CN114892176B - Application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in acid solution and carbon steel corrosion inhibitor - Google Patents
Application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in acid solution and carbon steel corrosion inhibitor Download PDFInfo
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- CN114892176B CN114892176B CN202210514747.3A CN202210514747A CN114892176B CN 114892176 B CN114892176 B CN 114892176B CN 202210514747 A CN202210514747 A CN 202210514747A CN 114892176 B CN114892176 B CN 114892176B
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
- C23F11/04—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in markedly acid liquids
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
The application belongs to the technical field of metal corrosion prevention, and particularly relates to application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution and a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor. The application discloses the application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution. In a second aspect, the present application provides a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel comprising organic selenium. The application discloses an application of organic selenium in a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor and the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor, wherein the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor has high corrosion inhibition rate, is green and environment-friendly, has low cost, is convenient for industrial production, and effectively solves the technical problems of high toxicity and high cost of the existing carbon steel corrosion inhibitor.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of metal corrosion prevention, and particularly relates to application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution and a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor.
Background
In industry, low carbon steel has the advantages of low cost and good mechanical properties, so that the low carbon steel is widely used as building materials in various industries such as reinforced concrete, oil-gas fields, automobiles and the like. However, mild steel is an alloy with poor corrosion resistance under neutral or acidic conditions, and in engineering practice, corrosion inhibitors are one of the most common methods for preventing corrosion of metals because it significantly reduces the corrosion of metals by corrosive media even at low concentrations. The use of corrosion inhibitors like inorganic corrosion inhibitors like chromates, dichromates, nitrites etc. can have some environmental impact. The most commonly used organic corrosion inhibitors at present are such as the boratabenzothiazole, the benzotriazole and the sulfonated lignin, and the organic compounds (containing C, N, O and other elements) interact with the metal surface through the conjugated pi electrons of heterocycle and double bond and polar functional groups, and particularly in an acidic environment, the corrosion inhibitor needs to have at least one polar group, so that molecules can be combined with the metal surface through the group to form a protective film, but most of the prior carbon steel corrosion inhibitors have the problems of high toxicity, easy environmental pollution and high cost.
Therefore, the development of new efficient, environment-friendly and low-cost corrosion inhibitors is a new direction of current research.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the application discloses application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution and a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor, wherein the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor is high in corrosion inhibition rate, environment-friendly, low in cost and convenient for industrial production, and effectively solves the technical problems of high toxicity and high cost of the existing carbon steel corrosion inhibitor.
The application discloses the application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution.
Specifically, the organic selenium is applied to serving as a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor.
In another embodiment, the organic selenium is selected from one or more of selenocysteine, selenomethylselenocysteine, selenomocysteine, dehydroselenomethionine oxide, selenomethionine, gamma-glutamyl-selenocysteine, gamma-glutamyl-selenium-methylselenocysteine, N-acetyl selenocysteine sulfide, and 2, 3-dihydroxy-propionyl-selenocysteine sulfide.
Specifically, the organic selenium can be a selenium supplementing medicament, the selenium supplementing medicament can be a selenium yeast tablet, and the selenium yeast tablet mainly contains selenocysteine (C) 3 H 7 NO 2 Se). The selenium yeast tablet as one kind of selenium replenishing medicine contains great amount of organic selenium and is used in treating tumor, liver disease, cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases and other diseases caused by low selenium content. Has the characteristics of low cost and environmental protection in the market. The selenium yeast tablet contains selenium-containing compounds such as selenocysteine, etc., and the compounds also contain-OH group, -NH 2 The groups, the-SeH groups and the like are a plurality of active adsorption centers, so that the adsorption strength of the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor and the carbon steel substrate is improved. Therefore, the selenium yeast tablet has great prospect as a new-generation carbon steel corrosion inhibitor.
In another embodiment, the acidic solution has a pH of 1 to 6.
In particular, the acidic solution may be a corrosive medium; the acidic solution may contain one or more of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hypochlorous acid, ammonium nitrate, sulfurous acid, boric acid, carbonic acid, nitrous acid, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, acetic acid, oxalic acid, and lactic acid.
In another embodiment, the concentration of the organic selenium in the acidic solution ranges from 5 to 5000ppm.
Specifically, the selenium supplementing medicine, such as a selenium yeast tablet, is used in a concentration range of 5-5000 ppm.
In another embodiment, the organic selenium is used at a temperature ranging from 293K to 353K.
In a second aspect, the present application provides a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel comprising organic selenium.
In another embodiment, the organic selenium is selected from one or more of selenocysteine, selenomethylselenocysteine, selenomocysteine, dehydroselenomethionine oxide, selenomethionine, gamma-glutamyl-selenocysteine, gamma-glutamyl-selenium-methylselenocysteine, N-acetyl selenocysteine sulfide, and 2, 3-dihydroxy-propionyl-selenocysteine sulfide.
In another embodiment, the concentration of the organic selenium ranges from 5 to 5000ppm.
In another embodiment, the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor has a temperature in the range of 293K to 353K.
In another embodiment, the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor further comprises an additive; the additive comprises one or more of zinc gluconate, alanine, leucine, valine, proline, methionine, tryptophan, tannic acid, cysteine and aspartic acid.
The application discloses an application of organic selenium serving as a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor for inhibiting carbon steel corrosion in an acidic environment, and the application comprises the following steps of:
organic selenium is added to the corrosive medium of the carbon steel for slowing the corrosion of the carbon steel.
Specifically, the organic selenium is used as an efficient and environment-friendly carbon steel corrosion inhibitor, and can be applied to an acid washing environment. The acid washing environment is an acidic solution, and the pH value of the acid washing environment is regulated by an acid regulator. The concentration range of the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor is 5-5000 ppm, and the use temperature range of the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor is 273-353K.
Specifically, the method can effectively slow down the corrosion process of the carbon steel by adding the organic selenium into the medium containing the carbon steel. After soaking under the acidic condition, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the organic selenium reaches more than 90%, and the corrosion of carbon steel, especially the formation of pitting corrosion, is effectively inhibited.
The application discloses application of organic selenium in a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor; the organic selenium comprises one or more of selenocysteine, selenomethylselenocysteine, selenomocysteine, dehydroselenomethionine oxide, selenomethionine selenoxide, selenomethionine, gamma-glutamyl-selenocysteine, gamma-glutamyl-selenomethylselenocysteine, N-acetyl selenocysteine, 2, 3-dihydroxypropionyl-selenocysteine. The carbon steel corrosion inhibitor provided by the application is high in corrosion inhibition rate, environment-friendly, low in cost and convenient for industrial production, and effectively solves the technical problem that the corrosion resistance effect is poor when the existing corroded metal is subjected to corrosion resistance treatment.
The beneficial effects that this application produced include:
(1) The application discloses organic selenium for inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acid solution, wherein the organic selenium, such as selenium yeast tablet, has multi-site adsorption effect, can greatly improve activity and stability of organic selenium molecule adsorption film formation, and has extremely high corrosion inhibition rate.
(2) The organic selenium, such as selenium yeast tablet, provided by the application is a common anti-tumor drug, and meets the environment-friendly requirement.
(3) The carbon steel corrosion inhibitor provided by the application can play a very good corrosion inhibition effect on low carbon steel at different temperatures under the condition of low usage amount. In conclusion, the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor provided by the application can be used as a high-efficiency and environment-friendly steel-based corrosion inhibitor in an acid washing environment.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below.
FIG. 1 is a Nyquist plot of example 1 of the present application after soaking carbon steel in solutions of different concentrations of selenium yeast flakes at 293K, pH=2 for 24 hours;
FIG. 2 is a graph of Bode and a graph of low frequency modulus values provided in example 1 of the present application after soaking carbon steel in solutions of selenium yeast flakes of different concentrations for 24 hours at 293K, pH=2;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the electrokinetic polarization of carbon steel at a pH of 2 at 293K after 24h soaking in a solution of selenium yeast flakes at different concentrations, wherein Blank is an acidic solution without selenium yeast flakes;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the surface topography of carbon steel at 293K, pH=2 after soaking in a solution of 750ppm selenium yeast tablet for 24 hours, wherein the left graph is blank, i.e., carbon steel is soaked in an acidic solution without selenium yeast tablet, and the right graph is carbon steel is soaked in an acidic solution with 750ppm selenium yeast tablet, as provided in example 2 of the present application;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the surface topography of carbon steel at 293K, pH=3 after 1h immersion in a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor (selenocysteine and zinc gluconate solution) as provided in example 3 of the present application;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the surface topography of carbon steel at 293K, pH=2 after soaking in solutions of different concentrations of selenium yeast flakes for 4 days as provided in example 4 of the present application;
FIG. 7 is a Nyquist plot of carbon steel at 308K, pH=2 after soaking in solutions of different concentrations of selenocys slices for 6 hours as provided in example 5 of the present application;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the surface topography of carbon steel immersed in a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor (selenocysteine and aspartic acid solution) at 293K, pH=1 for 5 hours as provided in example 6 of the present application.
Detailed Description
The application provides an application of organic selenium in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution and a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor, which are used for solving the technical defects of high toxicity, easiness in environmental pollution and high cost of the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in the prior art.
The following description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clear and complete, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without undue burden from the present disclosure, are within the scope of the present disclosure.
Wherein, the raw materials or reagents used in the following examples are all commercially available or self-made.
The yeast flakes used in the following examples were purchased from Paeonia suffruticosa Jiang Ling Tay pharmaceutical Co., ltd.
In the following examples, carbon steel was sequentially sanded with different numbers of sandpaper as a working electrode, and then sequentially washed with ethanol and deionized water.
Electrochemical analysis used in the following examples:
the alternating current impedance test, the polarization resistance measurement and the electrokinetic potential polarization curve measurement are all completed in a three-electrode system, wherein the working electrode is carbon steel, and the auxiliary electrode and the reference electrode are a Pt electrode and a Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE) respectively. The electrochemical test uses a Gamery electrochemical workstation as an instrument. The impedance frequency range is 100kHz-0.01Hz, and the peak value of the alternating current excitation signal is 5mV; the potentiodynamic polarization curve scan speed was 0.5mV/s.
Corrosion inhibition efficiency (η%) is calculated according to the following formula:
in the middle ofAnd R is P The polarization resistances of the carbon steel without corrosion inhibitor and the carbon steel with corrosion inhibitor are respectively.
In the following examples, HRB 400 is selected from carbon steel, the carbon steel is cut into small pieces by a wire cutting machine, a copper wire is welded on one surface, the copper wire is sealed by epoxy, after the carbon steel is dried at room temperature, the carbon steel is polished by sand paper with different mesh numbers to expose one surface, and the carbon steel is used as a working electrode and sequentially placed in ethanol and deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning to remove oil stains and grease on the surface.
Example 1
The embodiment of the application provides an application of selenium yeast tablets in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
step 1, cutting carbon steel into square blocks by using a wire cutting machine, welding a copper wire on one side, sealing the copper wire by using epoxy, polishing the copper wire to expose a working surface, and ultrasonically cleaning to remove oil stains and grease on the surface;
step 2, preparing sodium chloride solution, regulating the pH of the solution by hydrochloric acid to prepare an acidic solution (pH=2), and then adding different amounts of selenium yeast slices into the acidic solution;
and 3, immersing the polished carbon steel in an acidic solution containing selenium yeast flakes with different concentrations.
Specifically, carbon steel is sequentially sanded as a working electrode, and then sequentially cleaned with ethanol and deionized water. Blow-drying with cold air. The treated working electrode was placed in an acidic solution (t=293 k, ph=2) containing different concentrations of selenium yeast flakes, and immersed for 24 hours, the concentration of selenium yeast flakes in the acidic solution being 0ppm, 250ppm, 500ppm, 750ppm and 1000ppm, respectively. Electrochemical impedance and potentiodynamic polarization curves were then tested and the results are shown in figures 1-3.
As can be seen from FIGS. 1-3, at 293K, the impedance arc of the sample after adding selenium yeast tablet is greater than the Nyquist diagram without adding selenium yeast tablet, and it can be seen that 750ppm of selenium yeast tablet added into the acidic solution has the maximum arc resistance and corrosion resistanceThe best performance. As can be seen from fig. 2 (a) and (b), at low frequencies (|z|) 0.01Hz ) When the acid solution is added with 750ppm of corrosion inhibitor and soaked for 24 hours, the low-frequency impedance is almost 10 times of that of a blank sample, which shows that the addition of selenium yeast tablets greatly improves the corrosion resistance of carbon steel in the acid solution. As can be seen from fig. 3, the selenium yeast tablet simultaneously inhibits the cathode and anode reactions, which are mixed inhibitors.
Example 2
The embodiment of the application provides an application of selenium yeast tablets in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
step 1, cutting carbon steel into square blocks by using a wire cutting machine, welding a copper wire on one side, sealing the copper wire by using epoxy, polishing the copper wire to expose a working surface, and ultrasonically cleaning to remove oil stains and grease on the surface;
step 2, preparing a sodium chloride solution, regulating the pH of the solution by hydrochloric acid to prepare an acidic solution (pH=2), and then adding selenium yeast tablets (the concentration of the selenium yeast tablets in the acidic solution is 750 ppm) or not adding the selenium yeast tablets into the acidic solution;
and 3, immersing the polished carbon steel in the acid solution containing or not containing the selenium yeast tablet in the step 2.
Specifically, carbon steel is sequentially sanded as a working electrode, and then sequentially cleaned with ethanol and deionized water. Blow-drying with cold air. The treated working electrode was immersed in the above acidic solution (t=293 k, ph=2) with or without the selenocys sheet for 24 hours. Morphology characterization was then performed as shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from fig. 4, the surface of the carbon steel sample after selenium yeast tablet addition is smoother than that of the blank sample, and pit on the carbon steel is obviously reduced.
Example 3
The embodiment of the application provides an application of selenium yeast tablets in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
step 1, cutting carbon steel into square blocks by using a wire cutting machine, welding a copper wire on one side, sealing the copper wire by using epoxy, polishing the copper wire to expose a working surface, and ultrasonically cleaning to remove oil stains and grease on the surface;
step 2, preparing sodium chloride solution, regulating the pH of the solution by hydrochloric acid to prepare an acidic solution (pH=3), and then adding a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor or not adding the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor into the acidic solution; the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor of the embodiment consists of a selenium yeast tablet and zinc gluconate, wherein the mass ratio of the selenium yeast tablet to the zinc gluconate is 1:0.6;
and 3, immersing the polished carbon steel in the acid solution containing or not containing the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in the step 2.
Specifically, carbon steel is sequentially sanded as a working electrode, and then sequentially cleaned with ethanol and deionized water. Blow-drying with cold air. The treated working electrode was placed in the above acidic solution (ph=3) with or without carbon steel corrosion inhibitor, and the surface topography after soaking for 1h was as shown in fig. 5, the surface of the carbon steel sample after adding carbon steel corrosion inhibitor was smoother than that of the blank, and there was no pitting on the carbon steel.
Example 4
The embodiment of the application provides an application of selenium yeast tablets in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
step 1, cutting carbon steel into square blocks by using a wire cutting machine, welding a copper wire on one side, sealing the copper wire by using epoxy, polishing the copper wire to expose a working surface, and ultrasonically cleaning to remove oil stains and grease on the surface;
step 2, preparing sodium chloride solution, regulating the pH of the solution by sulfuric acid to prepare an acidic solution (pH=2), and then adding selenium yeast tablets (the concentration of the selenium yeast tablets in the acidic solution is 750 ppm) or not adding the selenium yeast tablets into the acidic solution;
and 3, immersing the polished carbon steel in the acid solution containing or not containing the selenium yeast tablet in the step 2.
Specifically, carbon steel is sequentially sanded as a working electrode, and then sequentially cleaned with ethanol and deionized water. Blow-drying with cold air. After the treated working electrode was placed in an acidic solution (t=293 k, ph=2) of 750ppm of selenocyst slices and an acidic solution without selenocyst slices, respectively, and after soaking for 4 days, the surface morphology was observed, as shown in fig. 6, and as can be seen from fig. 6, the surface of the carbon steel sample after adding the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor was smoother than that of the blank, and pitting on the carbon steel was significantly reduced.
Example 5
The embodiment of the application provides an application of selenium yeast tablets in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
step 1, cutting carbon steel into square blocks by using a wire cutting machine, welding a copper wire on one side, sealing the copper wire by using epoxy, polishing the copper wire to expose a working surface, and ultrasonically cleaning to remove oil stains and grease on the surface;
step 2, preparing a sodium chloride solution, regulating the pH of the solution by hydrochloric acid to prepare an acidic solution (pH=2), and then adding selenium yeast tablets (the concentration of the selenium yeast tablets in the acidic solution is 750 ppm) or not adding the selenium yeast tablets into the acidic solution;
and 3, immersing the polished carbon steel in the acid solution containing or not containing the selenium yeast tablet in the step 2.
Specifically, carbon steel is sequentially sanded as a working electrode, and then sequentially cleaned with ethanol and deionized water. Blow-drying with cold air. The treated working electrode was placed in an acidic solution containing a selenium yeast tablet at a concentration of 750ppm (t=303 k, ph=2) and an acidic solution without selenium yeast tablet added, and after soaking for 6 hours, respectively, an electrochemical test was performed, as shown in fig. 7, at a low frequency stage (|z| 0.01Hz ) The modulus of the added selenium yeast tablet is larger than that of the sample without the added selenium yeast tablet.
Example 6
The embodiment of the application provides an application of selenium yeast tablets in inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution, and the specific method comprises the following steps:
step 1, cutting carbon steel into square blocks by using a wire cutting machine, welding a copper wire on one side, sealing the copper wire by using epoxy, polishing the copper wire to expose a working surface, and ultrasonically cleaning to remove oil stains and grease on the surface;
step 2, preparing sodium chloride solution, regulating the pH of the solution by hydrochloric acid to prepare an acidic solution (pH=1), and then adding a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor or not adding the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor into the acidic solution; the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor of the embodiment consists of a selenium yeast tablet and aspartic acid, wherein the mass ratio of the selenium yeast tablet to the aspartic acid is 1:0.6;
and 3, immersing the polished carbon steel in the acid solution containing or not containing the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in the step 2.
Specifically, carbon steel is sequentially sanded as a working electrode, and then sequentially cleaned with ethanol and deionized water. Blow-drying with cold air. And (3) placing the treated working electrode in an acidic solution containing selenium yeast flakes and aspartic acid and an acidic solution not containing a carbon steel corrosion inhibitor, and respectively soaking the working electrode in the acidic solution for 5 hours to obtain a surface topography chart, wherein the surface of a carbon steel sample added with the carbon steel corrosion inhibitor is smoother than that of a blank sample, and pitting corrosion on the carbon steel is obviously reduced as shown in figure 8.
In conclusion, the application finds that the organic selenium can be used as an efficient and environment-friendly carbon steel corrosion inhibitor and can be applied to an acid washing environment. The specific corrosion medium is an acidic solution, and the pH is regulated by an acid regulator. The concentration range of the organic selenium is 5-5000 ppm, and the temperature range is 273K-353K.
According to the embodiment of the application, the selenium yeast tablets are added into the acid solution, so that the corrosion process of the carbon steel can be effectively slowed down. After 24h of soaking under acidic conditions, it can be seen from the electrochemical Bode plot that during the low frequency phase (|z|0.01 Hz), the modulus values of the added selenium yeast tablets were all greater than the samples without the added selenium yeast tablets. The polarization resistance test result shows that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the selenium yeast tablet reaches more than 90 percent, and the polarization curve test result shows that the selenium yeast tablet simultaneously inhibits the cathode and anode reactions. From the surface topography, the selenium yeast tablet molecules are effective in inhibiting carbon steel corrosion, especially pitting formation.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present application and it should be noted that modifications and adaptations to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the principles of the present application and are intended to be within the scope of the present application.
Claims (2)
1. The use of organic selenium to inhibit corrosion of carbon steel in acidic solutions;
the organic selenium is selected from one or more of selenocysteine, selenomethylselenocysteine, selenomocysteine, dehydroselenomethionine oxide, selenomethionine selenoxide, gamma-glutamyl-selenocysteine, gamma-glutamyl-selenomethylselenocysteine, N-acetyl selenocysteine sulfide and 2, 3-dihydroxypropionyl-selenocysteine sulfide;
the concentration range of the organic selenium in the acid solution is 5-5000 ppm;
the using temperature range of the organic selenium is 293K-353K.
2. The use of the organic selenium according to claim 1 for inhibiting corrosion of carbon steel in an acidic solution, wherein the pH of the acidic solution is 1-6.
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