CN117665619A - EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method and system - Google Patents
EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method and system Download PDFInfo
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- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000001453 impedance spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000000157 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 29
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 10
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 208000032953 Device battery issue Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010351 charge transfer process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
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Abstract
The invention provides an EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method and system, which are characterized in that characteristic parameters of a lithium ion battery during operation are firstly obtained, the battery is tested according to preset test frequencies and by adopting electrochemical impedance spectrums under different temperatures and different charge states to obtain an electrochemical impedance spectrum data set, an equivalent circuit model is built according to an internal circuit of the lithium ion battery to further construct a real part impedance expression of the battery, then resistance values of various constant phase angle elements under different temperatures are identified according to the real part impedance expression and the electrochemical impedance spectrum data by adopting an optimization algorithm, a polynomial fitting method is adopted to fit the resistance values to obtain a relation between the resistance and the temperature, finally the temperature, the real part impedance and the phase angle of the battery are respectively compared with preset thresholds, and different grades of early warning is respectively carried out on the battery according to the total count of a fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery BMS.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electric automobile power batteries, in particular to an EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method and system.
Background
Thanks to the great progress of lithium ion battery technology, and under the implementation of traffic electrification strategy, lithium ion batteries are widely used in the fields of electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The performance of a power battery as a core component of an electric vehicle directly determines the development and popularity of the electric vehicle. Key properties of a vehicle power battery include specific energy, specific power, cycle life, etc. Electric vehicles have extremely high demands on these critical properties, such as: the battery is required to be able to continuously and stably power the vehicle; the energy storage device can store higher energy and meet a certain driving range; the high-current discharge can be continuously carried out, so that the high-power requirement of the vehicle is met; can bear larger current charging, ensure shorter charging time, and the like.
However, the poor thermal safety of lithium ion batteries has buried a great potential safety hazard for efficient operation of electric vehicles. As an electrochemical energy storage medium, the lithium ion battery realizes the charge and discharge of the battery through the oxidation-reduction reaction on the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a large amount of heat can be generated under the high-power condition, the temperature of the battery can be quickly increased by accumulation of the heat, the electrochemical reaction inside the battery can be accelerated by the higher temperature, and further, the battery is excessively high in temperature or excessively large in temperature difference, and even safety accidents such as thermal runaway and fire disaster are triggered. Moreover, lithium ion batteries are very sensitive to operating temperatures. The high temperature accelerates the side reaction of the battery, which leads to accelerated aging of the battery, rapid decay of various performances and easy triggering of thermal runaway; the low temperature can greatly reduce the reactivity of the battery, increase the ion conduction resistance, cause serious power and capacity attenuation of the battery, easily generate lithium precipitation, and cause internal short circuit of the battery when serious, thereby causing out of control of heat.
The traditional battery thermal runaway early warning strategy is focused on early warning features which are used as abnormal states of the battery and are shown from the outside of the temperature and the voltage of the battery, certain hysteresis is not generated in time from the microscopic mechanism inside the battery, the battery thermal runaway early warning strategy is obtained by carrying out large-scale operation according to state detection, the cost is high, and in addition, the attention to microscopic feature change inside the battery is lacked, and the tracing of thermal runaway is difficult to realize after ignition only by processing detected data.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems that time delay and high cost exist in the traditional battery thermal runaway early warning process, and tracing of thermal runaway is difficult to achieve due to lack of attention to micro-feature change in the battery, and the like, the invention provides an EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, which tests the battery at different temperatures and different states of charge by adopting an electrochemical impedance spectrum, and realizes accurate early warning and control of thermal runaway by adopting a specific calculation method and a specific judgment method, and the internal structure of the battery is not required to be damaged, so that the danger and equipment cost of users under extreme conditions are effectively reduced. The invention also relates to a BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system based on EIS.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
parameter acquisition and EIS testing: acquiring characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation, testing the battery according to preset test frequencies and by adopting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under different temperatures and different charge states to obtain a plurality of groups of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data and form an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data set;
the real part impedance expression construction step: constructing an equivalent circuit model according to an internal circuit of the lithium ion battery, acquiring model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, and constructing a real part impedance expression of the battery based on ohmic impedance in the model parameters and impedance of a plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model;
the construction of the relation: based on a real part impedance expression and an electrochemical impedance spectrum data set, identifying the resistance of the ohmic impedance and each constant phase angle element by adopting an optimization algorithm, identifying the resistance values of the ohmic impedance and each constant phase angle element at different temperatures, and fitting the resistance values by adopting a polynomial fitting method to obtain a relation between the resistance and the temperature;
a thermal runaway control step: comparing the temperature in the characteristic parameters with a preset first temperature threshold value and a preset second temperature threshold value respectively, and if the temperature is larger than the first temperature threshold value, executing high-voltage power-down and fire extinguishing treatment by the BMS; if the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold and less than or equal to the first temperature threshold, the battery temperature is in an abnormal state, and the fault counter performs a counting function; then calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle according to real part impedance and imaginary part impedance in the electrochemical impedance spectrum data, judging whether the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed a preset safe working threshold range, if the real part impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed the safe working threshold range, then the inside of the battery breaks down, a fault counter executes a counting function, then an ohmic resistance range, an SEI resistance range and a charge transfer resistance range are set according to the relation between the resistance and the temperature, and judging whether the ohmic impedance, the solid electrolyte interface resistance and the proton transfer resistance in the equivalent circuit model exceed the corresponding set resistance ranges respectively, and if the ohmic impedance exceeds the ohmic resistance range, the fault is the fault or the material deformation of the joint of the battery; if the interface resistance of the solid electrolyte exceeds the SEI resistance value range, the fault is a battery electrode fault; if the proton transfer resistance exceeds the charge transfer resistance range, the fault is electrolyte deterioration; if the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle do not exceed the safe working threshold range, judging whether the voltage in the characteristic parameter exceeds the preset safe voltage threshold range, if the voltage exceeds the safe voltage threshold range, the battery is in an abnormal state safely, executing a counting function by a fault counter, and respectively carrying out different grades of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery BMS.
Preferably, in the thermal runaway control step, the performing different-level early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter includes:
when the total count is zero, the battery works normally without potential safety hazard; when the total count is one, the battery has primary potential safety hazard, and a primary early warning of thermal runaway is sent out; when the total count is two, the battery has secondary potential safety hazard, sends out a thermal runaway secondary early warning, and requests the BMS to execute high-voltage down-voltage processing; when the total count is three, the battery has three-level potential safety hazards, three-level early warning of thermal runaway is sent out, and the BMS immediately executes high-voltage power-down processing.
Preferably, in the real impedance expression constructing step, the model parameters include diffusion impedance and ohmic impedance; the impedance of the plurality of constant phase angle elements includes a solid electrolyte interface impedance including a generalized capacitance and a solid electrolyte interface resistance and a proton transport impedance including a generalized capacitance and a proton transport resistance.
Preferably, in the parameter obtaining and EIS testing steps, the characteristic parameters include a voltage and a temperature of the battery.
Preferably, in the relational expression construction step, the optimization algorithm includes a particle swarm optimization algorithm and a genetic algorithm.
An EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system is characterized by comprising a parameter acquisition and EIS test module, a real part impedance expression construction module, a relational construction module and a thermal runaway control module which are connected in sequence,
the parameter acquisition and EIS testing module acquires characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation, tests the battery according to preset testing frequency and by adopting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under different temperatures and different charge states, and acquires a plurality of groups of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data to form an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data set;
the real part impedance expression construction module constructs an equivalent circuit model according to the internal circuit of the lithium ion battery, acquires model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, and constructs a real part impedance expression of the battery based on ohmic impedance in the model parameters and impedance of a plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model;
the relational construction module is used for identifying the ohmic impedance and the resistance of each constant phase angle element by adopting an optimization algorithm based on a real part impedance expression and an electrochemical impedance spectrum dataset, identifying the ohmic impedance and the resistance value of each constant phase angle element at different temperatures, and adopting a polynomial fitting method to fit the resistance values to obtain a relational expression of the resistance and the temperature;
the thermal runaway control module is used for comparing the temperature in the characteristic parameters with a preset first temperature threshold value and a preset second temperature threshold value respectively, and if the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold value, the BMS executes high-voltage power-down and fire extinguishing treatment; if the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold and less than or equal to the first temperature threshold, the battery temperature is in an abnormal state, and the fault counter performs a counting function; then calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle according to real part impedance and imaginary part impedance in the electrochemical impedance spectrum data, judging whether the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed a preset safe working threshold range, if the real part impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed the safe working threshold range, then the inside of the battery breaks down, a fault counter executes a counting function, then an ohmic resistance range, an SEI resistance range and a charge transfer resistance range are set according to the relation between the resistance and the temperature, and judging whether the ohmic impedance, the solid electrolyte interface resistance and the proton transfer resistance in the equivalent circuit model exceed the corresponding set resistance ranges respectively, and if the ohmic impedance exceeds the ohmic resistance range, the fault is the fault or the material deformation of the joint of the battery; if the interface resistance of the solid electrolyte exceeds the SEI resistance value range, the fault is a battery electrode fault; if the proton transfer resistance exceeds the charge transfer resistance range, the fault is electrolyte deterioration; if the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle do not exceed the safe working threshold range, judging whether the voltage in the characteristic parameter exceeds the preset safe voltage threshold range, if the voltage exceeds the safe voltage threshold range, the battery is in an abnormal state safely, executing a counting function by a fault counter, and respectively carrying out different grades of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery BMS.
Preferably, in the thermal runaway control module, the performing the early warning of different grades on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter includes:
when the total count is zero, the battery works normally without potential safety hazard; when the total count is one, the battery has primary potential safety hazard, and a primary early warning of thermal runaway is sent out; when the total count is two, the battery has secondary potential safety hazard, sends out a thermal runaway secondary early warning, and requests the BMS to execute high-voltage down-voltage processing; when the total count is three, the battery has three-level potential safety hazards, three-level early warning of thermal runaway is sent out, and the BMS immediately executes high-voltage power-down processing.
Preferably, the model parameters include diffusion impedance and ohmic impedance; the impedance of the plurality of constant phase angle elements includes a solid electrolyte interface impedance including a generalized capacitance and a solid electrolyte interface resistance and a proton transport impedance including a generalized capacitance and a proton transport resistance.
Preferably, the characteristic parameters include voltage and temperature of the battery.
Preferably, the optimization algorithm includes a particle swarm optimization algorithm and a genetic algorithm.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
according to the EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, based on characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation, the battery is tested according to preset test frequencies and by adopting an electrochemical impedance spectrum EIS under different temperatures and different charge states, so that a plurality of groups of electrochemical impedance spectrum data are obtained and form an electrochemical impedance spectrum data set, and compared with the traditional thermal runaway strategy, the EIS-based strategy design can effectively reduce cost; then constructing an equivalent circuit model according to an internal circuit of the lithium ion battery and obtaining model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, constructing a real part impedance expression of the battery based on ohmic impedance in the model parameters and impedance of a plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model, identifying ohmic impedance in the equivalent circuit model and resistance of each constant phase angle element by adopting an optimization algorithm according to the real part impedance expression and an electrochemical impedance spectrum data set, identifying ohmic impedance and resistance values of each constant phase angle element at different temperatures, eliminating damage to internal structures of the battery, reducing research and development cost, shortening development period of an early warning strategy, effectively improving safety monitoring effect in the battery operation process, sending real-time early warning to a user, fitting the resistance values by adopting a polynomial fitting method to obtain a relation between the resistance and the temperature, finally calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle according to the real part impedance and the imaginary part impedance in electrochemical impedance spectrum data, respectively comparing the temperature, the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle of the lithium ion battery with preset thresholds, and respectively carrying out early warning on the battery at different grades according to total counts of a fault counter to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery. According to the invention, full-band EIS data of normal operation of the battery is tested under different temperatures and SOCs of a laboratory, and a model is constructed to quantify the relation between internal impedance and temperature of the battery under normal operation. The BMS acquires data such as battery impedance spectrum, voltage and temperature in real time in the battery operation process, sets a safety threshold under normal working conditions, determines a thermal runaway control strategy according to detection temperature, voltage change rate, EIS phase angle and real part impedance change, performs fault tracing on damage of internal electrodes of the battery, connection damage, electrode electrolyte deterioration and the like by quantifying internal resistance parameters of the battery, establishes a BMS edge thermal runaway early warning control system capable of completing the functions, detects abnormal battery operation change data and fault parameters through normal battery operation data, thereby determining the thermal runaway control strategy, and can complete information detection, thermal runaway early warning and control of the battery, thereby effectively reducing cost and efficiency of the traditional thermal runaway control system.
The invention also relates to an EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system, which corresponds to the EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, and can be understood as a system for realizing the EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, and the system comprises a parameter acquisition and EIS test module, a real part impedance expression construction module, a relational construction module and a thermal runaway control module which are sequentially connected, wherein the modules work cooperatively, the battery is tested by adopting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS under different temperatures and different charge states, and accurate early warning and control of the thermal runaway are realized by adopting a specific calculation method and a specific judgment method, the internal structure of the battery is not damaged, so that the danger and equipment cost of a user under extreme conditions are effectively reduced, in addition, the detection signal of the EIS can be directly applied to the control execution of the BMS, the redundant design among traditional components is greatly reduced, the space arrangement in a circuit board is effectively saved, the limitation of traditional end cloud control can be effectively solved, the limitation of the battery monitoring is effectively exerted under the condition that the end cloud control signal is weak, and the limitation of the battery is effectively improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method based on EIS of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the second-order equivalent circuit of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a flow chart of the thermal runaway control step of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the fault tracing step of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of the structure of the EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention relates to an EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, which comprises the following steps in sequence as shown in a flow chart of FIG. 1:
1. parameter acquisition and EIS testing: and acquiring characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation, testing the battery according to preset test frequencies under different temperatures and different Charge States (SOCs) by adopting an Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS), namely measuring electrochemical impedance spectrum data of the battery which normally operates under different temperatures and SOCs as shown in figure 1, and acquiring a plurality of groups of electrochemical impedance spectrum data to form an electrochemical impedance spectrum data set.
Specifically, firstly, characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation are obtained, wherein the characteristic parameters comprise voltage, impedance spectrum data and temperature; then under the conditions of p different temperatures and q different states of charge SOC, according to the preset test frequency f 0 And the electrochemical impedance spectrum is adopted to test the battery, so as to obtain a plurality of groups of full-frequency-band electrochemical impedance spectrum data, and an electrochemical impedance spectrum data set Z = { X is formed 1，10 ，X 2，10 …X P，q … }; wherein X is P，q ＝{R p，q ，I p，q }；R p，q ＝[m 1，q ，m 2，q …m i，q …]；I p，q ＝[n 1，q ，n 2，q …n i，q …]The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wherein X is P，q EIS data set representing p-th temperature point and SOC q, R p，q ，I p，q Respectively representing a real part impedance set and an imaginary part impedance set of the SOC q at the p-th temperature, m i，q ，n i，q The real and imaginary impedances of the ith SOC q are represented, respectively.
2. The real part impedance expression construction step: and constructing an equivalent circuit model according to the internal circuit of the lithium ion battery, acquiring model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, and constructing a real part impedance expression of the battery based on the ohmic impedance in the model parameters and the impedance of a plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, an equivalent circuit model is constructed by taking an internal second-order equivalent circuit of a lithium ion battery as an example, wherein the element C SEI And C dl Element W is the diffused impedance Warburg, which is a constant phase angle element (CPE). The constant phase angle element CPE consists of a generalized capacitance Q and a suppression factor n, the CPE and the diffused impedance Warburg being defined as:
where ω represents the angular frequency of the current and j represents the complex unit.
Then obtaining model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, wherein the model parameters comprise diffusion impedance and ohmic impedance, and the model parameters are based on ohmic impedance Z in the model parameters 1 And the impedance of the plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model constructs a real impedance expression of the battery, the constant phase angle element CPE impedance comprising a solid electrolyte interface impedance (SEI) Z 2 And proton transport impedance Z representing the charging and charge transfer processes at the interface of the electrolysis electrodes 3 Wherein lithium ion compounds (i.e., active materials) required during the internal electrochemical reaction are transported inside or outside the material. The diffusion resistance Warburg is ignored because it shifts to the low frequency direction at low temperatures. Thus, the real impedance of the battery over a wide frequency range is expressed as:
in the above, Q SEI Represent C SEI Generalized capacitance of solid electrolyte interface, n SEI Represent C SEI Inhibition factor, W dl Represent C dl Generalized capacitance of solid electrolyte interface, n dl Represent C dl Is the inhibitor of R Ω Is ohmic resistance, R SEI Is C SEI And C dl Solid electrolyte interface resistance, R ct Is C SEI And C dl Proton transfer resistance of (a).
3. The construction of the relation: based on the real part impedance expression and the electrochemical impedance spectrum data set, the resistance of the ohmic impedance and each constant phase angle element is identified by adopting an optimization algorithm, the resistance values of the ohmic impedance and each constant phase angle element at different temperatures are identified, and the resistance values are fitted by adopting a polynomial fitting method, so that a relation formula about the resistance and the temperature is obtained. Or, the identification of the equivalent impedance inside the battery is realized, and the impedance-temperature distribution function of the internal element is established. Specifically, according to the real part impedance expression in a wide frequency domain, impedance data at different temperatures are utilized through a data set Z, parameter identification of each element in an equivalent circuit model is realized by adopting particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm and the like, a relation between the parameter and the temperature of each element is established, and polynomial fitting is adopted to obtain approximate function relation quantification.
4. A thermal runaway control step: the battery management system BMS measures voltage, temperature, impedance spectrum and other data in the real-time running process of the battery, and sets a safe running range; comparing the temperature in the characteristic parameters with a preset first temperature threshold value and a preset second temperature threshold value respectively, and if the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold value, executing high-voltage power-down and fire extinguishing treatment by the battery management system BMS; if the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold and less than or equal to the first temperature threshold, the battery temperature is in an abnormal state, the fault counter performs a counting function, and the corresponding control strategy is performed by judging the temperature, the voltage and the electrochemical impedance spectrum, specifically: calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle according to real part impedance and imaginary part impedance in electrochemical impedance spectrum data, judging whether the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed a preset safe working threshold range, if the real part impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed the safe working threshold range, then a fault occurs in the battery, executing a primary counting function by a fault counter, setting an ohmic resistance range, an SEI resistance range and a charge transfer resistance range according to the relation between resistance and temperature, and respectively judging whether ohmic impedance, solid electrolyte interface resistance and proton transmission resistance in an equivalent circuit model exceed the corresponding set resistance ranges, and if the ohmic impedance exceeds the ohmic resistance range, the fault is a fault or material deformation at the joint of the battery; if the interface resistance of the solid electrolyte exceeds the SEI resistance value range, the fault is a battery electrode fault; if the proton transmission resistance exceeds the range of the charge transfer resistance, the fault is electrolyte deterioration, namely, fault tracing such as connection damage, electrode electrolyte deterioration and the like is realized by quantifying the equivalent resistance of the internal structure of the battery; if the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle do not exceed the safe working threshold range, judging whether the voltage in the characteristic parameter exceeds the preset safe voltage threshold range, if the voltage exceeds the safe voltage threshold range, the battery is in an abnormal state safely, executing a counting function by a fault counter, and respectively carrying out different grades of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery BMS.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, in the normal working state of the battery, each frame of data of the sensor and the fault counter Count are all reset to 0; then, the temperature T (T) of the lithium ion battery in the characteristic parameters is respectively matched with a preset first temperature threshold T 1 And a second temperature threshold T 2 Comparing, if the temperature T (T) is greater than a first temperature threshold, namely when the local temperature of the lithium ion battery reaches more than 150 ℃, the lithium ion battery shows a thermal runaway phenomenon, and executing high-voltage power-down and fire extinguishing treatment by the battery management system BMS; the temperature range of the normal operation of the lithium ion battery is-20 ℃ to 60 ℃, so that the second temperature threshold is set to 80 ℃, if the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold and less than or equal to the first temperature threshold, namely the temperature of the lithium ion battery exceeds 80 ℃, the temperature of the battery is in an abnormal state, and the fault counter executes a counting function of count=count+1 once; otherwise, the fault counter is unchanged, i.e. count=count, and then the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle is calculated according to the real impedance and the imaginary impedance, and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle is calculated according to the following formula:
in the above, m p，q Representing the real impedance of the p-th SOC as q, n p，q The imaginary impedance of the p-th SOC at q is shown.
Then judging whether the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle of the battery exceed the preset safe working threshold range, namely judging the current real part impedance Z of the battery Re (t) whether the safe operating threshold range is exceededOr whether the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle θ (t) of the battery exceeds the safe operating threshold range α θ If the real impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceeds the safe working threshold range, a fault occurs in the battery, and the fault counter executes a counting function count=count+1; otherwise, count=count, and then judge whether the voltage in the characteristic parameter exceeds the preset safety voltage threshold range beta, if yes, the battery is in an abnormal state safely, the fault counter executes a counting function, and the battery is respectively subjected to different-level early warning according to the total Count of the fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control of the lithium ion battery BMS.
When the total Count of the fault counter is zero, namely count=0, the battery works normally, and potential safety hazards are avoided;
when the total Count of the fault counter is one, namely count=1, the potential safety hazard exists in the battery, a first-level early warning of thermal runaway is sent out, and high-voltage power-down processing is requested to be executed;
when the total Count of the fault counter is two, namely count=2, the battery has potential safety hazard, a thermal runaway secondary early warning is sent out, and high-voltage power-down processing is requested to be executed;
when the total Count of the fault counter is three, namely count=3, the battery has potential safety hazard, three-stage early warning of thermal runaway is sent out, and high-voltage power-down processing is immediately carried out.
5. Fault tracing step: the step can be understood as a specific step involved in the thermal runaway control step, in which when the real part impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceeds the safe operation range, whether the ohmic impedance, the solid electrolyte interface impedance and the proton transmission impedance in the equivalent circuit model exceed the corresponding preset resistance value ranges or not is respectively judged, and if the ohmic impedance exceeds the ohmic resistance value range, the fault is a fault at the battery connection or material deformation; if the interface impedance of the solid electrolyte exceeds the SEI resistance range, the fault is a battery electrode fault; if the proton transfer resistance exceeds the charge transfer resistance range, the failure is deterioration of the electrolyte. And (3) carrying out online quantification on the resistance value of the equivalent circuit according to BMS online calculation and combining the parameter identification in the step three, and formulating a fault tracing strategy according to the safety threshold value of the equivalent resistance element.
Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, when the real part impedance Z Re (t) or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle θ (t) exceeds the safe operating rangeOr alpha θ When faults occur in the battery, battery fault tracing is performed, real-time electrochemical impedance spectrum data EIS are subjected to parameter identification through a BMS computing unit, fault tracing strategies are formulated, and an ohmic resistance value range is set according to the relation between resistance and temperature>SEI resistance Range->A charge transfer resistance range +.>Respectively judging ohmic impedance R in the equivalent circuit model Ω (t) solid electrolyte interfacial resistance R SEI (t) proton transfer resistance R ct (t) whether the corresponding preset resistance value range is exceeded:
1) When R is Ω (t) exceeding the safe ohmic resistance rangeIn the time-course of which the first and second contact surfaces, the failure is a failure at the battery connection or deformation of the material;
2) When R is SEI (t) exceeding the safe SEI resistance rangeWhen the battery electrode is in the fault state, the fault is a battery electrode fault;
3) When R is ct (t) exceeding the safe charge transfer resistance rangeWhen the electrolyte is deteriorated, the failure occurs.
The invention also relates to an EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system, which corresponds to the EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, and can be understood as a system for realizing the method, wherein the system comprises a parameter acquisition and EIS test module, a real part impedance expression construction module, a relational construction module and a thermal runaway control module which are connected in sequence, and in particular,
the parameter acquisition and EIS testing module acquires characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation, tests the battery according to preset testing frequency and by adopting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under different temperatures and different charge states, and acquires a plurality of groups of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data to form an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data set;
the real part impedance expression construction module constructs an equivalent circuit model according to the internal circuit of the lithium ion battery, acquires model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, and constructs a real part impedance expression of the battery based on ohmic impedance in the model parameters and impedance of a plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model;
the relational construction module is used for identifying the ohmic impedance and the resistance of each constant phase angle element by adopting an optimization algorithm based on a real part impedance expression and an electrochemical impedance spectrum dataset, identifying the ohmic impedance and the resistance value of each constant phase angle element at different temperatures, and adopting a polynomial fitting method to fit the resistance values to obtain a relational expression of the resistance and the temperature;
the thermal runaway control module is used for comparing the temperature in the characteristic parameters with a preset first temperature threshold value and a preset second temperature threshold value respectively, and if the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold value, the BMS executes high-voltage power-down and fire extinguishing treatment; if the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold and less than or equal to the first temperature threshold, the battery temperature is in an abnormal state, and the fault counter performs a counting function; then calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle according to real part impedance and imaginary part impedance in the electrochemical impedance spectrum data, judging whether the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed a preset safe working threshold range, if the real part impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed the safe working threshold range, then the inside of the battery breaks down, a fault counter executes a counting function, then an ohmic resistance range, an SEI resistance range and a charge transfer resistance range are set according to the relation between the resistance and the temperature, and judging whether the ohmic impedance, the solid electrolyte interface resistance and the proton transfer resistance in the equivalent circuit model exceed the corresponding set resistance ranges respectively, and if the ohmic impedance exceeds the ohmic resistance range, the fault is the fault or the material deformation of the joint of the battery; if the interface resistance of the solid electrolyte exceeds the SEI resistance value range, the fault is a battery electrode fault; if the proton transfer resistance exceeds the charge transfer resistance range, the fault is electrolyte deterioration; if the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle do not exceed the safe working threshold range, judging whether the voltage in the characteristic parameter exceeds the preset safe voltage threshold range, if the voltage exceeds the safe voltage threshold range, the battery is in an abnormal state safely, executing a counting function by a fault counter, and respectively carrying out different grades of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery BMS.
Examples:
as shown in fig. 5, the EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system includes a sensing module (i.e., the above-mentioned parameter acquisition and EIS test module), a control module (i.e., the above-mentioned real part impedance expression construction module, the relational construction module, and the thermal runaway control module) and an execution module that are sequentially connected, where the sensing module includes a current generator, a lithium battery, and a signal collector that are sequentially connected, the control module includes a BMU master controller, a high voltage controller, and a CSC slave controller that are mutually connected, and the execution module includes an on-board instrument connected to the BMU master controller, and a power-down actuator connected to the high voltage controller and the CSC slave controller, respectively.
In the running process of the BMS, a safety monitoring instruction is sent out through a BMU main controller, the electrochemical impedance spectrum data is obtained by EIS detection of the lithium battery through a current generator, and then the online collection of the electrochemical impedance spectrum data, the battery temperature, the voltage and other data is realized through a signal collector; when the battery is detected to have thermal runaway, the BMU main controller is used for controlling the high-voltage controller, the high-voltage controller is used for carrying out high-voltage power-down processing signals on the battery, and the power-down executor is used for carrying out power-down operation; when the BMU main controller detects that the battery has the thermal runaway secondary early warning according to the sensing module, a high-voltage controller sends a request instruction to a CSC slave controller, a user selects whether to execute power-down operation according to the requirement, and then the instruction is transmitted to a power-down executor; the BMU main controller is used for calculating various safety failure signals (namely, calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle, constructing a real part impedance expression and a relation between resistance and temperature), and sending safety early warning information to a user through the vehicle-mounted instrument.
Preferably, in the thermal runaway control module, the performing the early warning of different levels on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter includes:
when the total count is zero, the battery works normally without potential safety hazard; when the total count is one, the battery has primary potential safety hazard, and a primary early warning of thermal runaway is sent out; when the total count is two, the battery has secondary potential safety hazard, sends out a thermal runaway secondary early warning, and requests the BMS to execute high-voltage down-voltage processing; when the total count is three, the battery has three-level potential safety hazards, three-level early warning of thermal runaway is sent out, and the BMS immediately executes high-voltage power-down processing.
Preferably, the model parameters include diffusion resistance and ohmic resistance; the impedance of the plurality of constant phase angle elements includes a solid electrolyte interface impedance including a generalized capacitance and a solid electrolyte interface resistance and a proton transport impedance including a generalized capacitance and a proton transport resistance.
Preferably, the characteristic parameters include voltage and temperature of the battery.
Preferably, the optimization algorithm includes a particle swarm optimization algorithm and a genetic algorithm.
The invention provides an objective and scientific BMS (battery management system) edge thermal runaway control strategy method and system based on EIS, which are characterized in that batteries are tested by adopting electrochemical impedance spectrums under different temperatures and different charge states, and accurate early warning and control of thermal runaway are realized by adopting a specific calculation method and a specific judgment method, so that the internal structure of the batteries is not required to be destroyed, and the danger and equipment cost of users under extreme conditions are effectively reduced.
According to the invention, the EIS electrochemical impedance spectrum and online detection data such as voltage and temperature are adopted, a thermal runaway early warning and control strategy is constructed at the BMS end, the safety monitoring effect in the battery operation process can be effectively improved, real-time early warning is sent to a user, and meanwhile, compared with the traditional thermal runaway strategy, the cost can be effectively reduced due to the EIS-based strategy design; abnormal battery operation change data and fault parameters are detected through normal battery operation data, so that a thermal runaway control strategy is determined, the internal structure of the battery is not required to be damaged, the research and development cost is reduced, and the development period of an early warning strategy is shortened; the fault tracing of the thermal runaway risk can be realized, the fault position of the battery failure can be effectively tracked after the thermal runaway early warning is effectively made and even the fire extinguishing measures are completed, the maintenance cost is reduced, and the safety management efficiency of the battery is improved; the BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system for EIS on-line parameter measurement can finish information detection, thermal runaway early warning and control of a battery, effectively reduce cost and efficiency of a traditional thermal runaway control system, enable detection signals to be directly applied to control execution, greatly reduce redundant design among traditional components and effectively save space arrangement in a circuit board; according to the invention, a thermal runaway control strategy is realized at the BMS end, the limitation of traditional end cloud control can be effectively solved, an independent diagnosis function is exerted under the condition that an end cloud control signal is weak, and the timeliness of battery monitoring can be effectively improved.
It should be noted that the above-described embodiments will enable those skilled in the art to more fully understand the invention, but do not limit it in any way. Therefore, although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the drawings and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be modified or equivalent, and in all cases, all technical solutions and modifications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
parameter acquisition and EIS testing: acquiring characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation, testing the battery according to preset test frequencies and by adopting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under different temperatures and different charge states to obtain a plurality of groups of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data and form an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data set;
the real part impedance expression construction step: constructing an equivalent circuit model according to an internal circuit of the lithium ion battery, acquiring model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, and constructing a real part impedance expression of the battery based on ohmic impedance in the model parameters and impedance of a plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model;
the construction of the relation: based on a real part impedance expression and an electrochemical impedance spectrum data set, identifying the resistance of the ohmic impedance and each constant phase angle element by adopting an optimization algorithm, identifying the resistance values of the ohmic impedance and each constant phase angle element at different temperatures, and fitting the resistance values by adopting a polynomial fitting method to obtain a relation between the resistance and the temperature;
a thermal runaway control step: comparing the temperature in the characteristic parameters with a preset first temperature threshold value and a preset second temperature threshold value respectively, and if the temperature is larger than the first temperature threshold value, executing high-voltage power-down and fire extinguishing treatment by the BMS; if the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold and less than or equal to the first temperature threshold, the battery temperature is in an abnormal state, and the fault counter performs a counting function; then calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle according to real part impedance and imaginary part impedance in the electrochemical impedance spectrum data, judging whether the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed a preset safe working threshold range, if the real part impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed the safe working threshold range, then the inside of the battery breaks down, a fault counter executes a counting function, then an ohmic resistance range, an SEI resistance range and a charge transfer resistance range are set according to the relation between the resistance and the temperature, and judging whether the ohmic impedance, the solid electrolyte interface resistance and the proton transfer resistance in the equivalent circuit model exceed the corresponding set resistance ranges respectively, and if the ohmic impedance exceeds the ohmic resistance range, the fault is the fault or the material deformation of the joint of the battery; if the interface resistance of the solid electrolyte exceeds the SEI resistance value range, the fault is a battery electrode fault; if the proton transfer resistance exceeds the charge transfer resistance range, the fault is electrolyte deterioration; if the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle do not exceed the safe working threshold range, judging whether the voltage in the characteristic parameter exceeds the preset safe voltage threshold range, if the voltage exceeds the safe voltage threshold range, the battery is in an abnormal state safely, executing a counting function by a fault counter, and respectively carrying out different grades of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery BMS.
2. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method according to claim 1, wherein in the thermal runaway control step, performing different levels of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter comprises:
when the total count is zero, the battery works normally without potential safety hazard; when the total count is one, the battery has primary potential safety hazard, and a primary early warning of thermal runaway is sent out; when the total count is two, the battery has secondary potential safety hazard, sends out a thermal runaway secondary early warning, and requests the BMS to execute high-voltage down-voltage processing; when the total count is three, the battery has three-level potential safety hazards, three-level early warning of thermal runaway is sent out, and the BMS immediately executes high-voltage power-down processing.
3. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method according to claim 1, wherein in the real impedance expression constructing step, the model parameters include diffusion impedance and ohmic impedance; the impedance of the plurality of constant phase angle elements includes a solid electrolyte interface impedance including a generalized capacitance and a solid electrolyte interface resistance and a proton transport impedance including a generalized capacitance and a proton transport resistance.
4. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method according to claim 1, wherein the characteristic parameters include voltage and temperature of the battery in the parameter acquisition and EIS test steps.
5. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy method of claim 2, wherein in the relational construction step, the optimization algorithm comprises a particle swarm optimization algorithm and a genetic algorithm.
6. An EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system is characterized by comprising a parameter acquisition and EIS test module, a real part impedance expression construction module, a relational construction module and a thermal runaway control module which are connected in sequence,
the parameter acquisition and EIS testing module acquires characteristic parameters of the lithium ion battery during operation, tests the battery according to preset testing frequency and by adopting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under different temperatures and different charge states, and acquires a plurality of groups of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data to form an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data set;
the real part impedance expression construction module constructs an equivalent circuit model according to the internal circuit of the lithium ion battery, acquires model parameters of the equivalent circuit model, and constructs a real part impedance expression of the battery based on ohmic impedance in the model parameters and impedance of a plurality of constant phase angle elements in the equivalent circuit model;
the relational construction module is used for identifying the ohmic impedance and the resistance of each constant phase angle element by adopting an optimization algorithm based on a real part impedance expression and an electrochemical impedance spectrum dataset, identifying the ohmic impedance and the resistance value of each constant phase angle element at different temperatures, and adopting a polynomial fitting method to fit the resistance values to obtain a relational expression of the resistance and the temperature;
the thermal runaway control module is used for comparing the temperature in the characteristic parameters with a preset first temperature threshold value and a preset second temperature threshold value respectively, and if the temperature is greater than the first temperature threshold value, the BMS executes high-voltage power-down and fire extinguishing treatment; if the temperature is greater than the second temperature threshold and less than or equal to the first temperature threshold, the battery temperature is in an abnormal state, and the fault counter performs a counting function; then calculating an electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle according to real part impedance and imaginary part impedance in the electrochemical impedance spectrum data, judging whether the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed a preset safe working threshold range, if the real part impedance or the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle exceed the safe working threshold range, then the inside of the battery breaks down, a fault counter executes a counting function, then an ohmic resistance range, an SEI resistance range and a charge transfer resistance range are set according to the relation between the resistance and the temperature, and judging whether the ohmic impedance, the solid electrolyte interface resistance and the proton transfer resistance in the equivalent circuit model exceed the corresponding set resistance ranges respectively, and if the ohmic impedance exceeds the ohmic resistance range, the fault is the fault or the material deformation of the joint of the battery; if the interface resistance of the solid electrolyte exceeds the SEI resistance value range, the fault is a battery electrode fault; if the proton transfer resistance exceeds the charge transfer resistance range, the fault is electrolyte deterioration; if the real part impedance and the electrochemical impedance spectrum phase angle do not exceed the safe working threshold range, judging whether the voltage in the characteristic parameter exceeds the preset safe voltage threshold range, if the voltage exceeds the safe voltage threshold range, the battery is in an abnormal state safely, executing a counting function by a fault counter, and respectively carrying out different grades of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter so as to complete the edge thermal runaway control strategy of the lithium ion battery BMS.
7. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system of claim 6, wherein the thermal runaway control module performs different levels of early warning on the battery according to the total count of the fault counter, respectively, comprising:
when the total count is zero, the battery works normally without potential safety hazard; when the total count is one, the battery has primary potential safety hazard, and a primary early warning of thermal runaway is sent out; when the total count is two, the battery has secondary potential safety hazard, sends out a thermal runaway secondary early warning, and requests the BMS to execute high-voltage down-voltage processing; when the total count is three, the battery has three-level potential safety hazards, three-level early warning of thermal runaway is sent out, and the BMS immediately executes high-voltage power-down processing.
8. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system of claim 6, wherein the model parameters include diffusion resistance and ohmic resistance; the impedance of the plurality of constant phase angle elements includes a solid electrolyte interface impedance including a generalized capacitance and a solid electrolyte interface resistance and a proton transport impedance including a generalized capacitance and a proton transport resistance.
9. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system of claim 6, wherein the characteristic parameters include voltage and temperature of a battery.
10. The EIS-based BMS edge thermal runaway control strategy system of claim 6, wherein the optimization algorithm comprises a particle swarm optimization algorithm and a genetic algorithm.
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