CN114364461A

CN114364461A - Process for catalytically coating a stent

Info

Publication number: CN114364461A
Application number: CN202080057250.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: Z·谢; C·H·霍尔农; C·C·吴; X·王
Original assignee: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
Current assignee: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
Priority date: 2019-06-21
Filing date: 2020-05-11
Publication date: 2022-04-15
Also published as: JP2022538553A; US20220362752A1; AU2020295280A1; EP3999233A1; KR20220053518A; WO2020252516A1; EP3999233A4

Abstract

The present invention relates generally to a process for coating a stent, and in particular to a process for coating a stent of a static mixer with a catalytic liquid suspension. The present invention also relates generally to a process for preparing a catalytically coated stent, the process comprising applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the surface of a stent so as to provide a coating comprising catalytically active sites on the coated stent surface.

Description

Process for catalytically coating a stent

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to a process for coating a stent, and in particular to a process for coating a stent of a static mixer with a catalytic liquid suspension.

Background

Continuous flow chemical reactors typically comprise a tubular, conduit-like, plate-channel or sheet-channel reaction chamber into which reactant fluid is continuously fed to undergo a chemical reaction to continuously form a product flowing from the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber is typically heated electrically or by a recirculating heating/coolant fluid, for example in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger configuration, to facilitate heat transfer into or out of the reaction.

Continuous flow reactors used in catalytic reactions typically use a packed bed reaction chamber, wherein the reaction chamber is filled with solid catalyst particles providing a catalytic surface on which chemical reactions can take place. Static mixers are used to premix the fluid streams prior to contact with the packed bed reaction chambers and downstream of these chambers to transfer heat between the central and outer regions of the reactor tubes. Static mixers include solid structures that interrupt fluid flow to promote mixing of reactants prior to reaction in packed bed reaction chambers and to promote a desired pattern of heat transfer downstream of these chambers.

There is a need for alternative or improved processes for catalytically coating stents, particularly static mixer stents, that can provide various desirable properties, such as flexibility and availability of catalytic static mixer technology that can provide more efficient mixing, heat transfer, and catalytic reaction of reactant chemical and/or electrochemical reactants.

Disclosure of Invention

The present inventors have conducted extensive research and development on alternative catalyst deposition methods and have determined that the support surfaces of static mixers can be provided with catalytic surfaces, enabling the resulting static mixers to be used with continuous flow chemical reactors.

In one aspect, a process for preparing a catalytically coated stent is provided, the process comprising the steps of: (i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface to provide a coating comprising catalytically active sites on the coated stent surface, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier comprising a plurality of ex-situ catalyst particles, and wherein the coated stent has a non-line-of-sight configuration comprising a plurality of channels configured to disperse and mix one or more fluid reactants during flow and reaction thereof, and (ii) drying the coated stent to remove the liquid carrier, thereby providing a coated stent comprising ex-situ catalyst particles. In one embodiment, the support may be a static mixer. In one embodiment, the surfaces of the static mixer may be pre-coated with a carrier material and optionally a binder prior to step (i). In one embodiment, the catalytic liquid suspension further comprises a binder. In one embodiment, the step of applying the catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface in step (i) may be accomplished by wash coating or dip coating.

In another embodiment, the process comprises a pre-treatment step prior to applying the catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface in step (i), wherein the pre-treatment step may be at least one surface treatment step to the stent surface selected from chemical treatment, anodization, hot dip, vacuum plating, painting, thermal spraying and acid etching.

In one embodiment, the catalyst particles are formed from a catalyst material or a catalyst support material comprising a catalyst material on a support material. The catalyst material may be selected from metals, metal oxides, aluminum silicates, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal organic frameworks, zeolites, or any combination thereof. For example, the metal may be selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, cerium, calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or a metal oxide thereof.

The catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium on silica diphenylphosphine, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel modified alumina, silica or zeolite.

The support material may be selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate or potassium oxide. When a catalyst material is used as the support material, the catalyst material and the support material will be different.

In one embodiment, the concentration of catalyst particles in the catalytic liquid suspension may be less than 10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the catalytic liquid suspension.

In another embodiment, the binder used for the catalytic liquid suspension may be selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyester, polyurethane, acrylic resins, condensation resins, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene. The binder may be added at a concentration of about 0.3 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the catalytic liquid suspension.

In one embodiment, the liquid carrier may be selected from water, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the solids content of the catalytic liquid suspension may be from about 3 wt.% to about 28 wt.%. The thickness of the coating may be from about 1 μm to about 50 μm. The surface area of the catalyst may be about 1m²A/g of about 1000m²(ii) in terms of/g. The adhesion (adhesion) of the coating may provide a total mass loss of the coating of less than about 0.5 wt.% as measured by the ultrasonic treatment test.

In one embodiment, the scaffold may be a metal, metal alloy, cermet, carbon fiber, silicon carbide, or polymer. In one embodiment, the stent may be a metal stent. For example, the metal or metal alloy of the metal stent is titanium, aluminum, or stainless steel.

In one embodiment, the scaffold may have an aspect ratio (L/d) of at least 75.

In another embodiment, the ex situ catalyst particles may be less than about 5 μm.

In one embodiment, the process may further comprise a drying step and/or an activation step. The drying step may comprise the steps of: (a) applying a first temperature in the range of about 15 ℃ to about 30 ℃ to the coated surface of the stent for a first period of time in the range of about 4 to 24 hours to volatilize at least a portion of the volatile species from the catalytic liquid suspension; and (b) applying a second temperature in the range of about 100 ℃ to about 180 ℃ for a second period of time in the range of about 4 to 24 hours under controlled gas pressure such that a dried coating is formed on the stent surface.

In another aspect, there is provided a catalytically coated stent prepared by the process for preparing a catalytically coated stent as defined herein.

In another aspect, a catalytically coated stent is provided comprising a coating on a stent, wherein the coating comprises a plurality of catalyst particles, and wherein the coated stent has a non-line-of-sight configuration comprising a plurality of channels configured to disperse and mix one or more fluid reactants during flow and reaction thereof. In one embodiment, the coating comprises a carrier material and optionally a binder.

In one embodiment, the catalyst particles may be selected from metals, metal oxides, aluminum silicates, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal organic frameworks, zeolites, or any combination thereof. The catalyst particles may be a metal or a metal oxide thereof selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, cerium, calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium.

In one embodiment, the support material may be selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate or potassium oxide.

In one embodiment, the catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica or zeolite.

In one embodiment, the binder may be selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyester, polyurethane, acrylic resins, condensation resins, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene.

In one embodiment, the catalyst particles may be less than 5 μm. The thickness of the coating may be from about 1 μm to about 50 μm.

In one embodiment, the coated stent may be a coated static mixer stent.

In another aspect, there is provided a continuous flow chemical reactor for the reaction of one or more fluid reactants, the reactor comprising one or more catalytically coated stents prepared by a process as defined herein or a catalytically coated stent as defined herein. The one or more fluid reactants may be provided as a continuous fluid stream. The continuous fluid flow may be provided by at least one liquid phase.

In another aspect, there is provided a continuous flow process for heterogeneous reactions comprising one or more chemical reactors as defined herein.

Drawings

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be further described and illustrated, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

fig. 1 shows the way of coating a static mixer stent by options (a) to (d).

Detailed Description

The present invention describes various non-limiting embodiments that relate to studies conducted to identify alternative or improved processes for coating a stent for a static mixer that can provide various desirable properties, such as flexibility and availability of catalytic static mixer technology, that can provide more efficient mixing, heat transfer, and catalytic reaction of reactant chemical and/or electrochemical reactants. It has been surprisingly found that depositing catalytic material on the surface of an additively manufactured static mixer can provide efficient mixing, heat transfer, and catalytic reaction of reactants in a continuous flow chemical reactor. It should be understood that the catalyst deposition techniques described herein may depend on the application and type of catalyst used. The present inventors have surprisingly found that the catalyst materials described herein provide an improved catalytic deposition technique for coating complex three-dimensional structures such as static mixer stents.

The static mixer of the present invention has been shown to provide various advantages over current heterogeneous catalytic systems, such as packed beds. Additive manufacturing techniques (i.e., 3D printing) allow flexibility in the redesign and construction of static mixers, although other difficulties and challenges exist in providing robust commercially viable scaffolds that can be catalytically coated to operate at certain operating performance parameters of continuous flow chemical reactors, for example to provide desired mixing and flow conditions inside continuous flow reactors and enhanced heat and mass transfer characteristics and reduced back pressure compared to packed bed systems.

It has been surprisingly found that wash and dip coating techniques are suitable for catalytically coating static mixer stents, and for the application of various catalyst materials.

The static mixer may be configured as a stand to provide an insert (insert) for use with an in-line continuous flow reactor system. Static mixers can also provide heterogeneous catalysis, which is very important for chemical manufacturing and is of wide range, including the production of fine and specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and agricultural chemicals, consumer products and petrochemicals.

General terms

Throughout this specification, unless specifically stated otherwise or the context requires otherwise, reference to a single step, composition of matter, group of steps or group of matter shall be taken to include one or more (i.e., one or more) of those steps, compositions of matter, groups of steps or group of matter. Thus, as used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural aspects unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to "a" includes a single as well as two or more; for example, reference to "a" includes a single species as well as two or more species; reference to "the" includes a single species as well as two or more species;

those skilled in the art will appreciate that the disclosure herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features.

Each embodiment of the invention described herein is applicable mutatis mutandis to each and every other embodiment unless specifically stated otherwise. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended as exemplary only. Functionally equivalent products, compositions and methods are clearly within the scope of the present invention, as described herein.

The term "and/or", e.g., "X and/or Y", is to be understood as "X and Y" or "X or Y" and should be taken as providing explicit support for both meanings or for one of the meanings.

Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated support, integer or step, or group of supports, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other support, integer or step, or group of supports, integers or steps.

It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these publications form part of the common general knowledge in the art, in australia or any other country.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Coating process

In one embodiment or example, a process for preparing a catalytically coated stent is provided, the process comprising the steps of: (i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface to provide a coating comprising catalytically active sites on the stent surface, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier comprising a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm. In one embodiment, the support may be a static mixer. In one embodiment or example, the surfaces of the static mixer may be pre-coated with a carrier material and optionally a binder prior to step (i). In one embodiment, the catalytic liquid suspension further comprises a binder. In one embodiment, the step of applying the catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface in step (i) may be accomplished by wash coating or dip coating.

In another embodiment or example, a process for coating a stent of a static mixer may comprise the steps of: (i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the surface of the scaffold to provide a scaffold surface having catalytically active sites, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises catalyst particles having a particle size of less than about 5 μm and a liquid carrier, and wherein the surface of the static mixer is (a) a static mixer scaffold, (b) a static mixer scaffold comprising a support material, or (c) a static mixer scaffold comprising a support material and a binder. The catalytic liquid suspension may also comprise a binder.

In one embodiment or example, the step of applying the catalytic liquid suspension to the surface of the stent in step (i) may be accomplished by wash coating or dip coating. The present inventors have surprisingly shown that wash-or dip-coating deposition techniques provide advantages for catalytic static mixers, such as an efficient and scalable method of depositing catalyst material onto a static mixer support by wash/dip coating the static mixer in a catalytic liquid suspension. Such techniques may include the addition of binding materials to promote better binding or the improvement of specific functions by adding teflon to increase hydrophobicity, with the advantage of a smaller diffusion distance to the active phase. It will be appreciated that standard catalyst coating techniques typically include a two-step process: the porous metal oxide layer is first formed and then the catalyst is dip coated into the preformed porous layer. Other coating techniques, such as electrodeposition and cold spray techniques, are limited by the type of metal that can be coated and the size of the metal to be coated. Other limitations include line-of-sight configuration (line-of-sight configuration) which imposes constraints on the coating technique. For example, line-of-sight coating techniques typically allow for the covering of exposed areas of the stent surface, i.e., twisted plate configurations. Several methods of depositing coatings onto various stents have been reported. Cold spray techniques are often used, but only the exposed surface of the stent is coated, and thus, the coating is not completely and uniformly covered, with some areas remaining uncovered.

It should be appreciated that the present inventors have shown that wash-or dip-coating deposition techniques as described herein provide more complete coverage of even complex stent configurations. In other words, a wash coat or dip coat deposition technique is a non-line-of-sight coating technique that can provide more complete coverage of the stent surface. For example, a stent comprising a complex geometry with shaded regions may be referred to as a non-line-of-sight configuration or a non-line-of-sight stent.

In one embodiment or example, the process may comprise a pre-treatment step prior to applying the liquid suspension to the stent surface in step (i), wherein the pre-treatment step may be at least one surface treatment step selected from chemical treatment, anodization, hot dipping, vacuum plating, painting, thermal spraying and acid etching.

In one embodiment, the chemical treatment may include a process that produces sulfide and oxide films by chemical reactions. Typical uses are for metal coloration, corrosion protection and priming of the surface to be painted. Black oxide is a very common surface treatment for steel parts and "passivation" is used to remove free iron from the surface of the steel part.

In another embodiment, anodization may be used for light metals such as aluminum and titanium in general. These oxide films are formed by electrolysis, and since they are porous, colorants and colorants are often specified to improve the aesthetic appearance. Anodizing is a very common surface treatment to prevent corrosion of aluminum parts. If wear resistance is also desired, engineers may specify a version of this method of forming a relatively thick, extremely hard ceramic coating on the component surface.

In another embodiment, hot dip coating may entail dip coating the stent into dissolved tin, lead, zinc, aluminum, or solder to form a surface metal film. Hot dip galvanization is a process of dipping steel into a vessel containing molten zinc and is generally used for corrosion resistance in extreme environments, and guardrails on roads are generally treated with such surface treatment.

In another embodiment, vacuum plating may be used. Vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, ion nitriding, and ion implantation are typical metal finishing processes that utilize high vacuum as part of the electroplating process. Ionized metals, oxides and nitrides are produced in a controlled environment. The part is transferred into a vacuum chamber and metal is deposited very precisely onto the substrate. Titanium nitride is a surface treatment that extends the life of high steel and carbide cutting tools.

In another embodiment, the paint is typically designated by engineers to enhance the appearance and corrosion resistance of the stent. Spray, electrostatic spray, dip, brush, and powder coating methods are some of the most common techniques for applying coatings to component surfaces. There are many types of coating formulations that protect metal parts in a wide range of physical environments.

The automotive industry has automated the process of painting automobiles and trucks using thousands of robotic arms and producing extremely consistent results.

In another embodiment, thermal spraying is a surface treatment involving a molten or heated material that is accelerated, then impacted and mechanically bonded to a target surface. The metal wire or powder feedstock (typically a metal or ceramic) is melted by injecting it into a flame, arc or plasma stream. When increased friction is a desirable characteristic, engineers sometimes specify this process. This technique is also commonly used on larger structural objects to protect against high temperatures, such as thermal barrier coatings for exhaust heat management.

In another embodiment, acid etching includes cutting a hard surface, such as metal or glass, by a corrosive chemical (typically acid). Acid etching of tooth enamel with acid to roughen the surface, increase retention of resin sealants, and promote mechanical retention are typical uses.

It should be understood that there are many other proprietary surface treatments and variations of the most common processes that are designed to improve or modify the characteristics of the metal parts.

In one embodiment or example, the catalyst particles are formed from a catalyst material or a catalyst support material comprising a catalyst material on a support material. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst particles may range from 0.1nm to 10mm, 1nm to 5mm, 100nm to 1mm, 1 μm to 200 μm, 0.25 μm to 50 μm, or 0.5 μm to 5 μm. The catalyst particles may be less than 5mm, 1mm, 100 μm, 10 μm, 5 μm, 1 μm, 500nm, 250nm, 100nm or 50 nm. The catalyst portion may be at least 0.1nm, 1nm, 10nm, 100nm, 250nm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm or 50 μm. The catalyst particles may be in the ranges provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values. It will be appreciated that the size of the catalyst particles can be controlled by dry or wet milling, if desired. For example, the catalyst particles are less than 5 μm. It is also understood that the catalyst particles formed from the catalyst material or catalyst support material are controlled by dry or wet milling, if desired. For example, the catalyst material or catalyst support material is less than 5 μm. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst particles may be in the form of spheres, pellets, cylinders, trilobes, honeycombs, platelets, and quadralobes.

In another embodiment or example, the catalyst particles may be ex situ catalyst particles. For example, ex situ catalysts may include catalysts prepared such that the catalyst particles are in their final form prior to deposition onto the surface of the stent. Catalyst particles in the catalytic liquid may be considered to be ex situ if they have at least some catalytic activity independent of any activation reaction, such as calcination. It is to be understood that the ex situ catalyst may be different from the in situ catalyst. The in situ catalyst may be a catalyst precursor applied to the surface of the support, which requires further processing steps to produce the final form of the active catalyst, for example by activation, such as calcination.

In another embodiment or example, the catalyst material may be selected from a metal, a metal oxide, an aluminum silicate, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, a graphite material, a metal organic framework, a zeolite, or any combination thereof. The catalyst material may be a metal, metal oxide or zeolite. In one embodiment, the metal is selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, cerium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or a metal oxide thereof.

In another embodiment or example, the support material may be selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate, or potassium oxide. The support material may be alumina, activated carbon, silica, zeolite or calcium carbonate.

In another embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica, or zeolite. The catalyst loading material can be silicon dioxide diphenyl phosphine palladium, zeolite, activated carbon, titanium silicate supported palladium, lead poisoned calcium carbonate supported palladium, nickel modified alumina silica or alumina ruthenium.

The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise a catalyst material or a catalyst support material. The catalyst particles may be formed from a catalyst material or a catalyst support material. The catalyst support material provides the catalyst material present with the support material. For example, the catalyst support material may comprise catalyst particles comprising particles of catalyst material present with or on particles of support material. It will be understood that when a catalyst material is used as the support material, the catalyst material and the support material will be different. In one embodiment, the support material may be provided as a major component of the catalyst particles, for example where the support material particles are substantially larger in size than the catalyst material particles present on the surface of the support material particles.

In one embodiment or example, the concentration of catalyst material in the catalytic liquid suspension may be less than 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 3 wt.%, or 2 wt.%. The concentration of the catalyst material in the catalytic liquid suspension may be at least 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 10 wt.%, or 15 wt.%. The concentration of the catalyst material in the catalytic liquid suspension may range from 1 to 20 wt.%, 2 to 15 wt.%, 3 to 10 wt.%, 4 to 8 wt.%, or 5 to 6 wt.%. The concentration of the catalyst material may be in a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

The weight% of the coating or catalyst material may range from 1-40%, 2-35%, 5-30%, 10-25%, or 15-20%, based on the total weight of the catalytic static mixer. The weight% of the coating comprising catalyst material may be at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 35%, 30%, 35%, or 40% based on the total weight of the catalytic static mixer. The weight% of the coating comprising the catalyst material may be less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or 3% based on the total weight of the catalytic static mixer. The wt% of the coating comprising the catalyst material can be in a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

In one embodiment or example, the binder may be selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyester, polyurethane, acrylic resin, condensation resin, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucrose, dextrin or starch. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene glycol, sodium silicate or silica sol. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate or silica sol. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate or polydimethylsiloxane. The binder may be boehmite or colloidal alumina (colloidal alumina oxide).

In one embodiment or example, the binder may be added at a concentration of about 0.3 wt.% to about 5 wt.%. The concentration of the binder in the catalytic liquid suspension may range from 0.1 wt.% to 10 wt.%, from 0.2 wt.% to 8 wt.%, from 0.3 wt.% to 6 wt.%, from 0.4 wt.% to 5 wt.%, or from 0.5 wt.% to 3 wt.%. The concentration of the binder in the catalytic liquid suspension may be less than about 10 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, or 0.1 wt.%. The concentration of the binder in the catalytic liquid suspension may be at least about 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 2.5 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 3.5 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 4.5 wt.%, or 5 wt.%. The concentration of binder in the catalyst liquid suspension may be in the range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

In one embodiment or example, the liquid carrier may be selected from water, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, or combinations thereof. For example, the solvent may be selected from water or ethanol. The solvent may be water. The solvent may be ethanol.

In one embodiment or example, the solids content of the liquid suspension may be from about 3 wt.% to about 28 wt.%. The solids content may be less than 28 wt.%, 27 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 23 wt.%, 21 wt.%, 19 wt.%, 17 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 13 wt.%, 11 wt.% 9 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 5 wt.%, or 3 wt.%. The solids content may be at least 4 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 22 wt.%, 24 wt.%, or 26 wt.%. The solids content may be a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower limits.

In one embodiment or example, the thickness of the coating is from about 1 μm to about 50 μm. The thickness of the coating may range from 1% -40%, 2% -35%, 5% -30%, 10% -25%, or 15% -20%. The thickness of the coating may be at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 35%, 30%, 35%, or 40%. The thickness of the coating may be less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or 3%. The thickness of the coating may be in the range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

In one embodiment or example, the surface area of the catalyst is about 1m²A/g of about 1000m²(ii) in terms of/g. The surface area of the catalyst may be at least 1, 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950m²(ii) in terms of/g. The surface area of the catalyst may range from about 5 to 200m²/g、100-250m²/g、150-1000m²(g or 200-)²(ii) in terms of/g. The surface area of the catalyst may be in the range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

It is understood that the total mass loss of the coating may be related to the adhesive integrity of the coating. It should be understood that the adhesion (adhesion) of the coating can be determined by the mass loss from the sonication test (sonication test). The present inventors have surprisingly found that a process for coating a static mixer stent as described herein advantageously provides a catalytic static mixer stent with enhanced or improved coating adhesion. In one embodiment or example, the total mass loss of the coating may be less than about 5 wt.%. The total mass loss of the coating can be less than about 5 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, or 0.1 wt.%. In one embodiment or example, the total mass loss of the coating may be less than about 0.5 wt.%. The total mass loss of the coating may be less than about 1 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, or 0.1 wt.%. It will be appreciated that adhesion is an important quality of the coating, as it allows the coating to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating the substrate. It should be understood that various adhesion test methods may be applied to determine the adhesion strength of the coating on the stent as the force required to break the bond between the coating and the stent under specified conditions. For example, ASTM D3359-17 or ASTM D6677 cover two different test methods. The present inventors have surprisingly found that enhanced or improved coating adhesion prepared by a process as described herein advantageously provides active catalyst metals on catalytically active static mixer supports that can be used for extended periods of time with negligible degradation of the active catalyst metals. In one embodiment or example, the total leaching rate of active catalyst metal at standard operating conditions may be less than 350ppb of contaminants in the reactor effluent. The total leach rate may be less than about 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70, 40, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 (ppb).

The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material or a catalyst support material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of catalyst particles and a binder. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material, a support material, a binder and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material, a binder and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise, consist of, a catalyst support material, a binder, and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material, a binder, a support material and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material, a support material and a liquid carrier.

Option (a)

In one embodiment or example, a process for preparing a catalytically coated stent is provided, the process comprising the steps of: (i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface to provide a coating comprising catalytically active sites on the stent surface, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier comprising a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm. For example, the surface of the holder is a static mixer. A catalytic liquid suspension comprising a liquid carrier containing a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm may comprise or consist of a catalyst material or a catalyst support material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material and a catalyst support material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material and a catalyst support material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material and a liquid carrier.

In another embodiment or example, the catalyst material may be selected from a metal, a metal oxide, an aluminum silicate, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, a graphite material, a metal organic framework, a zeolite, or any combination thereof. The catalyst material may be a metal, metal oxide or zeolite. In one embodiment, the metal is selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, cerium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or a metal oxide thereof. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica or zeolite. The catalyst loading material can be silicon dioxide diphenyl phosphine palladium, zeolite, activated carbon, titanium silicate supported palladium, lead poisoned calcium carbonate supported palladium, nickel modified alumina silica or alumina ruthenium. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst material or catalyst support material may be activated carbon, ruthenium on alumina, palladium on silica diphenylphosphine, palladium on titanium silicate, mesoporous carbon, zeolite or nickel modified alumina silica. The catalyst material can be alumina ruthenium, alumina palladium, alumina silver or alumina iron. The catalyst support material may be ruthenium on alumina or palladium on alumina. In one embodiment or example, the liquid carrier may be ethanol or water. In one embodiment, the catalyst support material may be ruthenium on an alumina support and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium on alumina and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be silver on an alumina support and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be iron on an alumina support and the liquid carrier may be water. In one embodiment, the catalyst support material may be ruthenium on an alumina support and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium on alumina and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be silver on an alumina support and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be iron on an alumina support and the liquid carrier may be ethanol.

Option (b)

In one embodiment or example, a process for preparing a catalytically coated stent is provided, the process comprising the steps of: (i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface to provide a coating comprising catalytically active sites on the stent surface, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier comprising a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm. For example, the support surface is a static mixer containing a support material.

A catalytic liquid suspension comprising a liquid carrier containing a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm may comprise or consist of a catalyst material and a support material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material and a support material. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material, a support material and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst material, a support material and a liquid carrier.

In another embodiment or example, the catalyst material may be selected from a metal, a metal oxide, an aluminum silicate, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, a graphite material, a metal organic framework, a zeolite, or any combination thereof. The catalyst material may be a metal, metal oxide or zeolite. In one embodiment, the metal is selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, cerium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or a metal oxide thereof. For example, the metal oxide may be iron oxide, cerium oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, or cobalt oxide. In another embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica, or zeolite. The catalyst loading material can be silicon dioxide diphenyl phosphine palladium, zeolite, activated carbon, titanium silicate supported palladium, lead poisoned calcium carbonate supported palladium, nickel modified alumina silica or alumina ruthenium. The catalyst loading material can be silicon dioxide diphenyl phosphine palladium, zeolite, mesoporous carbon, titanium silicate supported palladium, lead poisoned calcium carbonate supported palladium, nickel modified alumina silica or alumina ruthenium. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst material or catalyst support material may be palladium diphenylphosphine silica or a zeolite. In one embodiment or example, the support material may be selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate, or potassium oxide. The support material may be alumina, activated carbon, silica, zeolite or calcium carbonate. In one embodiment or example, the support material may be alumina. In one embodiment or example, the liquid carrier may be ethanol or water. In one embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium diphenylphosphine oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In one embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium diphenylphosphine oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be selected from iron oxide, cerium oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, or cobalt oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be water or ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be iron oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be iron oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be ceria, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be ceria, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be manganese oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be manganese oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be vanadium oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be vanadium oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be cobalt oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be cobalt oxide, the support material may be alumina, and the liquid carrier may be water.

Option (c)

In one embodiment or example, a process for preparing a catalytically coated stent is provided, the process comprising the steps of: (i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface to provide a coating comprising catalytically active sites on the stent surface, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier comprising a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm. For example, the support surface is a static mixer comprising a carrier material and a binder.

A catalytic liquid suspension comprising a liquid carrier containing a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm may comprise or consist of a catalyst material, a support material, a binder, and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise or consist of a catalyst support material, a binder and a liquid carrier.

In another embodiment or example, the catalyst material may be selected from a metal, a metal oxide, an aluminum silicate, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, a graphite material, a metal organic framework, a zeolite, or any combination thereof. The catalyst material may be a metal, metal oxide or zeolite. In one embodiment, the metal is selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, cerium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or a metal oxide thereof. In another embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica, or zeolite. The catalyst loading material can be silicon dioxide diphenyl phosphine palladium, zeolite, activated carbon, titanium silicate supported palladium, lead poisoned calcium carbonate supported palladium, nickel modified alumina silica or alumina ruthenium. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst material or catalyst support material may be a zeolite or activated carbon. In another embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be a zeolite. In one embodiment or example, the support material may be selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate, or potassium oxide. The support material may be alumina, activated carbon, silica, zeolite or calcium carbonate. The support material may be alumina. In one embodiment or example, the binder may be selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyester, polyurethane, acrylic resin, condensation resin, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucrose, dextrin or starch. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene glycol, sodium silicate or silica sol. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate or silica sol. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate or polydimethylsiloxane. The binder may be boehmite or colloidal alumina (colloidal alumina oxide). The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose or silica sol. In one embodiment or example, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose. In one embodiment or example, the liquid carrier may be ethanol or water. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be water. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be water. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be activated carbon, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be water. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be activated carbon, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be activated carbon, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In one embodiment, the catalyst material may be activated carbon, the support material may be alumina, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be water.

Option (d)

In one embodiment or example, a process for preparing a catalytically coated stent is provided, the process comprising the steps of: (i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface to provide a coating comprising catalytically active sites on the stent surface, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier comprising a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm. For example, the support surface is a static mixer in which the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier containing a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm and a binder.

A catalytic liquid suspension comprising a liquid carrier containing a plurality of catalyst particles less than about 5 μm may comprise or consist of a catalyst material, a binder, and a liquid carrier. The catalytic liquid suspension may comprise, consist of, a catalyst support material, a binder, and a liquid carrier.

In another embodiment or example, the catalyst material may be selected from a metal, a metal oxide, an aluminum silicate, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, a graphite material, a metal organic framework, a zeolite, or any combination thereof. The catalyst material may be a metal, metal oxide or zeolite. In one embodiment, the metal may be selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, cerium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or a metal oxide thereof. In another embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica, or zeolite. The catalyst loading material can be silicon dioxide diphenyl phosphine palladium, zeolite, activated carbon, titanium silicate supported palladium, lead poisoned calcium carbonate supported palladium, nickel modified alumina silica or alumina ruthenium. In one embodiment or example, the binder may be selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyester, polyurethane, acrylic resin, condensation resin, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucrose, dextrin or starch. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene glycol, sodium silicate or silica sol. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate or silica sol. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate or polydimethylsiloxane. The binder may be boehmite or colloidal alumina (colloidal alumina oxide). The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose. The binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, silica sol, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, or polyvinyl acetate. In one embodiment or example, the liquid carrier may be ethanol or water. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, palladium on titanium silicate, nickel-modified alumina silica, mesoporous carbon or zeolite, the binder may be hydroxypropyl silica or silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol or water. In one embodiment, the catalyst support material may be ruthenium on aluminum, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another example, the catalyst support material may be palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium on titanium silicate, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium on titanium silicate, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be nickel modified alumina silica, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be mesoporous carbon, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the binder material may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the binder may be silica, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the binder material may be hydroxypropyl cellulose and silica, and the liquid carrier may be water. In one embodiment, the catalyst support material may be ruthenium on aluminum, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium on lead poisoned calcium carbonate, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium on titanium silicate, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be palladium on titanium silicate, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst support material may be a nickel-modified alumina silica, the binder may be a silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be mesoporous carbon, the binder may be silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the binder material may be a silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the binder may be a silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be a zeolite, the binder material may be a silica sol, and the liquid carrier may be water. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be calcium oxide, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol. In another embodiment, the catalyst material may be magnesium oxide, the binder may be hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the liquid carrier may be ethanol.

Support frame

In one embodiment or example, the stent may be applied to any device or apparatus. In another embodiment or example, the scaffold may be a complex 3D structure. Complex 3D structures may be porous. In one embodiment or example, the scaffold may be adapted for a continuous flow process. The processes described herein may be suitable for coating the inner surface of a continuous flow reactor. In one embodiment or example, the scaffold may be a rotating mixer, a continuous tube, a micromixer, a static mixer, a monolithic porous insert, a metal foam, a structured metal or ceramic material with voids such as honeycomb, metal mesh/plate, a templated structure, or a packed bed system. In one embodiment or example, the support may be a static mixer.

The support of the static mixer may comprise or consist of at least one of a metal, metal alloy, cermet, silicon carbide, glass, ceramic, mineral (e.g. calcium phosphate) or polymer. The stent may be, for example, a metal stent formed from a metal or metal alloy. The metal stent may be made of a material suitable for additive manufacturing (i.e. 3D printing). The metal stent may be made of a material suitable for further surface modification to provide or enhance catalytic reactivity, for example, metals including nickel, titanium, palladium, platinum, gold, copper, aluminum or alloys thereof and other metals including metal alloys such as stainless steel. In one embodiment, the metal for the stent may comprise or consist of titanium, stainless steel, and alloys of cobalt and chromium. In another embodiment, the metal for the stent may comprise or consist of titanium, aluminum, or stainless steel. In another embodiment, the metal for the stent may include stainless steel and cobalt chromium alloy or a composition thereof. Using additive manufacturing techniques, i.e. 3D metal printing, metal holders can be specifically designed to perform two main tasks: a) as a catalytic layer or substrate for a catalytic layer, b) as a flow director for obtaining optimal mixing performance during chemical reactions and subsequently assisting the transfer of exothermic heat to the reactor tube walls within the reactor (single phase liquid flow or multiphase flow). Alternatively, the stent may be made of carbon fiber. Alternatively, the support may be made of glass. Alternatively, the support may be made of ceramic. Alternatively, the scaffold may be made from a mineral (e.g. a calcium phosphate such as hydroxyapatite). Alternatively, the stent may be made of a polymer. The polymer may be thermosetting or thermoplastic. Examples of polymers that may be used include, but are not limited to: polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl chloride, or a copolymer or any combination thereof.

Catalyst material or catalyst support material may refer to the catalyst itself or a material or composition comprising the catalyst. The catalyst material or catalyst support material may be provided in the form of a composition with one or more additives, such as a binder, to facilitate coating of the catalyst onto the stent. The catalyst or coating thereof may be provided as a partial coating or as a complete layer on the stent. The catalyst coating or layer on the stent may be provided in one or more layers. The catalyst may be deposited on the stent by wash coating or dip coating. In one embodiment or example, the coating or layer of catalyst may be a plurality of catalyst layers. For example, the coating or layer of catalyst may be one or more layers. The coating or layer of catalyst may be 2-10 layers. The coating or layer of catalyst may be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 layers. The coating or layer of catalyst may be less than 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 layers. The coating or layer of catalyst may be in the range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

In one embodiment or example, the catalyst loading may be less than 20 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 4 wt.%, or 2 wt.%. The catalyst loading may be at least 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 11 wt.%, 13 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 17 wt.%, or 19 wt.%. The catalyst loading may be in the range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

In one embodiment, the stent may be a metal stent comprising a coating comprising a catalyst material. It should be understood that a metallic stent comprising a coating comprising a catalyst material may be referred to as a catalytically coated stent. In another embodiment, the metal stent comprises titanium, nickel, aluminum, stainless steel, cobalt, chromium, any alloy thereof, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the metal stent comprises at least one of stainless steel and aluminum. In another embodiment, the metal scaffold comprises titanium or a titanium alloy. Further advantages can be provided when the metal stent comprises or consists of stainless steel or cobalt chromium alloy.

The weight% of the coating or catalyst material may range from 1-40%, 2-35%, 5-30%, 10-25%, or 15-20%, based on the total weight of the catalytic static mixer. The weight% of the coating comprising catalyst material may be at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 35%, 30%, 35%, or 40% based on the total weight of the catalytic static mixer. The weight% of the coating comprising the catalyst material may be less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or 3% based on the total weight of the catalytic static mixer. The wt% of the coating or catalyst material can be in a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values, based on the total weight of the catalytic static mixer.

In one embodiment or example, a catalytically coated stent comprising a coating on the stent may comprise a coating comprising a plurality of catalyst particles. In one embodiment or embodiment, the coating comprises a carrier material and optionally a binder. The catalyst particles may be selected from metals, metal oxides, aluminum silicates, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphitic materials, metal organic frameworks, zeolites, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment or example, the catalyst particles may be a metal selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, cerium, calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or a metal oxide thereof.

In one embodiment or example, the support material may be selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate, or potassium oxide.

In one embodiment or example, the catalyst support material may be selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead on calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel modified alumina, silica or zeolite.

In one embodiment or example, the binder may be selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyester, polyurethane, acrylic resin, condensation resin, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene.

In one embodiment or example, the catalyst particles are formed from a catalyst material or a catalyst support material comprising a catalyst material on a support material. In one embodiment or example, the catalyst particles may range from 0.1nm to 10mm, 1nm to 5mm, 100nm to 1mm, 1 μm to 200 μm, 0.25 μm to 50 μm, or 0.5 μm to 5 μm. The catalyst particles may be less than 5mm, 1mm, 100 μm, 10 μm, 5 μm, 1 μm, 500nm, 250nm, 100nm or 50 nm. The catalyst portion may be at least 0.1nm, 1nm, 10nm, 100nm, 250nm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm or 50 μm. The catalyst particles may be in the ranges provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

In one embodiment or example, the thickness of the coating may be from about 1 μm to about 50 μm. The thickness of the coating may range from 1-40%, 2-35%, 5-30%, 10-25%, or 15-20%. The thickness of the coating may be at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 35%, 30%, 35%, or 40%. The thickness of the coating may be less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or 3%. The thickness of the coating may be in the range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

In one embodiment or example, the process further comprises a drying step. The drying step may comprise the steps of: (a) applying a first temperature in the range of about 15 ℃ to about 30 ℃ to the coated surface of the stent for a first period of time in the range of about 4 to 24 hours to volatilize at least a portion of the volatile species from the catalytic liquid suspension; and (b) applying a second temperature in the range of about 100 ℃ to about 180 ℃ under reduced pressure for a second period of time in the range of about 4 to 24 hours such that a dried coating is formed on the stent surface. The first temperature range may be 15 ℃ to 30 ℃ or 20 ℃ to 25 ℃. For example, the temperature may be ambient temperature. The first temperature may be less than 30 deg.C, 28 deg.C, 26 deg.C, 24 deg.C, 22 deg.C, 20 deg.C, 18 deg.C or 16 deg.C. The first temperature may be at least 15 ℃, 17 ℃, 19 ℃, 21 ℃, 23 ℃, 25 ℃ or 27 ℃. The first temperature may be a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values. The first period of time may range from 4 to 24 hours or from 10 to 20 hours. The first time period may be less than 30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, or 8 hours. The first period of time may be at least 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, or 25 hours. For example, the first period of time may be 24 hours. The first time period may be a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values. The second temperature may range from 100 ℃ to 180 ℃ or from 110 ℃ to 140 ℃. The second temperature may be less than 180 ℃, 170 ℃, 160 ℃, 140 ℃, 120 ℃ or 110 ℃. The second temperature may be at least 100 ℃, 105 ℃, 110 ℃, 115 ℃, 120 ℃, 125 ℃ or 130 ℃. For example, the temperature may be 120 ℃. The second temperature may be a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values. The second period of time may range from 4 to 24 hours or from 10 to 20 hours. The second time period may be less than 30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, or 8 hours. The second period of time may be at least 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, or 25 hours. The second time period may be a range provided by any two of these upper and/or lower values.

Static mixers are used in continuous flow chemical reaction systems and processes. The process may be an in-line continuous flow process. The in-line continuous flow process may be a recycle loop or a single pass process. In one embodiment, the in-line continuous flow process is a single pass process.

As mentioned above, the chemical reactor comprising the static mixer support is capable of carrying out heterogeneous catalytic reactions in a continuous manner. Chemical reactors may use single or multi-phase feed and product streams. In one embodiment, the substrate feed (comprising one or more reactants) may be provided as a continuous fluid stream, for example a liquid stream comprising any of: a) as a substrate for the solute in a suitable solvent, or b) a liquid substrate with or without a co-solvent. It should be understood that the continuous fluid flow may be provided by at least one liquid phase. It will be appreciated that the fluid stream may be provided by one or more gas streams, such as hydrogen or a source thereof. The substrate feed is pumped into the reactor using a pressure driven flow, for example by means of a piston pump.

The% volume displacement of the static mixer relative to the reactor chamber housing the mixer is in the range of 1-40, 2-35, 3-30, 4-25, 5-20, or 10-15. The% volume displacement of the static mixer relative to the reactor chamber housing the mixer may be less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% or 5%.

A configuration of static mixer may be provided to enhance cross-sectional micro-turbulence. Such turbulence may be generated by various sources, including the geometry of the CSM or the micro roughness of the CSM surface generated by the 3D printing process. For example, the turbulence length scale may be reduced to provide better mixing. The turbulent length scale may be, for example, a microscopic length scale.

A configuration of the static mixer may be provided to enhance heat transfer performance in the reactor, such as a reduced temperature difference at the outlet cross section. The heat transfer of the CSM can, for example, provide a cross-sectional or transverse temperature profile having a temperature differential of less than about 20 deg.C/mm, 15 deg.C/mm, 10 deg.C/mm, 9 deg.C/mm, 8 deg.C/mm, 7 deg.C/mm, 6 deg.C/mm, 5 deg.C/mm, 4 deg.C/mm, 3 deg.C/mm, 2 deg.C/mm, or 1 deg.C/mm.

The support may be configured such that the pressure drop (or back pressure) (in Pa/m) across the static mixers in use is in the range of about 0.1-1,000,000Pa/m (or 1MPa/m), including any value or range of values therebetween. For example, the pressure drop (or back pressure) (in Pa/m) across the static mixer can be less than about 500,000, 250,000, 100,000, 50,000, 10,000, 5,000, 1,000, 750, 500, 250, 100, 75, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5 Pa/m. The static mixer may be configured to provide a lower pressure drop relative to a particular flow rate. In this regard, the static mixers, reactors, systems, and processes described herein can have parameters suitable for industrial applications. The pressure drop is maintained at a volumetric flow rate of at least 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ml/min.

The catalytic reaction may be a hydrogen insertion reaction (hydrogen insertion reaction) involving the use of a hydrogenation catalyst. The hydrogen insertion species or hydrogenation catalyst promotes hydrogen insertion into intramolecular bonds, such as carbon-oxygen bonds, of the reactant to form the oxygen-containing organic material described above; promoting the conversion of unsaturated bonds to saturated bonds; facilitating the removal of protecting groups, such as converting O-benzyl to hydroxyl; or promoting the nitrogen triple bond reaction to form ammonia or hydrazine or a mixture thereof. The hydrogen insertion or hydrogenation catalyst may be selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, nickel, palladium, platinum, and alloys, compounds, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the hydrogen insert or hydrogenation catalyst comprises or consists of platinum or titanium. In ammonia synthesis, the catalyst may promote dissociative adsorption of the hydrogen species source and the nitrogen species source for subsequent reactions. In another embodiment, the hydrogen insertion (hydrogen insertion) or hydrogenation catalyst is coated using wash coating or dip coating.

Static mixer

It should be understood that the static mixer may provide an integral support for the chemical reactor chamber. A static mixer support for a continuous flow chemical reactor chamber may include a catalytically active support defining a plurality of channels configured to disperse and mix one or more fluid reactants during flow and reaction thereof through a mixer. It should be understood that at least a majority of the surface of the scaffold may comprise a catalyst material. The catalyst material can be at least one selected from metal, metal oxide, aluminum silicate, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite material, metal organic framework and zeolite, and is used for providing catalytic active sites for the surface of the static mixer support.

The static mixer may be provided as one or more racks, each rack configured for insertion into a continuous flow chemical reactor or reaction chamber thereof. The static mixer stand may be configured as a modular insert for assembly into a continuous flow chemical reactor or chamber thereof. The static mixer holder may be configured as an insert for an in-line continuous flow chemical reactor or chamber thereof. The in-line continuous flow chemical reactor may be a recycle loop reactor or a single pass reactor. In one embodiment, the in-line continuous flow chemical reactor is a single pass reactor.

The static mixer holder can be configured to enhance mixing and heat transfer characteristics so as to redistribute the fluid in a direction transverse to the main flow, such as in radial and tangential or azimuthal directions relative to a central longitudinal axis of the static mixer holder. The static mixer holder may be configured for at least one of: (i) ensuring that as much catalytic surface area as possible is presented to the fluid for activation near the maximum number of reaction sites, and (ii) improving flow mixing such that (a) these reactant molecules contact the static mixer scaffold surface more frequently, and (b) heat is efficiently transferred away from or to the fluid. The static mixer support can have various geometric configurations or aspect ratios relevant to a particular application. The static mixer holder enables the fluid reactants to be mixed and brought into close proximity to the catalytic material for activation. The static mixer holder can be configured to be used at turbulent flow rates to enhance turbulence and mixing, for example, even at or near the inner surface of the reactor chamber housing. It will also be appreciated that the static mixer holder can be configured to improve the heat and mass transfer characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow.

The structure may also be designed to improve efficiency, the extent of chemical reaction, or other properties, such as pressure drop (while maintaining a predetermined or desired flow rate), residence time distribution, or heat transfer coefficient. As previously mentioned, conventional static mixers have not previously been developed to specifically address the enhanced heat transfer requirements that may result from the catalytic reaction environment provided by the static mixer of the present invention.

The structure of the scaffold or static mixer can be determined using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, which can be used to enhance the structure of reactant mixing to enhance contact and activation of the reactants or their reactive intermediates at the catalytically reactive sites of the scaffold. CFD-based structure determination is described in further detail in the following sections.

The static mixer support may be formed by additive manufacturing. The static mixer may be an additive manufactured static mixer. Additive manufacturing static mixers and subsequent catalytic coating can provide a static mixer configured for efficient mixing, heat transfer, and catalytic reaction (of reactants in a continuous flow chemical reactor), and where the static mixer can be physically tested for reliability and performance, and optionally further redesigned and reconfigured using additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) techniques. Additive manufacturing provides flexibility in preliminary design and testing and further redesign and reconfiguration of the static mixer to facilitate development of a more commercially viable and durable static mixer.

The static mixer support may be provided in one or more configurations selected from the following general non-limiting example configurations:

an open configuration with a spiral;

an open configuration with a blade;

corrugated board;

a multi-layer design;

a closed configuration with a channel or aperture;

irregular designs, such as metal foams or monolithic columns (monolith).

The support of the static mixer may be provided in a mesh configuration having a plurality of integral units defining a plurality of channels configured to promote mixing of the one or more fluid reactants.

The static mixer support may comprise a support provided by a grid of interconnected segments configured to define a plurality of apertures for promoting mixing of fluid flowing through the reactor chamber. The support may also be configured to promote heat transfer and fluid mixing.

In various embodiments, the geometry or configuration may be selected to enhance one or more characteristics of the static mixer support selected from the group consisting of: specific surface area, volume displacement ratio, strength and stability of high flow rate; manufacturing suitability using additive manufacturing; and implementing one or more of: highly turbulent advection, turbulent mixing, catalytic interaction, and heat transfer.

In some embodiments, the scaffold can be configured to enhance chaotic advection or turbulent mixing, such as cross-sectional, lateral (with respect to flow), or local turbulent mixing. The geometry of the stent may be configured to alter the local flow direction or to divert the flow more than a certain number of times, such as more than 200m, over a given length along the longitudinal axis of the static mixer stent^-1Optionally more than 400m^-1Optionally more than 800m^-1Optionally more than 1500m^-1Optionally more than 2000m^-1Optionally more than 2500m^-1Optionally more than 3000m^-1Optionally more than 5000m^-1. The geometry or configuration of the holder may comprise more than a certain number of flow dividing structures, for example more than 100m, in a given volume of the static mixer^-3Optionally more than 1000m^-3Optionally more than 1x10⁴m^-3Optionally more than 1x10⁶m^-3Optionally more than 1x10⁹m^-3Optionally more than 1x10¹⁰m^-3。

The stent geometry or configuration may be substantially tubular or linear. The scaffold may be formed from or comprise a plurality of segments. Some or all of the segments may be straight segments. Some or all of the segments may comprise polygonal prisms, such as rectangular prisms. The stent may include a plurality of planar surfaces. The straight sections may be angled with respect to each other. The straight segments may be arranged at a plurality of different angles, such as two, three, four, five or six, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent. The scaffold may comprise a repeating structure. A stent may include a plurality of similar structures that repeat periodically along the longitudinal axis of the stent. The geometry or configuration of the stent may be uniform along the length of the stent. The geometry of the stent may vary along the length of the stent. The straight sections may be connected by one or more curved sections. The stent may comprise one or more helical sections. The stent may generally define a helical surface. The stent may include a helicoid including a plurality of holes in a surface of the helicoid.

The size of the static mixer may vary depending on the application. The static mixer or the reactor comprising the static mixer may be tubular. The diameter of the static mixer or reactor tube (in mm) may range, for example, from 1 to 5000, from 2 to 2500, from 3 to 1000, from 4 to 500, from 5 to 150 or from 10 to 100. The diameter of the static mixer or reactor tube (in mm) may range, for example, from 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500 or 1000. The diameter of the static mixer or reactor tube (in mm) may range, for example, from 5000, 2500, 1000, 750, 500, 250, 200, 150, 100, 75 or 50. The aspect ratio (L/d) of the static mixer holder or the reactor chamber comprising the static mixer holder can be provided in a range suitable for industrial scale flow rates of a particular reaction. The aspect ratio may range, for example, from about 1 to 1000, 2 to 750, 3 to 500, 4 to 250, 5 to 100, or 10 to 50. The aspect ratio can be, for example, less than about 1000, 750, 500, 250, 200, 150, 100, 75, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. The aspect ratio may be, for example, greater than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100. It is understood that aspect ratio refers to the ratio of length to diameter (L/d) of an individual unit or scaffold.

Static mixer holders or reactors generally have a high specific surface area (i.e. the ratio between the internal surface area and the volume of the static mixer holder and the reactor chamber). The specific surface area may be lower than that provided by a packed bed reactor system. Specific surface area (m)²m^-3) The range of (A) may be 100-. Specific surface area (m)²m^-3) May be at least 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 7500, 10000, 12500, 15000, 17500, or 20000. It should be understood that specific surface area can be measured by a variety of techniques including BET isotherm techniques.

The static mixer holder can be configured to enhance properties such as mixing and heat transfer for laminar or turbulent flow rates. It will be appreciated that for newtonian fluids flowing in hollow tubes, the dependence of laminar and turbulent flow on reynolds number (Re) values will generally provide flow rates at laminar Re <2300, transient flow rates at 2300< Re <4000, and turbulent flow rates at Re >4000 in general. The static mixer support may be configured for laminar or turbulent velocity to provide enhanced characteristics selected from one or more of mixing, degree of reaction, heat transfer, and pressure drop. It will be appreciated that further enhancement of a particular type of chemical reaction will require specific considerations of its own.

Static mixer stents can generally be configured to operate at a Re of at least 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000. The static mixer holder can be configured to generally operate in a laminar flow Re range of about 0.1-2000, 1-1000, 10-800, or 20-500. The static mixer holder can be configured to operate generally within a turbulent Re range of about 1000-.

A configuration of static mixer may be provided to enhance cross-sectional micro-turbulence. Such turbulence may be generated by various sources, including the geometry of the CSM or the micro roughness of the CSM surface generated by the 3D printing process and/or surface coating. For example, the turbulence length scale may be reduced to provide better mixing. The turbulent length scale may be, for example, in the range of the microscopic length scale.

The support may be configured such that the pressure drop (i.e. pressure differential or back pressure) (in Pa/m) across the static mixers in use is in the range of about 0.1-1,000,000Pa/m (or 1MPa/m), including any value or range of values therebetween. For example, the pressure drop (in Pa/m) across the static mixer can be less than about 500,000, 250,000, 100,000, 50,000, 10,000, 5,000, 1,000, 750, 500, 250, 100, 75, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5 Pa/m. The static mixer may be configured to provide a lower pressure drop relative to a particular flow rate. In this regard, the static mixers, reactors, systems, and processes described herein can have parameters suitable for industrial applications. The pressure drop is maintained at a volumetric flow rate of at least 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ml/min.

Process for preparing a static mixer

The static mixer holder may be provided by additive manufacturing, such as 3D printing. Additive manufacturing static mixers and subsequent catalyst coating can provide a static mixer configured for efficient mixing, heat transfer, and catalytic reaction (of reactants in a continuous flow chemical reactor), and where the static mixer can be physically tested for reliability and performance, and optionally further redesigned and reconfigured using additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) techniques. After the original design and development using additive manufacturing, the static mixer may be prepared using other manufacturing processes such as casting (e.g., investment casting). Additive manufacturing provides flexibility in preliminary design and testing and further redesign and reconfiguration of the static mixer to facilitate development of a more commercially viable and durable static mixer.

The static mixer holder may be made by additive manufacturing (i.e. 3D printing) techniques. For example, an electron beam 3D printer or a laser beam 3D printer may be used. The additive material for 3D printing may be, for example, a titanium alloy based powder (e.g. 45-105 micron diameter range) or a cobalt-chromium alloy based powder (e.g. FSX-414) or stainless steel or an aluminium-silicon alloy. The powder diameters associated with laser beam printers are typically lower than those used with electron beam printers.

3D printing is well known and refers to a process of sequentially depositing materials onto a powder bed by fusion facilitated by heat provided by a light beam or by a process based on pressing and sintering. The 3D printable model is typically created with a Computer Aided Design (CAD) package. The various errors and corrections applied are typically checked before printing the 3D model from the STL file. Once completed, the STL file is processed by software called a "slicer" which converts the model into a series of thin layers and produces a G-code file containing instructions tailored to a particular type of 3D printer. The 3D printing process facilitates the preparation of a static mixer support because it eliminates the limitations of traditional manufacturing routes on product design. Thus, the design freedom inherited from 3D printing allows the static mixer geometry to be further optimized in terms of performance.

The catalytically active scaffold may be prepared from a catalyst material selected from at least one of metals, metal oxides, aluminium silicates, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal organic frameworks, zeolites. The process of making the static mixer may include the step of applying a coating comprising the catalyst material to at least a substantial portion of the stent by wash coating or dip coating. For example, the coating may be provided on at least 50% of the surface of the stent. In other embodiments, the coating may be provided on at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98 or 99% of the surface of the stent.

In some embodiments, the process may first include forming the scaffold using an additive manufacturing process (e.g., 3D printing).

Examples

The invention is further described by the following examples. It is to be understood that the following description is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the above description.

The present invention provides an efficient and scalable process for depositing catalyst material or catalyst support material onto a static mixer support by wash/dip coating the static mixer support in a catalytic liquid suspension. Referring to fig. 1, the process may include a number of different deposition processes, namely option (a), option (b), option (c) and option (d), depending on the type of catalyst material or catalyst support material that needs to be applied to the static mixer support.

It should be understood that the static mixer stent may be exposed to various optional surface pretreatment methods to prepare the surface for catalytic coating.

Example 1 optional pretreatment step:

1) to etch the static mixer stent surface, the stent was first immersed in a dilute HCl solution (5-10 wt%) for 1 hour.

2) The stent was then soaked in the ultrasonic bath for 20 minutes.

3) The stent was immersed in the acetone solution for 10 minutes.

4) The scaffolds were dried in an oven at 140 ℃ for 16 hours.

Example 2 general wash coating procedure for coating options (a) - (d):

option (a)

1) To form the catalytic liquid suspension, a quantity of commercially available catalyst material or catalyst support material of controlled particle size (typically <5 μm, if desired by dry/wet milling) is added to a quantity of solvent and stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours to obtain a homogeneous slurry, with a solids content concentration ca.3-25 wt.%.

2) The pre-treated static mixer stent was immersed in the suspension for 20-30 seconds and then purged with pressurized air to eliminate excess liquid and prevent channel blockage of the stent. The dip-coated stent was then placed horizontally in an open vessel at room temperature for 1 day to evaporate any remaining solvent. Finally, the scaffolds were placed in an oven at 120 ℃ under vacuum to remove residual solvent. This process was repeated 2-6 times to obtain more catalyst deposits on the catalytic static mixer support or until the desired catalyst loading was achieved.

Option (b)

1) In order to suspend the carrier material in the liquid carrier to form an amount of solvent, stirring was carried out on a magnetic stirrer for 24 hours to obtain a homogeneous slurry having a solid content concentration of ca.10 to 25 wt%. The pre-treated static mixer stent was immersed in the liquid carrier suspension for 20-30 seconds and then purged with pressurized air to eliminate excess liquid and prevent channel blockage of the stent. The dip-coated stent was then placed horizontally in an open vessel for 1 day at room temperature, allowing most of the solvent to evaporate in the air. The scaffolds were then placed in an oven at 120 ℃ under vacuum to remove residual solvent.

2) Step 1 an intermediate support layer is formed prior to the application of the catalytic liquid suspension.

3) To form the catalytic liquid suspension, a quantity of commercially available catalyst material or catalyst support material of controlled particle size (typically <5 μm, if desired by dry/wet milling) is added to a quantity of solvent and stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours to obtain a homogeneous slurry, with a solids content concentration ca.3-25 wt.%.

4) The static mixer stent, pre-coated with an intermediate carrier layer, was immersed in the suspension for 20-30 seconds and then purged with pressurized air to eliminate excess liquid and prevent clogging of the channels of the stent. The dip-coated stent was then placed horizontally in an open vessel at room temperature for 1 day to evaporate any remaining solvent. Finally, the scaffolds were placed in an oven at 120 ℃ under vacuum to remove residual solvent. This process was repeated 2-6 times to obtain more catalyst deposits on the catalytic static mixer support or until the desired catalyst loading was achieved.

Option (c)

1) In order for the liquid carrier to suspend the carrier material and ca.1wt.% binder to form an amount of solvent, it was stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 24 hours to obtain a homogeneous slurry with a solids concentration of ca.10-25 wt.%. The pre-treated static mixer stent was immersed in the liquid carrier suspension for 20-30 seconds and then purged with pressurized air to eliminate excess liquid and prevent channel blockage of the stent. The dip-coated stent was then placed horizontally in an open vessel for 1 day at room temperature, allowing most of the solvent to evaporate in the air. The scaffolds were then placed in an oven at 120 ℃ under vacuum to remove residual solvent.

4) The static mixer stent, pre-coated with an intermediate carrier layer, was immersed in the suspension for 20-30 seconds and then purged with pressurized air to eliminate excess liquid and prevent clogging of the channels of the stent.

The dip-coated stent was then placed horizontally in an open vessel at room temperature for 1 day to evaporate any remaining solvent. Finally, the scaffolds were placed in an oven at 120 ℃ under vacuum to remove residual solvent. This process was repeated 2-6 times to obtain more catalyst deposits on the catalytic static mixer support or until the desired catalyst loading was achieved.

Option (d)

1) To form the catalytic liquid suspension, a quantity of commercially available catalyst material or catalyst support material of controlled particle size (typically <5 μm, if desired by dry/wet milling) and ca.1 wt.% binder are added to a quantity of solvent and stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours to obtain a homogeneous slurry, with a solids concentration of ca.3-25 wt.%.

Example 3 adhesion test

The solids content was checked by placing a few drops of the slurry on a watch glass and drying in an oven at 120 ℃ under vacuum. The total solids content can be calculated by equation (1), and m₁Represents the mass of an empty cuvette, m₂Represents the mass of the watch glass to which the slurry was added, and m₃Representing the mass of the solvent after evaporation. The homogeneity of the slurry can also be inferred by several parallel solids content tests.

Before and after each coating step, the mass of the mixer was recorded to calculate the percent loading using equation (2), where m₀Represents the original mass of the mixer, and m_nThe mass after the nth coating is indicated.

To evaluate the adhesion of the catalyst layer, the coated CSM was sonicated in a solvent bath, e.g., water or ethanol, for 10 minutes. The sonicated mixer was then placed horizontally in an open container at room temperature such that most of the solvent evaporated in air. The mixer was then placed in an oven at 120 ℃ under vacuum to remove residual solvent. Thereafter, the mass loss is calculated using equation (3), where m_nDenotes the mass after the nth coating, m_aRepresenting the mass after sonication.

Tables 1-4 provide examples of catalytic static mixer stents coated by different coating route options (a) - (d). It will be appreciated that parallel experiments were performed for each test and the data given in the table are mean values.

Table 1: catalytic static mixer support coated by coating option (a)

a. Solids content is the result of parallel experiments and not the calculated value before mixing; b. the coating inevitably comes off after drying.

Table 2: catalytic static mixer support coated by coating option (b)

a. The solids content is the result of parallel experiments and not the calculated value before mixing.

Table 3: catalytic static mixer support coated by coating option (c)

Table 4: CSM substrate coated by coating option (d)

Example 4 flow reactor testing

Continuous flow reactor apparatus for evaluation has been described in previous work including WO 2017106916. It consists of a hydrogen reactor module containing a catalytic insert, a gas handling system, a liquid delivery system (driven by a reagent pump, a Gilson305HPLC pump), and electronic process control and data logging.

The reactor module contained 12 reactor zones, each reactor zone made of 15cm long stainless steel tubing (Swagelok,8mmOD,6 mmID). It also contained 5 temperature probes (PT-100), located along the length of the reactor channel.

The reactor module can be easily disassembled to facilitate replacement of the catalytic insert. The reagent pump provides a substrate feed stream that contains a solution of the feedstock substrate, either neat or in a solvent. Hydrogen gas is supplied from a hydrogen cylinder (type G cylinder) and mixed with the liquid stream in a T-tube. The pressure inside the reactor was regulated by a membrane back pressure regulator (BPR, SwagelokKBP1J0A4D5a20000) located at the reactor outlet.

After passing through the BPR, the hot effluent may optionally be cooled in a coil-type heat exchanger, which may be operated with a suitable cooling fluid. The product stream is then collected in a bottle or flask for further work-up and analysis.

Other safety parts and process control and monitoring equipment are installed in the drilling machine: safety relief valves at the reactor inlet (Swagelok, SS-4R 3A); safety shut-off valve in gas line (B ü rkert, 2/2 open to solenoid valve 6027-A03); a backflow suppressor in a gas line (Witt 85-10); mass flow controllers in the gas lines (Bronkhorst, MFCF-201 CV-500); and pressure sensors located at the liquid lines, gas lines, and reactor inlets.

The reaction occurs at the solid-liquid interface of the catalytic insert within the reactor zone. The operation of the reactor system was controlled by dedicated LabView software. Temperature, pressure and gas flow rate were also monitored by the LabView control program.

To evaluate the hydrogenation reaction of this reactor, a series of experiments were conducted to study the hydrogenation of vinyl acetate (VAc), Cinnamaldehyde (CAL), (-) -Isopulegol (IPG), 1, 4-Butynediol (BYD), and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBY) using the solvents ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), isopropanol (iPrOH), n-heptane, or ethyl acetate (EtOAc), see scheme 1.

Scheme 1. reduction of vinyl acetate (VAc), Cinnamaldehyde (CAL), (-) -Isopulegol (IPG), 1, 4-Butynediol (BYD), and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBY).

A typical hydrogenation reaction for the above reactor configuration proceeds as follows. First, by passing hydrogen at 24 bar, 120 ℃ and 190mL_NA gas flow rate of/min was passed through the reactor to activate 4 catalytic inserts within the reactor. The reactor was flushed with solvent ethanol using a liquid reagent pump. The substrate VAc was dissolved in ethanol to a concentration of 2 mol/L.

Before the start of the reaction, hydrogen was introduced together with the washing solvent ethanol (EtOH) and the reaction parameters were adjusted: internal pressure of the reactor, p_R20 bar, liquid flow rate, V_L1ml/min, gas flow rate, V_G＝50mL_NMin, and reactor temperature, T_R120 deg.c. Once the pressure and temperature are stable, the substrate (VAc) is fed into the reactor by switching the reagent pump from pure solvent to a prepared transparent stock solution. Several fractions of the clarified product were collected at the outlet of the reactor and subsequently passed¹H-NMR and GC were used for analysis. Conversion rate of reaction is controlled by¹HNMR spectroscopy calculations recorded on a bruker ac-400 spectrometer in deuterated chloroform (from cambridge isotope laboratories, inc.). The residual solvent peak at δ 7.26ppm was used as an internal standard. Analysis of product composition by GC-FID and GC-MS。

The GC-FID results were also used to confirm NMR conversion and calculate GC-based yield. GC-mass spectra were obtained using electron impact ionization in positive ion mode with a perkinelmer clarus600GC mass spectrometer with an ionization energy of 70 eV. Gas chromatography was performed using a PerkinElmer Elite-5MSGC column (30 m. times.0.25 mmID, 0.25 μm film thickness) with a temperature program of 40 ℃ for 2 minutes, followed by heating to 280 ℃ at 10 ℃/min with a temperature hold of 4 minutes, a split ratio of 70, an injector temperature of 250 ℃ and a delivery line set at 250 ℃ using ultra-high purity helium gas as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min.

GC-FID analysis was performed on an Agilent6850series ii gas chromatograph with split/no split inlet and a detector temperature of 250 ℃, separation was performed on a grace bpx5 capillary column (25m × 0.32mmID, film thickness 0.50 μm), temperature program 40 ℃ for 2 minutes, then heating to 280 ℃ at 10 ℃/min, where the temperature was held for 4 minutes, split ratio 50, injector temperature 200 ℃, using high purity helium as carrier gas, flow rate 2.4 ml/min. Reagents VAc, CAL, BYD, and MBY were obtained from sigmaldrich; the solvents EtOH, MeOH, iPrOH, n-heptane and ethanol were obtained from merckkkgaa. All reagents and solvents were used without further purification.

Table 5 shows experimental data from hydrogenation of VAc and CAL and from hydrogenation of (-) -Isopulegol (IPG) to form (-) -Menthol (MEN); table 6 shows experimental data for the hemihydrogenation reaction from BYD to BED; table 7 shows experimental data for the semi-hydrogenation reaction of MBY to MBE. The experimental data advantageously show that high conversion (VAc: up to 100%; CAL: up to 100%, BYD: up to 100%, MBY: up to 100%) and high selectivity (BYD: up to 92%, MBY: up to 100%) can be achieved using the coated catalytic static mixer support (CSM) described herein. The space-time yield of the catalytic static mixer reactors used for these reactions is several kg/Lh (VAc: up to 1.68 kg/Lh; CAL: up to 0.70kg/Lh, BYD: up to 1.85kg/Lh, MBY: up to 3.22 kg/Lh).

TABLE 5 Experimental data for hydrogenation of vinyl acetate (VAc) and Cinnamaldehyde (CAL) using 4 or 12 CSMs

V_LLiquid volumetric flow rate; G/L is the volume ratio of gas to liquid at reactor pressure; the substrate concentration was 2mol/L in EtOH for VAc, 1mol/L in EtOAc for CAL, and 4.5mol/L in n-heptane for IPG.

TABLE 6 Experimental data for the selective synthesis of 1, 4-Butenediol (BED) by hydrogenation of 1, 4-Butynediol (BYD) using 4 CSMs

p is the reactor pressure; t ═ reactor temperature; v_LLiquid volumetric flow rate; H/S ═ molar ratio of hydrogen to substrate; concentration of the substrate toⁱPrOH/H₂O mixture was 0.31mol/L for MeOH and 6mol/L for MeOH.

TABLE 7 Experimental data for the hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBY) using CSM for the selective synthesis of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBE)

p is the reactor pressure; t ═ reactor temperature; v_LLiquid volumetric flow rate; H/S-molar ratio of hydrogen to substrate.

Example 5 Leaching analysis

Collecting the product solution during the steady state regime of extended operation allows for catalyst leaching analysis on a catalytic static mixer rack (CSM).

A total of 1L or more of product solution was collected during the course of the standard test reaction experiment (i.e., EtOAc in ethanol to which VAc was reduced). All organic materials were carefully removed and the remaining materials were analyzed for the presence of Cr, Mn, Fe, Mo, Al, Ni, Pd, Pt and Ru by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-EOS). The CSMs tested were all wash-coated alumina-based catalysts, (1) nickel on alumina, (2) palladium on alumina, (3) platinum on alumina, and (4) ruthenium on alumina, and 4 different groups of each of (1) to (4) CSMs were tested. Each CSM is 6mm in diameter and 150mm in length. As shown in table 7 below, the product stream contained only the active catalyst metals Ni, Pd, Pt and Ru at parts per billion (ppb) levels. It is understood that ppb values for Cr, Mn, Fe, Mo and Al originate from the 316 stainless steel body of the reactor and from the bottom static mixer holder. It is also understood that ppb levels of the active metals Ni, Pd, Pt and Ru are from the catalytic coating deposited on the CSM.

The results unexpectedly and advantageously show that the active catalyst layer exhibits excellent adhesion to the bottom static mixer support, and degradation of the catalyst layer of the CSM during long continuous use is negligible for all examples given in table 8 below, the highest amount of soluble metal detected is Fe, thus most metal contamination is believed to come from 316 Stainless Steel (SS) CSM supports, SS tubes, and other SS parts of the reactor.

Table 8: leaching data

Leaching data in ppb; UD represents below detectable level; NA indicates not applicable.

Claims

1. A process for preparing a catalytically coated stent comprising the steps of:

(i) applying a catalytic liquid suspension to a stent surface to provide a coating containing catalytically active sites on the coated stent surface, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension comprises a liquid carrier containing a plurality of ex situ catalyst particles, and wherein the coated stent has a non line-of-sight configuration comprising a plurality of channels configured to disperse and mix one or more fluid reactants during flow and reaction thereof, and

(ii) drying the coated stent to remove the liquid carrier, thereby providing a coated stent comprising ex situ catalyst particles.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the scaffold is a static mixer scaffold.

3. The process of claim 2, wherein the surface of the static mixer is pre-coated with a carrier material and optionally a binder prior to step (i).

4. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the catalytic liquid suspension further comprises a binder.

5. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of applying the catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface in step (i) is done by wash coating or dip coating.

6. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the process further comprises a pre-treatment step prior to applying the catalytic liquid suspension to the stent surface in step (i), and wherein the pre-treatment step comprises at least one surface treatment step of the stent surface selected from chemical treatment, anodization, hot dipping, vacuum plating, painting, thermal spraying and acid etching.

7. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the catalyst particles are formed from a catalyst material or a catalyst support material comprising the catalyst material on a support material.

8. The process of claim 7, wherein the catalyst material is selected from a metal, a metal oxide, an aluminum silicate, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, a graphitic material, a metal-organic framework, a zeolite, or any combination thereof.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein the metal is selected from metals of at least one of aluminum, iron, cerium, calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium, or metal oxides thereof.

10. The process according to any one of claims 3-9, wherein the support material is selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate or potassium oxide.

11. The process of any one of claims 7-10, wherein the catalyst support material is selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium on silica diphenylphosphine, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica, or a zeolite.

12. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the catalyst particles in the catalytic liquid suspension is less than 10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the catalytic liquid suspension.

13. The process according to any one of claims 3-12, wherein the binder used to catalyze the liquid suspension is selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyester, polyurethane, acrylics, condensation resins, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene.

14. The process of claim 13, wherein the binder is added at a concentration of about 0.3 wt.% to about 5 wt.% based on the total weight of the catalytic liquid suspension.

15. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid carrier is selected from water, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, or combinations thereof.

16. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the solid content of the catalytic liquid suspension is from about 3 wt.% to about 28 wt.%.

17. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the coating has a thickness of about 1 μ ι η to about 50 μ ι η.

18. The process of any of the preceding claims, wherein the surface area of the catalyst is about 1m²A/g of about 1000m²/g。

19. The process of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adhesion of the coating provides less than about 0.5 wt.% of the total mass loss of the coating when measured by the sonication test.

20. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the scaffold is a metal, a metal alloy, a cermet, a carbon fiber, silicon carbide or a polymer.

21. The process of claim 20, wherein the scaffold is a metal scaffold.

22. The process of claim 20, wherein the metal or metal alloy of the metal stent is titanium, aluminum, or stainless steel.

23. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the scaffold has an aspect ratio (L/d) of at least 75.

24. The process of any of the preceding claims wherein the ex situ catalyst particles are less than about 5 μ ι η.

25. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the drying step comprises the steps of:

(a) applying a first temperature in the range of about 15 ℃ to about 30 ℃ to the coated surface of the stent for a first period of time in the range of about 4 to 24 hours to volatilize at least a portion of volatile materials from the catalytic liquid suspension; and

(b) applying a second temperature in the range of about 100 ℃ to about 180 ℃ for a second period of time in the range of about 4 to 24 hours under a controlled gas pressure such that a dried coating is formed on the stent surface.

26. A catalytically coated stent prepared by a process of preparing the catalytically coated stent of any of claims 1-25.

27. A catalytically coated stent comprising a coating on a stent, wherein the coating comprises a plurality of catalyst particles, and wherein the coated stent has a non-line-of-sight configuration comprising a plurality of channels configured for dispersion and mixing of one or more fluid reactants during flow and reaction thereof.

28. The catalytically coated stent of claim 27, wherein the coating comprises a support material and optionally a binder.

29. The catalytically coated stent of claim 28, wherein the catalyst particles are selected from metals, metal oxides, aluminum silicates, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphitic materials, metal organic frameworks, zeolites, or any combination thereof.

30. The catalytically coated stent of claims 27-29, wherein the catalyst particles are a metal or metal oxide thereof selected from at least one of aluminum, iron, cerium, calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, zinc, nickel, palladium, platinum, gold, silicon, silver, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and chromium.

31. The catalytically coated stent of claim 28, wherein the support material is selected from at least one of activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, graphite materials, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, alumina, silica, ceramics, magnesium chloride, calcium carbonate, or potassium oxide.

32. The catalytically coated stent of claim 28 wherein the catalyst support material is selected from at least one of ruthenium on alumina, palladium on lead-poisoned calcium carbonate, iron on alumina, silver on alumina, palladium on diphenylphosphine silica, palladium on titanium silicate, palladium on carbon, nickel-modified alumina, silica or zeolites.

33. The catalytically coated stent of any one of claims 27-32, wherein the binder is selected from hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyesters, polyurethanes, acrylics, condensation resins, polyvinyl acetate, poly (acrylic acid) sodium salt, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, dextrin, sodium silicate, silica sol, polydimethylsiloxane, boehmite, colloidal alumina, or polyisobutylene.

34. The catalytically coated stent of any of claims 27-33, wherein the catalyst particles are less than 5 μ ι η.

35. The catalytically coated stent of any one of claims 27-34, wherein the coating has a thickness of about 1 μ ι η to about 50 μ ι η.

36. The catalytically coated stent of any one of claims 27-35, wherein the coated stent is a coated static mixer stent.

37. A continuous flow chemical reactor for the reaction of one or more fluid reactants, the reactor comprising one or more catalytically coated stents prepared by the process of any one of claims 1-26 or the catalytically coated stent of any one of claims 27-36.

38. The continuous-flow chemical reactor of claim 37, wherein the one or more fluid reactants are provided in a continuous fluid flow.

39. The continuous-flow chemical reactor of claim 37 or 38, wherein the continuous fluid flow is provided by at least one liquid phase.

40. A continuous flow process for heterogeneous reactions comprising one or more chemical reactors of any one of claims 37-39.

41. The continuous-flow process of claim 40, wherein the heterogeneous reaction is a hydrogenation reaction.