CN116829571A - 新型螺旋吡咯烷衍生的抗病毒药物 - Google Patents
新型螺旋吡咯烷衍生的抗病毒药物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116829571A CN116829571A CN202180084565.0A CN202180084565A CN116829571A CN 116829571 A CN116829571 A CN 116829571A CN 202180084565 A CN202180084565 A CN 202180084565A CN 116829571 A CN116829571 A CN 116829571A
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- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011426 transformation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/10—Spiro-condensed systems
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- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/407—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with other heterocyclic ring systems, e.g. ketorolac, physostigmine
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- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种式(I)化合物及其药学上可接受的盐:
Description
相关申请
本申请要求于2020年11月23日递交的美国临时专利申请第63/117,184号的优先权。上述专利申请的全部教导通过引证在此全部并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及通过用治疗有效量的3C样蛋白酶抑制剂靶向3C样蛋白酶(有时称为“3CLpro”、“主蛋白酶”或“Mpro”)来抑制冠状病毒复制活性的化合物和方法。本发明还涉及药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含冠状病毒3C样蛋白酶抑制剂,并对哺乳动物施用有效量的这种冠状病毒3C样蛋白酶抑制剂。
背景技术
冠状病毒是具有病毒包膜的单链、正链RNA病毒家族,分类为巢状病毒目。冠状病毒家族包括许多动物物种的病原体,包括人类、马、牛、猪、鸟、猫和猴子,并且在60年前就已经广为人知。例如,1949年报道了小鼠冠状病毒原型株JHM的分离。冠状病毒是一种常见的病毒,通常会引起人类轻度至中度上呼吸道疾病,并因其包膜表面的皇冠状突起而得名。冠状病毒有四个主要的亚组,称为α、β、γ和δ冠状病毒,第一批冠状病毒是在20世纪60年代中期发现的。已知能够感染人类的冠状病毒包括α冠状病毒229E和NL63;以及β冠状病毒OC43、HKU1、SARS-冠状病毒(导致严重急性呼吸综合征或SARS的冠状病毒)和MERS-冠状病毒(导致中东呼吸综合征或MERS的冠状病毒)。人们通常感染人类冠状病毒229E、NL63、0C43和HKU1,症状通常包括持续时间短的轻度至中度上呼吸道疾病,如流鼻涕、咳嗽、喉咙痛和发烧。偶尔,人类冠状病毒会导致下呼吸道疾病,如肺炎,尽管这在患有心肺疾病或免疫系统受损的人或老年人中更为常见。普通人类冠状病毒的传播还不完全清楚。然而,人类冠状病毒很可能通过咳嗽和打喷嚏,以及通过密切的个人接触,如触摸或握手,从受感染者通过空气传播给他人。这些病毒也可能通过接触受污染的物体或表面,然后接触口腔、鼻子或眼睛而传播。
冠状病毒是膜包覆的、阳性的、单链RNA病毒。冠状病毒基因组RNA具有5′帽结构和3′聚-A尾,并且至少包含6个开放阅读框(ORF)。第一个ORF(ORF1A/b)直接翻译两个多蛋白:pp1a和pp1ab。这些多蛋白由3C样蛋白酶(3CLpro,也称为主蛋白酶(Mpro)加工成16种非结构蛋白。这些非结构蛋白参与亚基因组RNA的产生,亚基因组RNA编码四种结构蛋白,即包膜蛋白、膜蛋白、棘蛋白和核衣壳蛋白以及其他辅助蛋白。因此,人们了解3C样蛋白酶在冠状病毒生命周期中起着关键作用。
3CLpro是一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶,参与前体多蛋白内的大多数裂解事件。活性3CLpro是一种含有两个原单体的同型二聚体,具有位于结构域I和II之间的Cys-His二元结构。3CLpro在冠状病毒中是保守的,不同冠状病毒的3CLpro底物具有一些共同特征。由于没有3CLpro的人类同源物,它是一个理想的抗病毒靶点。尽管有报道称某些化合物可以抑制3CLpro活性,但它们尚未被批准作为冠状病毒疗法。(参见WO 2004101742 A2,US 2005/0143320Al,US 2006/0014821 Al,US 2009/0137818 Al,WO 2013/049382A2,WO 2013/166319A1,WO2018042343A1,WO2018023054A1,WO2005113580A1,WO2006061714A1,WO2021/205296A1,WO2021/206876A1,WO2021/206877A1,WO2021/207409A2,和US11,124,497B1)。
由于这一高度未满足的临床需求,需要对冠状病毒感染进行更有效的治疗。本发明提供抑制冠状病毒生命周期的化合物以及制备和使用这些化合物的方法。这些化合物可用于治疗或预防冠状病毒感染和减少疾病并发症(如器官衰竭或死亡)的发生。
发明内容
本发明涉及新型抗病毒化合物、包含所述化合物的药物组合物以及用所述化合物治疗或预防需要此类治疗的受试者中病毒(尤其是冠状病毒)感染的方法。本发明化合物抑制由冠状病毒编码的蛋白质或干扰冠状病毒的生命周期,并且还可用作抗病毒剂。此外,本发明提供了制备所述化合物的方法。
本发明提供了式(I)所示化合物及其药学上可接受的盐、酯及其前体药物,
1)-R1;
3)-NR3R4;
B是任选取代的芳基或者任选取代的杂芳基;X选自:
1)–CN;
2)-C(O)R5;
3)-CH(OH)SO3R6;
4)-C(O)NR3R4;以及
5)-C(O)C(O)NR3R4;
L1为-C(R7R8)-;
每个L2为-C(R7R8)-;
n为0、1、2、3、4或5;优选n为1、2或3;R1和R2相互独立的选自:
1)任选取代的-C1-C8烷基;
2)任选取代的-C2-C8烯基;
3)任选取代的-C2-C8炔基;
4)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
5)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
6)任选取代的芳基;
7)任选取代的芳基烷基;
8)任选取代的杂芳基;以及
9)任选取代的杂芳基烷基;
R3和R4相互独立的选自:
1)氢;
2)任选取代的-C1-C8烷基;
3)任选取代的-C2-C8烯基;
4)任选取代的-C2-C8炔基;
5)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
6)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
7)任选取代的芳基;
8)任选取代的芳基烷基;
9)任选取代的杂芳基;以及
10)任选取代的杂芳基烷基;
选择性的,R3和R4与其所附着的氮原子一起形成一种任选取代的3-到8-元杂环基环;
R5是氢或者任选取代的-C1-C8烷基;
R6是氢或者Na+;
R7独立的选自:
1)氢;
2)卤素;
3)-OR3;
4)-SR3;
5)-NR3R4;
6)-OC(O)NR3R4;
7)-C(O)NR3R4;
8)-CO2R3;
9)任选取代的-C1-C6烷基;
10)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
11)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
12)任选取代的芳基;以及
13)任选取代的杂芳基;
R8独立的选自:
1)氢;
2)卤素;
3)-OR3;
4)-SR3;
5)任选取代的-C1-C6烷基;
6)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
7)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
8)任选取代的芳基;以及
9)任选取代的杂芳基;
选择性的,R7和R8与其所附着的碳原子一起形成一种任选取代的3-到8-元碳圆环或者一种任选取代的3-到8-元杂环基环;
选择性的,当n不为0时,来自两个相邻碳原子的R7基团与它们所附着的碳原子一起形成任选取代的3-到8-元碳圆环或者一种任选取代的3-到8-元杂环基环;
选择性的,n为2、3或4,并且两个远端碳原子上的R7基团与它们所附着的碳原子一起形成任选取代的桥接部分;在该实施方案中,优选为任选取代的6-12-元桥接杂环基环系统。
具体实施方式
在本发明的一个实施方案汇总,本发明涉及如上所述式(I)化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,X是-CN。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,X是-C(O)C(O)NR3R4,其中,R3和R4如之前的定义。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,X是-C(O)R5,并且R5是氢。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,X是-C(O)R5,并且R5是CH2OH、-CH2Cl或-CH2F。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,A通过除去一个氢原子衍生自以下任一基团,并且可以是任选取代的:
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,A选自下列基团,并且A是任选取代的:
优选的,所述取代基相互独立的选自卤素、CN、NH2,任选取代的-C1-C3烷氧基,任选取代的-C1-C3烷基和任选取代的-C3-C6环烷基。优选的,取代基的数目是0、1、2或3。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,A选自下列基团并且A是任选取代的:
优选的,所述取代基相互独立的选自卤素、CN、NH2,任选取代的-C1-C3烷氧基,任选取代的-C1-C3烷基和任选取代的-C3-C6环烷基。优选的,取代基的数目是0、1、2或3。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,A选自下列基团,并且A是任选取代的:
优选的,所述A取代基相互独立的选自卤素、CN、NH2,任选取代的-C1-C3烷氧基,任选取代的-C1-C3烷基,任选取代的-C3-C6环烷基,任选取代的芳基,和任选取代的杂芳基。优选的,取代基的数目是0到3。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,A选自下列基团,并且A是任选取代的:
优选的,所述A取代基相互独立的选自卤素、CN、NH2、任选取代的-C1-C3烷氧基、任选取代的-C1-C3烷基、任选取代的-C3-C6环烷基、任选取代的芳基和任选取代的杂芳基。优选的,取代基的数目是0到3。
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,A选自下列基团,并且A是任选取代的:
在式(I)所示化合物的某些实施方案中,B选自下列基团,并且B是任选取代的:
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(II):
其中,A、L1、L2、n和X如之前的定义,n1是0、1、2、3或4,以及
每个R9独立地选自:
1)卤素;
2)–CN;
3)-OR3;
4)-SR3;
5)-NR3R4;
6)-OC(O)NR3R4;
7)任选取代的-C1-C6烷基;
8)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
9)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
10)任选取代的芳基;和
11)任选取代的杂芳基。
选择性的,当n1是2、3或4时,两个相邻的R9基团与它们所连接的碳原子一起形成任选取代的芳基、任选取代的杂芳基、任选取代的3-到8-元碳圆环或者任选取代的3-到8-元杂环基环。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(II-1):
其中,A、L1、L2、n和X如之前的定义。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(III-1)和式(III-2):
其中R10是卤素、-OR3、-SR3、-NR3R4、-OC(O)NR3R4、任选取代的-C1-C6烷基、任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基、任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;m1是0、1、2或3;以及m2是0、1、2、3或4,并且B如之前的定义。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(IV-1)和式(IV-2):
其中,A、X、R9、R10、m1、m2和n1如之前的定义。优选地,n1为0,m1为0,且m2为0。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(V-1)至式(V-4):
其中每个T为-CR7-;每个U为-C(R7R8)-;每个V为-O-、-S-、-C(R7R8)-或-N(R3R4)-;m为0、1或2;m’为0、1、2或3;并且A、B、R3、R4、R7、R8和X如之前的定义。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(VI-1)至式(VI-4):
其中A、X、T、U、V、R9、n1、m和m’如之前的定义。
在某些实施方案中,式(VI-1)至式(VI-4)所述的化合物,当n1是2、3或4时,两个相邻的R9基团与它们所连接的碳原子一起形成任选取代的芳基、任选取代的杂芳基、任选取代的3-到8-元碳圆环或者任选取代的3-到8-元杂环基环。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(VII-1)至式(VII-6):
其中R9、n1、A和X如之前的定义。优选地X为–CN、-C(O)H、-C(O)CH2OH、-C(O)CH2Cl、-C(O)CH2F、 并且A选自以下基团,且A是任选取代的:
优选的,所述A取代基相互独立的选自卤素、CN、NH2、任选取代的-C1-C3烷氧基、任选取代的-C1-C3烷基、任选取代的-C3-C6环烷基、任选取代的芳基和任选取代的杂芳基。优选的,取代基的数目是0到3。
在某些实施方案中,式(I)所示化合物被表示为式(VIII-1)至式(VIII-24):
其中A选自以下基团:
并且X选自以下基团:
本发明的代表性化合物包括但不限于,下列式(IX-1)至式(IX-24)化合物:
其中A选自以下基团:
并且X选自以下基团:
定义
下文列出的是用于描述本发明的各术语的定义。除非在特定情况下另有限制,否则当在整个本说明书和权利要求书中单独或作为更大基团的一部分使用该术语时,这些定义适用于该术语。
这里所使用的所述术语“芳基”指的是具有至少一个芳香族环的单环碳环或者双环碳环,其包括,但不局限于,苯基,萘基,四氢萘基,茚满基,和茚基。聚环芳基是一种包括至少一个芳香环的聚环系统。聚环芳基可以包括融合环、共价连接环或者其结合。
这里所使用的所述术语“杂芳基”指的是单环或者多环的芳香族基团,具有一个或者更多个环原子选自S、O以及N;并且剩余的环原子是碳,其中环中包含的任意N或者S可以任选的被氧化。杂芳基包括,但不局限于,吡啶基,吡嗪基,嘧啶基,吡咯基,吡唑基,咪唑啉,噻唑啉,恶唑啉,异恶唑啉,噻二唑啉,恶二唑啉,苯硫基,呋喃基,喹啉基,异喹啉基,苯并咪唑啉,苯并恶唑啉,以及喹恶啉。聚环杂芳基可以包括融合环,共价连接环或者其结合。
依据本发明,芳香族基团可以是被取代的或者未被取代的。
这里使用的术语“双环芳基”或者“双环杂芳基”指的是由两个环组成的环系统,其中,至少一个环是芳香族环;并且两个环可以是融合的或者共价链接的。
如这里使用的术语“烷基”指的是一种饱和的、直链或者支链碳氢基团。“C1-C4烷基”、“C1-C6烷基”、“C1-C8烷基”、“C1-C12烷基”、“C2-C4烷基”或者“C3-C6烷基”分别指的是由一到四个、一到六个、一到八个、一个到十二个、2到4个和3到6个碳原子组成的烷基基团。C1-C8烷基基团的实例包括(但不限于)甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、新戊基、正己基、庚基、辛基基团。
如这里所使用的术语“烯基”指的是一种通过移除一个氢原子衍生的具有至少一个碳-碳双键的直链或者支链碳氢基团。“C2-C8烯基”、“C2-C12烯基”、“C2-C4烯基”、“C3-C4烯基”或者“C3-C6烯基”分别指的是由二到八个、二到十二个、二到四个、三到四个或者三到六个碳原子组成的烯基基团。烯基基团包括但不限于(例如)乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、2-甲基-2-丁烯-2-基、庚烯基、辛烯基等等。
如这里所使用的术语“炔基”指的是一种通过移除一个氢原子衍生的具有至少一个碳-碳三键的直链的或者支链的碳氢基团。“C2-C8炔基”、“C2-C12炔基”、“C2-C4炔基”、“C3-C4炔基”或者“C3-C6炔基”分别指的是由两个到八个、两个到十二个、两个到四个、三个到四个或者三个到六个碳原子组成的炔基基团。代表性的炔基基团包括但不限于(例如)乙炔基、2-丙炔基、2-丁炔基、庚炔基、辛炔基等等。
如这里所使用的术语“环烷基”指的是,表示的是单环或者多环的饱和的碳环化合物,或者双环或者三环融合基团、桥连基团或者螺旋系统,并且所述碳原子可以选择性的被氧取代、或者任选的被外源环烯烃双键所任选取代。优选的环烷基基团包括C3-C12环烷基,C3-C6环烷基,C3-C8环烷基和C4-C7环烷基.并且C3-C12环烷基的例子包括,但不局限于,环丙基,环丁基,环戊基,环己基,环戊基、环辛基、4-亚甲基环己基、双环[2.2.1]庚基,双环[3.1.0]己烯,螺旋[2.5]辛基,3-亚甲基双环[3.2.1]辛基,螺旋[4.4]壬基,等等。
如这里所使用的术语“环烯基”指的是来自于单环或者多环碳环化合物的、或者双环或者三环融合基团、桥连基团或者螺旋系统,并且具有至少一条碳-碳双键的基团,并且其中碳原子可以选择性的被氧取代,或者任选的被外源环烯烃双键所任选取代。优选的环烯基基团包括C3-C12环烯基,C3-C8环烯基或者C5-C7环烯基基团。C3-C12环烯基的实施例包括,但是不局限于环丙烯基,环丁烯基,环戊烯基,环己烯基,环庚烯基,环辛烯基,双环[2.2.1]庚-2-烯基,双环[3.1.0]己-2-烯基,螺旋[2.5]辛-4-烯基,螺旋[4.4]壬-2-烯基,双环[4.2.1]壬-3-烯-12-基,等等。
术语“芳基烷基”指的是一种功能性基团,其中亚烷基链与芳基基团相附着,例如,-CH2CH2-苯基。术语“取代的芳基烷基”指的是芳基烷基功能性基团,其中,芳基基团被取代。相似的,术语“杂芳基烷基”指的是一种功能性基团,其中,亚烷基链与杂芳基基团相附着。术语“取代的杂芳基烷基”指的是杂芳基烷基功能性基团,其中,所述杂芳基基团被取代。优选的,如这里所使用的,芳基烷基是芳基–C1-C6烷基,和杂芳基烷基是杂芳基–C1-C6烷基。
如这里所使用的,术语“烷氧基”,当单独使用或者与其他术语结合使用时,除非另有指明,指的是一种具有指定碳原子数的烷基基团,其通过氧原子与该分子的剩余部分相连,例如,甲氧基、乙氧基、2-丙氧基、2-丙氧基(异丙氧基)和高级类似物及异构体。优选的烷氧基是(C2-C3)烷氧基。
应该理解的是,本文所描述的任何烷基,烯基,炔基,环烷基,杂环基和环烯基基团也可以是脂肪族基团或者脂环族基团。
“脂肪族”基团是一种非芳香族基团,可以包含碳原子、氢原子、卤素原子、氧、氮或其他原子的任意组合,并且任选地含有一个或多个不饱和单元,例如双链和/或三键。脂肪族基团的实施例是功能性基团,例如,烷基,烯基,炔基,O,OH,NH,NH2,C(O),S(O)2,C(O)O,C(O)NH,OC(O)O,OC(O)NH,OC(O)NH2,S(O)2NH,S(O)2NH2,NHC(O)NH2,NHC(O)C(O)NH,NHS(O)2NH,NHS(O)2NH2,C(O)NHS(O)2,C(O)NHS(O)2NH或者C(O)NHS(O)2NH2,等等,包括一个或者一个以上功能性基团、非芳香族碳氢基团(任选取代的)的基团,以及某些其他基团,在其中,非芳香族碳氢基团(任选取代的)中一个或者一个以上的碳原子被功能性基团所取代。脂肪族基团的碳原子可以是任选氧取代的。脂肪族基团可以是直链的、支链的或环状的,或者是其结合,并且优选的含有约1至约24个碳原子,更典型地含有约1至约12个碳原子。除了脂肪族烃基之外,例如这里所使用的,脂肪族基团还包括,例如,烷氧基烷基、聚烷氧基烷基,例如,聚亚烷基醇、聚胺和聚亚胺,例如,这样的脂族基团可以被进一步被任选取代。
所述术语“杂环烷基”以及“杂环”可以相互替换使用,并且指的是一个非芳香族环或者一种双环基团或者三环基团的稠和(fused)、螺旋(spiro)或者侨联系统,其中(i)每个环含有至少1个杂原子,分别独立的选自氧,硫以及氮;(ii)每个环系统可以是饱和的或者不饱和的,(iii)所述的氮杂原子以及硫杂原子可以被任选氧化,(iv)所述的氮杂原子可以任选地被季铵化,(v)上述环中的任意一个可以与一个苯环发生稠和,和(vi)剩余的环原子是碳原子,这些碳原子可以任选的被氧取代或者被外源环烯烃双键任选取代。代表性的杂环烷基基团包括,但不局限于,[1,3]二氧戊环,吡咯烷基,吡唑啉基,吡唑烷基,咪唑啉基,咪唑烷基,哌啶基,哌嗪基,唑烷基,异唑烷基,吗啉基,噻唑基,异噻唑基,喹喔啉基,哒嗪基、2-氮杂双环[2.2.1]-庚烯,8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛基,5-氮杂螺旋[2.5]辛基,2-氧杂-7-氮杂螺旋[4.4]壬基,7-氧己内酯-4-基和四氢呋喃。这些杂环基团可以进一步的被取代。杂芳基或者杂环基基团可以是C-附着的或者N-附着的(可能的地方)。
可以理解的是,这里描述的所有烷基,烯基,炔基,脂环基,环烷基,环烯基,芳基,杂芳基,杂环基,脂肪族部分等等当用作连接体连接两个或者多个基团或者取代基(可以是相同的或者不同的)时,可以是二价的或者多价基团。本领域普通技术人员容易地从它发生的上下文中确定任何这样的基团的化合价。
本文所用的术语“取代的”是指其上的1个、2个或3个或更多个氢原子独立地被下列取代基替代,所述取代基包括但不限于:-F,-Cl,-Br,-I,-OH,C1-C12-烷基;C2-C12-烯基,C2-C12-炔基,-C3-C12-环烷基,保护的羟基,-NO2,-N3,-CN,-NH2,保护的氨基,氧,硫基,-NH-C1-C12-烷基,-NH-C2-C8-烯基,-NH-C2-C8-炔基,-NH-C3-C12-环烷基,-NH-芳基,-NH-杂芳基,-NH-杂环烷基,-二烷基氨基,-二芳基氨基,-二杂芳基氨基,-O-C1-C12-烷基,-O-C2-C8-烯基,-O-C2-C8-炔基,-O-C3-C12-环烷基,-O-芳基,-O-杂芳基,-O-杂环烷基,-C(O)-C1-C12-烷基,-C(O)-C2-C8-烯基,-C(O)-C2-C8-炔基,-C(O)-C3-C12-环烷基,-C(O)-芳基,-C(O)-杂芳基,-C(O)-杂环烷基,-CONH2,-CONH-C1-C12-烷基,-CONH-C2-C8-烯基,-CONH-C2-C8-炔基,-CONH-C3-C12-环烷基,-CONH-芳基,-CONH-杂芳基,-CONH-杂环烷基,-OCO2-C1-C12-烷基,-OCO2-C2-C8-烯基,-OCO2-C2-C8-炔基,-OCO2-C3-C12-环烷基,-OCO2-芳基,-OCO2-杂芳基,-OCO2-杂环烷基,-CO2-C1-C12烷基,-CO2-C2-C8烯基,-CO2-C2-C8炔基,CO2-C3-C12-环烷基,-CO2-芳基,CO2-杂芳基,CO2-杂环烷基,-OCONH2,-OCONH-C1C12-烷基,-OCONH-C2-C8-烯基,-OCONH-C2-C8-炔基,-OCONH-C3-C12-环烷基,-OCONH-芳基,-OCONH-杂芳基,-OCONH-杂环-烷基,-NHC(O)H,-NHC(O)-C1-C12-烷基,-NHC(O)-C2-C8-烯基,-NHC(O)-C2-C8-炔基,-NHC(O)-C3-C12-环烷基,-NHC(O)-芳基,-NHC(O)-杂芳基,-NHC(O)-杂环-烷基,-NHCO2-C1-C12-烷基,-NHCO2-C2-C8-烯基,-NHCO2-C2-C8-炔基,-NHCO2-C3-C12-环烷基,-NHCO2-芳基,-NHCO2-杂芳基,-NHCO2-杂环烷基,-NHC(O)NH2,-NHC(O)NH-C1-C12-烷基,-NHC(O)NH-C2-C8-烯基,-NHC(O)NH-C2-C8-炔基,-NHC(O)NH-C3-C12-环烷基,-NHC(O)NH-芳基,-NHC(O)NH-杂芳基,-NHC(O)NH-杂环烷基,NHC(S)NH2,-NHC(S)NH-C1-C12-烷基,-NHC(S)NH-C2-C8-烯基,-NHC(S)NH-C2-C8-炔基,-NHC(S)NH-C3-C12-环烷基,-NHC(S)NH-芳基,-NHC(S)NH-杂芳基,-NHC(S)NH-杂环烷基,-NHC(NH)NH2,-NHC(NH)NH-C1-C12-烷基,-NHC(NH)NH-C2-C8-烯基,-NHC(NH)NH-C2-C8-炔基,-NHC(NH)NH-C3-C12-环烷基,-NHC(NH)NH-芳基,-NHC(NH)NH-杂芳基,-NHC(NH)NH-杂环烷基,-NHC(NH)-C1-C12-烷基,-NHC(NH)-C2-C8-烯基,-NHC(NH)-C2-C8-炔基,-NHC(NH)-C3-C12-环烷基,-NHC(NH)-芳基,-NHC(NH)-杂芳基,-NHC(NH)-杂环烷基,-C(NH)NH-C1-C12-烷基,-C(NH)NH-C2-C8-烯基,-C(NH)NH-C2-C8-炔基,-C(NH)NH-C3-C12-环烷基,-C(NH)NH-芳基,-C(NH)NH-杂芳基,-C(NH)NH-杂环烷基,-S(O)-C1-C12-烷基,-S(O)-C2-C8-烯基,-S(O)-C2-C8-炔基,-S(O)-C3-C12-环烷基,-S(O)-芳基,-S(O)-杂芳基,-S(O)-杂环烷基,-SO2NH2,-SO2NH-C1-C12-烷基,-SO2NH-C2-C8-烯基,-SO2NH-C2-C8-炔基,-SO2NH-C3-C12-环烷基,-SO2NH-芳基,-SO2NH-杂芳基,-SO2NH-杂环烷基,-NHSO2-C1-C12-烷基,-NHSO2-C2-C8-烯基,-NHSO2-C2-C8-炔基,-NHSO2-C3-C12-环烷基,-NHSO2-芳基,-NHSO2-杂芳基,-NHSO2-杂环烷基,-CH2NH2,-CH2SO2CH3,-芳基,-芳基烷基,-杂芳基,-杂芳基烷基,-杂环烷基,-C3-C12-环烷基,聚烷氧基烷基,聚烷氧基,-甲氧基甲氧基,-甲氧基乙氧基,-SH,-S-C1-C12-烷基,-S-C2-C8-烯基,-S-C2-C8-炔基,-S-C3-C12-环烷基,-S-芳基,-S-杂芳基,-S-杂环烷基,或者甲基硫基-甲基。在某些实施方案中,所述取代基相互独立的选自卤素,优选的Cl和F;C1-C4-烷基,优选的是甲基和乙基;卤代-C1-C4-烷基,例如氟代甲基,二氟代甲基,和三氟代甲基;C2-C4-烯基;卤代-C2-C4-烯基;C3-C6-环烷基,例如环丙基;C1-C4-烷氧基,例如甲氧基和乙氧基;卤代-C1-C4-烷氧基,例如氟代甲氧基,二氟代甲氧基和三氟代甲氧基;酰基;-CN;-OH;NH2;C1-C4-烷基氨基;二(C1-C4-烷基)氨基;和NO2。应了解,芳基、杂芳基、烷基等等可被进一步取代。在一些情形下,被取代部分的每一取代基另外任选地被一个或多个基团取代,每一基团独立地选自C1-C4-烷基;-CF3,-OCH3,-OCF3,-F,-Cl,-Br,-I,-OH,-NO2,-CN,和-NH2.优选的,取代的烷基基团可进一步被一个或者一个以上卤素原子取代,更优选的,一个或者一个以上氟原子或者氯原子所取代。
术语“卤代”或者“卤素”,单独或者作为其它取代基的一部分时,如这里所使用的,指的是氟、氯、溴、或者碘原子。优选的卤素是氟、氯和溴。
这里所使用的术语“任选取代的”,意味着所涉及的基团可以被取代或未取代。在一个实施方案中,所涉及的基团被零取代基选择性取代,例如,所涉及的基团未被取代。在另一个实施方案中,所涉及的基团被一个或多个其他基团所取代,所述其他基团单独并独立地从本文所描述的基团中选择。
术语“氢”包括氢和氘。此外,该分子的描述包括该分子的同位素,只要所得化合物是药学上可接受的即可。
如这里所使用的术语“羟基活化基团”是指一种本领域已知的不稳定化学基团,其可活化羟基以使其在合成过程期间(例如在取代或消除反应中)脱除。羟基活化基团的实例包括,但不限于,甲磺酸酯基、甲苯磺酸酯基、三氟甲磺酸酯基、对-硝基苯甲酸酯基、膦酸酯基等等。
如这里所使用的术语“被活化的羟基”是指被如上文所定义的羟基活化基团活化的羟基,例如,该羟基活化基团包括甲磺酸酯基、甲苯磺酸酯基、三氟甲磺酸酯基、对-硝基苯甲酸酯基、膦酸酯基。
如这里所使用的术语“羟基保护基团”是指本领域已知的不稳定化学集团,其可在合成过程期间保护羟基免于不期望反应。在所述的合成程序后,可选择性移除如本文所述的羟基保护基团。本领域已知的羟基保护基团概述于T.H.Greene和P.G.,S.M.Wuts,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第三版,John Wiley&Sons,New York(1999)中。羟基保护基团的实例包括苄基氧基羰基、4-甲氧基苯甲基氧基羰基,叔丁氧基-羰基,异丙基氧基羰基,二苯基甲氧基羰基,2,2,2-三氯乙氧基羰基,烯丙基氧基羰基,乙酰基,甲酰基,氯代乙酰基,三氟代酰基,甲氧基酰基,苯氧基酰基,苯甲酰基,甲基,叔丁基,2,2,2-三氯乙基,2-三甲基硅甲烷基乙基,烯丙基,苯甲基,三苯基-甲基(trityl),甲氧基甲基,甲基硫基甲基,苯甲基氧基甲基,2-(三甲基甲硅烷基)-乙氧基甲基,甲磺酰基,三甲基甲硅烷基,三异丙基甲硅烷基,等等。
如这里所使用的术语“被保护的羟基”是指受如上文所定义的羟基保护基团保护的羟基,该羟基保护基团包括苯甲酰基、乙酰基、三甲基甲硅烷基、三乙基甲硅烷基、甲氧基甲基。
本文所用的术语“羟基前体药物基团”是指在本领域中已知的能够通过覆盖或掩蔽羟基改变母体药物的物理化学性质,从而以瞬时方式改变其生物学特性的促进基团。在所述合成步骤之后,如本文所述的羟基前体药物基团必须能够在体内恢复到羟基。本领域内已知的羟基前体药物基团主要被描述在Kenneth B.Sloan,Prodrugs,TopicalandOcular Drug Delivery,(Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences;Volume 53),MarcelDekker,Inc.,New York(1992)中。
如这里所使用的术语“氨基保护基团”是指本领域已知的可在合成过程期间保护氨基免于不期望反应的不稳定化学部分。在所述的合成程序后,可选择性移除如本文所述的氨基保护基团。本领域已知的氨基保护基团主要被描述在T.H.Greene和P.G.M.Wuts,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第三版,John Wiley&Sons,New York(1999)中。氨基保护基团的实例包括,但不限于,甲氧基羰基、叔丁氧基羰基、12-芴基甲氧基羰基、苄基氧基羰基等等。
如这里所使用的术语“被保护的氨基”指的是被如上定义的氨基保护基团所保护的氨基基团。
术语“离去基团”是指在取代反应(如亲核取代反应)中可被另一功能性基团或原子取代的功能性基团或原子。举例来说,代表性的离去基团包括氯、溴和碘基团;磺酸酯基团,例如甲磺酸酯、甲苯磺酸酯、溴溴酸盐、诺赛特等;以及酰基氧基,如乙酰氧基、三氟乙酰氧基等。
这里所使用的所述术语“疏质子溶剂”指的是对质子的活性具有相对惰性的溶剂,即,没有质子供体活性。例子包括,但不局限于,碳氢化合物,例如己烷和甲苯,例如,卤素碳氢化合物,例如,比方说,亚甲基氯、亚乙基氯,氯仿等等;杂环化合物,例如,比分说,四氢呋喃和N-甲基吡咯烷酮,和乙醚例如二乙基乙醚,双-甲氧基甲基乙醚。这类溶剂是本领域技术人员熟知的,并且对于具体化合物以及反应条件而言,单独的溶剂或者所述溶剂的混合物可能是优选的,这取决于下列因素,例如试剂的溶解性,试剂的反应性以及优选的温度范围。对于疏质子溶剂的进一步探讨可以在organic chemistry textbooks(有机化学手册)或者专题论著中找到,例如:由John A.Riddick等人编辑的Organic Solvents PhysicalProperties and Methods of Purification(有机溶剂的物理性质以及纯化方法),第四版,第II卷,Techniques of Chemistry Series(化学技术丛书),John Wiley&Sons,纽约,1986年。
这里所使用的所述术语“给质子有机溶剂”或者“给质子溶剂”指的是趋向于提供质子的溶剂,例如一种醇,例如,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇,异丙醇,丁醇,叔丁醇,以及类似的醇类。这类溶剂是本领域技术人员熟知的,并且对于具体化合物以及反应条件而言,单独的溶剂或者所述溶剂的混合物可能是优选的,这取决于下列因素,例如试剂的溶解性,试剂的反应性以及优选的温度范围。对于给质子溶剂的进一步探讨可以在organic chemistrytextbooks(有机化学手册)或者专题论著中找到,例如:由John A.Riddick等人编辑的Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification(有机溶剂的物理性质以及纯化方法),第四版,第II卷,Techniques of Chemistry Series(化学技术丛书),John Wiley&Sons,纽约,1986年。
本发明仅包括那些能够得到稳定化合物形式的取代基和变体组合。本文使用的术语“稳定”是指所述化合物具有足以允许工业制造的稳定性并在足够长的时间内保持化合物的完整性,从而能有效用于这里描述的本发明的目的(例如,治疗性或者对受试者进行预防性给药)。
可从反应混合物中分离所合成的化合物并通过分离方法进一步纯化,所述分离方法例如,柱色谱法、高压液相色谱法或者再结晶等等。如本领域技术人员可以理解的,合成本文各个化学式所示化合物的进一步方法对于本领域普通技术人员将是显而易见的。此外,各种合成步骤可以交替顺序执行或者以得到所需的化合物。如这里所描述的,能够有效合成这里所述化合物的化学转化和保护基团方法(保护和去保护作用)是本领域已知的,例如,那些描述于R.Larock,Comprehensive Organic Transformations(综合有机转化法),VCH出版社(1989年);T.W.Greene与P.G.M.Wuts,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis(有机合成中的保护基团),第二版,Johns Wiley&Sons(1991年);L.Fieser与M.Fieser,Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis(费舍尔以及用于有机合成中的费舍尔试剂),Johns Wiley&Sons(1994年);以及L.Paquette编辑的Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis(有机合成试剂百科全书),JohnsWiley&Sons(1995年)以及相关的出版物中的方法。
这里所使用的所述术语“主体”指的是动物,优选的,所述动物是哺乳动物。更优选的,所述哺乳动物是人。主体还可以指的是,例如,狗,猫,马,牛,猪,豚鼠,鱼、鸟等等。
本发明的化合物可以通过添加适当的官能团来修饰,以增强选择性生物性质。此类修饰在本领域中是已知的,并且可以包括增加生物渗透到特定生物系统(如血液、淋巴系统、中枢神经系统)、增加口服利用率、增加溶解度以允许通过注射给药、改变代谢的药物和改变排泄率等功能。
这里所描述的化合物含有一个或者多个对称中心,并且因此形成了对映异构体、非对映异构体、以及其他立体异构形式,依照绝对立体化学(absolute stereochemistry),可以使用(R)-或者(S)-、或者使用(D)-或者(L)-来表示氨基酸。本发明意在包括所有这类可能的异构体,以及它们的外消旋形式以及光学纯净形式。光学异构体可以通过它们各自的光学活性前体利用如上所述的步骤进行制备,或者通过解析所述外消旋混合物的步骤进行制备。所述的解析反应可以在解析制剂的存在下进行,通过色谱技术或者反复结晶技术或者通过这些技术的某种组合,这些技术是本领域熟练技术人员已知的。关于解析反应的进一步的细节可以在Jacques等人的Enantiomers,Racemates,and Resulutions(对映异构体,外消旋体,以及解析反应)(John Wiley&Sons,1981年)中找到。当本发明所述化合物含有烯族双键或者其他几何对称中心时,并且除非特别指明,其意在表示所述化合物包括E几何异构体以及Z几何异构体。同样的,所有的互变异构体形式也都意在被包括在内。所述互变异构体可以是环状的或者非环状的。对这里所出现的任何碳-碳双键的构型的选择仅仅是为了方便,并不意在指定特定的构型,除非文中特别指明;因此在本发明被随意描述为反式(trans)的碳-碳双键可以是顺式(cis),反式,或者是以任意比例存在的上述两种构型的混合。
本发明的某些化合物也可以以不同的稳定构象形式存在,它们是可分离的。由于不对称的单键,例如由于空间位阻或环应变而受到限制的扭转不对称,可能允许不同构象的分离。本发明包括这些化合物和它们的混合物的每个构象异构体。
这里所使用的所述术语“药物可接受性盐类”指的是由本发明所述的方法所制成的所述化合物的盐类,所述的盐类在合理的医学判断(sound medical judgment)的范围之内,适合用于与人类组织以及低等动物的组织发生接触,不会产生不适当的毒性、刺激性、变态反应以及类似情形,并且具有合理的利益/风险比。药物可接受性盐类是本领域熟知的。例如,S.M.Berge等人在J.Pharmaceutical Sciences,66:2-19(1977)中详细阐述了药学上可接受的盐。所述盐可在本发明化合物的最后分离和纯化期间原位制备,或通过使游离碱官能团与适宜的有机酸反应单独制备。药学上可接受的盐的实例包括(但不限于)无毒酸加成盐,例如,氨基与无机酸例如盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、硫酸和高氯酸,或有机酸例如乙酸、马来酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸或丙二酸形成的盐;或者通过使用本领域使用的其它方法例如离子交换法形成的盐。其它药学上可接受的盐包括,但不限于,己二酸盐、海藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡萄糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、甲酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基-乙磺酸盐、乳糖酸盐、乳酸盐、月桂酸盐、月桂基硫酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、对-甲苯磺酸盐、十一烷酸盐、戊酸盐等等。代表性的碱或碱土金属盐包括钠盐、锂盐、钾盐、钙盐、镁盐等等。其它药学上可接受的盐包括(如果适宜)使用抗衡离子(例如卤素离子、氢氧根、羧酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、硝酸根、具有1个至6个碳原子的烷基磺酸根和芳基磺酸根)形成的无毒的铵、季铵和胺阳离子。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了这里所描述的化合物的药学上可接受的酯。当在本发明中被进行使用时,所述的术语“药学上可接受的酯”指的是能够在体内发生水解的酯类并且包括那些在人体的机体内很容易发生分解从而与所述的母本化合物或者所述化合物的盐发生分离的酯类。适当的酯类基团包括,例如,那些来自于药物学可接受性的脂肪族羧酸,特别是链烷酸、链烯酸、环链烷酸以及链烷二羧酸的酯类基团,其中每个烷基或者烯基半族有利的具有不多于6个碳原子。具体的酯类的例子包括,但不局限于,甲酸酯,乙酸酯,丙酸酯,丁酸酯,丙烯酸酯以及乙基琥珀酸酯。
药物组合物
本发明所述的药物组合物包括治疗有效剂量的本发明所述化合物,以及与所述化合物一同配制的一种或者多种药物可接受性载体。
这里所使用的所述术语“药物可接受性载体”指的是无毒的、惰性固体、半固体或者液体填充剂、稀释剂、胶囊材料或者任何类型的配制助剂。可以作为药物可接受性载体材料的一些例子是糖类例如乳糖,葡萄糖以及蔗糖;淀粉类例如玉米淀粉以及马铃薯淀粉;纤维素及其衍生物类例如羧甲基纤维素钠,乙基纤维素以及醋酸纤维素;粉末状黄芪胶;麦芽;凝胶;滑石;赋形剂例如可可油以及栓蜡;油类例如花生油;棉花籽油;红花油;芝麻油;橄榄油;玉米油以及大豆油;乙二醇类,例如丙二醇;酯类例如油酸乙酯以及月桂酸乙酯;琼脂;缓冲剂例如氢氧化镁以及氢氧化铝;褐藻酸;不含热原的水;等压生理盐水;罗格氏溶液;乙醇,以及磷酸缓冲溶液,以及其他无毒的相容性润滑剂例如十二烷硫酸钠以及硬脂酸镁,以及着色剂,释放剂,涂覆剂,甜味剂,风味剂以及香味剂,依照配方设计者的判断,防腐剂以及抗氧化剂也可以出现在所述化合物中。
本发明所述药物组合物可以经由口服形式、肠胃外形式、吸入式喷雾形式、局部形式、直肠形式、鼻内形式、口腔形式、阴道内形式或者经由植入囊(implanted reservoir)的形式进行施用,优选通过口服形式或者注射形式进行施用。本发明所述药物组合物可以包含任意常规的无毒的药物可接受性载体,佐剂或者溶媒。在某些情况中,可以使用药物可接受性酸、碱或者缓冲剂对所述配方的pH进行调整,从而加强配方化合物的稳定性或者所述化合物的释放形式的稳定性。这里所使用的所述术语肠胃外包括皮下,皮内,静脉内,肌肉内,关节内,动脉内,滑膜内,胸骨内,鞘内,病灶内以及颅骨内注射或者输液技术。
口服给药的液体制剂形式包括药物可接受性乳状液,微乳液,溶液,悬浮液,糖浆以及酏剂。除了上述活性化合物之外,所述的液体制剂形式可以包含本领域普遍使用的惰性稀释剂,例如,水或者其他溶剂,增溶剂以及乳化剂例如乙醇,异丙醇,碳酸乙酯,乙酸乙酯,苯甲醇,苯甲酸苄酯,丙二醇,1,3-丁二醇,二甲基甲酰胺,油类(特别是,棉花籽油,落花生油,玉米油,胚芽油,橄榄油,蓖麻油,以及芝麻油),甘油,四氢糠醇,聚乙二醇以及山梨聚糖脂肪酸酯,以及上述物质的混合物。除了惰性稀释剂,所述的口服组合物还可以包括佐剂例如润湿剂,乳化剂以及悬浮剂,甜味剂,风味剂,以及香味剂。
根据已知的技术,使用适当的分散剂或者润湿剂以及悬浮剂可以配制可注射制品,例如,无菌注射水性悬浮液或者油质悬浮液。所述的无菌注射制品还可以是一种无菌注射溶液、悬浮液或者乳状液,其存在于无毒的肠胃外可接受性稀释剂或者溶剂之中,例如,存在于1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。在这些可接受性溶媒以及溶剂当中可以使用的是水,罗格氏溶液,U.S.P.以及等压氯化钠溶液。除此之外,无菌的不挥发性油类通常被用作溶剂或者悬浮介质。对于此种目的,可以使用任意温和的不挥发性油包括合成的单甘油酯或者甘油二酯。除此之外,脂肪酸例如油酸也被用在上述的可注射制品当中。
所述的可注射制剂可以通过例如下述方法进行灭菌:经过一个截留细菌的过滤器进行过滤,或者导入以无菌固体组合物的形式存在的灭菌剂,其中所述灭菌剂在使用之前可以被溶解或者分散在无菌水或者其他无菌可注射介质中。
为了延长药物的作用,通常期望减慢来自于皮下注射或者肌肉内注射中的药物的吸收。这可以通过使用具有差的水溶性的晶体材料或者无定形材料的液体悬浮液来完成。那么所述药物的吸收速率取决于其分解速率,所述分解速率又可能取决于结晶大小以及晶体形式。或者,通过将所述药物分解于或者悬浮于一种油溶媒之中,从而以达到肠胃外形式给药的药物的延缓吸收。通过在生物可降解聚合物中形成所述药物的微胶囊基质,可以制造可注射形式的载体,所述聚合物是例如聚交酯-聚乙醇酸。根据药物与聚合物的比例以及所使用的具体聚合物的性质,可以控制所述药物的释放速率。其他生物可降解性聚合物的例子包括聚酯碳酸酯以及聚酸酐。载体可注射性制剂也可以通过将所述药物包裹在脂质体或者微乳液中的方法进行制备,其中所述的脂质体或者微乳液是能够与机体组织相容的。
用于直肠给药或者阴道给药的组合物优选是栓剂,可以通过将本发明所述化合物与适当的无刺激性赋形剂或者载体进行混合的方法进行制备,其中所述的无刺激性赋形剂或者载体是例如可可油,聚乙二醇或者栓蜡,上述物质在环境温度下呈固体,但是在机体温度下呈液体并且因此在直肠腔内或者阴道腔内溶化并且释放所述的活性化合物。
口服给药的固体制剂形式包括胶囊,片剂,丸剂,粉末,以及颗粒。在这些固体制剂形式中,所述活性化合物与至少一种惰性的药物可接受性赋形剂或者载体进行混合,所述惰性的药物可接受性赋形剂或者载体是例如柠檬酸钠或者磷酸氢钙和/或:a)填充剂或者膨胀剂例如淀粉,乳糖,蔗糖,葡萄糖,甘露醇,以及硅酸,b)粘合剂例如,羧甲基纤维素,藻酸盐,凝胶,聚乙烯吡咯啉酮,蔗糖,以及阿拉伯树胶,c)湿润剂例如甘油,d)分解剂例如琼脂-琼脂,碳酸钙,马铃薯淀粉或者木薯淀粉,褐藻酸,某些硅酸盐,以及碳酸钠,e)溶解阻滞剂例如石蜡,f)吸收加速剂例如季铵类化合物,g)润湿剂例如,鲸蜡醇以及硬脂酸单甘油酯,h)吸收剂例如高岭土以及斑脱土粘土,以及i)润滑剂例如滑石,硬脂酸钙,硬脂酸镁,固体聚乙二醇,十二烷基硫酸钠,以及上述物质的混合物。当为胶囊、片剂以及丸剂形式时,所述制剂形式还可以包括缓冲剂。
也可以使用一种相似类型的固体组合物,作为填充剂填充至软填充以及硬填充凝胶胶囊中,上述填充使用到赋形剂例如乳糖(lactose)或者乳糖(milk sugar)以及高分子量聚乙二醇以及类似物质。
所述活性化合物还可以与一种或者多种上述提及的赋形剂一同被制成微胶囊形式。片剂、糖衣丸、胶囊、药丸、以及颗粒的固体制剂形式可以通过包衣以及壳物质例如肠溶包衣、控释包衣以及药物配制领域熟知的其他包衣来制备。在这类固体制剂形式中,可以将所述活性化合物与至少一种惰性稀释剂例如蔗糖、乳糖或者淀粉进行混合。按照常规的惯例,这类制剂形式还可以包括其他物质而不是惰性稀释剂,例如压片润滑剂以及其他压片助剂例如硬脂酸镁以及微晶纤维素。如果是胶囊、片剂以及药丸,上述制剂形式还可以包括缓冲试剂。它们可以任选的包含乳浊剂,并且可以是一种只在或者优先在肠道内的某一部分、以一种缓释的形式释放所述活性成分的组合物。可以被利用的包埋组合物的例子包括聚合物以及蜡。
用于局部给药或者透皮给药的本发明所述化合物的制剂形式包括药膏,药糊,霜,乳液,啫喱,粉末,溶液,喷雾,吸入剂或者贴剂。在无菌状态下将所述活性组分与一种药物可接受性载体进行混合,如果需要的话,还可以混合任意所需的防腐剂或者缓冲剂。眼科制剂,耳用滴剂,眼药膏,粉末以及溶液也同样是本发明范围之内所预期的。
上述药膏、药糊、霜以及啫喱中除含有本发明所述活性化合物之外,还可以含有赋形剂,例如动物脂肪以及植物脂肪,油类,蜡,石蜡,淀粉,黄芪胶,纤维素衍生物,聚乙二醇,硅树脂,斑脱土,硅酸,滑石以及氧化锌,或者上述物质的混合物。
粉末以及喷雾剂中除含有本发明所述化合物之外,还可以含有赋形剂,例如乳糖,滑石,硅酸,氢氧化铝,硅酸钙以及聚酰胺粉末,或者这些物质的混合物。喷雾剂还可以含有常规的推进剂例如氯氟烃。
透皮贴剂具有控制化合物向所述机体的释放这一额外优点。可以通过使所述化合物在适当的介质中分解或者分散的方法制备这种制剂形式。还可以使用吸收促进剂来增加所述化合物透过皮肤的通量。可以通过提供一种速率控制膜或者通过将所述化合物分散在一种聚合基质或者凝胶中的方法来控制所述速率。
用于肺传递时,本发明的治疗组合物被配制成以固体形式给患者服用或者被配制成液体颗粒形式直接给药,例如吸入呼吸系统。为实施本发明所制备的本发明活性化合物的固体或者液体颗粒形式包括可吸入尺寸的颗粒:即,尺寸足够小以通过口腔的颗粒并吸入喉和进入支气管和肺泡肺的肺泡。提供雾化疗法,尤其是雾化抗生素是本领域已知(例如,参见Van Devanter等人的美国专利第5,767,068号、Smith等人的美国专利第5,508,269号和蒙哥马利等人的WO 98/43650,这些专利和专利申请全部通过引用并入本文)。
抗病毒活性
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了一种用于治疗或者预防有需要的主体内病毒感染的方法,包括对所述主体给药治疗有效量的式(I)化合物或者其药学上可接受的盐。所述病毒感染优选是冠状病毒感染。在某些实施方案中,所述冠状病毒是SARS-CoV-1、SARS-CoV-2或者MERS-CoV。优选的,所述冠状病毒是SARS-CoV-2。
本发明中所述的化合物所具有的一种抑制性的量或者剂量可以存在于大约0.01毫克/千克至大约500毫克/千克的范围之内,或者可供选择的存在于大约1至大约50毫克/千克的范围之内。抑制性的量或者剂量将同样依据施用的路径以及与其他试剂进行共同使用的可能性而发生变化。
根据本发明中所述的治疗方法,通过向所述的患者施用治疗有效剂量的本发明中所述的化合物的方式,对宿主的病毒感染、病症进行治疗或者预防,其中所述的宿主是,例如人类或者另外的动物,其中所施用的剂量以及施用的次数是为达到所期望的结果所必需的剂量以及次数。
本发明中所述的化合物所具有的“治疗有效剂量”指的是所述化合物的这样一种剂量,所述的剂量能够以一种合理的利益/风险比为接受治疗的所述的宿主提供一种治疗效果,其中所述的利益/风险比是适用于任何的药物治疗的利益风险比。所述的治疗效果可以是客观的(即,通过某种测试或者标记物可以测量的)或者是主观的(即,宿主表现出一种效果的迹象或者感觉)。上文中所描述的所述化合物所具有的有效剂量可以存在于大约0.1毫克/千克至大约500毫克/千克的范围之内,优选的存在于大约1至大约50毫克/千克的范围之内。有效剂量还将依据给药路径以及与其他制剂共同使用的可能性而发生改变。然而,应当被理解的是,本发明中所述的化合物以及组合物所具有的每日总使用量将由主治医师在合理的医学判断范围之内决定。对于任意特定的患者而言,具体的治疗有效剂量的水平将取决于各种各样的因素,包括需要治疗的障碍以及所述障碍的严重程度;所使用的具体化合物所具有的活性;所使用的具体组合物;患者的年龄,体重,一般健康状况,性别以及饮食情况;所使用的具体化合物的给药时间,给药路径,以及排泄速率;所述的治疗周期;与所使用的具体化合物连合使用或者一同使用的药物;以及医学领域中所熟知的类似因素。
以单一的剂量或者分割的剂量的形式向人类或者其他的动物施用的本发明中所述化合物所具有的每日总剂量可以是,例如,从0.01至50毫克/千克体重或者更多的量,通常是从0.1至25毫克/千克体重。单一剂量的组合物可以含有这样的剂量或者是能够组成这一每日剂量的约数(submultiples)。一般而言,根据本发明所述的治疗方案包括每天以单一剂量或者多重剂量的形式向需要进行这类治疗的患者施用大约10毫克至大约1000毫克本发明中所述的化合物。
在本发明中所描述的化合物可以,例如,以注射、静脉内、动脉内、真皮下、腹膜内、肌肉内、或者皮下的方式来进行施用;或者通过口服,口腔内,鼻内,透黏膜,局部,以眼科制剂的形式,或者通过吸入的方式来进行施用,所述的施用剂量为每4小时至120小时大约0.1至大约500毫克/千克体重的剂量范围,或者可供选择的每4小时至120小时大约1毫克至1000毫克/剂量的范围,或者依照特定药物的需要来进行施用。本发明中所述的方法能够预期的是进行有效剂量的所述化合物或者化合物的组合物的施用能够达到所期望的效果或者所声称的效果。通常情况下,将以每天大约1次至大约6次的方式施用本发明中所述的药物组合物,或者可供选择的,以一种连续输液的方式来进行施用。这样的施用方式可以被用来作为一种慢性的治疗或者急性的治疗。所述的活性成分所具有的剂量将取决于进行治疗的所述的宿主以及具体的施用方式,其中所述的活性成分可以与药物学赋形剂或者载体进行组合从而制成一种单一的剂量形式。一种典型的制剂中将含有大约5%至大约95%的活性化合物(重量/重量)。或者可供选择的,这样的制剂中可以含有大约20%至大约80%的活性化合物。
比上文中所叙述的那些剂量更低或者更高的剂量可能是需要的。对于任意特定的患者而言,具体的剂量以及治疗方案将取决于各种各样的因素,包括所使用的具体化合物所具有的活性,所述的年龄,体重,一般健康状况,性别,饮食情况,给药时间,排泄速率,药物的组合,所述的疾病、病症或者症状所具有的严重程度以及过程,所述的患者对于所述疾病、病症或者症状的部署,以及所述的治疗医师的判断。
当患者的病症发生改善时,如果必要时,可以施用本发明中所述的化合物、组合物或其组合的维持剂量。随后,所述的给药剂量或者频率或者两者可以按照所述症状的函数而被减少,使其达到一定的水平,当所述的症状已经被减轻到所期望的水平上时,能够维持这种改善的情形。然而,当疾病的症状发生了任何的复发时,患者可能在一段长期的时间基础上需要进行间歇性的治疗。
联合治疗和替换治疗
本发明的化合物可与一种或者一种以上有助于预防或者治疗病毒性疾病或相关病理生理学的抗病毒治疗剂或者抗炎剂的联合使用。因此,本发明的化合物及其盐、溶剂化物或其它医药上可接受的衍生物可单独被使用或者与其他抗病毒药物或者抗炎症性治疗剂联合使用。本文中的化合物和其医药上可接受的盐可与一种或者一种以上其他试剂组合使用,所述其他试剂可以有效的预防或者治疗呼吸系统疾病、炎症疾病、自身免疫性疾病,例如抗组胺药、皮质类固醇(例如,丙酸氟替卡松、糠酸氟替卡松、丙酸倍氯米松、布地奈德、环索奈德、糠酸莫米松、曲安奈德、氟尼醇)、非甾体抗炎药、尿激酶三烯调节剂(如孟鲁司特、扎鲁司特、普兰鲁司特)、类胰蛋白酶抑制剂、IKK2抑制剂、p38抑制剂、Syk抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂,例如弹性蛋白酶抑制剂、整合素拮抗剂(如,β-2整合素拮抗剂)、腺苷A2a激动剂、介质释放抑制剂(例如5-脂氧合酶抑制剂(zyflo)、DP1拮抗剂、DP2拮抗剂、PI3Kδ抑制剂、ITK抑制剂、LP(碘代磷酸)抑制剂或者FLAP(5-脂氧合酶激活蛋白)抑制剂(例如,3-(3-(叔丁基硫基)-1-(4-(6-乙氧基吡啶-3-基)苯甲基)-5-((5-乙基吡啶-2-基)甲氧基)-1H-吲哚-2-基)-2,2-二甲基丙酸钠)、支气管扩张剂(如毒蕈碱拮抗剂、β-2激动剂)、甲氨蝶呤、和类似的试剂;单克隆抗体疗法例如抗lgE、抗TNF、抗IL-5、抗IL-6、抗IL-12、抗IL-1和类似药物;细胞因子受体疗法,如依那西普和类似试剂;抗原非特异性免疫疗法(如干扰素或者其他细胞因子/趋化因子、趋化因子受体调节剂例如CCR3,CCR4或者CXCR2拮抗剂、其他细胞因子/趋化因子激动剂或者拮抗剂,TLR激动剂和类似药剂),合适的抗感染试剂,包括抗生素试剂、抗真菌试剂、驱虫试剂、抗疟试剂、抗原虫试剂、抗结核试剂和抗病毒试剂,包括在以下网页中记载的试剂:https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/anti-infectives.html。总体来说,与替换疗法相比,结合疗法通常更为优选,这是由于结合疗法能够同时对病毒产生多重压力。
当本发明的组合物包括这里所描述的化学式所示化合物和一个或者一个以上其他治疗试剂或者预防试剂的组合时,所述化合物和其他试剂均在通常以单一给药方案施用的剂量形式中以1到100%之间的剂量水平存在,并且更优选的,以5%-95%之间的剂量水平存在。所述其他试剂可以作为多个剂量方案的一部分单独被给药,与本发明化合物分开。作为选择,这些试剂可以是单一剂量形式的一部分,与本发明的化合物混合在一个单一的组合物中。
“其他治疗试剂或者预防试剂”包括,但不限于,免疫疗法(如干扰素)、治疗性疫苗、抗纤维化剂、抗炎剂,例如,皮质类固醇或者非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)、支气管扩张剂,例如,β-2肾上腺素能激动剂和黄嘌呤(如,茶碱)、粘液溶解剂、抗毒蕈碱、抗白三烯、细胞粘附抑制剂(例如,ICAM拮抗剂)、抗氧化剂(如N-酰基半胱氨酸)、细胞因子激动剂、细胞因子拮抗剂、肺表面活性剂和/或抗菌剂和抗病毒药物(如利巴韦林和阿曼替丁)。根据本发明的组合物也可与基因替代疗法结合使用。
缩写
在下文的方案和实施例的说明中将使用下列缩写:Ac指酰基;AcOH指醋酸;Boc2O指二-叔丁基-碳酸氢酯;Boc指叔丁氧基羰基;Bz指苯甲酰;Bn是指苯甲基;t-BuOK指的是叔丁酸钾;Brine指的是氯化钠水溶液;CDI指的是羰基二咪唑;DCM或者CH2Cl2指的是二氯甲烷;CH3指的是甲基;CH3CN指的是乙腈;Cs2CO3指的是碳酸铯;CuCl指的是氯化铜(I);CuI指的是碘化酮(I);dba指的是二亚苯甲基丙酮;DBU指的是1,8-二氮杂二环十一-7-烯;DEAD指的是二乙基氮杂二羧酸;DIAD指的是偶氮二甲酸二异丙酯;DIPEA或者(i-Pr)2EtN指的是N,N,-二异丙基乙胺;DMP或者戴斯-马汀氧化剂指的是1,1,2-顺式(酰基氧基)-1,2-二氢-1,2-苯碘噁唑-3-(1H)-酮;DMAP指的是4-二甲基氨基-吡啶;DME指的是1,2-二甲氧基乙烷;DMF指的是N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;DMSO指的是二甲亚砜;EtOAc指的是乙酸乙酯;EtOH指的是乙醇;Et2O指的是二乙醚;HATU指的是O-(7-氮杂苯并三唑-2-基)-N,N,N’,N’,-四甲基脲鎓六氟磷酸盐;HCl指的是盐酸;K2CO3指的是碳酸钾;n-BuLi指的是n-丁基锂;DDQ指的是2,3-二氯代-5,6-二氰-1,4-苯醌;LDA指的是二异丙基胺化锂;LiTMP指的是2,2,6,6-四甲基-哌啶酸锂;MeOH指的是甲醇;Mg指的是镁;MOM指的是甲氧基甲基;Ms指的是甲磺酰基或者-SO2-CH3;NaHMDS指的是双(三甲基甲硅烷基)氨钠;NaCl指的是氯化钠;NaH指的是氢化钠;NaHCO3指的是碳酸氢钠或者重碳酸钠;Na2CO3指的是碳酸钠;NaOH指的是氢氧化钠;Na2SO4指的是硫酸钠;NaHSO3指的是亚硫酸钠或者硫酸氢钠;Na2S2O3指的是硫代硫酸钠;NH2NH2指的是水合联氨;NH4Cl指的是氯化铵;Ni指的是镍;OH指的是羟基;OsO4指的是四氧化锇;OTf指的是三氟甲基磺酸盐;PPA指的是多磷酸;PTSA指的是对甲苯磺酸;PPTS指的是对苯甲磺酸吡啶;TBAF指的是四丁基氟化铵;TEA或者Et3N指的是三乙胺;TES指的是三乙基甲硅烷基;TESCl指的是三乙基硅甲烷基氯;TESOTf指的是硅甲烷基三氟代甲烷磺酸三乙酯;TFA指的是三氟代乙酸;THF指的是四氢呋喃;TMEDA指的是N,N,N’,N’-四甲基亚乙基二胺;TPP或者PPh3指的是三苯基-膦;Tos或者Ts指的是对甲苯磺酰基或者–SO2-C6H4CH3;Ts2O指的是对甲苯磺酸酐或者对甲苯磺酰酐;TsOH指的是对苯甲磺酸;Pd指的是钯;Ph指的是苯;Pd2(dba)3指的是三(二苯唑丙酮)二钯(0);Pd(PPh3)4指的是四(三苯基膦)-钯(0);PdCl2(PPh3)2指的是反式-二氯-(三苯基膦)钯(II);Pt指的是铂;Rh指的是铑;rt指的是室温;Ru指的是钌;TBS指的是叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基;TMS指的是三甲基甲硅烷基;或TMSCl指的是三甲基硅甲烷基氯。
合成方法
结合下列举例说明制备本发明化合物的方法的合成方案将更好地理解本发明的化合物和方法,其仅意欲作为举例说明和并非限制本发明的范围。所公开的实施方案的各种改变和改进对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的,并且这种改变和改进是在不背离本发明的精神和附加权利要求书的范围而作出的,包括(不限于)与本发明的化学结构、取代基、衍生物和/或方法相关的改变和改进。
方案1
方案1说明了用于制备式(I-a)化合物的一般方法,其中A、L1、L2、n和B如之前的定义。用甲醛处理胺(Y1-1),其中B如之前的定义,并且PG1是C1-C4烷基或者Bn,得到环化胺(Y1-2),其通过使用适当的保护基团PG2(例如Boc)转换为(Y1-3)。在含有AcOH的溶剂中,在低温下用NBS处理(Y1-3)可提供重新排列的螺旋脯氨酸衍生物(Y1-4)。在下列文献中已经报道了这种转换序列的示例:(Pellegrini C.et al.“Synthesis of the OxindoleAlkaloid(-)-Horsfiline”Tetrahedron Asymmetry,1994,vol.5,No.10,pp 1979-1992;Efremov,I.V.et al.“Discovery和Optimization of a Novel spiral PyrrolidineInhibitor ofβ-Secretase(BACE1)through Fragment-Based Drug Design”Journal ofMedicinal Chemistry,2012,55,9069-9088).用NH3(例如在MeOH、NH3OH等中的氨)处理酯(Y1-4)可得到酰胺化合物(Y1-5),其通过去保护基团PG2(例如TFA、HCl等)转化为胺化合物(Y1-6)。在酰胺偶联条件下(例如HATU、EDC、DCC等)完成胺(Y1-6)与酸(Y1-7)的缩合,其中,A、n、L1和L2是先前定义的,产生酰胺化合物(Y1-8),其可在脱水条件下转化为腈化合物(I-A),例如,但不局限于,TFAA/Et3N,或者Pd(OCOCF3)2/Cl2CHCN。
方案2
方案2描述了合成式(I-b)所示醛化合物的一般方法,其中,A、L1、L2、n和B如之前的定义。使用还原剂,例如(但是不局限于)LiBH4、NaBH4、DIBAL-H等将式(Y1-4)所示酯化合物还原为醇化合物(Y2-1),其中,B、PG1和PG2如之前的定义。在酸性条件下,例如,使用TFA,HCl,甲酸,TMSOTf/二甲基吡啶,等等,除去保护基团PG2(例如Boc)以提供(Y2-2)。使用耦合剂(例如HATU,EDC,或者DCC等)将胺化合物(Y2-2)与酸性化合物(Y1-7)相耦合产生化合物(Y2-3),其中,A、L1、L2,和n如上述定义。用温和氧化剂,例如DMSO/Ac2O,戴斯-马丁氧化剂,IBX,SO3-吡啶/DMSO/Et3N,氧化(Y2-3)醇化合物产生醛化合物(I-b)。
方案3
方案3显示了合成式(I-c)所示羟甲基酮化合物的一般方法。水解酯化合物(Y1-4)产生酸化合物(Y3-1),其中,B、PG1和PG2如之前的定义。通过使用例如HATU、EDC、DCC等试剂将酸化合物(Y3-1)与N,O-二甲基羟基胺耦合可以产生酰胺(Y3-2)。在低温下(大约-60℃)用BOM-Cl、Mg和HgCl2产生的有机金属试剂处理酰胺(Y3-2)产生酮化合物(Y3-3)。去除PG2(例如PTSA,如果PG2是BOC的话)提供胺化合物(Y3-4)。使用酰胺偶联试剂(例如,HATU、EDC、DCC等)将胺(Y3-4)与酸(Y1-7)的偶联,产生化合物(Y3-5),其中,A、R1和R2如先前的定义,在氢化条件下(Pd/C,H2)除去(Y3-5)中的苯甲基基团产生式(I-c)化合物。
方案4
方案4说明了合成式(I-d)的氯代甲基酮化合物的一般方法。用ICH2Cl和适当的碱基(例如LDA、MeLi/LiBr、或者BuLi)生成的有机金属试剂处理酯化合物(Y1-4)产生氯酮化合物(Y4-1)。去除PG2(例如PTSA,如果PG2是BOC的话)产生胺化合物(Y4-2)。使用偶联试剂(例如HATU、EDC、DCC等)偶联胺(Y4-2)与酸(Y1-7),产生化合物(I-d),其中,A、L1,L2和n如先前的定义。
方案5
方案5说明了合成式(I-e)的氟代甲基酮化合物的一般方法。用Pd催化的氢化反应除去Bn基团以提供醇化合物(Y5-1),其可使用例如,SF4,Tf2O/二甲基吡啶/TBAF,C4F9SO2F/HF-Et3N等条件转化为氟代甲基酮化合物(Y5-2)。除去PG2(例如,PTSA,如果PG2是BOC的话)产生胺化合物(Y5-3)。使用胺偶联试剂(例如HATU、EDC、DCC等)将胺化合物(Y5-3)和酸(Y1-7)偶联产生化合物(I-e),其中,A、L1、L2和n如之前的定义。
方案6
方案6说明了合成式(I-f)的α-酮酰胺化合物的一般方法。用异腈化合物(Y6-1)(其中R3如之前的定义)处理式(I-b)所示醛化合物,其中,A、L1、L2、n和B如之前的定义,产生α-羟基酰胺(Y6-2)。用合适的氧化剂,例如,戴斯-马汀氧化剂、(COCl)2/DMSO/Et3N、PCC、SO3-吡啶/DMSO/Et3N等氧化化合物(Y6-2)产生式(I-f)的α-酮酰胺化合物。
实施例
结合下列实施例可以更好的理解本发明的化合物和方法,这些实施例只起到示意作用而不是对本发明范围的限制。对这里所公开的实施方案可以进行多种变化和修饰,这些变化和修饰是本领域普通技术人员显而易见的,这些变化和修饰包括但是不局限于涉及本发明化学结构、取代基、衍生物、制剂和/或方法的变化和修饰,在不脱离本发明精神和所附权利要求书范围的情况下,这些变化和修饰是可以进行的。
一般条件:
使用电喷雾电离在LC-MS系统上运行质谱。使用带有安捷伦6120四极探测器的安捷伦1290Infinity II系统。使用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18柱(4.6x 30mm,1.8微米)获得光谱。使用0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)和在乙腈中浓度为0.1%甲酸(B)为流动相在298K下获得光谱。光谱是以以下溶剂梯度获得的:0-1.5分钟为5%(B),1.5-4.5分钟为5-95%(B)和95%(B)从4.5-6分钟。溶剂流速为1.2mL/min。在210nm和254纳米波长处检测化合物。[M+H]+指单同位素分子量。
核磁共振谱在Bruker 400MHz光谱仪上运行。在298K下测量光谱并使用溶剂峰作为参考。1H NMR的化学位移报告单位为百万分之一(ppm)。
使用Gilson GX-281自动液体处理系统,通过反相高效液相色谱(RPHPLC)纯化化合物。在Phenomenex Kinetex EVO C18柱(250x 21.2mm,5微米)上纯化化合物。在298K下使用水(A)和乙腈(B)作为流动相,使用0%和100%之间的梯度洗脱纯化化合物,除非另有规定。溶剂流速为20ml/min,在254nm波长处检测化合物。
选择性的,使用Teledyne ISCO Combiflash纯化系统,通过正相液相色谱法(NPLC)纯化化合物。在REDISEP硅胶柱上纯化化合物。化合物在298K下纯化和在254nm波长下检测。
使用与上述类似的方法制备以下实施例:
实施例1
步骤1-1
(S)-2,3,4,9-四氢-1H-吡啶基[3,4-b]吲哚-3-羧酸甲酯盐酸盐(500mg,1.875mmol)被溶解在CH2Cl2(10ml)中。加入三乙胺(523μl,3.75mmol)和2.0M二-叔丁基碳酸氢酯在DCM(1031μl,2.062mmol)中的溶液。在室温条件下搅拌反应混合物3h,用饱和NaHCO3淬火,并用DCM提取。用盐水洗涤有机层,用MgSO4干燥,并在真空中浓缩。用0-30%乙酸乙酯/环己烷在硅胶柱上纯化残余物产生化合物(1-1)(578mg,1.749mmol,93%产率)。
步骤1-2
将化合物(1-1)溶解在THF(15ml)、AcOH(10ml)和水(10ml)中。将溶液冷却至-15℃。逐滴加入NBS(328mg,1.843mmol)在THF(5mL)中的溶液。在1小时内将反应混合物缓慢回暖至5℃。用Na2SO3和饱和NaHCO3淬火反应,并用DCM(2x)提取。用盐水洗涤有机层,用MgSO4干燥并在真空中浓缩。用0-50%乙酸乙酯/环己烷在硅胶柱上纯化残余物产生化合物(1-2)(328mg,0.947mmol,53.9%产率)。
步骤1-3
将化合物(1-2)(328mg,0.947mmol)溶解在MeOH(3ml)中。加入7N铵在MeOH(5mL,35.0mmol)中的溶液。在室温条件下搅拌反应混合物5天。真空条件下除去溶剂。使用0-10%MeOH/DCM在硅胶柱上纯化残余物,并在C18柱上用0-50%MeCN/H2O纯化产生化合物(1-3)(101mg,0.305mmol,32.2%产率)。
步骤1-4
将化合物(1-3)(100mg,0.302mmol)溶解在DCM中并加入三氟乙酸(232μl,3.02mmol)。在0℃下搅拌反应混合物1h,然后在室温条件下搅拌2h。加入DCM(10mL)和甲苯(10mL)。真空条件下除去溶剂。将残余物溶解在MeOH中并加入1MHCl(0.6mL,2eq)。除去溶剂。所得化合物(1-4)(91mg,0.340mmol,定量产率)被用于下一步骤中。
步骤1-5
将化合物(1-4)(100mg,0.37mmol)和化合物(1-5)(130mg,0.45mmol)溶于DCM(0.5mL)和DMF(0.5mL)中。加入DIPEA(261μL,1.49mmol)和HATU(170mg,0.45mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌1小时,用水骤冷,并用EtOAc萃取。有机层用1M HCl、饱和NaHCO3和盐水洗涤,用Na2SO4干燥,并浓缩。用0-50%丙酮/环己烷在硅胶上纯化残留物,得到化合物(1-6)(150mg,80%产率)。[M-1]-501.17。
步骤1-6
将化合物(1-6)(36mg,0.072mmol)和Pd/C(7.62mg,7.16μmol)在MeOH(1mL)中的悬浮液在氢气(1atm)下搅拌1小时。反应混合物用DCM稀释,通过硅藻土过滤,并在真空中浓缩。将粗产物(1-7)直接用于下一步骤中。
步骤1-7
向4-甲氧基-1H-吲哚-2-羧酸(17mg,0.090mmol)、化合物(1-7)(27mg,0.072mmol)和HATU(0.033g,0.086mmol)在DCM(0.3mL)和DMF(0.35mL)中的悬浮液中加入DIPEA(0.063ml,0.360mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌1小时,用水骤冷并用EtOAc萃取。有机层用饱和NaHCO3和盐水洗涤,用Na2SO4干燥,并浓缩。用0-50%丙酮/环己烷在硅胶上纯化残留物,得到化合物(1-8)(19mg,0.035mmol,48.7%产率)。[M-1]-540.18。
步骤1-8
在0℃下,向化合物(1-8)(19mg,0.035mmol)在DCM(0.6mL)中的悬浮液中加入Et3N(48.9μl,0.351mmol)和TFAA(24.77μl,0.175mmol。将混合物在0℃下搅拌10分钟,在室温下搅拌30分钟。用饱和NaHCO3猝灭反应,并用EtOAc萃取。用水和盐水洗涤收集的有机层,用Na2SO4干燥,并真空浓缩。用0-50%丙酮/环己烷在硅胶上纯化残留物,提供实施例1(12毫克,0.023毫摩尔,65.3%产率)。[M-1]-522.16。
使用如上所述的相似的方案制备以下实施例。
生物活性
SARS-CoV-2 3C-样(3CL)蛋白酶荧光实验(FRET):表达并纯化重组SARS-CoV-23CL-蛋白酶。合成TAMRA-SITSAVLQSGFRKMK-Dabcyl-OH肽3CLpro底物。使用黑色的、低容量、圆底385孔微孔板。在常规实验中,将0.85μL待检测化合物溶解在DMSO中,然后在室温下与SARS-CoV-2 3CL-蛋白酶(10nM)一起在10μL实验缓冲液(50mM HEPES[pH 7.5],1mM DTT,0.01%BSA,0.01%Triton-X 100)中培养30分钟。随后,加入10μL在实验缓冲液中的3CL-蛋白酶底物(40mM)并在Envision多模式平板阅读器中持续监控本实验1小时,所述平板阅读器在荧光动力学模式下工作,在室温下的激发波长为540nm,发射波长为580nm。在每个微孔板中均包含无化合物(只有DMSO)和无酶的参照物,按照此方法常规运行。所有的实验一式两份运行。
数据分析:测量SARS-CoV-2 3CL蛋白酶活性作为线性相的初始速度(RFU/s)并将此数值根据参照样品DMSO(100%活性)和无酶(0%活性)进行标准化测定不同浓度的试验化合物(0-10μM)的残余活性百分比。在GraphPad Prism 7中拟合数据使活性相对于浓度标准化(可变斜率)与浓度拟合,以确定IC50。所有的实验一式两份运行,和IC50范围读数如下所示:A<0.1μM;B 0.1-1μM;C>1μM。
SARS-CoV-2型细胞实验(Vero 76):在试验培养基中使用八种半对数稀释液(补充有2%FBS和50pg/mL庆大霉素的MEM)连续稀释试验化合物。将每种稀释液加入具有80-100%汇合的Vero 76细胞的96孔板的5孔中。每种稀释液的三个孔感染病毒(SARS-CoV-2USA-WA1/2020),两个孔作为毒性对照保持未感染。六个孔被感染并未经治疗作为病毒对照,六个孔未被感染并经治疗作为细胞对照。病毒的制备是为了达到尽可能低的感染多重性(MOI~0.002),在6天时产生>80%的细胞病变效应(CPE)。培养板在37±2℃、5%CO2的条件下培养。对于中性红测定,在感染后第6天,一旦未经处理的病毒对照孔达到最大CPE,用中性红染料对平板染色约2小时(±15分钟)。去除上清液染料,用PBS冲洗孔,并将掺入的染料在50:50的索伦森柠檬酸盐缓冲液/乙醇中提取>30分钟,并在分光光度计上在540nm处读取光密度。将光密度转换为细胞对照的百分比,并标准化为病毒对照,然后通过回归分析计算抑制CPE 50%所需的测试化合物的浓度(EC50)。类似地计算在没有病毒的情况下将导致50%细胞死亡的化合物的浓度(CC50)。EC50范围读数如下:A<0.1μM;B 0.1-1μM;C>1μM。CC50范围读数如下:A<1μM;B 1-50μM;C>50μM。
表1.活性总结
实施例编号 | FRET IC50 |
1 | A |
2 | B |
3 | A |
4 | B |
5 | A |
6 | B |
7 | B |
8 | B |
尽管本发明已经参照其优选的实施方案进行了具体的显示和表述,但是本领域普通技术人员应该理解,在不脱离本发明范围的情况下,在形式和细节上可以存在各种各样的变化,本发明的范围由所附的权利要求书概括。
Claims (17)
1.一种式(I)化合物所示化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
A选自:
1)-R1;
2)-OR2;和
3)-NR3R4;
B是任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;
X选自:
1)–CN;
2)-C(O)R5;
3)-CH(OH)SO3R6;
4)-C(O)NR3R4;和
5)-C(O)C(O)NR3R4;
L1是-C(R7R8)-;
L2独立为-C(R7R8)-;
N为0、1、2、3、4或者5;
R1和R2相互独立的选自:
1)任选取代的-C1-C8烷基;
2)任选取代的-C2-C8烯基;
3)任选取代的-C2-C8炔基;
4)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
5)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
6)任选取代的芳基;
7)任选取代的芳基烷基;
8)任选取代的杂芳基;和
9)任选取代的杂芳基烷基;
R3和R4相互独立的选自:
1)氢;
2)任选取代的-C1-C8烷基;
3)任选取代的-C2-C8烯基;
4)任选取代的-C2-C8炔基;
5)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
6)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
7)任选取代的芳基;
8)任选取代的芳基烷基;
9)任选取代的杂芳基;和
10)任选取代的杂芳基烷基;
选择性的,R3和R4与其所附着的氮原子一起形成一种任选取代的3-到8-元杂环基环;
R5是氢或者任选取代的-C1-C8烷基;
R6是氢或者Na+;
R7相互独立的选自:
1)氢;
2)卤素;
3)-OR3;
4)-SR3;
5)-NR3R4;
6)-OC(O)NR3R4;
7)-C(O)NR3R4;
8)-CO2R3;
9)任选取代的-C1-C6烷基;
10)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
11)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
12)任选取代的芳基;和
13)任选取代的杂芳基;
R8相互独立的选自:
1)氢;
2)卤素;
3)-OR3;
4)-SR3;
5)任选取代的-C1-C6烷基;
6)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
7)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
8)任选取代的芳基;和
9)任选取代的杂芳基;
选择性的,R7和R8与其所附着的碳原子一起形成一种任选取代的3-到8-元碳圆环或者杂环基环;
选择性的,当n不为0时,来自两个相邻碳原子的R7基团与其所附着的碳原子一起形成一种任选取代的3-到8-元碳圆环或者杂环基环;
选择性的,n为2、3或4,并且两个远端碳原子上的R7基团与其所附着的碳原子一起形成任选取代的桥接部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,A是通过去除氢原子而衍生自下列任意结构并且是任选取代的:
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,X是-CN、-C(O)R5或者-C(O)C(O)NR3R4,其中,R3、R4和R5如权利要求1中的定义。
4.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,由式(III-1)或(III-2)所示,或者其药学上可接受的盐:
其中,R10相互独立的选自卤素、-OR3、-SR3、-NR3R4、-OC(O)NR3R4、任选取代的-C1-C6烷基、任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基、任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基;m1是0、1、2或3;m2是0、1、2、3或4;
以及A、X、R3、R4和B如权利要求1中的定义。
5.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,由式(V-1)、(V-2)、(V-3)或(V-4)所示,或者其药学上可接受的盐:
其中每个T为-CR7-;每个U为-C(R7R8)-;每个V为-O-、
-S-、-C(R7R8)-或-N(R3R4)-;
m为0、1或2;m’为0、1、2或3;以及A、B、R3、R4、R7、R8和X如权利要求1中的定义。
6.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,由式(VII-1)到(VII-6)之一所示,或者其药学上可接受的盐:
其中n1为0、1、2、3或4;R9相互独立的选自:卤素;-CN;-OR3;-SR3;-NR3R4;-OC(O)NR3R4;任选取代的-C1-C6烷基;任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;任选取代的芳基;和任选取代的杂芳基;以及A、R3、R4和X如权利要求1中的定义。
7.一种由式(VII-1)到(VII-6)之一所示的化合物,或者其药学上可接受的盐:
其中
n1是0、1、2、3或4;
每个R9独立地选自:卤素、-CN、-OR3、-SR3、-NR3R4、-OC(O)NR3R4、任选取代的-C1-C6烷基、任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基、任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基、任选取代的芳基和任选取代的杂芳基;
X为-CN、-C(O)H、-C(O)CH2OH、-C(O)CH2Cl、-C(O)CH2F、
R3和R4相互独立地选自:
1)氢
2)任选取代的-C1-C8烷基;
3)任选取代的-C2-C8烯基;
4)任选取代的-C2-C8炔基;
5)任选取代的-C3-C8环烷基;
6)任选取代的3-到8-元杂环烷基;
7)任选取代的芳基;
8)任选取代的芳基烷基;
9)任选取代的杂芳基;和
10)任选取代的杂芳基烷基;
选择性的,R3和R4与其所附着的氮原子一起形成一种任选取代的3-到8-元杂环基环;
以及A选自以下基团,且A是任选取代的:
8.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,选自如下所示化合物或者其药学上可接受的盐:
9.一种药物组合物,包括根据权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的化合物,以及其药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂。
10.一种治疗或者预防易受病毒感染或者正在经历病毒感染的主体体内病毒感染的方法,所述病毒感染包括选自RNA-基的病毒、冠状病毒、鼻病毒和诺如病毒的病毒感染,所述方法包括对所述主体给药3C蛋白酶抑制剂,其中,所述抑制剂是权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
11.一种治疗或者预防需要的主体体内冠状病毒感染的方法,包括对主体给药治疗有效量的权利要求1到8中任意一项所述的化合物或者化合物的结合,或其药学上可接受的盐。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述病毒是冠状病毒,选自229E、NL63、OC43、HKU1、SARS-CoV或者MERS冠状病毒。
13.一种治疗或者预防易受病毒感染或者正在经历病毒感染的主体体内病毒感染的方法,所述方法包括对所述主体给药3C蛋白酶抑制剂,其中,所述抑制剂是权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
14.一种抑制哺乳动物体内病毒3C蛋白酶或者病毒3CL蛋白酶的方法,包括对所述主体给药治疗有效量的权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述主体是人。
16.一种治疗呼吸系统疾病的方法,所述呼吸系统疾病包括急性哮喘、继发于环境暴露的肺部疾病、急性肺部感染、慢性肺部感染,所述方法包括向所述主体给药治疗有效量的权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,所述化合物被口服给药、皮下给药、静脉内给药、或者吸入给药。
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