CN114982375A

CN114982375A - Glazing with electrically heatable communication window for sensor and camera system

Info

Publication number: CN114982375A
Application number: CN202180005202.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: T·加里内利; J·哈根
Original assignee: Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Current assignee: Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Priority date: 2020-12-21
Filing date: 2021-12-16
Publication date: 2022-08-30
Also published as: WO2022136102A1; DE202021004228U1

Abstract

The invention relates to a glazing (100) having an electrically heatable communication window (80), comprising at least: -a first glass plate (1) having a first surface (III) and a second surface (IV), -at least one electrically conductive transparent coating (3) applied at least on a part of the second surface (IV), in particular on the entire second surface (IV), and-at least two busbars (5.1, 5.2) provided for connection to a voltage source (14), which are connected to the electrically conductive transparent coating (3) in such a way that current paths (11) for heating current are formed between the busbars (5.1, 5.2), wherein-the electrically conductive transparent coating (3) comprises an electrically conductive layer (34), which electrically conductive layer (34) comprises or consists of a transparent electrically conductive oxide (TCO) and in particular Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), -the electrically conductive transparent coating (3) has a value of 15 Ω/square to 100 Ω/flatSquare sheet resistance, and-the glazing (100) has a transmission T of at least 70% in the visible spectral range at an angle α of 0 ° _L 。

Description

Glazing with electrically heatable communication window for sensor and camera system

The invention belongs to the field of glazing with communication windows, in particular for sensors and camera systems, a method for their manufacture and their use.

Vehicles, airplanes, helicopters and ships are increasingly equipped with various sensors or camera systems. Examples are camera systems such as video cameras, night vision cameras, afterglow amplifiers, laser range finders or passive infrared detectors. Vehicle identification systems are also increasingly used, for example, to collect tolls.

The camera system may utilize light in the Ultraviolet (UV), Visible (VIS) and infrared wavelength ranges (IR). Thus, objects, vehicles and persons can be accurately identified also in poor weather conditions such as darkness and fog. These cameras may be placed in the vehicle behind the windshield in the passenger compartment. They also provide the possibility of identifying dangerous situations and obstacles in road traffic in a timely manner.

However, due to their sensitivity to weather influences or traffic winds, such sensors must in any case be protected by a radiation-transparent glass plate. In order to ensure optimum functioning of the optical sensor, a clean and moisture condensation-free glass plate is absolutely necessary. Moisture condensation and ice formation significantly hinder functionality because they significantly reduce the transmission of electromagnetic radiation. Although wiping systems are available for water droplets and dirt particles, these are often inadequate for icing. A system is needed for this purpose which, if necessary, can at least briefly heat the section of the glass sheet assigned to the sensor, so that uninterrupted use can be achieved.

Glass panes increasingly have a coating which is electrically conductive over the entire surface and transparent to visible light, which for example protects the interior from excessive heating or cooling by sunlight, or heats the glass pane in a targeted manner when a voltage is applied. Such coatings are usually metal-based, e.g. with one or more silver layers, and are therefore very sensitive to corrosion. Furthermore, glass plates with a metal-based, electrically conductive transparent coating are not suitable as transparent protective glass plates for sensors or camera systems, since the radiation carrying the information is not sufficiently transmitted through the coating, in particular in the near infrared range. These glass plates are therefore usually decoated in a limited position and form a communication window for the sensor and the camera system. Such glass sheets are known, for example, from WO 2011/069901A 1 or WO 2019/137674A 1.

Further, the glass plate may have an electric heating function. Thus, composite glass sheets having a transparent conductive coating on the inside surface of one of the monolithic glass sheets (i.e., within the interior of the composite glass sheet) are known. An electrical current can be conducted through the conductive coating by an external voltage source, which heats the coating and thus the glass sheet. For example, WO2012/052315 a1 discloses such a metal-based heatable conductive coating. For example, WO 2018/192727 a1 discloses a heatable conductive coating based on a Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO).

A transparent glass pane for a motor vehicle with an electrically heatable sensor region is known, for example, from DE 102012018001 a 1.

The electrical contacting of the electrical heating layer is typically done by bus bars, as known from US 2007/0020465 a 1. For example, the bus bar is composed of a printed and fired silver paste. The busbars typically extend along the upper and lower edges of the glass sheets. The bus bar collects the current flowing through the conductive coating and directs it to external leads connected to a voltage source.

Since no direct heating can take place in the uncoated region of the communication window, this region must be heatable by means of additional heating conductors, for example made of thin metal wires or of printed and fired silver paste. Such opaque heating conductors deteriorate the transmission through the glass plate and are not suitable for high-quality sensors and demanding camera systems, as they are required, for example, for modern traffic sign recognition or for automatic driving (so-called vision-based driver assistance systems, FAS or advanced driver assistance systems, ADAS).

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved glass plate with an electrically heatable communication window which can be heated rapidly and has little adverse effect on the optical properties of the sensor and the camera system.

According to the invention, the object is achieved by a glass sheet according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments follow from the dependent claims.

The glazing with an electrically heatable communication window according to the invention comprises at least the following features:

-a first glass plate having a first surface and a second surface,

at least one electrically conductive transparent coating applied at least on a portion of the second surface, in particular on the entire second surface, and

-at least two bus bars provided for connection to a voltage source, which are connected to the conductive transparent coating, so that a current path for a heating current is formed between the bus bars,

wherein

The electrically conductive transparent coating comprises an electrically conductive layer comprising or consisting of a Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO), in particular Indium Tin Oxide (ITO),

-the sheet resistance of the conductive transparent coating is 15 Ω/square to 100 Ω/square, and

-the glazing has a transmittance T in the visible spectral range of at least 70% at an angle α (alpha) =0 ° _L 。

In this case, the current path is guided in particular through an electrically conductive transparent coating between the bus bars.

The conductive transparent coating based on a transparent conductive oxide according to the present invention has sufficient corrosion resistance so that it can be disposed directly on the exposed surface of the glass sheet without further protection.

Furthermore, such a coating according to the invention is particularly suitable for substantially reflecting thermal radiation. Such thermal radiation reflective coatings are also referred to as low emissivity coatings, reduced emissivity coatings, low E coatings or low E layers. Their task is in particular to reflect thermal radiation, i.e. in particular IR radiation having a longer wavelength than the IR part of the solar radiation. At low outdoor temperatures, the low E coating reflects heat back into the interior space and prevents the interior space from cooling. The low E coating reflects the thermal radiation of the heated composite glass sheet outwardly and reduces heating of the interior space when the outdoor temperature is high. On the inner side of the inner glass pane, the coating according to the invention reduces the emission of the thermal radiation of the glass pane into the interior space in summer and into the external environment in winter particularly effectively.

Furthermore, such a coating according to the invention has a transmission T at an angle α of 0 ° and at an angle α of-80 ° to +80 ° which is sufficient to ensure a high-level optical sensor and imaging system with interference-free transmission, in particular with regard to light sensitivity and dynamics _L 。

The invention is based on the following recognition: by electrically heating the electrically conductive transparent coating according to the invention, a sufficient heating quantity can be obtained and at the same time the optical transparency of the optical sensor or of the camera system is only negligibly reduced.

In one advantageous embodiment of the invention, the bus bars, in particular in the region of the communication window, have a spacing D of 5cm to 100cm, preferably 10cm to 90 cm.

The distance D is preferably substantially constant, i.e. the bus bars extend parallel to each other, thus creating a rectangular area as a heatable communication window. Alternatively, the bus bars may extend at a constant angle to each other, for example, thereby creating a trapezoidal communication window. Furthermore, more complex shapes are also conceivable, for example the busbars have a certain spacing at the edges of the glass pane, which then decreases in the interior of the glass pane, and a higher heating can be achieved. In this way, certain areas of the coating may be heated up with increased heating.

The length of the bus bar depends on the extent and location of the area to be heated. For a bus bar, which is generally formed in the form of a bar, the longer of its dimensions is referred to as a length, and the shorter of its dimensions is referred to as a width.

In another embodiment, the bus bar according to the present invention has a length L of 5cm to 40cm, preferably 10cm to 30cm, along the glass plate. The length L relates in particular to the region of the bus bar which is electrically conductively connected to the conductive transparent coating. With such a length L, a particularly good heating can be achieved in the communication window.

The width of the bus bar is preferably 2mm to 30mm, particularly preferably 4mm to 20mm, in particular 10mm to 20 mm. Thinner bus bars create too high electrical resistance, resulting in too high bus bar heating during operation. Furthermore, thinner busbars can only be produced with difficulty by printing techniques such as screen printing. Thicker bus bars require a large use of undesirable materials. Furthermore, they result in the see-through area of the glass sheet being too large and unsightly.

In an advantageous embodiment, the bus bar according to the invention is formed as a printed and fired conductive structure. The printed busbar preferably comprises at least one metal, metal alloy, metal compound and/or carbon, particularly preferably a noble metal and in particular silver. The printing paste preferably comprises metal-containing particles, metal particles and/or carbon, in particular noble metal particles such as silver particles. The electrical conductivity is preferably obtained by means of conductive particles. The particles can be located in an organic and/or inorganic matrix, such as a paste or ink, preferably as a printing paste with a glass frit.

The layer thickness of the printed busbars is preferably from 5 μm to 40 μm, particularly preferably from 8 μm to 20 μm, very particularly preferably from 8 μm to 12 μm. Printed busbars with these thicknesses are technically easy to implement and have a favourable current-carrying capacity.

Specific resistance ρ of the bus bar _a Preferably 0.8. mu. omega. cm to 7.0. mu. omega. cm, and particularly preferably 1.0. mu. omega. cm to 2.5. mu. omega. cm. A bus bar having a specific resistance in this range is technically easy to implement and has a favorable current-carrying capacity.

Alternatively, however, the bus bars may also be formed as strips of conductive foil. The bus bar then contains, for example, at least aluminum, copper, tin-plated copper, gold, silver, zinc, tungsten and/or tin or alloys thereof. The strip preferably has a thickness of 10 μm to 500 μm, particularly preferably 30 μm to 300 μm. Bus bars made of conductive foils with these thicknesses are technically easy to implement and have a favourable current-carrying capacity. The strip may be conductively connected with the conductive structure, for example via solder, via a conductive adhesive or by direct application.

In a further advantageous embodiment of the glazing according to the invention, the transparent conductive coating is completely electrically and/or materially separated from the surrounding transparent conductive coating below the bus bars and between the bus bars by an uncoated separation line. The width d of the separating lines is preferably from 30 μm to 200 μm, particularly preferably from 70 μm to 140 μm, and can be produced, for example, by laser deplating or by mechanical removal, for example by grinding. The electrically conductive transparent coating in the communication window can be isolated from the electrically conductive transparent coating around the communication window without short-circuiting by such a separation line. This has the advantage of confining the current path to a certain area (here the area between the bus bars) and reducing parasitic current paths around the communication window, which increases the amount of heating that can be achieved.

The glass sheet according to the invention has a transmission T of at least 70% in the visible spectral range at an angle α =0 ° _L。 The visible spectral range is understood to mean the spectral range from 400nm to 750 nm. The transmission is preferably determined according to the standard DIN EN 410.

The conductive transparent coating layer according to the present invention has a sheet resistance of 15 to 100 Ω/square, preferably 20 to 50 Ω/square. Such a sheet resistance can be achieved with a thin TCO layer according to the invention and generates a suitable heating with the operating voltages customary in vehicle technology.

As already mentioned, the conductive transparent coating is arranged on the exposed surface of the first glass plate. This means that the coating is accessible from the outside and is in direct contact with the surrounding atmosphere. For this reason, the coating has sufficient corrosion resistance. The exposed surface is accessible in the mounted position, i.e. can be touched, for example, and is in direct contact with the surrounding atmosphere.

The conductive transparent coating comprises a conductive layer which comprises or consists of a Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) and in particular Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). In the simplest case, the coating consists of only one layer consisting of a transparent conductive oxide.

Alternatively, the coating may have a complex layer system.

If the first layer is arranged above the second layer, this means in the sense of the present invention that the first layer is arranged further away from the substrate (i.e. the first glass plate) than the second layer. If the first layer is arranged below the second layer, this means in the sense of the present invention that the second layer is arranged further away from the substrate (i.e. the first glass plate) than the first layer. If the first layer is arranged above or below the second layer, this does not necessarily mean in the sense of the present invention that the first and second layers are in direct contact with each other. Unless expressly excluded, one or more additional layers may be disposed between the first layer and the second layer.

The electrically conductive transparent coating may preferably extend over the entire second surface of the first glass plate. Alternatively, however, the electrically conductive transparent coating may also extend over only a portion of the second surface of the first glass plate. The electrically conductive transparent coating preferably extends over at least 50%, particularly preferably over at least 70% and very particularly preferably over at least 90% of the second surface of the first glass plate. The conductive transparent coating can have one or more uncoated regions.

The coating is preferably applied over the entire area of the second surface of the first glass plate, possibly with the exception of a peripheral edge region having a width of 2mm to 50mm, preferably 5mm to 20mm, without an electrically conductive transparent coating. This has the advantage that the optional adhesive used to fix the first glass pane in the body frame adheres better.

If a layer or other element comprises at least one material, this includes in the sense of the present invention the case where the layer consists of this material, which is in principle also preferred. The compounds described within the scope of the invention, in particular oxides, nitrides and carbides, can in principle be stoichiometric, substoichiometric or higher than stoichiometric, even if for better understanding the stoichiometric formula is mentioned.

The values given for the refractive index are measured at a wavelength of 550 nm.

According to the present invention, there is provided,the conductive layer comprises at least one transparent conductive oxide (TCO,transparent conductive oxide) And has a thickness of 30nm to 120nm, preferably 35nm to 100nm and particularly preferably 40nm to 75 nm. Even with these small thicknesses, a sufficient heating effect can be achieved by adjusting the voltage. The conductive layer preferably comprises indium tin oxide (ITO,indium tin oxide) This has proven to be particularly useful, in particular due to the high optical transparency in the visible range, the low specific resistance and the low scattering in terms of sheet resistance. Thereby ensuring a very uniform heating effect. Alternatively, however, the conductive layer may also contain, for example, indium zinc mixed oxide (IZO), gallium-doped tin oxide (GZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO) ₂ F) or antimony-doped tin oxide (SnO) ₂ Sb). The refractive index of the transparent conductive oxide is preferably 1.7 to 2.3.

It has been shown that the oxygen content of the conductive layer has a significant influence on its properties, in particular on transparency and conductivity. The manufacture of glass sheets typically involves a heat treatment in which oxygen can diffuse into the conductive layer and oxidize it. The dielectric barrier layer for regulating oxygen diffusion according to the present invention is used to regulate the oxygen supply to an optimum degree.

The dielectric barrier layer for regulating oxygen diffusion comprises at least one metal, nitride or carbide. The barrier layer may comprise, for example, titanium, chromium, nickel, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum or tungsten, or the following nitrides or carbides: tungsten, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, titanium, silicon or aluminum. In a preferred embodiment, the barrier layer comprises silicon nitride (Si) ₃ N ₄ ) Or silicon carbide, especially silicon nitride (Si) ₃ N ₄ ) Particularly good results are thereby obtained. The silicon nitride can have a dopant and, in a preferred embodiment, is doped with aluminum (Si) ₃ N ₄ Al, zirconium (Si) ₃ N ₄ Zr) or boron (Si) ₃ N ₄ B). In a thermal treatment after the application of the coating according to the invention, the silicon nitride may be partially oxidized. After heat treatment, is deposited as Si ₃ N ₄ Then comprises Si _x N _y O _z Wherein the oxygen content is generally 0 atomic% to 35 atomic%.

The thickness of the barrier layer is preferably 1nm to 20 nm. Particularly good results are obtained within this range. If the barrier layer is thinner, it shows no effect or shows too little effect. If the barrier layer is thicker, electrical contact of the conductive layer located thereunder, for example by means of a bus bar applied to the barrier layer, may be problematic. The thickness of the barrier layer is particularly preferably from 5nm to 15 nm. The oxygen content of the electrically conductive layer is thereby particularly advantageously adjusted.

In an advantageous embodiment, the electrically conductive transparent coating according to the invention comprises an optically adaptive layer below the electrically conductive layer. It preferably has a layer thickness of 5nm to 50nm, particularly preferably 5nm to 30 nm.

In another advantageous embodiment, the electrically conductive transparent coating according to the invention comprises an antireflection layer, which is preferably arranged above the electrically conductive layer.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the glazing according to the invention with an antireflection layer, in particular with an antireflection layer arranged in a conductive transparent coating over the conductive layer, has a transmission T of at least 74% in the visible spectral range at an angle α = 50 ° _L 。

In an advantageous embodiment, the conductive transparent coating according to the invention comprises an antireflection layer over the conductive layer. It preferably has a layer thickness of from 10nm to 120nm, particularly preferably from 90nm to 110 nm.

The optical adaptation layer and the antireflection layer contribute to particularly advantageous optical properties of the glass plate. In this way, they reduce the degree of reflection, thereby increasing the transparency of the glass plate and ensuring a neutral color impression. The optical adaptation layer and/or the anti-reflection layer has a lower refractive index than the conductive layer, preferably a refractive index of 1.3 to 1.8. The optical adaptation layer and/or the antireflection layer preferably comprise an oxide, particularly preferably silicon oxide. The silicon oxide can have a dopant and is preferably doped with aluminum (SiO) ₂ Al, boron (SiO) ₂ B), titanium (SiO) ₂ Ti or zirconium (SiO) ₂ Zr). Alternatively, however, these layers may also comprise, for example, aluminum oxide (Al) ₂ O ₃ )。

In a particularly advantageous embodimentIn one embodiment, the conductive transparent coating layer below the conductive layer and optionally below the optical matching layer comprises a barrier layer that prevents base diffusion. The diffusion of alkali ions from the glassy substrate into the layer system is reduced or prevented by the barrier layer. The alkali ions can adversely affect the properties of the coating. The barrier layer preferably comprises a nitride or carbide, for example of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, titanium, silicon or aluminum, particularly preferably silicon nitride (Si) ₃ N ₄ ) Particularly good results are thereby obtained. The silicon nitride can have a dopant and, in a preferred embodiment, is doped with aluminum (Si) ₃ N ₄ Al, titanium (SiO) ₂ Ti, zirconium (Si) ₃ N ₄ Zr) or boron (Si) ₃ N ₄ B). The thickness of the barrier layer is preferably from 5nm to 50nm, particularly preferably from 5nm to 30 nm.

In a preferred embodiment, the conductive transparent coating only consists of the layer and does not contain other layers.

The voltage source to which the glazing is to be connected preferably has a voltage of 9V to 50V, for example 14V or 48V. If the glazing is operated with these voltages, good heating can be achieved, so that condensate and ice can be removed quickly from the glazing. Such a voltage is not dangerous when the human body is in direct contact, so that the coating can be arranged on an exposed surface.

In an advantageous embodiment of the glass pane according to the invention, the first surface of the first glass pane facing away from the electrically conductive transparent coating is connected in a planar manner to the second glass pane by means of a thermoplastic intermediate layer.

In principle, all electrically insulating substrates which are thermally and chemically stable and dimensionally stable under the conditions of manufacture and use of the glass sheets according to the invention are suitable as first glass sheet and optionally second glass sheet.

The first glass plate and/or the second glass plate preferably comprise glass, particularly preferably flat glass, float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, or a transparent plastic, preferably a rigid transparent plastic, in particular polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride and/or mixtures thereof. The first glass pane and/or the second glass pane are preferably transparent, in particular for use as a windshield or rear window of a vehicle or other applications requiring a high light transmission.

The thickness of the glass plate can vary widely and can therefore be adapted excellently to the requirements of the individual case. Glass sheets having a standard thickness of 1.0mm to 25mm, preferably 1.4mm to 2.5mm, are preferably used for automotive glazing, and glass sheets having a standard thickness of 4mm to 25mm are preferably used for furniture, appliances and buildings, in particular for electrical heaters. The size of the glass sheet can vary widely and depends on the size of the use according to the invention. The first glass plate and the optional second glass plate have areas of 200 cm to 20 cm, such as common in the vehicle construction and building arts.

The glass sheet may have any three-dimensional shape. Preferably, the three-dimensional shape has no shadow zone, so that it can be coated, for example, by cathode sputtering. Preferably, the substrate is planar or slightly or strongly curved in one or more spatial directions. In particular, a planar substrate is used. The glass plate may be colorless or colored.

The plurality of glass sheets are interconnected by at least one interlayer. The intermediate layer preferably comprises at least one thermoplastic, preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and/or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). However, the thermoplastic interlayer may also comprise, for example, Polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylate, Polyethylene (PE), Polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetate resins, casting resins, acrylates, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride and/or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. The thermoplastic intermediate layer may be formed from one or more layers of thermoplastic film arranged one on top of the other, wherein the thickness of the thermoplastic film is preferably 0.25mm to 1mm, typically 0.38mm or 0.76 mm.

The bus bars are electrically contacted by one or more leads. The lead is preferably formed as a flexible foil conductor (flat conductor, strip conductor). It is to be understood as an electrical conductor whose width is significantly greater than its thickness. Such foil conductors are, for example, strips or ribbons comprising or consisting of copper, tin-plated copper, aluminum, silver, gold or alloys thereof. The foil conductor has a width of, for example, 2mm to 16mm and a thickness of 0.03mm to 0.1 mm. The foil conductor may have an insulating, preferably polymeric, sheath, for example based on polyimide. Foil conductors suitable for use as conductive coatings in contact glass sheets have only a total thickness of, for example, 0.3 mm. Such thin foil conductors can be embedded without difficulty between the individual glass panes in the thermoplastic intermediate layer. A plurality of electrically conductive layers electrically insulated from each other may be located in one foil conductor strip.

Alternatively, thin metal wires may also be used as electrical leads. The metal lines comprise in particular copper, tungsten, gold, silver or aluminum or an alloy of at least two of these metals. The alloy may also comprise molybdenum, rhenium, osmium, iridium, palladium, or platinum.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the electrical leads are connected to the contact strips, for example by means of solder or an electrically conductive adhesive. The contact strip is then connected to the bus bar. In the sense of the present invention, a contact strip is an extension of a lead wire, so that a connection surface between the contact strip and a busbar is understood to be a contact surface according to the invention, from which a distance a extends in the direction of extension of the busbar. The contact strip preferably comprises at least one metal, particularly preferably copper, tin-plated copper, silver, gold, aluminum, zinc, tungsten and/or tin. This is particularly advantageous in terms of the conductivity of the contact strip. The contact strip may also comprise an alloy, which preferably comprises one or more of the elements mentioned and optionally further elements, such as brass or bronze.

The contact strips are preferably formed as strips of thin conductive foil. The thickness of the contact strip is preferably from 10 μm to 500. mu.m, particularly preferably from 15 μm to 200. mu.m, very particularly preferably from 50 μm to 100. mu.m. Foils with these thicknesses are technically easy to manufacture and easy to obtain, and also have an advantageously low electrical resistance.

Another aspect of the present invention includes a glazing assembly comprising:

glazing according to the invention and

at least one optical sensor or at least one camera system, the beam path of which is at least partially guided through an electrically heatable communication window.

In an advantageous embodiment of the glazing assembly according to the invention, the angle α (alpha) between the surface normal on the second surface of the first glass pane and the center of the beam path of the optical sensor or camera system is 0 ° to 80 °, preferably 10 ° to 75 °, particularly preferably 30 ° to 75 °, and the center of the beam path preferably extends substantially horizontally. Low values of 10 ° to 30 ° are commonly used for manufacturing/business vehicles, in particular agricultural vehicles such as tractors, trucks or buses. Values between 30 ° and 75 ° are commonly used for passenger cars, with values between 50 ° and 75 ° being preferred in sports cars. The angle mentioned is of course the angle between the surface normal of the glazing and the centre of the beam path. If the center of the beam path extends horizontally, the angle α corresponds to the inclination of the glazing in the mounted position relative to the vertical.

The imaging system according to the invention is preferably a high-performance imaging system (in particular in terms of dynamics and range), in particular for vision-based Driver Assistance Systems (FAS, english: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, ADAS).

The invention also comprises a method for manufacturing a glass sheet according to the invention, comprising at least:

(a) applying a conductive transparent coating on the second surface of the first glass plate, and

(b) at least two bus bars provided for connection to a voltage source are applied, which are connected to the heating conductors in such a way that a current path for the heating current is formed between the bus bars.

The application of the electrically conductive coating of the electrically conductive transparent coating in process step (a) can be carried out by methods known per se, preferably by magnetic field-assisted cathode sputtering. This is particularly advantageous with regard to a simple, fast, inexpensive and uniform coating of the first glass plate. However, the conductive coating can also be applied, for example, by vapor deposition, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), plasma-assisted vapor deposition (PECVD) or by wet chemical methods.

During or after method step (a), the first glass plate can be subjected to a heat treatment, by means of which the crystallinity of the functional layer is in particular improved. The heat treatment is preferably carried out at a temperature of at least 300 ℃. The heat treatment reduces in particular the sheet resistance of the coating. Furthermore, the optical properties of the glass plate are significantly improved.

The heat treatment can be carried out in various ways, for example by heating the glass sheet by means of an oven or a heat radiator. Alternatively, the heat treatment may also be performed by irradiation with light, for example, using a lamp or a laser as a light source.

In an advantageous embodiment, the heat treatment is carried out in the context of a thermal prestressing process in the case of vitreous substrates. In this case, the heated substrate is subjected to an air flow, thereby rapidly cooling it. Compressive stresses are developed on the surface of the glass sheet and tensile stresses are developed in the core of the glass sheet. This characteristic stress distribution improves the breaking strength of the vitreous glass sheet. The bending process may also take place before the prestressing is applied.

The first glass plate can be bent after method step (a), typically at a temperature of 500 ℃ to 700 ℃. This is advantageous if the first glass plate is to be bent, since technically it is easier to coat a planar glass plate. Alternatively, however, the first glass plate may also be bent before or during method step (a), for example if the electrically conductive coating is not suitable for being subjected to a bending process without being damaged.

The application of the bus bars in method step (b) is preferably carried out by printing and firing the conductive paste in a screen printing method or in an ink-jet method. The printing of the busbars is preferably carried out before the heat treatment, so that the printing paste can be fired during the heat treatment and does not have to be carried out as a separate method step. Alternatively, the bus bars may be applied as strips of conductive foil onto the conductive coating, preferably laid, welded or glued.

In the screen printing method, the transverse forming is performed by a masking fabric through which the printing paste with the metal particles is pressed. By suitable shaping of the screen, the width of the bus bar can be predetermined and varied, for example, particularly simply.

The individual uncoated separation lines are preferably produced (decoated) in the electrically conductive transparent coating by means of a laser beam. Methods for structuring metal films are known, for example, from EP 2200097 a1 or EP 2139049 a 1. The width of the stripping layer is preferably from 10 μm to 1000. mu.m, particularly preferably from 30 μm to 200. mu.m, in particular from 70 μm to 140. mu.m. In this region, a particularly clean and residue-free stripping is carried out by the laser beam. The decoating by means of a laser beam is particularly advantageous, since the decoated lines are optically very inconspicuous and only slightly impair the appearance and the perspective. The decoating of lines having a width greater than the laser cutting width is performed by scanning the lines a plurality of times with the laser beam. Thus, process duration and process cost increase as line width increases. Alternatively, the coating may be removed by mechanical removal as well as by chemical or physical etching.

An advantageous development of the method according to the invention comprises at least the following further steps:

(c) disposing a thermoplastic interlayer on the coated surface of the first glass sheet and a second glass sheet on the thermoplastic interlayer, and

(d) the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet are bonded by a thermoplastic interlayer.

In method step (c), the first glass plate is arranged such that its surface with the electrically conductive transparent coating faces away from the thermoplastic interlayer.

The thermoplastic intermediate layer may be formed from a single thermoplastic film or from two or more planar thermoplastic films arranged one on top of the other.

The joining of the first and second glass plates in method step (d) is preferably carried out under the action of heat, vacuum and/or pressure. Methods known per se for manufacturing glass sheets can be used.

For example, the so-called autoclave process may be carried out at elevated pressures of about 10 to 15 bar and temperatures of 130 to 145 ℃ for about 2 hours. The vacuum bag or vacuum ring method known per se is operated, for example, at approximately 200 mbar and 80 ℃ to 110 ℃. The first glass sheet, the thermoplastic interlayer, and the second glass sheet may also be pressed into a glass sheet in a calender between at least one pair of rollers. Apparatuses of this type are known for the manufacture of glass sheets and generally have at least one heating channel before the pressing apparatus. The temperature during the pressing process is, for example, 40 ℃ to 150 ℃. The combination of calendering-and autoclave processes has proven particularly useful in practice. Alternatively, a vacuum laminator may be used. They consist of one or more heatable and evacuable chambers in which a first glass plate and a second glass plate are laminated within, for example, about 60 minutes at a reduced pressure of 0.01 mbar to 800 mbar and a temperature of 80 ℃ to 170 ℃.

The invention also comprises the use of the glass pane with electrical contact according to the invention in buildings, in particular in the entrance area, window area, roof area or outer facade area, as an interior component in furniture and appliances, in vehicles for land, air or water traffic, in particular in trains, ships and motor vehicles, for example as a windshield, rear window, side window and/or roof window. The use includes optical sensors and camera systems, in particular for vision-based driver assistance systems FAS or advanced driver assistance systems ADAS, the beam path of which extends through the communication window.

The invention also comprises the use of a glazing according to the invention having an operating voltage of preferably 12V to 50V.

The invention is explained in detail below with reference to the figures and exemplary embodiments. The figures are schematic representations and are not to scale. The drawings are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

Wherein:

figure 1A shows a plan view of one embodiment of a glass sheet having an electrically heatable communication window according to the present invention,

FIG. 1B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the layer structure of the glazing according to FIG. 1A,

FIG. 1C shows a schematic view of a glazing assembly according to the invention in a cross-sectional view along section line A-A' through the glazing according to FIG. 1A,

figure 2 shows a plan view of another embodiment of a glazing according to the invention,

FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the layer structure of the glazing according to FIG. 1A, an

Figure 4 shows a flow chart of an embodiment of the method according to the invention,

FIG. 5A shows a diagram of the measurement of the optical distortion V as a function of the position P in an embodiment of a communication window according to the invention and in a comparative example according to the prior art, an

FIG. 5B shows a detailed view of the glazing 100 according to the invention of the embodiment of the invention of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 1A (FIG. 1A) shows a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a glazing 100 having an electrically heatable communication window 80 according to the present invention. FIG. 1B (FIG. 1B) shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the layer structure of glazing 100, and FIG. 1C (FIG. 1C) shows a schematic view of glazing assembly 101 according to the invention in a cross-sectional view along section line A-A' through glazing 100 according to FIG. 1A.

Glazing 100 comprises a first glass pane 1 and a second glass pane 2, which are connected to each other by a thermoplastic interlayer 4. The glazing 100 is, for example, a vehicle glazing and, in particular, a windshield of a passenger vehicle. The first glass pane 1 is provided, for example, for facing the interior space in the mounted position. The first glass plate 1 and the second glass plate 2 consist of soda-lime glass. For example, the first glass plate 1 has a thickness of 1.6mm and the second glass plate 2 has a thickness of 2.1 mm. The thermoplastic interlayer 4 consists of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and has a thickness of 0.76 mm. A conductive transparent coating 3 is applied to the outer (second) surface IV of the first glass plate 1. In this exemplary embodiment, the conductive transparent coating 3 is composed of a conductive layer 34, and the conductive layer 34 is composed of a transparent conductive oxide. The conductive layer 34 here consists, for example, of a 70nm thick Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) layer. The layer structure of glazing 100 according to fig. 1A to 1C is depicted in table 1 for a clearer presentation.

TABLE 1 (example 1)

The sheet resistance of the conductive transparent coating layer is, for example, 30 Ω/square. If an electric current flows through the conductive transparent coating layer 3, it is heated due to its resistance and generation of joule heat. The conductive transparent coating 3 can thus be used to actively heat the communication window 80.

The conductive transparent coating 3 extends, for example, over the entire second surface IV of the first glass plate 1. In this embodiment, the glazing 100 has an opaque black print on the second surface II of the second glass pane 2, which extends in strips at the upper and lower edges of the pane. Needless to say, the black printed matter may be formed in a frame shape.

A first bus bar 5.1 and a further second bus bar 5.2 are each arranged on the electrically conductive transparent coating 3 for electrical contacting. The busbars 5.1, 5.2 contain, for example, silver particles and are applied to the conductive coating 3 in a screen-printing process and then fired. The busbars 5.1, 5.2 extend parallel to one another. The length L of the bus bars 5.1, 5.2 is, for example, 25 cm. The distance D between the first busbar 5.1 and the second busbar 5.2 is, for example, 60 cm.

If a voltage is applied to the bus bars 5.1 and 5.2, a uniform current flows through the conductive transparent coating 3 which is substantially concentrated on the region between the bus bars 5.1 and 5.2, whereby the communication window 80, in particular the sensor or camera window 10, is heated. The current path 11 is here, by way of example, labeled here.

Each bus bar 5.1, 5.2 leads to a connection region, which has a connection or connection conductor 7.1, 7.2, respectively, which connects the bus bar 5.1, 5.2 to a voltage source 14. The connecting lines 7.1, 7.2 can be formed as foil conductors known per se, which are electrically conductively connected to the bus bars 5.1, 5.2 via contact surfaces, for example by means of solder, conductive adhesive or by simple laying and pressing in the glass pane 100. The foil conductor includes, for example, a tin-plated copper foil having a width of 10mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm. Via the foil conductor can be converted into a connection cable to the voltage source 14. The voltage source 14 provides, for example, an on-board voltage that is typical for motor vehicles, preferably 12V to 15V and, for example, approximately 14V. Alternatively, the voltage source 14V may also have a higher voltage, for example 40V to 50V, in particular 42V or 48V.

In the embodiment shown, the bus bars 5.1, 5.2 have a constant thickness of, for example, approximately 10 μm and a constant specific resistance of, for example, 2.3 μ Ω · cm.

As is usual in glazing technology, the busbars 5.1, 5.2 and the connections and connecting lines 7.1, 7.2 can be covered by an opaque colour layer known per se as an overlay print (not shown here).

FIG. 1C illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a glazing assembly 101 having a glazing 100 according to the present invention. Furthermore, a camera system 20 is arranged on the second surface IV of the first glass pane 1, which can be used, for example, for a vision-based driver assistance system.

The beam path of the camera system 20 is directed through an electrically heatable communication window 80, the transmission area of which is shown in fig. 1A as the camera window 10.

The central beam of the beam path of the camera system 20 is substantially horizontally aligned. Here, the angle α between the normal to the glazing 100 (shown here as the normal to the second surface of the first glass pane 1) and the centre of the beam path of the camera system 20 is, for example, 73 °. Transmittance T at an angle of 73.5 ° _L For example, 48.2%. This is only slightly lower than the transmission T of the first comparative example (glazing without conductive transparent coating 3) _L Having a transmission T of 52.3% at an angle of 73.5 DEG _L 。

The windshield of a passenger vehicle is usually mounted relatively flat at a mounting angle α of, for example, 73 ° to the vertical. It goes without saying that the mounting angle can also be smaller, for example 15 °, for other vehicle-type applications, such as buses or tractors.

The communication window 80 is adapted to ensure perspective of the camera system 20 or other optical sensor. For this purpose, the camera window 10, i.e. the region of the beam path of the camera system 20 through the glazing 100, is arranged completely within the region of the electrically heatable communication window 80. The electrically conductive transparent coating 3 in the communication window 80 is optically hardly perceptible for the camera system 20 and only slightly disturbs the transmission through the glazing 100, which is particularly important for use in vehicles and camera systems 20 with high optical requirements. At the same time, the communication window 80 can heat well and remain free of ice and moisture condensation.

Fig. 2 (fig. 2) shows a plan view of another embodiment of a glass sheet (100) according to the present invention. The first glass plate 1, the second glass plate 2, the conductive transparent coating 3 and the communication window 80 as well as the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 are designed as in fig. 1A.

In contrast to fig. 1A, the glazing 100 here has an uncoated separating line 9, which separating line 9 physically and electrically (i.e. for direct current) separates the coating 3 in the interior of the communication window 80 from the surrounding coating 3. The separation line 9 has a width d of, for example, 100 μm, in which the coating 3 has been completely removed. The separation line 9 is produced, for example, by laser structuring (laser ablation). Alternatively, the separating line 9 can be produced by other mechanical, physical or chemical structuring and removal processes.

The separation line 9 surrounds the conductive transparent coating 3 in the area of the communication window 80 comprising the bus bars 5.1, 5.2. That is to say that the separating lines 9 extend on the side of the bus bars 5.1, 5.2 facing away from the communication window 80 and these are still electrically connected to the conductive transparent coating 3 in the region of the communication window 80. The separating line 9 connects the busbars 5.1, 5.2, for example, at the lower edge and preferably also at the upper edge of the communication window 80. Thereby avoiding parasitic heating currents outside the communication window 80.

Fig. 3 (fig. 3) shows a schematic view of an alternative layer structure of a glazing 100 according to the invention according to fig. 1A and 1C.

The first layer structure according to the invention according to fig. 3 has, in addition to the conductive layer 34 made of a 70nm thick indium tin oxide layer, a barrier layer 37 made of aluminum-doped silicon nitride, an optical adaptation layer 33 made of aluminum-doped silicon oxide, a barrier layer 35 made of aluminum-doped silicon nitride and an antireflection layer 36 made of aluminum-doped silicon oxide. The detailed layer structure is shown in table 2.

TABLE 2 (example 2)

The sheet resistance of the conductive transparent coating 3 is here, for example, 30 Ω/square. Transmittance T at an angle of 73.5 ° _L For example 52.8%. This corresponds approximately to the transmission T of the first comparative example (glazing without conductive transparent coating 3) _L Transmittance T at an angle of 73.5 ° _L The content was 52.3%.

The second layer structure according to the invention according to fig. 3 has the same layer structure as the first layer structure according to table 2, wherein the conductive layer 34 consists of a 40nm thick indium tin oxide layer. The detailed layer structure is shown in table 2.

TABLE 3 (example 3)

The sheet resistance of the conductive transparent coating 3 is here, for example, 50 Ω/square. Transmittance T at an angle of 73.5 ° _L For example 53.6%, and therefore slightly higher than the transmission T of the first comparative example (glazing without conductive transparent coating 3) _L Transmittance T at an angle of 73.5 ° _L The content was 52.3%.

It goes without saying that the layer structure according to fig. 3 can also be combined with the exemplary embodiment according to fig. 2 or other exemplary embodiments of the invention which are not shown.

Table 4 again summarizes the transmission values T of the layer structure of fig. 1B (example 1) for different angles α _L Transmittance value T of the first layer Structure according to FIG. 3 (example 2) _L Transmittance value T of the second layer structure according to FIG. 3 (example 3) _L And the transmission value T of the first comparative example without an additional coating 3 on the second surface IV of the first glass plate 1 _L 。

TABLE 4

FIG. 4 (FIG. 4) shows a flow chart of one exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for making an electrically heatable glass sheet (100).

The method according to the invention comprises the following steps:

s1: applying an electrically conductive transparent coating 3 to the second surface IV of the glass plate 1, and

s2: at least two bus bars 5.1, 5.2 provided for connection to a voltage source 14 are applied, which are connected to the conductive transparent coating 3 in such a way that a current path 11 for a heating current is formed between the bus bars 5.1, 5.2.

Fig. 5A (fig. 5A) shows a diagram of the measurement of the optical distortion V (deformation) as a function of the position P in a communication window according to the invention according to the fourth embodiment B4 (dashed line) compared to the second comparative example VB2 (solid line) according to the prior art.

FIG. 5B (FIG. 5B) shows a detailed view of a glazing 100 according to the invention according to a fourth embodiment B4. The electrically conductive transparent coating 3 according to the invention extends completely between the two bus bars 5.1, 5.2 in the region of the communication window 80, so that the heating current flows through the entire region. The conductive transparent coating 3 is separated from the surrounding conductive transparent coating 3 at the upper edge position P1 of the communication window 80 and at the lower edge position P2 of the communication window 80 by a respective uncoated partition line portion 9.1, 9.2. Furthermore, the electrically conductive transparent coating 3 arranged between the first glass plate 1 and the bus bars 5.1, 5.2 is electrically insulated from the surrounding electrically conductive transparent coating 3 by a further uncoated separation line 9.3 outside the communication window 80. This has the effect of directing the heating current completely through the conductive transparent coating 3 within the communication window 80 and heating it optimally.

A second comparative example VB2 according to the prior art has a completely uncoated area in which individual wire-shaped heating conductors are arranged such that the heating current only flows through the heating conductors.

Position P depicts the position coordinates along a line at the center of the communication window 80. In the case of the fourth example B4, the line extends parallel to the bus bars 5.1, 5.2, whereas in the case of the second comparative example VB2, the line is orthogonal to the linear heating conductor.

The distortion values V as a function of the position P (in arbitrary units) are shown in fig. 5A, respectively, wherein a communication window 80 according to the invention extends between the positions P1 and P2.

In the case of comparative example VB2, the distortion value V is calculated from the extreme value of the difference between "heating distortion" and "no heating distortion" measured in comparative example VB2 divided by the difference between "heating distortion" and "no heating distortion" measured in comparative example VB 2.

In the case of the fourth embodiment B4, the distortion value V is calculated from the extreme value of the difference between "heating distortion" and "no heating distortion" measured in embodiment B4 divided by the difference between "heating distortion" and "no heating distortion" measured in comparative example VB 2.

As fig. 5A shows, the optical distortion is significantly smaller in the case of the communication window according to the invention according to example B4 with a full-face coating 3 according to the invention than in the case of the comparative example VB2 with a linear heating conductor according to the prior art.

The communication window according to the invention is much better suited for low interference and low distortion perspective and operation of high sensitivity optical sensors and camera systems and meets the requirements of modern vision-based driver assistance systems.

List of reference numerals:

1 first glass plate

2 second glass plate

3 (conductive transparent) coating

4 thermoplastic interlayer

5.1, 5.2 bus bars

7.1, 7.2 connection

9 line of separation

10 Camera Window

11 current path

14 voltage source

20 image pickup system

33 optical adaptation layer

34 conductive layer

35 barrier layer for regulating oxygen diffusion

36 anti-reflection layer

37 base diffusion barrier layer

80 (electrically heatable) communication window

100 glazing

101 glazing assembly

I first surface of the second glass pane 2

II second surface of the second glass pane 2

III first surface of the first glass pane 1

IV second surface of the first glass pane 1

d width of dividing line 9

Distance of B bus bars 5.1, 5.2

B4 example 4

Length of L bus bars 5.1, 5.2

P position

P1 position 1

P2 position 2

Method steps S1, S2

V distortion

VB2 comparative example 2

Alpha angle (alpha)

ρ _a Specific resistance of the bus bars 5.1, 5.2

Section line A-A

Claims

1. Glazing (100) with an electrically heatable communication window (80), comprising at least:

-a first glass plate (1) having a first surface (III) and a second surface (IV),

-at least one electrically conductive transparent coating (3) applied at least on a portion of the second surface (IV), in particular on the entire second surface (IV), and

-at least two bus bars (5.1, 5.2) provided for connection to a voltage source (14), which are connected to the conductive transparent coating (3) in such a way that a current path (11) for a heating current is formed between the bus bars (5.1, 5.2),

wherein

The electrically conductive transparent coating (3) comprises an electrically conductive layer (34) and an antireflective layer (36), the electrically conductive layer (34) comprising or consisting of a Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) and in particular Indium Tin Oxide (ITO),

-the conductive transparent coating (3) has a sheet resistance of 15 to 100 Ω/square, and

-the glazing (100) has a transmission T of at least 70% in the visible spectral range at an angle α ═ 0 ° _L 。

2. Glazing (100) according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the electrically conductive layer (34) is from 30nm to 120nm, preferably from 35nm to 100nm, particularly preferably from 40nm to 75 nm.

3. Glazing (100) according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the conductive transparent coating (3) comprises, above the conductive layer (34), a dielectric barrier layer (35) for regulating oxygen diffusion, comprising a metal, a nitride such as silicon nitride or a carbide such as silicon carbide, and the thickness of the barrier layer (35) is preferably from 1nm to 20nm, particularly preferably from 5nm to 15 nm.

4. Glass pane according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrically conductive transparent coating (3) comprises an antireflection layer (36) above the barrier layer (35), and wherein the antireflection layer (36) has a refractive index of 1.3 to 1.8.

5. Glass pane according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the electrically conductive transparent coating (3) comprises an optical adaptation layer (33) below the electrically conductive layer (34), and wherein the optical adaptation layer (33) has a refractive index of 1.3 to 1.8.

6. Glass pane according to claim 5, wherein the optical adaptation layer (3) and/or the antireflection layer (6) comprise at least one oxide, preferably silicon oxide, particularly preferably aluminum-doped, titanium-doped, zirconium-doped or boron-doped silicon oxide.

7. Glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the distance D between the busbars (5.1, 5.2) in the region of the communication window (80) is from 5cm to 100cm, preferably from 10cm to 90cm and the length L of the busbars (5.1, 5.2) is from 5cm to 40cm, preferably from 10cm to 30 cm.

8. The glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the transparent conductive coating (3) is completely electrically and/or materially separated from the surrounding transparent conductive coating (3') under and between the bus bars (5.1, 5.2) by an uncoated separation line (9), and the width d of the separation line (9) is preferably 30 μm to 200 μm, particularly preferably 70 μm to 140 μm.

9. Glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the busbar (5.1, 5.2) is formed as a fired printing paste, preferably comprising metal-containing particles, metal particles and/or carbon particles, in particular silver particles, and preferably having a specific resistance p, of 0.8 to 7.0 μ Ω -cm, particularly preferably of 1.0 to 2.5 μ Ω -cm _a 。

10. Glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first surface (III) of the first glass pane (1) is in planar connection with the second glass pane (2) by means of a thermoplastic interlayer (4).

11. Glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the first glass sheet (1) and/or the second glass sheet (2) comprises or consists of glass, preferably flat glass, such as float glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass or soda lime glass, or a polymer, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate and/or mixtures thereof.

12. Glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the glazing (100) has a transmittance T in the visible spectral range at an angle α of 50 ° of greater than or equal to 74% and preferably greater than 74% _L 。

13. Glazing assembly (101) comprising

-a glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 12, and

-at least one optical sensor or at least one camera system (20), the beam path of which is directed through the communication window (80).

14. Glazing assembly (101) according to claim 13, wherein the angle a (alpha) between the surface normal of the second surface (IV) of the first glass sheet (1) and the centre of the beam path of the optical sensor or camera system (20) is 0 ° to 80 °, preferably 30 ° to 75 °, and preferably the centre of the beam path extends substantially horizontally.

15. Method for manufacturing a glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 12, comprising at least:

(a) applying an electrically conductive transparent coating (3) onto a surface (IV) of the first glass plate (1), and

(b) at least two bus bars (5.1, 5.2) provided for connecting a voltage source (14) are applied, which are connected to the transparent conductive coating (3) in such a way that a current path (11) for a heating current is formed between the bus bars (5.1, 5.2).

16. Use of a glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 12 or of a glazing assembly (101) according to any of claims 13 or 14 in vehicles for land, air or water traffic, in particular in motor vehicles, for example as a windscreen, rear window, side window and/or roof window and as a functional unit, and as a built-in component in furniture, appliances and buildings, with an optical sensor and a camera system (20), in particular for a vision-based driver assistance system (FAS) or an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) whose beam path passes through a communication window.

17. Use of a glazing (100) according to any of claims 1 to 11 or a glazing assembly (101) according to any of claims 12 or 13 having an operating voltage of 9V to 50V.