CN115109625A - 用于根据运输网络的特性获得生物甲烷的设备和方法 - Google Patents
用于根据运输网络的特性获得生物甲烷的设备和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于根据运输网络的特性获得生物甲烷的设备和方法。一种用于从包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流中生产洗脱了CO2和水的生物甲烷的设备,包括:‑用于压缩所述进料气流的压缩机,‑冷却器,用于冷却经压缩的进料气流以便使所述进料气流中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝,‑用于除去所述进料气流中的冷凝水的至少一部分的装置,‑膜分离单元,其能够接收由所述装置产生的进料气流并提供富含二氧化碳的渗透物和洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷,‑吸附净化单元,用于除去残留在洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷中的水的至少一部分并回收洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷。本发明还涉及使用该设备从包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流中生产洗脱了CO2和水的生物甲烷的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于从包括甲烷和二氧化碳、优选生物气或生物甲烷的进料气流中生产被洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷的设备和方法。
背景技术
生物气是有机物在无氧条件下降解(厌氧发酵)——也称为甲烷化——过程中产生的气体。这可以是自然分解——因此在沼泽地或生活垃圾填埋场中可以观察到——但生物气的产生也可以通过废弃物在专用反应器(称为甲烷化器或消化器)中的甲烷化产生。
由于其主要成分,即甲烷和二氧化碳,生物气是一种强大的温室气体;同时,它还构成可再生能源的来源,在化石能源日益稀缺的背景下,这是相当可观的。
生物气主要含有甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2),其比例可根据其获得方式而有所不同,但也含有较小比例的水、氮、硫化氢、氧和微量的其它有机化合物。
取决于已降解的有机物和所使用的技术,各组分的比例不同,但平均而言,生物气包含以干气计30%至75%的甲烷、15%至60%的CO2、0%至15%的氮、0%至5%的氧和微量化合物。
生物气以各种方式提质。经过轻微处理后,它可以在生产现场附近进行提质,以供应热、电或两者的混合(热电联产);高二氧化碳含量降低了其热值,增加了压缩和运输成本,并且限制了将其提质到这种附近使用的经济优势。
对生物气进行更深入的净化允许其得到更广泛的应用;特别地,生物气的深度提纯使得有可能获得已经提纯到天然气规格并且可以替代天然气的生物气;这样提纯的生物气称为“生物甲烷”。因此,生物甲烷以在区域内生产的可再生部分补充天然气资源;它可以用于与化石来源的天然气完全相同的用途。它可供应天然气网络或汽车加气站;它也可以被液化以采用液化天然气(LNG)的形式储存。
特别地,根据当地情况来确定提质生物甲烷的方式:当地能源需求、提质为生物甲烷燃料的可能性、天然气分布或运输网络附近的存在。通过在特定地区经营的各方(农民、制造商、政府当局)之间产生协同效应,生物甲烷的生产有助于这些地区取得更大的能源自给自足。
在收集生物气和获得生物甲烷之间需要完成几个步骤,最终产品能够被压缩或液化。
二氧化碳是一种通常存在于天然气中的污染物,通常必须将其从天然气中除去。
然而,水是一种很少被除去到非常低的含量的污染物。具体而言,要达到的水含量一般在100到300ppm的量级,因为这些含量对于分配网络来说已经足够了(在网络的最大工作压力下,水露点低于-5℃,分配网络在4至8barg之间)。
在本发明的背景下,希望能够将生物甲烷压缩到需要更彻底地除去水的水平,以便能够将在低压——通常在4至8bar之间——下运行的分配网络与在40至70bar之间运行的运输网络互连。
这种“逆向”操作旨在“疏通”网络,以确保即将进行的项目数量不受分配网络中的空间限制。
从这一点出发,面临的一个问题是提供一种用于获得洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷以符合在较高压力下运行的运输网络的特性的设备和方法。
发明内容
本发明的一个解决方案是一种用于从包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流A生产洗脱了CO2和水的生物甲烷B的设备,该设备包括:
-用于压缩进料气流的压缩机0,
-冷却器1,用于冷却经压缩的进料气流以便冷凝进料气流中包含的水的至少一部分;
-用于除去进料气流中的冷凝水的至少一部分的装置2,
-膜分离单元4,其能够接收由装置2产生的进料气流并提供富含二氧化碳的渗透物和洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷,和
-吸附净化单元5,用于除去至少一部分残留在洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷中的水并回收洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷。
根据当前情形,根据本发明的设备可以具有以下特征中的一个或多个特征:
-吸附净化单元5包括至少一个吸附器,并且该设备包括用于使用由装置2产生的进料气流的一部分作为再生气体来再生该吸附器的装置R;注意,由装置2产生的该部分生物气优选将在加热器中被加热,优选被加热到150℃以上的温度;
-该设备包括用于在吸附器的出口处回收再生气体的装置和用于将再生气体再循环到压缩机0上游的装置;
-该设备包括在用于回收再生气体的装置与用于使再生气体再循环的装置之间的用于冷却再生气体以冷凝再生气体中包含的水的至少一部分的冷却器7以及用于除去再生气体中的冷凝水的至少一部分的装置8;
-吸附器包括选自氧化铝或分子筛的吸附剂;
-该设备包括热交换器3,用于在由装置2产生的进料气流进入膜分离单元4之前对其进行加热;
-该设备包括分析仪12,用于测量洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷B中的CO2和/或水的浓度。
该设备还可以在膜分离单元的出口处包括用于测量洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷中的CO2和/或水的浓度的分析仪。
注意,吸附净化单元优选地将为PSA(变压吸附)型。
净化单元将优选地包括至少两个吸附器,它们有偏移地跟随包括吸附(净化)阶段和再生阶段的压力循环。
膜分离单元将优选地仅包括单个膜级。换言之,渗余物不会被送至第二膜级。
本发明的另一个主题是一种用于使用根据本发明的设备从包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流A生产洗脱了CO2和水的生物甲烷B的方法,并且该方法包括:
a)压缩0进料气流A的步骤,
b)冷却1经压缩的进料气流以使进料气流中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝的步骤,
c)除去2进料气流中的冷凝水的至少一部分的步骤,
d)在膜分离单元4中对由步骤c)产生的气流中的甲烷和二氧化碳进行膜分离以回收富含二氧化碳的渗透物10和洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷流11的步骤,
e)回收洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷流11的步骤,
f)在吸附器5中对由步骤e)产生的生物甲烷流11进行吸附净化以除去残留在生物甲烷流11中的水的至少一部分的步骤,和
g)回收洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷B的步骤。
视情况而定,根据本发明的方法可以具有以下特征中的一个或多个特征:
-该方法包括使用由步骤c)产生的气流的一部分R作为再生气体来再生吸附器的步骤。
-该方法包括在吸附器的出口处回收再生气体的步骤和使该再生气体再循环到压缩上游的步骤。
-该方法在回收再生气体的步骤和使再生气体再循环的步骤之间包括使再生气体中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝的冷却步骤7以及除去8再生气体中的冷凝水的至少一部分的步骤。
-该方法包括加热由步骤c)产生的生物气的步骤。
-该方法包括测量12洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷B中的CO2和/或水的浓度的步骤。
-在步骤a)中,将进料气流压缩0至大于60bar的压力。
-在步骤b)中,将进料气流冷却1至低于15℃的温度。
-进料气流A选自生物气或生物甲烷。
附图说明
现在将使用图1更详细地描述本发明。
图1示出根据本发明的设备的一个示例。
具体实施方式
在该示例的背景下,进料气流A是包含3.5%的CO2、800ppm的水且其余是甲烷的生物甲烷;它的流量为760Nm3/h,压力为3.5bar。生物甲烷A首先在压缩机0中被压缩至62bar的压力,然后被冷却1至5℃的温度。这种冷却使得可以使在分离器2中除去的水冷凝。因此除去了生物甲烷A中最初包含的水的80%。然后生物气在被引入膜分离单元4之前在交换器3中被加热至15℃的温度。该膜分离单元4包括至少一个可渗透二氧化碳的膜,因此可以回收富含二氧化碳的渗透物10和洗脱了二氧化碳——也就是说在本例中包含2.5%的二氧化碳——的生物甲烷11。在分析仪9中对洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷11进行分析,以便在将其引入吸附净化单元5以除去残留在洗脱了二氧化硅的生物甲烷中的水的至少一部分之前控制CO2和/或水的浓度。吸附净化单元5包括两个吸附器,每个吸附器有偏移地跟随包括吸附阶段和再生阶段的压力循环。这些吸附器各自都包括选自氧化铝和分子筛的用于吸附水的吸附剂。在吸附净化单元的出口处回收洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷。它包含正好/精确地2.5%的CO2、小于40ppm的水,剩余为甲烷。这种组成在分析仪12中验证。吸附器的吸附剂使用离开交换器3的生物气的一部分R再生。生物甲烷的该部分R在作为再生气体被引入吸附净化单元5的处于再生模式的吸附器中之前在加热器6中被加热至150℃的温度。在吸附净化单元5的出口处回收再生气体,在冷却器7中将该再生气体冷却至20℃,这使得可以使再生气体中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝。该冷凝水将在再循环到压缩机0的上游之前被除去8。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于从包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流(A)中生产洗脱了CO2和水的生物甲烷(B)的设备,包括:
-用于压缩所述进料气流的压缩机(0),
-冷却器(1),用于冷却经压缩的进料气流以便使所述进料气流中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝,
-用于除去所述进料气流中的冷凝水的至少一部分的装置(2),
-膜分离单元(4),其能够接收由所述装置(2)产生的进料气流并提供富含二氧化碳的渗透物和洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷,
-吸附净化单元(5),用于除去残留在洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷中的水的至少一部分并回收洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其特征在于,所述吸附净化单元(5)包括至少一个吸附器,并且所述设备包括用于使用由所述装置(2)产生的进料气流的一部分作为再生气体来再生所述吸附器的装置R。
3.根据权利要求2所述的设备,其特征在于,它包括用于在所述吸附器的出口处回收再生气体的装置和用于使所述再生气体再循环到所述压缩机(0)的上游的装置。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其特征在于,它在用于回收再生气体的装置和用于使再生气体再循环的装置之间包括用于冷却再生气体以便使所述再生气体中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝的冷却器(7)和用于除去再生气体中的冷凝水的至少一部分的装置(8)。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述吸附器包括选自氧化铝或分子筛的吸附剂。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,它包括用于在所述装置(2)产生的进料气流进入所述膜分离单元(4)之前对其进行加热的热交换器(3)。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,它包括分析仪(12),用于测量洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷B中的CO2和/或水的浓度。
8.一种用于使用根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的设备从包含甲烷和二氧化碳的进料气流(A)中生产洗脱了CO2和水的生物甲烷(B)的方法,所述方法包括:
a)压缩(0)所述进料气流(A)的步骤,
b)冷却(1)经压缩的进料气流以使所述进料气流中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝的步骤,
c)除去(2)所述进料气流中的冷凝水的至少一部分的步骤,
d)在所述膜分离单元(4)中对步骤c)产生的气流中的甲烷和二氧化碳进行膜分离以回收富含二氧化碳的渗透物(10)和洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷流(11)的步骤,
e)回收洗脱了二氧化碳的生物甲烷流(11)的步骤,
f)在吸附器(5)中对由步骤e)产生的生物甲烷流(11)进行吸附净化以除去残留在所述生物甲烷流(11)中的水的至少一部分的步骤,和
g)回收洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷(B)的步骤。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,它包括使用由步骤c)产生的气流的一部分(R)作为再生气体来再生所述吸附器的步骤。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其特征在于,它包括在所述吸附器的出口处回收再生气体的步骤和使该再生气体再循环到压缩上游的步骤。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,它包括在回收再生气体的步骤和使所述再生气体再循环的步骤之间的使所述再生气体中包含的水的至少一部分冷凝的冷却步骤(7)和除去(8)所述再生气体中的冷凝水的至少一部分的步骤。
12.根据权利要求8至11中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,它包括加热由步骤c)产生的生物气的步骤。
13.根据权利要求8至12中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,它包括测量(12)洗脱了二氧化碳和水的生物甲烷B中的CO2和/或水的浓度的步骤。
14.根据权利要求8至13中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤a)中,将所述进料气流压缩(0)至大于60bar的压力。
15.根据权利要求8至14中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b)中,将所述进料气流冷却(1)至低于15℃的温度。
16.根据权利要求8至15中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述进料气流(A)选自生物气或生物甲烷。
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