CN114405459B - 一种用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种适用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂及其应用,采用硅藻土和凹凸棒石经混合后与磁性Fe3O4纳米微球通过共沉淀法合成,利用本发明助滤剂过滤,可得到脱除黄曲霉毒素和悬浮杂质的油脂。经本发明处理后的植物油中黄曲霉毒素残留量不仅符合国内限量标准,还可符合欧盟制定标准(AFB1<2µg/kg,AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2四个总黄曲霉毒素含量<10µg/kg),该方法脱毒效率高,无化学试剂污染,技术方法简便,生产成本和设备投资少。不但能很好的脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素和固体杂质,且过滤时间较普通助滤剂大大缩短,对中性油的损耗大大降低,能有效降低食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素的污染水平,还可以减少香型油脂(如浓香花生油、芝麻油等)中的风味,使油脂的品质提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品加工技术领域,具体涉及一种用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂及制备的方法。
背景技术
黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AFs)主要是由真菌黄曲霉菌(A.flavus)、寄生曲霉菌(A.parasiticus)、溜曲霉菌(A.tamari)和集蜂曲霉菌(A.Nonius)等污染农作物时产生的一类毒性较高的次生代谢产物,其结构包括稳定且高度氧化的5个稠环和内酯部分,是到目前为止所发现的毒性最大的真菌毒素,被国际癌症研究机构归为第Ⅰ类致癌物。在已鉴定出20多种黄曲霉毒素中,常见的有黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、B2(AFB2)、G1(AFG1) 、G2(AFG2),M1(AFM1)和M2(AFM2)。字母“B”指该类化合物在波长365 nm 的紫外光下能产生蓝色(blue)荧光,主要产生自黄曲霉和寄生曲霉;字母“G”是指该毒素能产生绿色(green)荧光,仅产生自寄生曲霉;“M”意指代谢物(metabolite),是人类或哺乳动物摄入AFB1和AFB2后经体内酶代谢形成的单羟基化衍生物,呈蓝紫色和紫色荧光。数字1和2分别表示主要和次要化合物。AFB1是在已泄漏和鉴定出的黄曲霉毒素亚种中最具毒性和致癌性物质。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)规定食品中黄曲霉毒素总和(B1+B2+G1+G2)的最大残留量为15 µg/kg;欧盟对食品中黄曲霉毒素的残留量作出了相当的严格的规定,黄曲霉毒素B1在食品中的最大残留量为2 µg/kg,(B1+B2+G1+G2)总量不得超过4 µg/kg;目前,国内只对AFB1限量做出了明确规定,花生和玉米及其制品不超过20 µg/kg,其他油料及制品不超过10 µg/kg。
虽然发现黄曲霉毒素存在于多种油料作物如香料、坚果、玉米和花生中,但是在后两者中最为普遍,尤其是受到干旱和害虫影响时,玉米和花生最容易受到产毒曲霉的感染和黄曲霉毒素的污染。此外,温暖、潮湿的储存条件也会导致收获后真菌的生长和黄曲霉毒素浓度的增加。因此,经常在来自热带国家(缺乏灌溉和病虫害管理措施,食物储存条件差)的油料作物和食用油中检出黄曲霉毒素。
目前,植物油中黄曲霉毒素的消减主要是在精炼过程的碱炼和吸附两个操作中实现的。但是对于香型油脂(如浓香花生油、浓香葵花籽油、小磨香油等),为了保持油脂的香味,不能进行精炼,只能在冷滤过程中选择专用助滤剂或吸附剂降低黄曲霉毒素的含量,从而确保油脂安全。我们希望这种助滤剂或吸附剂只能对有害物质进行吸附,而对油脂的香味和营养成分吸附能力极弱。使植物油中黄曲霉毒素含量优于国标限量,甚至达到欧盟标准,进而消除我国食用油与进口油脂安全品质的差距。
油脂制取包括压榨法、水代法、浸出法和动物油脂的熬制,香型油脂的制取主要是通过压榨制得,压榨毛油中含渣量大,渣粒大小不一致,且由于其它胶体杂质的存在使得油的黏度较大,因此油渣分离较一般的固液分离困难,因此可用磁改性吸附剂实现高效脱毒和快速分离,缩短过滤时间。
在过滤过程中,过滤介质的滤孔容易被油中的悬浮物堵塞二造成过滤速度降低,或者由于悬浮物微粒容易穿过过滤介质的滤孔而使滤液澄清度不够,为此,可采用助滤剂来改善过滤过程。油脂工业常用的助滤剂是硅藻土,其主要成分为SiO2。凹凸棒属于天然矿物纳米材料,具有多孔状结构,其表面带有大量的负电荷,使得其对食用油中AFB1具有优异的吸附性能。然而,由于其具有良好的胶体特性,加之油脂的黏度大,使得它在油脂中的分离和回收较为困难。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂,该助滤剂可同时吸附油脂中的黄曲霉毒素和悬浮物,并提供其制备方法,成本低廉,制备工艺简便,吸附性能优良。
本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂及制备方法,其特征是:依次包括下列步骤:
a. 在氮气保护下,将 FeSO4·7H2O与FeCl3·6H2O(质量比为 1:1 ~ 1:2)置于三口烧瓶中,加入 1000 mL 蒸馏水水,将三口烧瓶置于60~70℃的恒温水浴中,机械搅拌10~15 min 得到铁储备液。
b. 称取硅藻土与凹凸棒石(质量比为 1:1 ~ 1:2)分散于700 mL 的蒸馏水中,自然沉降 2~4 h,除去上层杂质,超声分散 1~2 h。然后,加入 500 mL的 H2O2,待溶液中不再冒气泡后加入 5% 的HCl溶液浸泡 24~30 h,超声分散1~2 h后过滤,取上层,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤以去除表面残余的 H+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-等,直至用 0.01 mol/L的 AgNO3测定上清液没有氯化物出现时,洗涤完成。然后,将所得样品在 105~110℃的干燥箱中干燥 2~3 h,研磨得到的固体粉末过 200 目筛。
c. 步骤(1)得到的铁储液中加入 5~10 g 步骤(2)得到的固体粉末(依然在氮气保护下进行),得到混合液的经迅速搅拌后,向混合液中逐滴滴加 NaOH 溶液(8 mol/L)调节至 pH≈11,继续搅拌 1~2 h。混合物在 70~80℃下熟化 5~7 h后冷却至室温,抽滤,并用去离子水洗至中性。将所得沉淀物在 -60~-80℃条件下冷冻干燥后过 200 目筛。
采用上述助滤剂对植物油过滤,主要步骤为:将上述制备的助滤剂加到植物油中,在外加磁场作用下过滤后分离;
上述植物油可以是花生油、芝麻油、玉米油、茶油、米糠油、葵花籽油、椰子油、亚麻油、橄榄油、小麦胚芽油、葡萄籽油;
本发明相对于现有技术,有以下优点:
本发明以硅藻土、凹凸棒石、FeCl3·6H2O和FeSO4·7H2O为原料,制得的助滤剂颗粒小,多孔,孔径大(约15nm,单纯硅藻土的孔径约8nm),形状不规则,不溶于悬浮液,该助滤剂凹凸棒石表面含有大量极性基团(硅藻土是非极性吸附剂),且经过磁改性后,吸附剂表面接枝大量-OH,可与黄曲霉毒素分子进行氢键相互作用和静电吸附,固制备的助滤剂对极性的黄曲霉毒素有很强的吸附力,可同时吸附油脂中的黄曲霉毒素和悬浮物,且吸油率较使用单一硅藻土大大降低。
该助滤剂的制备方法,成本低廉,制备工艺简便,吸附性能优良,将磁性Fe3O4引入凹凸棒和硅藻土,使其在外加磁场的作用下,过滤时间较普通助滤剂大大缩短。
附图说明
图1为本发明的工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
实施例1:
(1)在氮气保护下,将 FeSO4·7H2O(15 g)和 FeCl3·6H2O(15 g)和置于三口烧瓶中,加入1000 mL去离子水水,将三口烧瓶置于70℃的恒温水浴中,机械搅拌10 min 得到铁储备液。
(2)称取25g硅藻土和25g凹凸棒石分散于700 mL 的去离子水水中,自然沉降2 h,除去上层杂质,超声分散1 h。然后,加入500 mL的 H2O2,待溶液中不再冒气泡后加入 5% 的HCl溶液浸泡24 h,超声分散1 h后过滤,取上层,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤以去除表面残余的 H+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-等,直至用0.01 mol/L的AgNO3测定上清液没有氯化物出现时,洗涤完成。然后,将所得样品在105℃的干燥箱中干燥 2 h,研磨得到的固体粉末过200目筛。
(3)步骤(1)得到的铁储液中加入5 g步骤(2)得到的固体粉末(依然在氮气保护下进行),得到混合液的经迅速搅拌后,向混合液中逐滴滴加 NaOH 溶液(8 mol/L)调节至 pH≈11,继续搅拌1 h。混合物在70℃下熟化5 h后冷却至室温,抽滤,并用蒸馏水水洗至中性。将所得沉淀物在-80℃条件下冷冻干燥后过200目筛,即得到用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂。
在花生油过滤中的应用
称取 200 g花生油(其中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2含量分别为 20、5、10 和 5 μg/kg)置于三口烧瓶中,加入 0.8 g上述制备好的助滤剂,在外加磁场的作用下过滤、分离,对分离后的清油进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析,测定油中黄曲霉毒素(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2)含量,并分别计算AFB1和AFs(四种的总和)脱除率。测得AFB1的脱除率高达92%,AFs的脱除率为90%,显著高于非极性的硅藻土对极性的黄曲霉毒素的脱除率低(约52%)。吸油率约为 8%(用单一硅藻土作助滤剂时吸油率约为 36%),相同条件下,单一硅藻土作助滤剂单一硅藻土很耗时,过滤15 min仍未过滤完,复合改性后过滤时间10 min左右即可完成(处理200g油样),实现快速过滤的效果。
实施例2:
(1)在氮气保护下,将 FeSO4·7H2O(15 g)和 FeCl3·6H2O(30 g)和置于三口烧瓶中,加入1000 mL去离子水水,将三口烧瓶置于70℃的恒温水浴中,机械搅拌10 min 得到铁储备液。
(2)称取 25g 硅藻土和 50g 凹凸棒石分散于700 mL 的去离子水水中,自然沉降2 h,除去上层杂质,超声分散1 h。然后,加入500 mL的 H2O2,待溶液中不再冒气泡后加入5% 的HCl溶液浸泡24 h,超声分散1 h后过滤,取上层,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤以去除表面残余的 H+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-等,直至用0.01 mol/L的AgNO3测定上清液没有氯化物出现时,洗涤完成。然后,将所得样品在105℃的干燥箱中干燥 2 h,研磨得到的固体粉末过 200 目筛。
(3)步骤(1)得到的铁储液中加入 5 g 步骤(2)得到的固体粉末(依然在氮气保护下进行),得到混合液的经迅速搅拌后,向混合液中逐滴滴加 NaOH 溶液(8 mol/L)调节至pH≈11,继续搅拌 1 h。混合物在 70℃下熟化5 h后冷却至室温,抽滤,并用蒸馏水水洗至中性。将所得沉淀物在 -80℃条件下冷冻干燥后过 200 目筛,即得到用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂。
在玉米油过滤中的应用
称取 200 g 玉米油(其中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2含量分别为 29、5、10 和 5 μg/kg)置于三口烧瓶中,加入 1 g上述制备好的助滤剂,在外加磁场的作用下过滤、分离,对分离后的清油进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析,测定油中黄曲霉毒素(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2)含量,并分别计算AFB1和AFs(四种的总和)脱除率。测得AFB1的脱除率高达 94%,AFs的脱除率为 91%。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂,其特征在于,所述助滤剂的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在氮气保护下,将FeCl3·6H2O,FeSO4·7H2O和蒸馏水混合,FeCl3·6H2O与FeSO4·7H2O的质量比为1:1~2:1,于恒温水浴中进行机械搅拌,恒温水浴的温度为60~70℃,搅拌时间为10~15min,得到铁储备液;
(2)将质量比为1:1~1:2的硅藻土和凹凸棒石加入蒸馏水中,自然沉降2~4h后除去上层杂质并进行超声1~2h,然后加入过氧化氢溶液,反应完成后,加入5%的盐酸溶液浸泡24~30h,超声分散后过滤,取上层,用无水乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤,后干燥箱中干燥,温度为105~110℃,干燥时间为 2~3h,研磨过筛得到固体粉末,筛子的目数为 200目;
(3)向步骤(1)得到的铁储液中加入步骤(2)得到的固体粉末,迅速搅拌,逐滴滴加氢氧化钠溶液将混合液pH调至11,继续搅拌,混合物在70~80℃下熟化5~7 h后冷却至室温,抽滤,并用蒸馏水水洗涤至中性,将所得沉淀物在 -60~-80℃条件下冷冻干燥后过筛得到所需产品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于脱除植物油中黄曲霉毒素的助滤剂,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,固体粉末的质量为 5~10g,氢氧化钠的浓度为 8 mol/L,搅拌时间为 1~2h,熟化温度为 70~80℃,熟化时间为 5~7h,冷冻干燥温度为 -60~-80℃,筛子的目数为 200目。
3.根据权利要求1-2任一权利要求所述的助滤剂在植物油脱除黄曲霉毒素和固体杂质中的应用。
4.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其特征在于,所述应用的方法为:待处理的毛油中加入助滤剂,在外加磁场的作用下过滤、分离,助滤剂加入量为待处理毛油重量的 0.1~1%。
5.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其特征在于,所述应用方法为:所述植物油包括花生油、芝麻油、玉米油、茶油、米糠油、葵花籽油、椰子油、亚麻油、橄榄油、小麦胚芽油、葡萄籽油。
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