloy in potassium hydroxide solution to obtain the titanium alloy.
4. A method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 3, wherein the concentration of potassium hydroxide solution is 2 to 6mol/L; the soaking treatment temperature is 20-80 ℃ and the soaking treatment time is 12-16 h.
5. The method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the hydroxylated titanium alloy surface is grafted with a silane coupling agent and dopamine, specifically comprising the following steps:
the titanium alloy after hydroxylation treatment is placed in a silane coupling agent solution for self-assembly, and then is soaked in a dopamine solution after being cleaned and dried, thus the titanium alloy is finished.
6. The method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein the mass concentration of the dopamine solution is 30g/L, and the soaking time is 12-24 h.
7. The method for improving bio-friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the method for forming the CS-MXene hydrogel coating on the titanium alloy surface comprises the following steps: and (3) placing the titanium alloy in CS-MXene aqueous solution, and irradiating with a xenon lamp to complete grafting of the CS-MXene hydrogel coating on the surface of the titanium alloy.
8. The method for improving biological friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the preparation method of the CS-MXene aqueous solution is as follows: MXene is dissolved in water, then chitosan, acetic acid, acrylic acid and 2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl phosphorus diphenyloxide are added in sequence, and after being uniformly stirred by a magnetic stirrer, the mixture is subjected to hole removal in an ultrasonic room.
9. The method of improving the bio-friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of MXene in the aqueous solution of CS-MXene is 0.01-0.05g/10g water.
10. The method of improving the bio-friction and corrosion resistance of a titanium alloy surface according to claim 1, wherein said alloy is a Ti6Al4V alloy.
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