CN117054315B - A frozen soil permeability coefficient measurement system - Google Patents
A frozen soil permeability coefficient measurement system Download PDFInfo
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- CN117054315B CN117054315B CN202311323233.0A CN202311323233A CN117054315B CN 117054315 B CN117054315 B CN 117054315B CN 202311323233 A CN202311323233 A CN 202311323233A CN 117054315 B CN117054315 B CN 117054315B
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
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- G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change
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Abstract
Description
技术领域Technical field
本发明涉及冻土测量技术领域,尤其涉及一种冻土渗透系数测量系统。The invention relates to the technical field of frozen soil measurement, and in particular to a frozen soil permeability coefficient measurement system.
背景技术Background technique
在寒区岩土及水利工程、人工冻结工程、冻土水文及寒区水土环境整治与修复等传统与新兴冻土学领域中,水分迁移的重要性被广泛认可,并日益成为学术界和工程界关注的焦点。随着各种冻土工程(特别是人工冻结)数量的快速增加以及对冻土生态环境的日益重视,迫切需要系统和深入研究冻土渗透规律及其变化机制。冻土渗透系数是描述冻土中水分渗透性质的参数,它表示了冻土对水分渗透的能力或速度,具体来说,渗透系数衡量了水分在冻土中垂直流动的难易程度。总体上,冻土渗透系数的测量分为两种方法:利用渗透试验直接测量和利用温度梯度下水分迁移试验间接获得。In traditional and emerging permafrost fields such as geotechnical and hydraulic engineering in cold areas, artificial freezing engineering, permafrost hydrology, and soil and water environment remediation and restoration in cold areas, the importance of water migration is widely recognized, and it has increasingly become a focus in academia and engineering. The focus of the world's attention. With the rapid increase in the number of various frozen soil projects (especially artificial freezing) and the increasing emphasis on the ecological environment of frozen soil, there is an urgent need to systematically and in-depth study the permeability laws and change mechanisms of frozen soil. The permeability coefficient of frozen soil is a parameter that describes the permeability properties of water in frozen soil. It represents the ability or speed of water penetration in frozen soil. Specifically, the permeability coefficient measures the difficulty of vertical flow of water in frozen soil. Generally speaking, the measurement of permeability coefficient of frozen soil is divided into two methods: direct measurement using permeability test and indirect measurement using water migration test under temperature gradient.
在直接测量中,试验结果易受温度波动、渗透介质、冻融循环次数、试验仓与试验土样之间的侧壁流影响导致误差较大或试验失败。在利用常水头或变水头直接测量冻土渗透系数试验中,试验结果受诸多因素影响。在试验过程中需要保持精确稳定的负温条件,否则温度的较大波动会导致冻土结构改变而增大试验误差;渗透介质是开展冻土渗透试验的关键,诸多低温不冻结的介质,如乳糖溶液、乙二醇、癸烷、柴油、空气以及氯化钠溶液等,有效辅助了试验顺利进行。然而不冻介质的渗入不可避免地扰动了冻土冰-水平衡乃至引起局部融化,而产生较大误差;有学者采用去离子水作为渗透介质,并设计了融-冻-融的三段控温试验方式消除试样表面冰膜阻隔的影响,但由此带来了有效渗流长度难以确定的问题;冻土试样与渗透仓界面交界处可能使渗透介质发生侧壁流而导致试验误差甚至试验失败。在间接试验中,通过Clausius-Clapeyron方程将温度梯度转化为压力梯度,然而试样温度的梯度分布引起有效渗流长度不确定性的弊病。In direct measurement, the test results are easily affected by temperature fluctuations, permeable media, number of freeze-thaw cycles, and sidewall flow between the test chamber and the test soil sample, resulting in large errors or test failure. In the test of directly measuring the permeability coefficient of frozen soil using constant water head or variable water head, the test results are affected by many factors. It is necessary to maintain accurate and stable negative temperature conditions during the test, otherwise large fluctuations in temperature will cause structural changes in the frozen soil and increase the test error; the permeability medium is the key to carrying out the permeability test in the permafrost, and many low-temperature non-freezing media, such as Lactose solution, ethylene glycol, decane, diesel, air and sodium chloride solution effectively assisted the smooth progress of the test. However, the infiltration of non-freezing medium inevitably disturbs the ice-water balance of frozen soil and even causes local melting, resulting in large errors. Some scholars use deionized water as the infiltration medium and design a three-stage control system of thawing-freezing-thawing. The temperature test method eliminates the influence of ice film barrier on the surface of the sample, but this brings about the problem that the effective seepage length is difficult to determine; the interface between the frozen soil sample and the permeability chamber may cause sidewall flow of the permeability medium, resulting in test errors or even The test failed. In the indirect test, the temperature gradient is converted into a pressure gradient through the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. However, the gradient distribution of the sample temperature causes the disadvantage of uncertainty in the effective seepage length.
可见,虽然现有试验研究取得了一定的成果,但其面临的诸多困难导致未能形成统一的测试方法和标准;冻土渗透性试验数据和我们对其规律性认识仍非常欠缺,同时这些测试结果可重复性和可信性较低。总而言之,冻土渗透系数试验测量仍面临着巨大挑战,对冻土渗透性质的认识也极为有限,因而亟需探索更优的测量方法对冻土渗透性质进行更全面研究。It can be seen that although the existing experimental research has achieved certain results, the many difficulties it faces have prevented the formation of unified testing methods and standards; the frozen soil permeability test data and our understanding of its regularity are still very lacking. At the same time, these tests Results are less reproducible and reliable. All in all, the experimental measurement of frozen soil permeability coefficient still faces huge challenges, and the understanding of the permeability properties of frozen soil is also extremely limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore better measurement methods to conduct a more comprehensive study of the permeability properties of frozen soil.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对现有技术不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种冻土渗透系数测量系统。In view of the shortcomings of the existing technology, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a frozen soil permeability coefficient measurement system.
为了实现上述目的,本发明一实施例提供的技术方案如下:In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution provided by an embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
一种冻土渗透系数测量系统,包括:A frozen soil permeability coefficient measurement system, including:
恒温箱;temperate box;
试验仓,设于所述恒温箱内,所述试验仓内部中空且上下两端开口,所述试验仓的侧壁分别设置有多个孔压传感器和多个温度传感器,所述试验仓的侧壁内设置有循环通道,所述循环通道的进口、出口均与冷浴相连接;A test chamber is located in the thermostatic box. The interior of the test chamber is hollow and the upper and lower ends are open. The side walls of the test chamber are respectively provided with multiple pore pressure sensors and multiple temperature sensors. The side walls of the test chamber are A circulation channel is provided in the wall, and the inlet and outlet of the circulation channel are connected to the cold bath;
下样品仓,固定于所述试验仓内的下部,所述下样品仓内部中空且下端封闭、上端开口;A lower sample chamber is fixed to the lower part of the test chamber. The lower sample chamber is hollow inside, has a closed lower end, and an open upper end;
阳极金属板,设于所述下样品仓内的底部;An anode metal plate is located at the bottom of the lower sample chamber;
未冻水源段,设于所述下样品仓内且位于所述阳极金属板上;An unfrozen water source section is located in the lower sample chamber and located on the anode metal plate;
下渗透限位板,设于所述下样品仓的顶部;A lower penetration limiting plate is located on the top of the lower sample chamber;
渗透测试段,设于所述试验仓内且位于所述下渗透限位板上;A penetration test section is located in the test chamber and located on the lower penetration limiting plate;
上渗透限位板,设于所述渗透测试段上;An upper penetration limiting plate is provided on the penetration test section;
上限位环,固定于所述试验仓内的上部且位于所述上渗透限位板上;An upper limit ring is fixed to the upper part of the test chamber and located on the upper penetration limit plate;
流量计量段,设于所述上限位环内且位于所述上渗透限位板上;A flow metering section is provided in the upper limit ring and located on the upper permeation limit plate;
阴极金属板,设于所述上限位环内且位于所述流量计量段上,所述阴极金属板上设置有多个位移传感器;A cathode metal plate is provided in the upper limit ring and located on the flow measurement section, and a plurality of displacement sensors are provided on the cathode metal plate;
所述阳极金属板、阴极金属板均与直流稳压电源相连接。The anode metal plate and the cathode metal plate are both connected to a DC regulated power supply.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述渗透测试段、流量计量段均采用相同的土体,所述未冻水源段采用的土体与所述渗透测试段采用的土体不同。As a further improvement of the present invention, the same soil is used in the penetration test section and the flow measurement section, and the soil used in the unfrozen water source section is different from the soil used in the penetration test section.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述未冻水源段采用膨润土制备而成,所述渗透测试段、流量计量段均采用黏土制备而成。As a further improvement of the present invention, the unfrozen water source section is made of bentonite, and the penetration test section and flow measurement section are made of clay.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述下样品仓与阳极金属板对应位置处设置有下抽真空阀,所述阴极金属板处设置有上抽真空阀,所述下抽真空阀、上抽真空阀均与三通开关阀相连接,所述三通开关阀分别与真空泵和补水装置相连接。As a further improvement of the present invention, a lower vacuum valve is provided at the corresponding position of the lower sample chamber and the anode metal plate, and an upper vacuum valve is provided at the cathode metal plate. The lower vacuum valve and the upper vacuum valve They are all connected to three-way switch valves, and the three-way switch valves are respectively connected to the vacuum pump and the water supply device.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述下样品仓的内表层、上限位环的内表层均设置有特氟龙涂层。As a further improvement of the present invention, the inner surface layer of the lower sample chamber and the inner surface layer of the upper limit ring are both provided with Teflon coatings.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述循环通道的进口位于所述试验仓的顶部,所述循环通道的出口位于所述试验仓的下侧部。As a further improvement of the present invention, the inlet of the circulation channel is located at the top of the test chamber, and the outlet of the circulation channel is located at the lower side of the test chamber.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述下样品仓的底部向外延伸有第一环形部,所述第一环形部固定于所述试验仓的底部,所述上限位环的顶部向外延伸有第二环形部,所述第二环形部固定于所述试验仓的顶部。As a further improvement of the present invention, a first annular portion extends outward from the bottom of the lower sample chamber, the first annular portion is fixed to the bottom of the test chamber, and a third annular portion extends outward from the top of the upper limit ring. Two annular parts, the second annular part is fixed on the top of the test chamber.
作为本发明的进一步改进,多个所述孔压传感器、多个所述温度传感器均设置成两组,两组所述孔压传感器、两组所述温度传感器均呈上下布置。As a further improvement of the present invention, a plurality of the pore pressure sensors and a plurality of the temperature sensors are arranged in two groups, and the two groups of pore pressure sensors and the two groups of temperature sensors are arranged up and down.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述孔压传感器、温度传感器、位移传感器均与数据采集系统相连接,所述数据采集系统与计算机相连接。As a further improvement of the present invention, the pore pressure sensor, temperature sensor, and displacement sensor are all connected to a data acquisition system, and the data acquisition system is connected to a computer.
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述试验仓为有机玻璃筒。As a further improvement of the present invention, the test chamber is a organic glass cylinder.
本发明的有益效果是:The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
(1)通过自制试验仓外接冷浴并将其整个试验装置放在恒温箱内,可精准控制试验土体的温度,避免温度的较大波动导致冻土结构改变而增大试验误差,同时也可起到抑制土样与试验仓之间 “侧壁流”作用。(1) By connecting an external cold bath to the self-made test chamber and placing the entire test device in a constant temperature box, the temperature of the test soil can be accurately controlled to avoid large fluctuations in temperature causing changes in the frozen soil structure and increasing test errors. At the same time, it can also It can inhibit the "side wall flow" between the soil sample and the test chamber.
(2)通过下样品仓、下渗透限位板、上渗透限位板和上限位环的配合,可完全抑制中部的渗透测试段的土体冻胀,避免土体冻胀使渗流通道减少导致的孔隙率和渗流量降低而影响试验结果,同时通过抑制冻胀可以防止水分在渗透测试段积聚而影响流量计量段的测量结果,也可通过抑制冻胀来防止功能段土体交界处形成冰膜而使水分迁移受阻。(2) Through the cooperation of the lower sample chamber, lower penetration limiter plate, upper penetration limiter plate and upper limiter ring, the frost heave of the soil in the middle penetration test section can be completely suppressed, and the frost heave of the soil can be avoided to reduce the seepage channel. The reduction of porosity and seepage rate will affect the test results. At the same time, by inhibiting frost heave, it can prevent the accumulation of water in the permeability test section and affect the measurement results of the flow measurement section. It can also prevent ice from forming at the soil junction of the functional section by inhibiting frost heave. The membrane blocks moisture migration.
(3)电渗作用下未冻水迁移均匀发生于整个冻土体内,避免了现有冻土渗透试验中存在的冰膜、侧壁流以及渗透介质扰动等诸多问题,在冻土渗透性测量方面具备较大的优势。本发明通过电渗作用来引起孔隙水渗流,渗流速度沿电势方向上的差值引起负孔压的产生,负孔压梯度等效于引起水分迁移的水力梯度,结合电渗下位移传感器精确地记录流量计量段冻胀量的变化揭示渗流速率发展过程,即可获得更为准确的冻土渗透系数。(3) The migration of unfrozen water under the action of electroosmosis occurs evenly throughout the frozen soil body, which avoids many problems such as ice film, side wall flow, and permeability medium disturbance in existing frozen soil permeability tests. It can be used in frozen soil permeability measurements. has greater advantages. The present invention causes pore water seepage through electroosmosis. The difference in seepage velocity along the potential direction causes the generation of negative pore pressure. The negative pore pressure gradient is equivalent to the hydraulic gradient causing water migration. Combined with the displacement sensor under electroosmosis, it accurately Recording the changes in the amount of frost heave in the flow measurement section reveals the development process of the seepage rate, and a more accurate permeability coefficient of frozen soil can be obtained.
附图说明Description of the drawings
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明中记载的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。In order to explain the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art more clearly, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only These are some embodiments recorded in the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without exerting creative efforts.
图1为本发明的优选实施例的系统结构示意图;Figure 1 is a schematic system structure diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
图2为本发明的优选实施例的试验仓内设置循环通道的结构示意图;Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a circulation channel provided in the test chamber according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
图3为图2的截面图;Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 2;
图4为本发明的优选实施例的下样品仓的结构示意图;Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the lower sample chamber according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
图5为本发明的优选实施例的上限位环的结构示意图;Figure 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an upper limit ring according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
图中:1、恒温箱,2、试验仓,21、孔压传感器,22、温度传感器,23、循环通道,231、进口,232、出口,3、冷浴,4、下样品仓,41、第一环形部,411、第一螺纹孔,412、第一螺栓,51、阳极金属板,52、阴极金属板,61、未冻水源段,62、渗透测试段,63、流量计量段,71、下渗透限位板,72、上渗透限位板,73、上限位环,731、第二环形部,7311、第二螺纹孔,7312、第二螺栓,7313、贯穿孔,8、位移传感器,91、直流稳压电源,92、下抽真空阀,93、上抽真空阀,94、三通开关阀,95、真空泵,96、补水装置,97、数据采集系统,98、计算机。In the picture: 1. Thermostat, 2. Test chamber, 21. Bore pressure sensor, 22. Temperature sensor, 23. Circulation channel, 231. Inlet, 232. Exit, 3. Cold bath, 4. Lower sample chamber, 41. First annular part, 411. First threaded hole, 412. First bolt, 51. Anode metal plate, 52. Cathode metal plate, 61. Unfrozen water source section, 62. Penetration test section, 63. Flow measurement section, 71 , Lower penetration limit plate, 72. Upper penetration limit plate, 73, Upper limit ring, 731, Second annular part, 7311, Second threaded hole, 7312, Second bolt, 7313, Through hole, 8, Displacement sensor , 91. DC regulated power supply, 92. Lower vacuum valve, 93. Upper vacuum valve, 94. Three-way switch valve, 95. Vacuum pump, 96. Water supply device, 97. Data acquisition system, 98. Computer.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本发明中的技术方案,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都应当属于本发明保护的范围。In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions in the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described The embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.
请参阅图1-图3,本申请实施例公开了一种冻土渗透系数测量系统,包括:恒温箱1;试验仓2,设于恒温箱1内,试验仓2内部中空且上下两端开口,试验仓2的侧壁分别设置有多个孔压传感器21和多个温度传感器22,试验仓2的侧壁内设置有循环通道23,循环通道23的进口231、出口232均与冷浴3相连接;下样品仓4,固定于试验仓2内的下部,下样品仓4内部中空且下端封闭、上端开口;阳极金属板51,设于下样品仓4内的底部;未冻水源段61,设于下样品仓4内且位于阳极金属板51上;下渗透限位板71,设于下样品仓4的顶部;渗透测试段62,设于试验仓2内且位于下渗透限位板71上;上渗透限位板72,设于渗透测试段62上;上限位环73,固定于试验仓2内的上部且位于上渗透限位板72上;流量计量段63,设于上限位环73内且位于上渗透限位板72上;阴极金属板52,设于上限位环73内且位于流量计量段63上,阴极金属板52上设置有多个位移传感器8;阳极金属板51、阴极金属板52均与直流稳压电源91相连接。Please refer to Figures 1 to 3. The embodiment of the present application discloses a frozen soil permeability coefficient measurement system, which includes: a thermostatic box 1; a test chamber 2, which is located in the thermostatic box 1. The test chamber 2 is hollow inside and has openings at both upper and lower ends. , the side walls of the test chamber 2 are respectively provided with a plurality of pore pressure sensors 21 and a plurality of temperature sensors 22. A circulation channel 23 is provided in the side wall of the test chamber 2. The inlet 231 and outlet 232 of the circulation channel 23 are both connected to the cold bath 3 connected; the lower sample chamber 4 is fixed at the lower part of the test chamber 2. The lower sample chamber 4 is hollow inside with the lower end closed and the upper end open; the anode metal plate 51 is located at the bottom of the lower sample chamber 4; the unfrozen water source section 61 , is located in the lower sample chamber 4 and is located on the anode metal plate 51; the lower penetration limiting plate 71 is located on the top of the lower sample chamber 4; the penetration test section 62 is located in the test chamber 2 and is located on the lower penetration limiting plate 71; the upper penetration limit plate 72 is located on the penetration test section 62; the upper limit ring 73 is fixed on the upper part of the test chamber 2 and is located on the upper penetration limit plate 72; the flow measurement section 63 is located on the upper limit Ring 73 and located on the upper permeation limit plate 72; cathode metal plate 52, located in the upper limit ring 73 and located on the flow measurement section 63, the cathode metal plate 52 is provided with a plurality of displacement sensors 8; anode metal plate 51 , cathode metal plate 52 are all connected with the DC regulated power supply 91 .
通过阳极金属板51、阴极金属板52与直流稳压电源91的配合,对土体施加电场时,孔隙水会发生朝向阴极的移动,即电渗现象,也就是在电势梯度下阳极区域的孔隙未冻水会向阴极区域产生显著迁移。本实施例通过试验仓2外接冷浴3,同时配合恒温箱1,可精准控制试验土体的温度,避免温度的较大波动导致冻土结构改变而增大试验误差,同时也可起到抑制土样与试验仓2之间“侧壁流”作用。下渗透限位板71和上渗透限位板72能够便于未冻水的渗流,同时通过下样品仓4、下渗透限位板71、上渗透限位板72和上限位环73的设置,且下样品仓4、上限位环73均固定于试验仓2,则下样品仓4与下渗透限位板71围成的空间不变,上渗透限位板72、试验仓2以及下渗透限位板71围成的空间不变,从而能够抑制下部的未冻水源段61和中部的渗透测试段62的土体冻胀,可以防止渗流水在渗透测试段62结冰,从而避免渗透测试段62土体的水分重结晶使渗流通道减少而造成的孔隙率和渗流量降低,从而避免未冻水源段61和渗透测试段62结构改变而造成的实验结果误差,同时通过抑制冻胀可以防止水分在渗透测试段62积聚而影响流量计量段63的测量结果,也可通过抑制冻胀来防止功能段交界处形成冰膜而使水分迁移受阻。本实施例优选渗透测试段62、流量计量段63均采用相同的土体,未冻水源段61采用的土体与渗透测试段62的土体不同。通过孔压传感器21采集的数据来等效水力梯度。通过温度传感器22来精确掌握土体温度,通过控制变量试验可推导冻土渗透系数随温度的变化公式,这样就为人工冻结法和冻融作用的排水固结提供依据。Through the cooperation of the anode metal plate 51, the cathode metal plate 52 and the DC regulated power supply 91, when an electric field is applied to the soil, the pore water will move towards the cathode, which is the electroosmosis phenomenon, that is, the pores in the anode area under the potential gradient There is significant migration of unfrozen water towards the cathode area. In this embodiment, the test chamber 2 is connected to an external cold bath 3 and cooperates with the thermostatic box 1 to accurately control the temperature of the test soil, avoiding large fluctuations in temperature that will cause structural changes in the frozen soil and increasing the test error. At the same time, it can also suppress The "side wall flow" effect between the soil sample and the test chamber 2. The lower penetration limit plate 71 and the upper penetration limit plate 72 can facilitate the seepage of unfrozen water, and at the same time, through the settings of the lower sample chamber 4, the lower penetration limit plate 71, the upper penetration limit plate 72 and the upper limit ring 73, and The lower sample chamber 4 and the upper limit ring 73 are both fixed to the test chamber 2, so the space enclosed by the lower sample chamber 4 and the lower penetration limiter 71 remains unchanged, and the upper penetration limiter 72, test chamber 2 and lower penetration limiter The space enclosed by the plate 71 remains unchanged, which can inhibit the frost heaving of the soil in the lower unfrozen water source section 61 and the middle penetration test section 62, and can prevent the seepage water from freezing in the penetration test section 62, thereby preventing the penetration test section 62 from freezing. The water recrystallization of the soil reduces the porosity and seepage volume caused by the reduction of seepage channels, thereby avoiding errors in experimental results caused by structural changes in the unfrozen water source section 61 and the penetration test section 62. At the same time, by suppressing frost heave, moisture can be prevented from Accumulation in the penetration test section 62 affects the measurement results of the flow measurement section 63. Frost heaving can also be suppressed to prevent ice film from forming at the junction of the functional sections to hinder moisture migration. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the penetration test section 62 and the flow measurement section 63 adopt the same soil, and the soil used in the unfrozen water source section 61 is different from the soil in the penetration test section 62 . The hydraulic gradient is equivalent to the data collected by the pore pressure sensor 21 . The temperature of the soil is accurately grasped through the temperature sensor 22, and the formula for the change of the frozen soil permeability coefficient with temperature can be derived through the controlled variable test, thus providing a basis for artificial freezing method and drainage consolidation by freeze-thaw action.
优选试验仓2为有机玻璃筒,耐用,且便于后续各部分安装在试验仓2内和观察试验仓2内的情况。It is preferred that the test chamber 2 is a plexiglass cylinder, which is durable and convenient for subsequent installation of various parts in the test chamber 2 and observation of the conditions inside the test chamber 2 .
渗透测试段62、流量计量段63均采用相同的土体,未冻水源段61采用的土体与渗透测试段62采用的土体不同。The penetration test section 62 and the flow measurement section 63 both use the same soil. The soil used in the unfrozen water source section 61 is different from the soil used in the penetration test section 62 .
具体地,未冻水源段61采用膨润土制备而成,渗透测试段62、流量计量段63均采用黏土制备而成。膨润土比表面积大、孔隙率高,从而使得未冻水源段61内的未冻水含量高、渗透通道更多。渗透测试段62、流量计量段63并不局限于黏土,也可以根据试验需要选择相应的土体。Specifically, the unfrozen water source section 61 is made of bentonite, and the penetration test section 62 and the flow measurement section 63 are both made of clay. Bentonite has a large specific surface area and high porosity, so that the unfrozen water content in the unfrozen water source section 61 is high and there are more penetration channels. The penetration test section 62 and the flow measurement section 63 are not limited to clay, and corresponding soil bodies can also be selected according to test needs.
优选下渗透限位板71、上渗透限位板72上均设置有滤纸(图中未示出),能够阻挡过滤土体,同时便于未冻水的渗透。Preferably, the lower infiltration limiting plate 71 and the upper infiltration limiting plate 72 are provided with filter paper (not shown in the figure), which can block the filtered soil and facilitate the penetration of unfrozen water.
优选下样品仓4与阳极金属板51对应位置处设置有下抽真空阀92,阴极金属板52处设置有上抽真空阀93,下抽真空阀92、上抽真空阀93均与三通开关阀94相连接,三通开关阀94分别与真空泵95和补水装置96相连接。具体地,在下样品仓4与阳极金属板51对应位置开设内螺纹,以实现与下抽真空阀92螺纹固定。具体地,在阴极金属板52处开设内螺纹,以实现与上抽真空阀93螺纹固定。三通开关阀94先连通真空泵95,通过下抽真空阀92、上抽真空阀93分别抽真空,再使三通开关阀94连通补水装置96,以使试验土体饱和,便于提高渗透速度。Preferably, a lower vacuum valve 92 is provided at the corresponding position of the lower sample chamber 4 and the anode metal plate 51, and an upper vacuum valve 93 is provided at the cathode metal plate 52. The lower vacuum valve 92 and the upper vacuum valve 93 are all connected to the three-way switch. The valve 94 is connected, and the three-way switch valve 94 is connected to the vacuum pump 95 and the water supply device 96 respectively. Specifically, internal threads are provided at the corresponding positions of the lower sample chamber 4 and the anode metal plate 51 to achieve threaded fixation with the lower vacuum valve 92 . Specifically, internal threads are provided at the cathode metal plate 52 to achieve threaded fixation with the upper vacuum valve 93 . The three-way switch valve 94 is first connected to the vacuum pump 95, and the lower vacuum valve 92 and the upper vacuum valve 93 are used to evacuate respectively. Then the three-way switch valve 94 is connected to the water supply device 96 to saturate the test soil and increase the penetration rate.
本实施例优选下样品仓4的内表层、上限位环73的内表层均设置有特氟龙涂层(图中未示出),防止下样品仓4与阳极金属板51接触以及上限位环73与阴极金属板52接触而导电。In this embodiment, it is preferred that the inner surface of the lower sample chamber 4 and the inner surface of the upper limit ring 73 are provided with Teflon coating (not shown in the figure) to prevent the lower sample chamber 4 from contacting the anode metal plate 51 and the upper limit ring. 73 is in contact with the cathode metal plate 52 to conduct electricity.
为了便于与冷浴3的连接,优选循环通道23的进口231位于试验仓2的顶部,循环通道23的出口232位于试验仓2的下侧部。In order to facilitate the connection with the cold bath 3, it is preferred that the inlet 231 of the circulation channel 23 is located at the top of the test chamber 2, and the outlet 232 of the circulation channel 23 is located at the lower side of the test chamber 2.
为了提高下样品仓4与试验仓2之间的稳固性,请参阅图4、图5,优选下样品仓4的底部向外延伸有第一环形部41,第一环形部41固定于试验仓2的底部,上限位环73的顶部向外延伸有第二环形部731,第二环形部731固定于试验仓2的顶部。In order to improve the stability between the lower sample chamber 4 and the test chamber 2, please refer to Figures 4 and 5. It is preferred that a first annular portion 41 extends outward from the bottom of the lower sample chamber 4, and the first annular portion 41 is fixed to the test chamber. 2, a second annular portion 731 extends outward from the top of the upper limit ring 73, and the second annular portion 731 is fixed on the top of the test chamber 2.
具体地,第一环形部41上沿周向设置有多个第一螺纹孔411,通过多个第一螺栓412分别穿过多个第一螺纹孔411旋入试验仓2底部实现第一环形部41与试验仓2的锁紧。第二环形部731上沿周向设置有多个第二螺纹孔7311,通过多个第二螺栓7312分别穿过多个第二螺纹孔7311旋入试验仓2顶部实现第二环形部731与试验仓2的锁紧。Specifically, the first annular portion 41 is provided with a plurality of first threaded holes 411 along the circumferential direction, and the first annular portion is realized by a plurality of first bolts 412 respectively passing through the plurality of first threaded holes 411 and screwing into the bottom of the test chamber 2 41 is locked with the test chamber 2. A plurality of second threaded holes 7311 are provided on the second annular portion 731 along the circumferential direction. A plurality of second bolts 7312 are passed through the plurality of second threaded holes 7311 and screwed into the top of the test chamber 2 to realize the connection between the second annular portion 731 and the test. Locking of compartment 2.
为了便于循环通道23的进口231的穿过,优选第二环形部731上设置有贯穿孔7313,进口231伸入贯穿孔7313。In order to facilitate the passage of the inlet 231 of the circulation channel 23, it is preferable that the second annular portion 731 is provided with a through hole 7313, and the inlet 231 extends into the through hole 7313.
多个孔压传感器21、多个温度传感器22均设置成两组,两组孔压传感器21、两组温度传感器22均呈上下布置,便于精确掌握土体孔压差值和温度。A plurality of pore pressure sensors 21 and a plurality of temperature sensors 22 are arranged in two groups. The two groups of pore pressure sensors 21 and the two groups of temperature sensors 22 are arranged up and down, which facilitates accurate control of the soil pore pressure difference and temperature.
本实施例优选孔压传感器21、温度传感器22、位移传感器8均与数据采集系统97相连接,数据采集系统97与计算机98相连接。In this embodiment, it is preferred that the pore pressure sensor 21 , the temperature sensor 22 , and the displacement sensor 8 are all connected to the data acquisition system 97 , and the data acquisition system 97 is connected to the computer 98 .
在冻土中,电渗能够引起弱结合水在未冻孔隙中的移动,这与其他势能如温度、荷载等下的迁移介质和通道是一致的。通过未冻水源段61提供电渗所需的渗流未冻水,电渗作用时,首先引起孔隙水渗流,未冻水从未冻水源段61迁移至渗透测试段62,渗流速度沿电势方向上的差值引起负孔压的产生,负孔压梯度等效于引起水分迁移的水力梯度,未冻水继续迁移至流量计量段63允许再次冻结,通过流量计量段63冻胀量来精确测量渗流量,配合水力梯度可获得更为准确的冻土渗透系数。In frozen soil, electroosmosis can cause the movement of weakly bound water in unfrozen pores, which is consistent with migration media and channels under other potential energies such as temperature, load, etc. The seepage unfrozen water required for electroosmosis is provided through the unfrozen water source section 61. During electroosmosis, pore water seepage is first caused. The unfrozen water migrates from the unfrozen water source section 61 to the permeability test section 62. The seepage velocity is along the direction of the potential. The difference causes the generation of negative pore pressure. The negative pore pressure gradient is equivalent to the hydraulic gradient that causes water migration. The unfrozen water continues to migrate to the flow metering section 63 and is allowed to freeze again. The frost heave of the flow metering section 63 is used to accurately measure the seepage. The flow rate and hydraulic gradient can be used to obtain a more accurate frozen soil permeability coefficient.
为了更好地说明本发明的冻土渗透系数测量系统,以下详细介绍测量步骤:In order to better explain the frozen soil permeability coefficient measurement system of the present invention, the measurement steps are introduced in detail below:
1、将阳极金属板51放置在下样品仓4的底部。未冻水源段61的土体采用膨润土制备,膨润土比表面积大、未冻水含量高。在制备多组试验土体时,下部的未冻水源段61采用控制干密度的方法,取同一批且质量相同的土样放入下样品仓4进行压实,直至压实后的土体与下样品仓4的顶端齐平。1. Place the anode metal plate 51 at the bottom of the lower sample chamber 4. The soil of the unfrozen water source section 61 is made of bentonite, which has a large specific surface area and high unfrozen water content. When preparing multiple groups of test soil, the lower unfrozen water source section 61 adopts the method of controlling dry density, and takes the same batch of soil samples with the same quality and puts them into the lower sample chamber 4 for compaction until the compacted soil is consistent with The top of the lower sample compartment 4 is flush.
2、将下渗透限位板71盖在下样品仓4上部,然后将其整体插入试验仓2并使下渗透限位板71与试验仓2固定。将渗透测试段62的土体从试验仓2上部加入到试验仓2内,期间在试验设计位置安放孔压传感器21和温度传感器22,将渗透测试段62土体压实,期间采用“多退少补”直至压实后的土体与试验仓2内设置的第一刻痕齐平。2. Cover the upper part of the lower sample chamber 4 with the lower penetration limiting plate 71, then insert it into the test chamber 2 as a whole and fix the lower penetration limiting plate 71 with the test chamber 2. The soil of the penetration test section 62 is added into the test chamber 2 from the upper part of the test chamber 2. During this period, the pore pressure sensor 21 and the temperature sensor 22 are placed at the test design position, and the soil of the penetration test section 62 is compacted. During this period, "multi-retreat" is used. "Add less" until the compacted soil is flush with the first notch set in the test chamber 2.
3、将上渗透限位板72放入试验仓2并盖在渗透测试段62的土体上部,插入上限位环73并与试验仓2固定。采用与渗透测试段62同一批的土样加入到上限位环73内形成流量计量段63,期间采用“多退少补”将土体压实直至达到上限位环73内设置的第二刻痕,然后将阴极金属板52盖在流量计量段63土体上部,并将位移传感器8安装在阴极金属板52上部。3. Place the upper penetration limiting plate 72 into the test chamber 2 and cover the upper part of the soil in the penetration test section 62. Insert the upper limit ring 73 and fix it with the test chamber 2. The soil samples from the same batch as the penetration test section 62 are added into the upper limit ring 73 to form the flow measurement section 63. During this period, "more withdrawal and less supplementation" are used to compact the soil until it reaches the second notch set in the upper limit ring 73. , then cover the upper part of the soil body of the flow measurement section 63 with the cathode metal plate 52, and install the displacement sensor 8 on the upper part of the cathode metal plate 52.
4、将孔压传感器21、温度传感器22、位移传感器8连接数据采集系统97,并将数据采集系统97连接至计算机98,将阳极金属板51和阴极金属板52与直流稳压电源91连接。4. Connect the pore pressure sensor 21, the temperature sensor 22, and the displacement sensor 8 to the data acquisition system 97, connect the data acquisition system 97 to the computer 98, and connect the anode metal plate 51 and the cathode metal plate 52 to the DC regulated power supply 91.
5、打开下抽真空阀92和上抽真空阀93,连接真空泵95,按试验设计抽真空。抽真空完毕后通过三通开关阀94将下抽真空阀92和上抽真空阀93调整为连通补水装置96,使其自然补水。待补水装置96的水位不再变化,关闭下抽真空阀92和上抽真空阀93。5. Open the lower vacuum valve 92 and the upper vacuum valve 93, connect the vacuum pump 95, and vacuum according to the experimental design. After the vacuuming is completed, the lower vacuuming valve 92 and the upper vacuuming valve 93 are adjusted to communicate with the water replenishing device 96 through the three-way switch valve 94, so that they can replenish water naturally. When the water level of the water replenishment device 96 no longer changes, close the lower vacuum valve 92 and the upper vacuum valve 93.
6、将试验仓2的循环通道23的进口231和出口232连接在冷浴3上并将试验仓2整体放入恒温箱1,将冷浴3和恒温箱1调至较低温度使内部土体快速冻结。6. Connect the inlet 231 and outlet 232 of the circulation channel 23 of the test chamber 2 to the cold bath 3 and put the whole test chamber 2 into the thermostat 1. Adjust the cold bath 3 and the thermostat 1 to a lower temperature to make the internal soil The body freezes quickly.
7、待土体完全冻结后,将冷浴3和恒温箱1调至试验设定温度,通过温度传感器22观察,待试验土体达到设定温度后打开直流稳压电源91开始试验。7. After the soil is completely frozen, adjust the cold bath 3 and the thermostat 1 to the test set temperature, and observe through the temperature sensor 22. After the test soil reaches the set temperature, turn on the DC regulated power supply 91 to start the test.
8、按试验设计使数据采集系统97定时采集孔压传感器21、温度传感器22、位移传感器8的数值并传至计算机98记录。8. According to the experimental design, the data acquisition system 97 regularly collects the values of the pore pressure sensor 21, the temperature sensor 22, and the displacement sensor 8 and transmits them to the computer 98 for recording.
9、根据Burt T.P.、Horiguchi K.、Seyfried M.S.等人的研究发现,冻土中仍满足达西定律的使用条件,由此利用达西定律v=k×i,其中:v为渗流速率、k为渗透系数、i为水力梯度,来测量冻土的渗透系数k。在本试验系统下,上下的孔压传感器21采集的孔压梯度等效于水力梯度i,因为梯度是无量纲的,所以v和k同单位。根据达西定律的另一公式v=Q/A,其中:Q为渗流量,单位为mm³/s,A为土样横断面面积。试验中的Q通过位移增长量△h乘以A再除以设定的记录时间间隔来确定,所以v数值上等于位移增长量△h除以设定的记录时间间隔。作渗流速率v与水力梯度i的关系曲线,取线性段斜率即为该条件下的冻土渗透系数k。可引入时间作为参量,来分析渗透系数的变化过程,由此分析测量的最经济时长,来为实际工程提供参考。9. According to the research of Burt T.P., Horiguchi K., Seyfried M.S. and others, the conditions for using Darcy’s law are still satisfied in frozen soil, so Darcy’s law v=k×i is used, where: v is the seepage rate, k is the permeability coefficient and i is the hydraulic gradient to measure the permeability coefficient k of frozen soil. Under this test system, the pore pressure gradient collected by the upper and lower pore pressure sensors 21 is equivalent to the hydraulic gradient i. Because the gradient is dimensionless, v and k have the same unit. According to another formula of Darcy's law v=Q/A, where: Q is the seepage amount in mm³/s, and A is the cross-sectional area of the soil sample. Q in the test is determined by multiplying the displacement increase Δh by A and dividing it by the set recording time interval, so v is numerically equal to the displacement increase Δh divided by the set recording time interval. Draw a relationship curve between the seepage rate v and the hydraulic gradient i, and take the slope of the linear segment to determine the frozen soil permeability coefficient k under this condition. Time can be introduced as a parameter to analyze the change process of the permeability coefficient, and thereby analyze the most economical measurement time to provide a reference for actual projects.
对于本领域技术人员而言,显然本发明不限于上述示范性实施例的细节,而且在不背离本发明的精神或基本特征的情况下,能够以其他的具体形式实现本发明。因此,无论从哪一点来看,均应将实施例看作是示范性的,而且是非限制性的,本发明的范围由所附权利要求而不是上述说明限定,因此旨在将落在权利要求的等同要件的含义和范围内的所有变化囊括在本发明内。不应将权利要求中的任何附图标记视为限制所涉及的权利要求。It is obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the above-described exemplary embodiments, and that the present invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the present invention. Therefore, the embodiments should be regarded as illustrative and non-restrictive from any point of view, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the above description, and it is therefore intended that all claims falling within the claims All changes within the meaning and scope of equivalent elements are included in the present invention. Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the claim in question.
此外,应当理解,虽然本说明书按照实施方式加以描述,但并非每个实施方式仅包含一个独立的技术方案,说明书的这种叙述方式仅仅是为清楚起见,本领域技术人员应当将说明书作为一个整体,各实施例中的技术方案也可以经适当组合,形成本领域技术人员可以理解的其他实施方式。In addition, it should be understood that although this specification is described in terms of implementations, not each implementation only contains an independent technical solution. This description of the specification is only for the sake of clarity, and those skilled in the art should take the specification as a whole. , the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other implementations that can be understood by those skilled in the art.
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