CN114250159A - 两株野生酵母及其在改善果酒颜色稳定性中的应用 - Google Patents
两株野生酵母及其在改善果酒颜色稳定性中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一株酿酒酵母和一株异常威克汉逊酵母,以及它们在改善果酒颜色稳定性中的应用。所述两株酵母保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,其中酿酒酵母的保藏编号为CGMCC No.22751,异常威克汉逊酵母的保藏编号为CGMCC No.22753。两株酵母经检测具有优良的羟基肉桂酸脱羧酶活性,能够增加富含矢车菊素‑3‑O‑葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素‑3‑O‑芸香糖苷、锦葵素‑3‑O‑葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素‑3‑O‑葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素‑3‑O‑葡萄糖苷等花色苷的葡萄酒、蓝莓酒、桑椹酒、樱桃酒、越橘酒等果酒发酵及陈酿过程中的吡喃型花色苷衍成物的含量,进而增强陈年果酒的颜色稳定性,提升感官品质质量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及微生物技术领域。本发明具体涉及一株酿酒酵母和一株异常威克汉逊酵母,以及它们在改善葡萄酒、桑椹酒、蓝莓酒等果酒发酵及陈酿过程中花色苷稳定性的应用。
背景技术
颜色是消费者对果酒的第一印象,可反映果酒原料和酿造工艺的优劣,也是影响消费者评判果酒质量与消费的关键。花色苷是果酒类产品中的主要呈色物质,但果酒中的单体花色苷极不稳定,在发酵及陈酿期间降解严重。
目前国内外可用来提高花色苷稳定性较好的方法是辅色作用。辅色作用可以通过辅因子与花色苷间形成非共价π-π重叠结构,保护花色苷类物质免于水化,达到增强花色苷稳定性的效果。不同花色苷分子因结构不同,辅色作用对其产生的辅色效果有所不同。在葡萄酒/桑椹酒/蓝莓酒等果酒的研究中,辅色作用在短期陈酿期间辅色作用效果良好,表现为光泽度较好,红色色调明显,但不利于长期稳定色泽的保持。在添加单宁提取物作为辅色素的桑椹酒护色研究中,观察到从第五个月开始,桑椹酒颜色明显褪色,亮度升高。所以需要研究更合适的方法来提高葡萄酒/桑椹酒/蓝莓酒等果酒发酵及陈酿期间花色苷结构稳定性。
乙烯基酚基吡喃花色苷(VPA)是果酒中一类重要的花色苷衍生物,通常在橡木桶陈酿期间通过缓慢氧化形成,具有微量而高稳定的特征。随着研究的深入,发现在发酵过程中使用表达HCDC+的酵母菌株,可以促进VPA的形成。且HCDC广泛存在于S.cerevisia中,但具有强烈的菌株依赖性,不同菌株之间可能有很大差异。与S.cerevisia相比,某些非酿酒酵母菌株,如M.guilliermondii,S.pombe等已被报道称为高HCDC活性的酵母菌株,相较S.cerevisia更能促进VPA的形成。
矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、锦葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-葡萄糖苷等花色苷是葡萄酒、蓝莓酒、桑椹酒、蓝靛酒、樱桃酒、越橘酒、红树莓酒、山楂酒、草莓酒等果酒中富含的单体花色苷,在HCDC作用下,矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、锦葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-葡萄糖可有效转化为更稳定的苯酚吡喃矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷、苯酚吡喃矢车菊-3-芸香糖苷、苯酚吡喃锦葵-3-葡萄糖苷、苯酚吡喃天竺葵-3-葡萄糖苷、苯酚吡喃飞燕草-3-葡萄糖苷、苯酚吡喃芍药-3-葡萄糖苷、苯酚吡喃矮牵牛-3-葡萄糖苷,从而大大降低果酒发酵及陈酿期间花色苷的降解率。
因而通过高通量筛选高产HCDC酵母,可以作为一种有趣且有用的生物技术工具,通过促进葡萄酒、桑椹酒、蓝莓酒等果酒酿造过程中稳定VPA的快速大量形成,为解决葡萄酒、桑椹酒、蓝莓酒等果酒颜色不稳定的难题提供新思路和新方案。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供两株具有高HCDC活性的酵母,一株酿酒酵母,一株异常威克汉逊酵母,两株酵母单菌株/顺序/混合接种具有应用于葡萄酒、桑椹酒、蓝莓酒等果酒发酵中,以提升果酒发酵及陈酿期间酒体颜色稳定性的能力。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种高通量筛选高产HCDC的酵母的方案。
针对上述目的,本发明提供的技术方案如下:
本发明提供的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),名称为I34,属于酵母属(Saccharomyces),分离自河北昌黎长城平地赤霞珠葡萄醪。该菌株已于2021年6月21日保藏于“中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心”,保藏地址:北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏号为:CGMCC No.22751,建议分类命名为:酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。
本发明提供的异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus),名称为D6,属于威克汉姆酵母属(Wickerhamomyces),分离自宁夏云蔻酒庄。该菌株已于2021年6月21日保藏于“中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心”,保藏地址:北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏号为:CGMCC No.22753,建议分类命名为:异常威克汉逊酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)。
除非特别指明,酿酒酵母I34 CGMCC No.22751,在本文中简称I34,异常威克汉逊酵母D6 CGMCC No.22753,在本文中简称D6。
本发明提供的D6和I34可通过单菌株/顺序/混合接种的方式共同参与到果酒的酿造过程中。以桑椹酒为例,利于D6和I34单菌株/顺序/混合接种酿造的桑椹酒的优点在于:在筛选过程中,D6和I34均显现出了优秀的HCDC活性。在随后的桑椹酒酿造过程中,使用D6和I34顺序接种的发酵组能够使桑椹酒发酵完全,且其转化形成的两种新的VPA,分别为苯酚吡喃矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷(VPC3G)和苯酚吡喃矢车菊-3-芸香糖苷(VPC3R),表现出比桑椹汁中初始的矢车菊素-3-O葡萄糖苷(C3G)和矢车菊素-3-O芸香糖苷(C3R)陈酿期间更高的稳定性。因此,在发酵过程中,通过接种D6和I34,可以利用本土特色酵母菌株,更好地解决桑椹酒等果酒发酵及陈酿期间由于花色苷大量降解所引起的果酒颜色不稳定的难题。并通过使用本土特色酵母菌株替代商业酿酒酵母,更好地呈现国产果酒的特色,从而帮助中国果酒产业形成自己的本土特色,促进整个产区果酒产业发展。
本发明还提供了一种可以用于快速大量检测野生酵母HCDC酶活性的方法,能够在实际生产应用中简化筛菌程序,节省人力物力,从而大大提高筛选高HCDC酶活菌株的工作效率。
生物保藏说明
生物材料I34,分类命名:酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae,于2021年6月21日保藏在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,地址为:北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏编号为CGMCC No.22751。
生物材料D6,分类命名:异常威克汉姆酵母Wickerhamomyces anomalus,于2021年6月21日保藏在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,地址为:北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏编号为CGMCC No.22753。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍。
图1示菌株I34和D6在WL培养基上的菌落形态;
图2示花色苷单体及其衍生物含量变化记录;(FB:发酵开始;FE:发酵结束;SE:调硫灌装结束;W-1:陈酿第一周;W-5:陈酿第五周)。
具体实施方式
为了更好地理解与实施,下面结合实施例和附图详细说明本发明;所举实施例仅用于解释本发明,并非用于限制本发明的范围。
除非特别指明,以下实施例中所用的方法均为常规方法。
除非特别指明,以下实施例中所用的试剂均为分析纯级别的试剂,且可从正规渠道商购获得。
除非特别指明,以下实施例中的定量试验,均设置三次重复实验,结果取统计平均值。
实施例中涉及的培养基配方如下:
YPD固体培养基(每1L):酵母粉10g,蛋白胨20g,葡萄糖20g,琼脂20g。
桑椹酒酵母WL鉴别培养基(每1L):酵母粉4g,胰蛋白胨5g,葡萄糖50g,KH2PO40.55g,KCl 0.425g,CaCl2 0.125g,MgSO4 0.125g,FeCl3 2.5mg,MnSO4 2.5mg,琼脂20g,溴甲酚绿22mg。
HCDC酶活筛选培养基(每100mL):葡萄糖2g,YNB培养基0.67g,对香豆酸10mg(色谱级)。
实施例1使用高通量方法筛选得到酿酒酵母I34和异常威克汉逊酵母D6
本发明一株酿造性能好的的酿酒酵母,是从河北昌黎长城平地赤霞珠葡萄醪中得到并保存,另一株酿造性能好的异常威克汉逊酵母,是从宁夏云蔻酒庄中得到并保存,之后通过实验筛选所得,筛选过程如下:
取出在甘油管中冻存的菌株,解冻后按照10%的比例接种于液体YPD培养基中,28℃,160r/min培养24h;
用蛋白胨水稀释培养后菌液,选取合适的稀释度,取0.1mL菌液涂布于灭菌后的WL鉴别培养基上,28℃静止培养48h。若WL鉴别培养基出现杂菌污染,用接种环挑取单菌落接种于YPD液体培养基中,重复上述步骤,直至得到纯化菌株;
用接种环挑取WL平板上的目标单菌落接种到液体YPD培养基中培养,用0.9%生理盐水调整菌液密度OD600=1.0;
向96深孔板每孔添加适量HCDC酶活筛选培养基,将已调整菌液密度的菌液(OD600=1.0)分别接种到深孔板中,每个孔接种量为10%,每种菌液接种3个孔作为平行试验,记录好每个板孔所对应的单菌落编号,用无菌盖覆盖深孔板,25℃恒温培养箱中发酵培养10天。培养结束后,样品在4℃、5000rpm的高速离心机中离心10min。用UPLC检测发酵结束后菌液中HCDC底物对香豆酸浓度,以公式(1)计算各菌株的HCDC活性,从而对不同菌株产HCDC能力进行初步评价。
式中:C0′:不添加酵母发酵样品组中剩余对香豆酸浓度;
C1′:发酵10天后菌株发酵样品中剩余对香豆酸浓度;
C0:发酵培养基中初始对香豆酸浓度,即100mg/L。
以不添加酵母发酵的无菌培养基为对照,各菌株HCDC活性的测定结果见表1,通过深孔板发酵试验,共获得5株高对香豆酸利用率的菌株,进行下一步试验。
表1试验菌株HCDC活性
菌株编号 | 菌株名称 | HCDC活性(%) |
I34 | 酿酒酵母 | 69.20±2.07 |
I42 | 酿酒酵母 | 69.99±1.97 |
F30 | 酿酒酵母 | 75.81±0.50 |
B21 | 季也蒙毕赤酵母 | 78.86±0.01 |
D6 | 异常威克汉姆酵母 | 78.71±0.05 |
实施例2野生酿酒酵母I34、野生异常威克汉逊酵母D6和商业酿酒酵母S13小型酿酒比较试验
将广东汕头黑桑果挑选破碎,以1L玻璃广口瓶作为桑椹酒发酵容器,结合前期菌株筛选结果,共设置五个发酵试验组,每组分别设置3个平行,具体分组情况见表2。
表2发酵试验组的设置
使用超高效液相色谱联合高分辨质谱(UPLC-MS)对样品发酵及陈酿期间花色苷单体及其衍生物的种类及含量进行了测定,结果见图2。
定量结果显示,C3G和C3R结构不稳定,在发酵及陈酿期间降解严重,在HCDC酶作用下,新转化形成的VPC3G和VPC3R表现出低含量但高稳定性的特征。以D6和I34顺序接种酿造的桑椹酒生成了最高含量的VPC3G和VPC3R,表明其酿造的桑椹酒具有更好的维持桑椹酒陈酿期间稳定色泽的潜力。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (5)
1.一株酿酒酵母,其特征在于,保藏编号:CGMCC No.22751。
2.一株异常威克汉逊酵母,其特征在于,保藏编号:CGMCC No.22753。
3.如权利要求1所述的酿酒酵母和如权利要求2所述的异常威克汉逊酵母在生产富含矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、锦葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷等花色苷单体的葡萄酒、桑椹酒、蓝莓酒等果酒中的应用。
4.一种生产葡萄酒、桑椹酒、蓝莓酒等果酒的方法,是利用如权利要求1所述的酿酒酵母和如权利要求2所述的异常威克汉逊酵母通过单菌株/顺序/混合接种发酵葡萄、桑椹、蓝莓等果实原料,得到富含花色苷的果酒。
5.一种高通量筛选具有高产羟基肉桂酸脱羧酶(HCDC)特征的酵母的方法,可得到如权利要求1所述的酿酒酵母和如权利要求2所述异常威克汉逊酵母,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)取出在甘油管中冻存的菌株,解冻后按照5%-10%的比例接种于液体YPD培养基中,28℃,160r/min培养24h;
(2)用蛋白胨水稀释(1)培养的菌液,选取合适的稀释度,取0.1mL菌液涂布于灭菌后的WL鉴别培养基上,28℃静止培养48h;若WL鉴别培养基出现杂菌污染,用接种环挑取单菌落接种于YPD液体培养基中,重复上述步骤,直至得到纯化菌株;
(3)用接种环挑取WL平板上的目标单菌落接种到液体YPD培养基中培养,用0.9%生理盐水调整菌液密度OD600为0.8-1.2;
(4)向96深孔板每孔添加适量HCDC酶活筛选培养基,将(3)所得已调整菌液密度的菌液接种到深孔板中,接种量为8%-12%,每种菌液接种3个孔作为平行试验,记录好每个板孔所对应的单菌落编号,用无菌盖覆盖深孔板,25-28℃恒温培养箱中发酵培养6-10天;
(5)培养结束后,样品离心;用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测发酵结束后菌液中酶底物对香豆酸浓度,从而对不同菌株产HCDC能力进行初步评价,以不添加酵母发酵的无菌培养基为对照,筛选出具有较高HCDC酶底物利用效率的特征菌株;
(6)对(5)初筛得到的菌株重复(1)-(4)的步骤进行菌株发酵培养,培养结束后,样品离心,用UPLC检测发酵结束后菌液中HCDC底物对香豆酸和中间产物4-乙烯基苯酚的浓度,根据测定结果,最终筛选得到具有高HCDC活性的酵母菌株。
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