CN116496127A - 一种复合微生物肥料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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- CN116496127A CN116496127A CN202310443981.6A CN202310443981A CN116496127A CN 116496127 A CN116496127 A CN 116496127A CN 202310443981 A CN202310443981 A CN 202310443981A CN 116496127 A CN116496127 A CN 116496127A
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种复合微生物肥料,包括载体和菌剂,所述载体的原料及重量份为:玉米50‑70、麦麸20‑30、蛋白胨1‑2、葡萄糖0.1‑1、磷酸二氢钾0.1‑0.2、氯化钠0.1‑0.2、水15‑30;菌剂的原料及重量份为:枯草芽孢杆菌0.5‑1、地衣芽孢杆菌0.5‑1、荧光假单孢菌0.5‑1、放线菌0.5‑1、产朊假丝酵母0.5‑1、木霉菌0.5‑1、植物乳杆菌0.5‑1、光合菌0.5‑1。本发明的微生物菌剂具有生根养根、修复土壤、抑菌抗病、提质增产的作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及液体菌肥的技术领域,尤其涉及一种复合微生物肥料及其制备方法。
背景技术
为了提高粮食产量,大量使用化肥,化肥在经济作物上的增产效果十分明显。尽管化肥施用量逐年增加,但是我国的化肥利用率却越来越低。人们将化肥施于土壤表面,又习惯大水漫灌,一部分养分会随水流失,一方面造成土壤养分减少,另一方面也会造成水体富营养化。
施用生物有机肥可增加土壤生物菌量,活化土壤,增强土壤养分的利用效率。有机物为有益微生物提供大量资源,可以改良并疏松土壤,提高土壤的透气性、保水性,增强根系的吸收能力,提高肥料利用率,从而降低化肥的施用量。因此用有机肥代替化肥是形势需要也是发展的必然。
目前,市面上商用微生物菌剂种类很少,使用效果差,复合微生物菌剂容易出现拮抗反应的现象。
发明内容
针对微生物菌剂易出现拮抗反应的现象,本发明提出一种复合微生物菌剂,它的活性成分由枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、荧光假单孢菌、放线菌、产朊假丝酵母、木霉菌、植物乳杆菌、光合菌混合发酵扩大培养而成。
为了达到上述目的,本发明的技术方案是这样实现的:
一种复合微生物肥料,包括载体和菌剂,其特征在于:所述载体的原料及重量份为:玉米50-70、麦麸20-30、蛋白胨1-2、葡萄糖0.1-1、磷酸二氢钾0.1-0.2、氯化钠0.1-0.2、水15-30。
所述菌剂的原料及重量份为:枯草芽孢杆菌0.5-1、地衣芽孢杆菌0.5-1、荧光假单孢菌0.5-1、放线菌0.5-1、产朊假丝酵母0.5-1、木霉菌0.5-1、植物乳杆菌0.5-1、光合菌0.5-1。
所述的微生物菌剂的制备方法,步骤如下:
(1)将菌剂活化;
(2)将玉米粉碎后过2mm筛,加入麦麸、蛋白胨、葡萄糖、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钠,加入水混合均匀后制得载体;
(3)将载体原料在110-130℃的条件下灭菌20-30分钟,再冷却;
(4)在搅拌机里将活化后的复合微生物菌剂与灭菌后的载体混合均匀后,置于25-30℃条件下培养3-5天。
所述步骤(1)将菌剂活化的条件为:
①将微生物菌剂分别接入含固体培养基的试管斜面活化;
②活化后的微生物菌剂分别接种至液体培养基的摇瓶中进行培养;
③将步骤②中培养的微生物菌剂混合,得到复合微生物菌剂;
所述步骤①中固体培养基为:蛋白胨5g,NaCl 5g,肉膏3g,琼脂15g用蒸馏水定容至1000ml,调pH为7.0,在121℃条件下灭菌20分钟。
所述步骤②中的液体培养基为:每升培养基含玉米淀粉10-15g、葡萄糖15-25g、蛋白胨2.5g、硫酸镁0.5g、磷酸二氢钾1g,pH为5.5。
本发明的有益效果为:1、抑制土壤中病原菌的繁殖和对植物根部的侵袭,减少植物土传病害,预防多种害虫爆发。2、提高种子出芽率和保苗率,预防种子自身的遗传病害,提高作物成活率,促进根系生长。3、改善土壤团粒结构,改良土壤,提高土壤蓄水、蓄能和地温,缓解重茬障碍。4、抑制生长环境中的有害菌的滋生繁殖,降低和预防各种菌类病害的发生。5、促使土壤中的有机质分解成腐殖质,极大的提高土壤肥效。6、促进作物生长,成熟,降低成本、增加产量,提高收入。
本发明的菌剂由枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、荧光假单孢菌、放线菌、产朊假丝酵母、木霉菌、植物乳杆菌、光合菌八种组成。
枯草芽孢杆菌,具有溶磷、固氮、分泌植物生长激素的功效。施用生物有机肥后,土壤微生物的种类增加,病原菌活性得到控制,植物的抗病性能増强,拮抗病原菌的微生物定殖在根际可以抑制病原微生物的生长繁殖。含有枯草芽孢杆菌的生物菌剂施入土壤后,由于其在土壤中大量定殖和繁殖,因此使青枯雷尔氏菌的生长得到抑制,从而有更好的防治效果。
地衣芽孢杆菌,可调整菌群失调达到治疗目的,可促使机体产生抗菌活性物质、杀灭致病菌。能产生抗活性物质,并具有独特的生物夺氧作用机制,能抑制致病菌的生长繁殖。
荧光假单胞杆菌,作为一种具备广谱杀菌活性的生物杀菌剂,具有分布广、数量多、营养需要简单、繁殖快、竞争定殖力强的特点。其作用机制包括:对病原微生物的拮抗作用、对铁元素的营养竞争作用、根际定殖空间竞争作用等。
放线菌,能产生30多种抗生素,如对结核分枝杆菌和麻疯分枝菌有特效的利福霉素,对引起植物白叶枯病的细菌,以及原虫、病毒有作用的间型霉素,对革兰氏阳性细菌有作用的瑞斯托菌素等。
产朊假丝酵母,分解出长石、云母等矿物中的钾、硅,也能分解出磷灰石中的磷,具有溶磷、释钾和固氮功能,同时能在生长繁殖过程中产生有机酸、氨基酸、多糖、激素等有利于植物吸收和利用的物质。在土壤中繁殖后,分泌植物生长刺激素及多种酶。菌体内的钾在菌体死亡后,游离出来,又可被植物吸收利用。作为微生物肥料中的一种重要功能菌,可提高土壤速效钾、磷含量,提高作物产量和品质等多种效。
木霉菌能产生一些植物生长刺激素,如吲哚乙酸,促进植株根系的发育和生长;分泌植酸酶、嗜铁素,促进植株对P,Fe元素的吸收;分解土壤有机质,增加土壤营养物质的供应,提高作物光合效率,提高植株株高,茎粗等农艺性状,最终达到增产的目的。木霉菌作为腐生性生防真菌,生长、繁殖速度快,可迅速利用土壤中的营养和占据空间位点,能够成功在植株根际定殖,抢占立枯丝核菌、疫霉菌、镰刀菌和腐霉菌等病原菌的生活空间,和病原菌形成竞争关系,从而抑制病原菌的生长。
植物乳杆菌,能够调节生命活动,增产增收。有益微生物菌群代谢产生的植物内源酶和植酸酶经由根系进入植物体内,促进叶片光合作用,调节营养元素往果实运输,膨果增产效果明显。抗重茬,消除土壤病害。高活性植物乳杆菌依据自身生长强势的特点对致病菌的营养进行抢夺,同时挤压、侵入致病菌的生长空间,使致病菌群逐渐稀疏,直至死亡。消除土壤因连种连作而造成的土壤病菌积累,建立土壤有益的菌群环境,抑制病菌的再次定植、繁殖。有效抗重茬和防治土传病害。保苗状秧,生根促长。植物乳杆菌的代谢产物富含促生长因子,能刺激作物生长,强力生根,促进营养成分吸收。微生物在生长过程中,自身能产生一定热量,在冬季使用能提高地温,帮助作物抵抗低温的侵害。生物防治,改良土壤。植物乳杆菌代谢产生的酶类及有机酸等物质,能分解、释放肥料及土壤中固定的营养元素,转化为作物易于吸收的离子状态。微生物生长、代谢产生的粘性物质能促进土壤团粒的形成,缓解土壤板结。
光合菌,用于农作物的基肥、追肥、拌种、叶面喷施、秧菌蘸根等。作种肥使用,可增加生物固氮作用,提高根际固氮效应,增进土壤肥力。叶面喷施,可改善植物营养,增强植物生理功能和抗病能力,从而起到增产和改善品质的作用。
表1复合微生物菌剂的测定结果
菌剂名称 | 有效磷含量/mg·L-1 | 固氮酶活性/U/L | 分泌植物生长激素/μg·mL-1 |
枯草芽孢杆菌 | 80 | 136 | 14 |
地衣芽孢杆菌 | 87 | 134 | 15 |
荧光假单孢菌 | 89 | 115 | 13 |
放线菌 | 92 | 122 | 12 |
产朊假丝酵母 | 85 | 99 | 11 |
木霉菌 | 79 | 108 | 10 |
植物乳杆菌 | 81 | 114 | 11 |
光合菌 | 76 | 123 | 13 |
复合微生物菌剂 | 120 | 175 | 20 |
本发明的复合微生物菌剂的测定结果如表1所示,结果表明,八株菌间均无拮抗反应,在溶磷、固氮、分泌植物生长激素及耐盐等各项测定中:有效磷含量为120mg·L-1,较组合中菌株单独培养时提高30%以上;固氮酶活性为175U/L,较组合中菌株分别单独培养时提高了40%以上;分泌植物生长激素含量为20μg·mL-1,较组合中菌株分别单独培养时含量提高了30%以上。
因为生物有机肥加入了微生物,使用生物有机肥能明显增加土壤酶活性和微生物数量,增加土壤难溶性矿物质养分转化释放,部分微生物可以分泌植物激素促进植物生长,部分真菌也能通过分解土壤中的有机质生成糖,可以为固氮菌的生长提供能量,土壤养分的有效性也得到提高,有些微生物也有拮抗病原菌的作用。另外,土壤中的有机质经过矿化后产生的二氧化碳气体使土壤的保温性能得到提升。因为加强了土壤保水、保温和保肥性能,所以土壤的肥力也有所提高。
微生物肥料的作用主要体现在改善土壤状况,增加土壤对植物所需养分的供应,产生植物生长所需的植物激素及减轻植物病害等。增加土壤肥力,这是微生物肥料最重要的功能之一,肥料中所含的固氮微生物,可以增加土壤中的氮元素的含量。解磷解钾的微生物可以分解土壤中难溶的磷、钾供植物吸收,从而改善土壤中营养元素的供应状况,提高土壤中有机质含量,达到提高土壤肥力的作用。产生植物激素类物质刺激作物生长。许多微生物都能产生植物生长激素,比如赤霉素、生长素、吲哚乙酸等等,可以达到调节作物生长的目的。(3)对有害生物起到生物防治作用。一方面,作物生长过程中一些有害菌的抑制菌存在于一些微生物肥料中。而这些抑制菌的存在可以对作物生长过程中有害菌的生长繁殖起到一定的抑制。另一方面。由于肥料中的有益微生物大量的生长繁殖,从而在作物根际土壤微生态系统内形成优势种群,而这个优势种群就像一个保护层,限制了其他病原微生物的生长繁殖机会。以上这两方面能够减少有害菌对作物正常生长的危害,从而减少作物病害,提高果实品质和产量。协助植物吸收营养。微生物肥料中所含的一些菌种,除了能分解有机质和产生激素等之外,有些微生物还能协助植物吸收土壤中的营养成分。减少化肥施用,节约成本,降低污染。微生物肥料的施用能一定程度的减少化肥的用量,施用微生物肥可以节约能源,减少农业生产成本,并且微生物肥料本身无毒无害,可以减少肥料施用对环境的污染。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有付出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种复合微生物肥料,配制载体:玉米70kg、麦麸30kg、蛋白胨2kg、葡萄糖1kg、磷酸二氢钾0.2kg、氯化钠0.2kg、水30kg;
配制微生物菌剂:枯草芽孢杆菌1kg、地衣芽孢杆菌1kg、荧光假单孢菌1kg、放线菌1kg、产朊假丝酵母1kg、木霉菌1kg、植物乳杆菌1kg、光合菌1kg。
微生物菌剂的制备方法,步骤如下:
(1)将菌剂活化,活化的条件为:
①将微生物菌剂分别接入含固体培养基的试管斜面活化;固体培养基为:蛋白胨5g,NaCl 5g,肉膏3g,琼脂15g用蒸馏水定容至1000ml,调pH为7.0,在121℃条件下灭菌20分钟;
②活化后的微生物菌剂分别接种至液体培养基的摇瓶中进行培养;液体培养基为:每升培养基含玉米淀粉15g、葡萄糖25g、蛋白胨2.5g、硫酸镁0.5g、磷酸二氢钾1g,pH为5.5;
③将步骤②中培养的微生物菌剂混合,得到复合微生物菌剂;
(2)将玉米粉碎后过2mm筛,加入麦麸、蛋白胨、葡萄糖、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钠,加入水混合均匀后制得载体;
(3)将载体原料在110-130℃的条件下灭菌20-30分钟,再冷却;
(4)在搅拌机里将活化后的复合微生物菌剂与灭菌后的载体混合均匀后,置于25-30℃条件下培养3-5天。
实施例2
一种复合微生物肥料,配制载体:玉米50kg、麦麸20kg、蛋白胨1kg、葡萄糖0.1kg、磷酸二氢钾0.1kg、氯化钠0.1kg、水15kg;
配制微生物菌剂:枯草芽孢杆菌0.5kg、地衣芽孢杆菌0.5kg、荧光假单孢菌0.5kg、放线菌0.5kg、产朊假丝酵母0.5kg、木霉菌0.5kg、植物乳杆菌0.5kg、光合菌0.5kg。
制备微生物菌剂的方法如实施例1。
实施例3
一种复合微生物肥料,配制载体:玉米60kg、麦麸25kg、蛋白胨1.5kg、葡萄糖0.5kg、磷酸二氢钾0.15kg、氯化钠0.15kg、水20kg;
配制微生物菌剂:枯草芽孢杆菌0.8kg、地衣芽孢杆菌0.8kg、荧光假单孢菌0.8kg、放线菌0.8kg、产朊假丝酵母0.8kg、木霉菌0.8kg、植物乳杆菌0.8kg、光合菌0.8kg。
制备微生物菌剂的方法如实施例1。
实施例4
一种复合微生物肥料,配制载体:玉米70kg、麦麸20kg、蛋白胨1kg、葡萄糖1kg、磷酸二氢钾0.1kg、氯化钠0.2kg、水30kg;
配制微生物菌剂:枯草芽孢杆菌0.5kg、地衣芽孢杆菌1kg、荧光假单孢菌0.5kg、放线菌1kg、产朊假丝酵母0.5kg、木霉菌1kg、植物乳杆菌0.5kg、光合菌1kg。
制备微生物菌剂的方法如实施例1。
上述实施例所用菌种都是已知菌种,通过中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心引进。
上述实施例的用法用量:
1、冲施:每亩地使用2-3L,随水冲施。
2、滴灌:原液稀释300-500倍,滴注于根系区域。
3、喷施:原液稀释80-100倍,喷施叶面,叶背或全株喷洒。
4、拌种:原液稀释30-50倍,均匀喷洒于种子表面,阴干后播种。
5、育苗:基质漫拌,原液稀释300-500倍,浸透育苗;移栽穴浇,原液稀释30-50倍,每穴200-300毫升稀释液。
上述实施例1-4以番茄培育为例,番茄品种为寿禾粉冠,种植密度为3000株/亩,将原液稀释50倍,每穴300毫升稀释液。对比例以正常施肥培育番茄。
本发明实施例、对比例于2020年3月至8月在河南省夏邑县的日光温室内进行。夏邑县位于河南东边陲,经度116度左右,纬度34度左右,处于南北气候过渡带,属于暖温带半湿润季风气候区。气候温和,年平均气温12.8℃,无霜期为205天左右,年日照时长为2293.4小时。
从番茄成熟期开始,每天对不同处理成熟番茄进行采摘,并对其单果重、单株果数、单株产量进行统计。
本发明试验区为5个,结果如表2所示。
表2番茄产量
实施例 | 亩产/千克 | 平均单株果数/个 | 平均单果重/克 |
实施例1 | 6800 | 20 | 113 |
实施例2 | 6900 | 18 | 127 |
实施例3 | 6200 | 16 | 129 |
实施例4 | 6400 | 19 | 112 |
对比例 | 4500 | 16 | 93 |
表2结果表明,本发明的复合微生物肥料由于改善了土壤状况,增加土壤对植物所需养分的供应,所以提高了番茄产量。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种复合微生物肥料,包括载体和微生物菌剂,其特征在于:所述载体的原料及重量份为:玉米50-70、麦麸20-30、蛋白胨1-2、葡萄糖0.1-1、磷酸二氢钾0.1-0.2、氯化钠0.1-0.2、水15-30;所述微生物菌剂的原料及重量份为:枯草芽孢杆菌0.5-1、地衣芽孢杆菌0.5-1、荧光假单孢菌0.5-1、放线菌0.5-1、产朊假丝酵母0.5-1、木霉菌0.5-1、植物乳杆菌0.5-1、光合菌0.5-1。
2.如权利要求1所述的微生物菌剂的制备方法,其特征在于步骤如下:
(1)将微生物菌剂活化;
(2)将玉米粉碎后过2mm筛,加入麦麸、蛋白胨、葡萄糖、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钠,加入水混合均匀后制得载体;
(3)将载体原料在110-130℃的条件下灭菌20-30分钟,再冷却;
(4)在搅拌机里将活化后的复合微生物菌剂与灭菌后的载体混合均匀后,置于25-30℃条件下培养3-5天。
3.如权利要求2所述的微生物菌剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)将菌剂活化的条件为:
①将微生物菌剂分别接入含固体培养基的试管斜面活化;
②活化后的微生物菌剂分别接种至液体培养基的摇瓶中进行培养;
③将步骤②中培养的微生物菌剂混合,得到复合微生物菌剂。
4.如权利要求3所述的微生物菌剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤①中固体培养基为:蛋白胨5g,NaCl 5g,肉膏3g,琼脂15g用蒸馏水定容至1000ml,调pH为7.0,在121℃条件下灭菌20分钟。
5.如权利要求3所述的微生物菌剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤②中的液体培养基为:每升培养基含玉米淀粉10-15g、葡萄糖15-25g、蛋白胨2.5g、硫酸镁0.5g、磷酸二氢钾1g,pH为5.5。
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