CN116199701A - Pyrazolooxazinone compound prepared based on intramolecular free radical cycloaddition and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Pyrazolooxazinone compound prepared based on intramolecular free radical cycloaddition and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN116199701A CN116199701A CN202310195680.6A CN202310195680A CN116199701A CN 116199701 A CN116199701 A CN 116199701A CN 202310195680 A CN202310195680 A CN 202310195680A CN 116199701 A CN116199701 A CN 116199701A
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000006352 cycloaddition reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- VHYFNPMBLIVWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Dimethylaminopyridine Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 VHYFNPMBLIVWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 229960000549 4-dimethylaminophenol Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 phenoxy, diethylamino Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004191 (C1-C6) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004890 (C1-C6) alkylamino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012969 di-tertiary-butyl peroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- BESRYENXPUCIID-CHHVJCJISA-N n-tert-butyl-1-(3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanimine oxide Chemical compound CC1=NC(C)=C(\C=[N+](/[O-])C(C)(C)C)N=C1C BESRYENXPUCIID-CHHVJCJISA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RILZRCJGXSFXNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]ethanol Chemical compound OCCC1=CC=C(OC(F)(F)F)C=C1 RILZRCJGXSFXNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 2
- GSNUFIFRDBKVIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N DMF Natural products CC1=CC=C(C)O1 GSNUFIFRDBKVIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MHABMANUFPZXEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-demethyl-aloesaponarin I Natural products O=C1C2=CC=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C(O)C(C(O)=O)=C2C MHABMANUFPZXEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- VJRITMATACIYAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound NNS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 VJRITMATACIYAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 3
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229940046892 lead acetate Drugs 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 36
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 15
- XMIIGOLPHOKFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-phenylpropionic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 XMIIGOLPHOKFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 13
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 8
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- XEFCWBLINXJUIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;iodobenzene Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O.IC1=CC=CC=C1 XEFCWBLINXJUIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- GGHLXLVPNZMBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1 GGHLXLVPNZMBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FBXGQDUVJBKEAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4h-oxazin-3-one Chemical compound O=C1CC=CON1 FBXGQDUVJBKEAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- SNYAEEFPXODGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)propan-2-yl]methanimine Chemical compound C=NC(C)(C)C1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1 SNYAEEFPXODGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- MDHYEMXUFSJLGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenethyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCCC1=CC=CC=C1 MDHYEMXUFSJLGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000192043 Echinochloa Species 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N (2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid;(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O.NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZEJGVWRTXUSHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)propan-2-amine Chemical compound CC(C)(N)C1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1 AZEJGVWRTXUSHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-oxazine Chemical compound N1OC=CC=C1 BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CXKCZFDUOYMOOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1 CXKCZFDUOYMOOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PUJSUOGJGIECFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dichlorobenzonitrile Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=CC(C#N)=C1 PUJSUOGJGIECFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003512 Claisen condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUMXDOLUJCHOAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-methylbenzyl acetate Natural products CC(=O)OC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 QUMXDOLUJCHOAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenecarbonitrile Natural products N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 2
- IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine monohydrate Substances O.NN IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxymethyl benzene Natural products OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 2
- JLIDRDJNLAWIKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethyl-3h-benzo[e]indole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C(=C(C)N3)C)C3=CC=C21 JLIDRDJNLAWIKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NN)C=C1 ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940126062 Compound A Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000150195 Cyperus longus Species 0.000 description 1
- NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heterophylliin A Natural products O1C2COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC2C(OC(=O)C=2C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=2)C(O)C1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- DORMTBIPKNPJPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;iodobenzene Chemical compound CC(O)=O.IC1=CC=CC=C1 DORMTBIPKNPJPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- DULCUDSUACXJJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzeneacetic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 DULCUDSUACXJJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008359 benzonitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019445 benzyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl1408157 Chemical compound N=1C2=CC=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=1C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009036 growth inhibition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012456 homogeneous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010482 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P13/00—Herbicides; Algicides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for preparing pyrazolooxazinone compounds based on intramolecular free radical cycloaddition, which adopts free radical cycloaddition reaction to synthesize the pyrazolooxazinone compounds in one step, wherein two nitrogen atoms on a pyrazole ring in a reaction product come from benzenesulfonyl hydrazide molecules, the safety is good, the synthetic route does not need high-temperature reflux, and the reaction is energy-saving and green; the catalyst may be a nonmetallic catalyst PhI (OAc) 2 The method avoids the environmental pollution problems such as toxic metal lead acetate or metal residue, and the reaction can be carried out in an acidic environment or an alkaline environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of chemical synthesis, and in particular relates to pyrazolooxazinone compounds and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Oxazinone is a novel heterocyclic herbicide, has systemic conductivity, is mainly absorbed by roots and stem leaf bases of weeds, and can prevent annual gramineous weeds such as dried golden seeds, barnyard grass, heterotypic nutgrass galingale and the like by preventing the formation of plant endogenous GA3 hormone, so that the stems and leaves of the weeds are green, and the growth is inhibited until the weeds die. However, oxazin has poor control effect on broadleaf weeds, and can not completely and effectively control paddy field weeds when being used alone, so that other products are often required to be compounded for use in order to enlarge the weed killing spectrum.
The synthetic route of oxazin mainly comprises 2 steps:
route 1: 3, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid is used as a raw material to react with thionyl chloride to prepare 3, 5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, the 3, 5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride is obtained through hydrogen reduction, the 3, 5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride is obtained through substitution by hydrochloric acid, the 3, 5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride is obtained through reaction with sodium cyanide, the 3, 5-dichlorobenzonitrile is obtained through reaction, the dimethyl substituted benzonitrile of the 3, 5-dichlorobenzonitrile is prepared through reaction with methyl iodide, the amide is hydrolyzed by hydrolysis, the 1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethylamine is obtained through Huffman degradation, and finally the N-methylene-1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethylamine is generated by formaldehyde. The preparation method comprises the steps of taking phenyl ethyl acetate as a raw material and carrying out claisen reaction on the phenyl ethyl acetate to obtain 3-phenyl acetoacetate, hydrolyzing the 3-phenyl acetoacetate, and then reacting the 3-phenyl acetoacetate with acetone to obtain 5-phenyl-2, 6-trimethyl-2H, 4H-1, 3-dioxin-4-ketone. Reacting 5-phenyl-2, 6-trimethyl-2H, 4H-1, 3-dioxin-4-ketone with N-methylene-1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethylamine to obtain oxazinone:
the synthesis condition of the route is simpler, but the steps are too long, the total yield is lower, naCN is used in the reaction, the toxicity is high, and the safety is poor.
Route 2: 3, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid is used as a raw material, reacts with thionyl chloride to prepare 3, 5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, reacts with acetonitrile to prepare dimethyl-substituted benzyl alcohol, reacts with acetonitrile to prepare N- [ 1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethyl ] acetamide, hydrolyzes to obtain 1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethylamine, and finally reacts with formaldehyde to generate N-methylene-1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethylamine. The ethyl phenylacetate is taken as a raw material to react with ethyl acetate to obtain the 3-phenyl acetoacetic acid ethyl ester through claisen reaction. 3-phenyl acetoacetic acid ethyl ester reacts with N-methylene-1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethylamine to prepare oxazinone. 3-phenyl acetoacetic acid ethyl ester reacts with N-methylene-1-methyl-1- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) ethylamine to prepare oxazinone:
the route conditions are relatively mild, but the route is still long.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the above problems, the object of the present invention is to provide pyrazolooxazinone compounds having a completely new structure and a method for preparing the pyrazolooxazinone compounds based on intramolecular free radical cycloaddition.
The inventor of the invention discovers a new route which is completely different from the existing oxazinone synthesis method, adopts a free radical cycloaddition reaction to realize the synthesis of a target object in one step, and ensures that two nitrogen atoms on a pyrazole ring in a reaction product come from benzenesulfonyl hydrazide molecules rather than hydrazine hydrate molecules which are easy to explosion and has good safety. Through investigation of reaction conditions and yield, the synthetic route of the invention can well perform reaction at 25 ℃, does not need high-temperature reflux, and has the advantages of energy conservation and environmental protection; the catalyst may be a nonmetallic catalyst PhI (OAc) 2 The environmental pollution problems of toxic metal lead acetate or metal residues (copper ions in copper catalytic reaction) and the like are avoided; the reaction can be carried out in an acidic environment (such as acetic acid) or an alkaline environment (such as sodium carbonate), and the application prospect is wide.
The reaction mechanism of the synthetic route in the invention is as follows:
specifically, the present invention provides a compound having the following general structure:
wherein R is 1 、R 2 Each independently H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, phenoxy or halogen.
Preferably, R 1 Is H, C C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, phenoxy or halogen, R 2 H, C1 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy or halogen.
More preferably, R 1 Is H, methyl, ethyl, phenoxy, diethylamino, fluoro or chloro, R 2 Is H, methyl, ethyl, fluorine or chlorine.
The compound specifically comprises a compound with the following structure:
the invention also provides a synthesis method of the compound:
the phenylsulfonyl hydrazone compound with the structure shown below, an oxidant and acid or alkali are reacted in a solvent.
In the method, the solvent is selected from one or more of tetrahydrofuran, DMF, acetone, DMAC and DMSO; the oxidant is selected from TBHP, DTBP, TBN, phI(OAc) 2 One or more of the following; the acid is selected from one or more of formic acid, acetic acid and fluoboric acid; the alkali is selected from one or more of sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, triethylamine, DMAP and potassium phosphate.
In the method, the molar ratio of the benzenesulfonyl hydrazone compound to the oxidant is 1-5:1-5:0.1-10, preferably 1-2:2-5:5-10, more preferably 1:2:10.
In the process, the reaction temperature is 20℃to 120℃and preferably 25℃ 50℃ 80℃ 105 ℃.
In the method, the reaction time is 2-24h, preferably 2h,4h,6h,8h,10h,12h and 24h.
The benzenesulfonyl hydrazone compound used in the present invention can be prepared by the following method:
the invention has the following advantages: 1. the synthesis of the target object is realized in one step by adopting a free radical cycloaddition reaction, and the design idea is innovative; 2. the reaction can be well carried out at 25 ℃, the condition is mild, and the reaction is energy-saving and green; 3. with nonmetallic catalysts PhI (OAc) 2 The environmental pollution problems such as toxic metal or metal residue are avoided; 4. the reaction can be carried out in an acidic environment (such as acetic acid) or an alkaline environment (such as sodium carbonate), and the application prospect is wide; 5. the two nitrogen atoms on the pyrazole ring in the reaction product come from benzenesulfonyl hydrazine molecules instead of hydrazine hydrate molecules which are easy to explosion, so that the safety is good; 6. the application range of the substrate is wider, and substrates with different substituent groups can be used; 7. no method for synthesizing the compound is reported at home and abroad.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a synthetic route of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum of the compound B of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the compound B of the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows a compound B of the present invention 1 Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 5 shows a compound B of the present invention 1 Nuclear magnetic carbon spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 6 shows a compound B of the present invention 1 A crystal structure diagram of (2);
FIG. 7 shows a compound B of the present invention 2 Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 8 shows a compound B of the present invention 2 Nuclear magnetic carbon spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 9 shows a compound B of the present invention 3 Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 10 shows a compound B of the present invention 3 Nuclear magnetic carbon spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 11 shows a compound B of the present invention 4 Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 12 shows a compound B of the present invention 4 Nuclear magnetic carbon spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 13 shows a compound B of the present invention 5 Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 14 shows a compound B of the present invention 5 Nuclear magnetic carbon spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 15 shows a compound B of the present invention 6 Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 16 shows a compound B of the present invention 6 Nuclear magnetic carbon spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 17 shows a compound B of the present invention 7 Nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrogram of (2);
FIG. 18 shows a compound B of the present invention 7 Nuclear magnetic carbon spectrogram of (2).
Detailed Description
Example 1 verification of synthetic route
Synthetic ortho-substituted benzenesulfonylhydrazone Compound A (10.5 mg,0.025 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene acetate (PhI (OAc) 2 16.1mg,0.05 mmol) of N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC)/glacial acetic acid=10:1, (V/V) as a solvent, and stirring at 25 ℃ for 3H to obtain the target compound 2-phenyl-9H-benzol [ e ]]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-9-one (compound B) is reacted as follows (i.e., FIG. 1 of the specification).
The structure of the compound B is verified through nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrum and nuclear magnetic carbon spectrum, and the structure is shown in the accompanying figures 2 and 3 of the specification.
Example 2 optimization of reaction conditions
With reference to the starting materials of example 1, the reaction solvent (tetrahydrofuran, DMF, acetone, DMAC, DMSO), the oxidant (TBHP, DTBP, TBN, phI (OAc) was reacted in the same amount as the starting materials 2 ) The screening is carried out on the parameters of acid (formic acid, acetic acid, fluoroboric acid) or alkali (sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, triethylamine, DMAP, potassium phosphate), the reaction temperature (25 ℃,50 ℃,80 ℃,105 ℃) and the reaction time (2 h,4h,6h,8h,10h,12h,24 h) and the like, the process is shown as follows, and the screening results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 optimization of Synthesis conditions for Compound B yield
[a]conditions:A(0.25mmol),PhI(OAc) 2 (0.5mmol),Acid(2.5mmol),Solvent(0.5mL),4.0h,air.
[b]Isolated yields based on A after chromatography.
Conclusion: when DMAC is used as solvent, phI (OAc) is used 2 As an oxidizing agent, acetic acid was used, the reaction time was controlled at 25 ℃, the yield at 12 hours was optimal, and the target B was obtained in 88% yield.
Example 3 expansion of reaction substrates
To verify the applicability of the above reaction, the reaction was performed using substrates of different substituents, and it was found that all of them can be applied to the reaction scheme to obtain the following reaction products:
compound B 1 -B 7 The specific preparation process of (2) is as follows:
B 1 step1: weighing C 1 (2 mmol), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.15 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (stirring bar was added), 2mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added, placed in a magnetic stirrer for ice bath, and cooled to 0 ℃; another flask was taken and EDC (1 mmol) was taken with 1mL CH 2 CL 2 Dissolving. The mixture was added dropwise and reacted at 30℃for 12 hours to give a yellow clear solution. The yield was 24.5%.
Step2: paraphthalenesulfonyl hydrazine (0.72 mmol) was weighed into a flask (with stirring) and 3.75mL of methanol was added, dissolved in an oil bath at 60℃and cooled to room temperature. Another flask was taken to weigh substrate D 1 (0.6mmol)CH 2 Cl 2 Dissolving, dropwise adding by a glass dropper, and stirring at room temperature for reaction for 3h. The yield was 86.4%.
Step3: weighing A 1 (0.45 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene diacetic acid (0.99 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (with stirring), and 4.5mL of DMF and 450. Mu.L of glacial acetic acid were added with stirring at room temperature and the temperature was raised to 25℃again for reaction for 12h. The yield was 58%.
B 2 Step1: weighing C 2 (2 mmol), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.15 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (stirring bar was added), 2mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added, placed in a magnetic stirrer for ice bath, and cooled to 0 ℃; another flask was taken and EDC (1 mmol) was taken with 1mL CH 2 CL 2 Dissolving. The mixture was added dropwise and reacted at 30℃for 12 hours to give a yellow clear solution. The yield was 18.5%.
Step2: weighing p-toluenesulfonylHydrazine (0.72 mmol) was dissolved in a flask (with stirring) with 3.75mL of methanol in an oil bath at 60℃and cooled to room temperature. Another flask was taken to weigh substrate D 2 (0.6mmol)CH 2 Cl 2 Dissolving, dropwise adding by a glass dropper, and stirring at room temperature for reaction for 3h. The yield was 89.6%.
Step3: weighing A 2 (0.45 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene diacetic acid (0.99 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (with stirring), and 4.5mL of DMF and 450. Mu.L of glacial acetic acid were added with stirring at room temperature and the temperature was raised to 25℃again for reaction for 12h. The yield was 52%.
B 5 Step1: weighing C 5 (2 mmol), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.15 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (stirring bar was added), 2mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added, placed in a magnetic stirrer for ice bath, and cooled to 0 ℃; another flask was taken and EDC (1 mmol) was taken with 1mL CH 2 CL 2 Dissolving. The mixture was added dropwise and reacted at 30℃for 12 hours to give a yellow clear solution. The yield was 15.7%.
Step2: paraphthalenesulfonyl hydrazine (0.72 mmol) was weighed into a flask (with stirring) and 3.75mL of methanol was added, dissolved in an oil bath at 60℃and cooled to room temperature. Another flask was taken to weigh substrate D 5 (0.6mmol)CH 2 Cl 2 Dissolving, dropwise adding by a glass dropper, and stirring at room temperature for reaction for 3h. The yield was 82.3%.
Step3: weighing A 5 (0.45 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene diacetic acid (0.99 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (with stirring), and 4.5mL of DMF and 450. Mu.L of glacial acetic acid were added with stirring at room temperature and the temperature was raised to 25℃again for reaction for 12h. The yield was 59.2%.
B 3 Step1: paraphthalenesulfonyl hydrazine (0.72 mmol) was weighed into a flask (with stirring) and 3.75mL of methanol was added, dissolved in an oil bath at 60℃and cooled to room temperature. Another flask was taken to weigh substrate C 3 (0.6mmol)CH 2 Cl 2 Dissolving, dropwise adding by a glass dropper, and stirring at room temperature for reaction for 3h. The yield was 92.7%.
Step2: weighing D 3 (2 mmol), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.15 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (stirring bar was added), 2mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added, placed in a magnetic stirrer for ice bath, and cooled to 0 ℃; in addition, anotherA flask was taken and EDC (1 mmol) was taken with 1mL CH 2 CL 2 Dissolving. The mixture was added dropwise and reacted at 30℃for 12 hours to give a yellow clear solution. The yield was 26.7%.
Step3: weighing A 3 (0.45 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene diacetic acid (0.99 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (with stirring), and 4.5mL of DMF and 450. Mu.L of glacial acetic acid were added with stirring at room temperature and the temperature was raised to 25℃again for reaction for 12h. The yield was 50.2%.
B 4 Step1: paraphthalenesulfonyl hydrazine (0.72 mmol) was weighed into a flask (with stirring) and 3.75mL of methanol was added, dissolved in an oil bath at 60℃and cooled to room temperature. Another flask was taken to weigh substrate C 4 (0.6mmol)CH 2 Cl 2 Dissolving, dropwise adding by a glass dropper, and stirring at room temperature for reaction for 3h. The yield was 89.5%.
Step2: weighing D 4 (2 mmol), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.15 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (stirring bar was added), 2mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added, placed in a magnetic stirrer for ice bath, and cooled to 0 ℃; another flask was taken and EDC (1 mmol) was taken with 1mL CH 2 CL 2 Dissolving. The mixture was added dropwise and reacted at 30℃for 12 hours to give a yellow clear solution. The yield was 23.6%.
Step3: weighing A 4 (0.45 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene diacetic acid (0.99 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (with stirring), and 4.5mL of DMF and 450. Mu.L of glacial acetic acid were added with stirring at room temperature and the temperature was raised to 25℃again for reaction for 12h. The yield was 44.2%.
B 6 Step1: paraphthalenesulfonyl hydrazine (0.72 mmol) was weighed into a flask (with stirring) and 3.75mL of methanol was added, dissolved in an oil bath at 60℃and cooled to room temperature. Another flask was taken to weigh substrate C 6 (0.6mmol)CH 2 Cl 2 Dissolving, dropwise adding by a glass dropper, and stirring at room temperature for reaction for 3h. The yield was 92.5%.
Step2: weighing D 6 (2 mmol), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.15 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (stirring bar was added), 2mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added, placed in a magnetic stirrer for ice bath, and cooled to 0 ℃; another flask was taken and EDC (1 mmol) was taken with 1mL CH 2 CL 2 Dissolving. The mixed solution is added dropwise and reversely at 30 DEG CThe reaction time was 12h, and a yellow clear solution was obtained. The yield was 18.9%.
Step3: weighing A 6 (0.45 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene diacetic acid (0.99 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (with stirring), and 4.5mL of DMF and 450. Mu.L of glacial acetic acid were added with stirring at room temperature and the temperature was raised to 25℃again for reaction for 12h. The yield was 53.2%.
B 7 Step1: paraphthalenesulfonyl hydrazine (0.72 mmol) was weighed into a flask (with stirring) and 3.75mL of methanol was added, dissolved in an oil bath at 60℃and cooled to room temperature. Another flask was taken to weigh substrate C 7 (0.6mmol)CH 2 Cl 2 Dissolving, dropwise adding by a glass dropper, and stirring at room temperature for reaction for 3h. The yield was 92.3%.
Step2: weighing D 7 (2 mmol), 3-phenylpropionic acid (2.2 mmol) and DMAP (0.15 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (stirring bar was added), 2mL of anhydrous dichloromethane was added, placed in a magnetic stirrer for ice bath, and cooled to 0 ℃; another flask was taken and EDC (1 mmol) was taken with 1mL CH 2 CL 2 Dissolving. The mixture was added dropwise and reacted at 30℃for 12 hours to give a yellow clear solution. The yield was 21.4%.
Step3: weighing A 7 (0.45 mmol) and the oxidant iodobenzene diacetic acid (0.99 mmol) were placed in a Schlenk tube (with stirring), and 4.5mL of DMF and 450. Mu.L of glacial acetic acid were added with stirring at room temperature and the temperature was raised to 25℃again for reaction for 12h. The yield was 47.5%.
The compound B prepared 1 -B 7 The structure is as follows:
for the above compound B 1 -B 7 The structure verification is carried out through nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectrum and nuclear magnetic carbon spectrum, and the structure verification is respectively shown in figures 4-17 of the attached drawings.
Compound B therein by X-ray single crystal diffraction 1 The analysis of the crystal structure was performed as shown in fig. 18 of the specification.
Verification of Effect of the Compounds of example 4
The test method comprises the following steps: plate method
Compound B of example 3 5 Adding acetone to dissolve to prepare homogeneous solution, and adding appropriate amount of 0.1% Tween-80 to dilute to 50 mg/L. Soaking barnyard grass seeds in 25 ℃ water for 12 hours, placing the soaked seeds in a culture dish filled with wet filter paper, and accelerating germination at 35 ℃ until white buds are exposed for later use.
2 pieces of filter paper are filled in a culture dish with the diameter of 9cm, 20 seeds with consistent germination conditions are respectively selected and placed in the culture dish, the direction of radicle and embryo of the seeds is kept consistent, 10mL of liquid medicine is added into the culture dish, a blank control group is added with acetone solvent without compound, the culture is carried out in a greenhouse incubator for 5 days, each concentration is repeated for 3 times, and the root length, fresh weight and dry weight of crops are measured in time after 5 days. The effect of the compound of interest on the growth of the target crop is evaluated in terms of the rate of promotion over the length of the root (or stem).
The calculation formula for correcting the root length (stem length) growth promotion rate is as follows:
r-correct root length (stem length) growth rate;
L 0 control root length (stem length);
L 1 -treating root length (stem length);
L S solvent control root length (stem length);
the units are percentages, two digits after the decimal point are reserved.
The results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 Compound B 5 Growth inhibition effect on barnyard grass at different concentrations
Concentration of | 0.1μg/ml | 1μg/ml | 10μg/ml |
Inhibition rate% | 21.05 | 35.67 | 60.25 |
Claims (10)
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R 1 H, C1 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, phenoxy or halogen; r is R 2 H, C1 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy or halogen.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R 1 Is H, methyl, ethyl, phenoxy, diethylamino, fluoro or chloro, R 2 Is H, methyl, ethyl, fluorine or chlorine.
6. the method of claim 5, wherein the solvent is selected from one or more of tetrahydrofuran, DMF, acetone, DMAC, DMSO.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of TBHP, DTBP, TBN, phI (OAc) 2 One or more of the following.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the acid is selected from one or more of formic acid, acetic acid, fluoroboric acid; the alkali is selected from one or more of sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, triethylamine, DMAP and potassium phosphate.
9. The process according to claim 5, wherein the molar ratio of benzenesulfonylhydrazone compound to oxidant is 1-5:1-5:0.1-10, preferably 1-2:2-5:5-10, more preferably 1:2:10.
10. The process of claim 5, wherein the reaction temperature is 20℃to 120℃and the reaction time is 2 to 24 hours.
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