CN114892444A - 一种纸基地膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种纸基地膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种纸基地膜及其制备方法和应用,(1)将羧甲基木质素‑含双硫键化合物功能化的纳米二氧化硅或者羧甲基木质素与半胱氨酸二盐酸盐交联,制得可以负载植物生长激素或者农药的载体,即得功能性纳米填料;(2)用纤维疏解器对植物纤维浆板进行疏解后,采用PFI对浆料进行打浆,制得不同打浆度的纸浆,通过添加功能性纳米填料,助剂等,或直接将纳米填料进行网上喷淋抄造不同定量的功能性纸地膜;(3)将上述功能性纸地膜浸渍到不同浓度的蜡类乳液中,经干燥,制得不同蜡类物质涂覆量的功能性纸基地膜。本发明制备的纸基地膜可降解,强度高,保温保湿,同时在降解过程中可以作为土壤稳定剂和农药载体,起到土壤修复和提高作物产量的效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农用地膜技术领域,特别涉及一种可作为土壤稳定剂和农药载体、可降解、无污染的纸基地膜及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
农用地膜覆盖技术是近代农业发展中最为简单有效的新型技术。地膜覆盖技术具有保温、保水、调节光照、除草以及控制土壤盐碱度等作用,可以提高作物的质量和产量。现阶段,我国广泛使用的农用地膜仍以塑料地膜为主,据中国农业科学院研究院统计,2019年我国农用塑料地膜的使用量就达到了168万吨。塑料地膜降解时间长,一般自然降解需要200~300年,塑料地膜残留在土壤中会导致土壤肥力下降,耕种质量下降,同时会引起严重的环境污染问题。为增加作物产量,实现环保可降解目的,使用可降解农业地膜代替传统塑料地膜成为近些年来人们研究的重点。
目前,国际上可降解地膜主要分为光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、光/生物双降解地膜、液态降解地膜、植物纤维地膜等。光降解地膜受外部环境的影响较大,埋在土壤中的部分无法降解,此外,植物生长起来后会遮盖地膜,影响光照也会阻碍地膜降解。生物降解地膜,主要分为人工合成高分子生物降解地膜和天然高分子生物降解地膜,但往往存在加工困难,力学性能以及耐水性差,降解速度快等问题。光/生物双降解地膜可通过紫外线照射和微生物分解将地膜降解成小颗粒,这种方式短期内不会对土壤造成影响,但长期积累的大量地膜残余物,还是会导致环境污染问题的出现。液态降解地膜受干旱、高寒等土壤气候的限制,同时存在着制备成本高,降解过程和性能不可控等缺陷。植物纤维地膜,利用可再生和可完全生物降解的纤维原料,通过简单的纸张抄造工艺,在纸浆内添加少量的干强剂、湿强剂、施胶剂、抗老化剂等助剂,使得纸张具有地膜所要求的机械强度,较低的透气性,较高的抗水性和透光性等,从而使地膜具有保温保湿、预防病虫害、消除杂草及其他功能。目前,植物纤维地膜已经成为可降解地膜研究的重点。
公开号CN107687109A的发明 “一种环保可降解农用纸地膜及其制造方法”,上述地膜由长纤维或长纤维和短纤维原料制成的纸浆抄造而成,并且在纸浆中融入有防水剂,制备得到环保可降解的纸地膜。公开号CN110878487A的发明 “一种利用羧甲基纤维素制备耐水环保型麻地膜的方法”,以麻纤维为原料,以羧甲基纤维素CMC作为分散剂、成膜剂,采用混合抄造的方法制备环保麻地膜,在经过酸化和热烘焙处理,并在膜表面做防水处理后,制得。以上两项发明专利制得可降解地膜,都表现出良好的力学性能、保温、保湿以及耐水性等优点,但它们功能性较为有限。公开号CN110218359A的发明 “一种富含麻绒纤维素的可降解地膜及其制备方法”,其制备的可降解地膜有强度高,抗风雨能力强,透明性良好,抗病虫害,降解速度快等优点,但是其制备过程中原料组分及工艺复杂,成本较高。
现阶段,通过传统造纸的工艺制备植物纤维纸地膜的方法已经相对成熟,并且可以实现纸地膜较高的物理强度、抗水性、透光性以及较低的透气性等理化性质。但是,上述纸基地膜在土壤中的降解过程中并没有体现出高功能性特点,例如在一些土壤贫瘠、土壤中重金属超标的地域仍需要给土壤施肥、喷洒植物生长素或需要用复杂的方法对土壤进行修复后再进行作物种植,此外,传统粉状土壤稳定剂在实施过程中流失现象严重。因此,通过简单的方法开发一种纸基多功能可降解地膜,使其兼具有传统纸地膜的理化性质,同时又可以在降解过程中作为土壤稳定剂和农药载体,起到土壤修复和提高作物产量的效果,这不仅会大大提高纸地膜的利用率,而且可以降低农作物生产成本,保证农作物的食用健康性。
发明内容
解决的技术问题:本发明针对上述技术问题,提供一种可作为土壤稳定剂和农药载体、可降解、无污染的纸基地膜及其制备方法和应用。
技术方案:一种纸基地膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:(1)将相同质量的水溶性羧甲基-木质素和纳米二氧化硅在水溶液中超声分散得混合物,然后向混合物中加入同等质量的柠檬酸并在60-80 ℃下回流6-10 h,所得产物经过滤、去离子水洗涤后置于真空干燥箱中干燥,即得产物1A;将相同质量的水溶性木质素与一氯乙酸钠配制成溶液在微波辅助条件下进行反应,并经加过量酸沉淀,过滤后干燥,制得产物1B;(2)按比例,将2g 1-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)、1g N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)与2.5g产物1A或产物1B中的任一种分散在去离子水中,超声均匀,在避光环境中,加入2g含双硫键化合物一起搅拌,添加二硫苏糖醇至浓度30-60 mmol/L,再在去离子水中透析,所得产物经离心后置于真空干燥箱中干燥,即得产物2;(3)将相同质量的产物2和植物生长激素在乙酸乙酯中超声分散30分钟,并加入H2O2至4 vol.‰-6 vol.‰,然后室温搅拌后离心,用40 vol.%-60vol.%的乙醇水溶液洗涤,并经真空干燥,制得功能性的纳米填料;(4)用纤维疏解器对植物纤维浆板进行疏解10-20分钟,采用PFI对浆料进行打浆,制得30-90°SR打浆度的纸浆,选用上述不同打浆度的纸浆,添加占纸浆0.1wt.%-0.3wt.%助留剂,占纸浆10wt.%-20wt.%上述产物1A制备的功能性纳米填料,占纸浆0.5wt.%-1.5wt.%的干强剂,以及占纸浆0.2wt.%-0.8wt.%的浆内施胶剂,抄造定量为30-50 g/m2的功能性纸地膜,或通过造纸过程湿部网上喷淋或表面施胶的过程将上述产物1B制备的功能性纳米填料负载到功能性纸地膜上;(5)将上述功能性纸地膜浸渍到涂覆液中,涂覆量为2-8 g/m2,之后进行干燥,所述涂覆液为石蜡乳液、天然树胶或蜂蜡乳液。
优选的,上述含双硫键化合物为半胱氨酸二盐酸盐;所述植物纤维浆板为针叶木浆、阔叶木浆或草浆。
优选的,上述定量为40或50 g/m2。
优选的,上述助留剂为阳离子淀粉、硫酸铝、聚乙烯亚胺中的一种,添加量为0.1wt.%-0.2wt.%。
优选的,上述纳米填料的添加量为15wt.%-20wt.%。
优选的,上述干强剂为CPAM,添加量为1wt.%-1.5wt.%。
优选的,上述浆内施胶剂为AKD,添加量为0.5wt.%-0.8wt.%。
优选的,上述植物生长激素通过造纸过程湿部网上喷淋或表面施胶的方式负载到功能性纸地膜上。
上述制备方法制得的纸基地膜。
上述纸基地膜在制备土壤稳定剂或农药载体中的应用。
方案中由羧甲基木质素-含双硫键化合物修饰的纳米二氧化硅或羧甲基木质素-含双硫键化合物复合聚合物合成的新型氧化还原响应纳米载体,它可以在植物细胞中负载和释放药物,如水杨酸 (SA)等。例如,当载有SA的纳米粒子穿过植物细胞壁时,二硫键在还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的作用下断裂形成巯基,从而释放SA。同时,由此产生的硫醇基团以及木质素本身对几种重金属离子,有着很好的螯合作用,从而起到类似于重金属螯合剂的作用,进而可以作为土壤稳定剂,稳定土壤中的超标重金属离子,防止重金属离子在植物体内富集进入动物或者人体中。
有益效果:(1)本发明的功能性纸基地膜其原料主要为植物纤维具有可再生和完全的可生物降解性,同时又具有传统塑料地膜所要求的机械性能,较低的透气性,较高的抗水和透光性。
(2)本发明的功能性纸基地膜不同于现有纸基地膜的最大的亮点就是其在降解过程中既可以作为药物载体负载和释放植物激素或者药物,又可以作为土壤稳定剂,起到土壤中重金属离子螯合剂的作用,从而达到土壤修复和提高作物产量的效果。
(3)本发明的纸基地膜的制备方法通过将功能性纳米二氧化硅或功能性的木质素作为造纸填料,利用传统造纸工艺抄造而成功能性纸地膜,其制备方法简单,工艺成熟,产品功能性强大,产品利用率高,易于工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明的纸基地膜制备工艺具体实施例的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例,对本发明作进一步地详细说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
将相同质量的水溶性羧甲基-木质素和纳米二氧化硅在水溶液中超声分散得混合物,然后向混合物中加入同等质量的柠檬酸并在60-80 ℃下回流6-10 h,所得产物经过滤、去离子水洗涤后置于真空干燥箱中干燥,即得产物1A;
将相同质量的水溶性木质素与一氯乙酸钠配制成溶液在微波辅助条件下进行反应,并经加过量酸沉淀,过滤后干燥,制得产物1B。
实施例1
(1)选用针叶木浆,用纤维疏解器对针叶木浆疏解20分钟,纤维充分吸水润胀后,采用PFI对浆料进行打浆,打浆度控制到70 °SR。
(2) 选用纸浆,添加占纸浆0.1wt.%的硫酸铝助留剂,占纸浆1 wt.%的CPAM,以及占纸浆0.5 wt.%的浆内施胶剂,抄造定量为40 g/m2的功能性纸地膜,将上述1B产物制备的功能性木质素填料通过网上喷淋的方式负载到纸地膜上。
(3)将上述功能性纸地膜浸渍到石蜡乳液中,石蜡涂覆量控制在6 g/m2,之后放入105 ℃的烘箱中进行干燥,使得石蜡乳液破乳溶出,制备出石蜡涂覆的功能性纸地膜。
功能性纸地膜的干抗张强度为433 N/m,湿抗张强度为140 N/m,透气量为3.76mm/s,透湿率为96.322 g/(m2•h)。
实施例2
(1)选用针叶木浆,用纤维疏解器对针叶木浆疏解20分钟,纤维充分吸水润胀后,采用PFI对浆料进行打浆,打浆度控制到90 °SR。
(2)选用纸浆,添加占纸浆0.2 wt.%的硫酸铝助留剂,占纸浆20 wt.%的上述产物1A制备的功能性纳米二氧化硅填料,占纸浆1 wt.%的CPAM,以及占纸浆0.6 wt.%的浆内施胶剂,抄造定量为40 g/m2的功能性纸地膜。
(3)将上述功能性纸地膜浸渍到石蜡乳液中,石蜡涂覆量控制在4 g/m2,之后放入105 ℃的烘箱中进行干燥,使得石蜡乳液破乳溶出,制备出石蜡涂覆的功能性纸地膜。
功能性纸地膜的干抗张强度为495 N/m,湿抗张强度为137 N/m,透气量为3.83mm/s,透湿率为93.391 g/(m2•h)。
实施例3
(1)选用阔叶木浆,用纤维疏解器对阔叶木浆疏解20分钟,纤维充分吸水润胀后,采用PFI对浆料进行打浆,打浆度控制到90 °SR。
(2)选用纸浆,添加占纸浆0.1wt.%的阳离子淀粉助留剂,占纸浆15 wt.%的上述产物1A制备的功能性纳米二氧化硅填料,占纸浆1.5 wt.%的CPAM,以及占纸浆0.6 wt.%的浆内施胶剂,抄造定量为40 g/m2的功能性纸地膜。
(3)将上述功能性纸地膜浸渍到棕榈蜡乳液中,棕榈蜡涂覆量控制在8 g/m2,之后放入105℃的烘箱中进行干燥,使得棕榈蜡乳液破乳溶出,制备出棕榈蜡涂覆的功能性纸地膜。
功能性纸地膜的干抗张强度为426 N/m,湿抗张强度为138 N/m,透气量为3.72mm/s,透湿率为93.39 g/(m2•h)。
实施例4
(1)用紫外分光光度计分别测定通过产物1A 和1B制备的功能性纳米填料中植物激素水杨酸负载前C0和负载后Ct的浓度,计算负载量。
(2)将制备得到的功能性木质素纳米填料首先用还原剂进行巯基的还原处理,然后控制功能性纳米填料添加量为0.1g,测试其对重金属离子的吸附量。
(3)经检测,功能性纳米填料的水杨酸负载量为188.34 mg/g,砷、汞、镉的吸附量分别为17.12 mg/g、44.35 mg/g、22.24 mg/g。
实施例5
(1)用紫外分光光度计分别测定通过产物1A 和1B制备的功能性纳米填料中植物激素水杨酸负载前C0和负载后Ct的浓度,计算负载量。
(2)将通过产物1A制备得到的功能性纳米二氧化硅填料首先用还原剂进行巯基的还原处理,然后控制功能性纳米填料添加量为0.1 g,测试其对重金属离子的吸附量。
(3)经检测,功能性纳米填料的水杨酸负载量为211.34 mg/g,砷、汞、镉的吸附量分别为15.12 mg/g、40.35 mg/g、20.24 mg/g。
实施例6
(1)用紫外分光光度计分别测定植物激素吲哚乙酸负载前C0和负载后Ct的浓度,计算负载量。
(2)将制备得到的功能性纳米二氧化硅填料首先用还原剂进行巯基的还原处理,然后控制功能性纳米填料添加量为0.08 g,测试其对重金属离子的吸附量。
(3)经检测,功能性纳米填料的吲哚乙酸负载量为151.34 mg/g,砷、汞、镉的吸附量分别为12.12 mg/g、35.35 mg/g、17.24 mg/g。
应用例 1
(1)将实施例2中涂布完成的功能性纸地膜做实际试验田实验,分别铺设功能性纸地膜和塑料地膜,并与露天土地作对照实验。
(2)用温度测试仪,每天准时测试远离种子区域的土壤表层和土壤下5cm处的温度。用湿度测试仪测试土壤表层,土壤下5 cm和土壤下10 cm 的土壤湿度,开始前用水灌溉土壤。将功能性地膜与塑料膜埋入相同的土壤环境中,每隔一个月观察地膜的降解情况。
(3)经检测,功能性纸基地膜的地表温度,平均比未铺设地膜高7 ℃,比塑料地膜低0.5 ℃;功能性地膜铺设的地表土壤湿度相比于露天土壤湿度降低较慢,土壤深度增加功能性纸地膜的保湿性能更好;功能性纸基地膜埋入土壤3-6个月后基本完全降解。
应用例 2
(1)将实施例2中涂布完成的负载水杨酸的功能性纸地膜做实际试验田实验,选山东西北部某试验田,人为增加试验田土壤中的砷和镉的含量,正常播种玉米,分别铺设功能性纸地膜和塑料地膜,并与露天土地作对比实验,后续正常播种三季玉米并铺设上述相同对照样地膜。
(2)分别检测三季玉米中的重金属含量。通过观察法定期观察玉米的生长情况,并对比三季玉米的产量。
(3)经检测从第一季到第三季,玉米中的重金属富集含量成明显的下降趋势,同时第二季和第三季玉米的长势及产量也要明显高于第一季。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受所述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:(1)将相同质量的水溶性羧甲基-木质素和纳米二氧化硅在水溶液中超声分散得混合物,然后向混合物中加入同等质量的柠檬酸并在60-80 ℃下回流6-10 h,所得产物经过滤、去离子水洗涤后置于真空干燥箱中干燥,即得产物1A;将相同质量的水溶性木质素与一氯乙酸钠配制成溶液在微波辅助条件下进行反应,并经加过量酸沉淀,过滤后干燥,制得产物1B;(2)按比例,将2g 1-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)、1g N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)与2.5g产物1A或产物1B中的任一种分散在去离子水中,超声均匀,在避光环境中,加入2g含双硫键化合物一起搅拌,添加二硫苏糖醇至浓度30-60 mmol/L,再在去离子水中透析,所得产物经离心后置于真空干燥箱中干燥,即得产物2;(3)将相同质量的产物2和植物生长激素在乙酸乙酯中超声分散30分钟,并加入H2O2至4 vol.‰-6 vol.‰,然后室温搅拌后离心,用40 vol.%-60vol.%的乙醇水溶液洗涤,并经真空干燥,制得功能性的纳米填料;(4)用纤维疏解器对植物纤维浆板进行疏解10-20分钟,采用PFI对浆料进行打浆,制得30-90°SR打浆度的纸浆,选用上述不同打浆度的纸浆,添加占纸浆0.1wt.%-0.3wt.%助留剂,占纸浆10wt.%-20wt.%上述产物1A制备的功能性纳米填料,占纸浆0.5wt.%-1.5wt.%的干强剂,以及占纸浆0.2wt.%-0.8wt.%的浆内施胶剂,抄造定量为30-50 g/m2的功能性纸地膜,或通过造纸过程湿部网上喷淋或表面施胶的过程将上述产物1B制备的功能性纳米填料负载到功能性纸地膜上;(5)将上述功能性纸地膜浸渍到涂覆液中,涂覆量为2-8 g/m2,之后进行干燥,所述涂覆液为石蜡乳液、天然树胶或蜂蜡乳液。
2.根据权利要求1所述纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含双硫键化合物为半胱氨酸二盐酸盐;所述植物纤维浆板为针叶木浆、阔叶木浆或草浆。
3.根据权利要求1所述纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的定量为40或50 g/m2。
4.根据权利要求1所述纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述助留剂为阳离子淀粉、硫酸铝、聚乙烯亚胺中的一种,添加量为0.1wt.%-0.2wt.%。
5.根据权利要求1所述纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述纳米填料的添加量为15wt.%-20wt.%。
6.根据权利要求1所述纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述干强剂为CPAM,添加量为1wt.%-1.5wt.%。
7.根据权利要求1所述纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述浆内施胶剂为AKD,添加量为0.5wt.%-0.8wt.%。
8.根据权利要求1所述纸基地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,植物生长激素通过造纸过程湿部网上喷淋或表面施胶的方式负载到功能性纸地膜上。
9.权利要求1-8任一所述制备方法制得的纸基地膜。
10.权利要求9所述纸基地膜在制备土壤稳定剂或农药载体中的应用。
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