CN114175960B - Method for improving space utilization rate and seedling quality of young grapes - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a method for improving the space utilization rate and the seedling quality of young grapes, which comprises the following steps: in the first year: after the grapes sprout in the first year, leaving 1 strong young shoot at the top, arranging three iron wires, vertically binding the young shoots on the first iron wire after the young shoots grow to 50cm, removing all growth points below the first iron wire, and keeping 1-2 auxiliary shoots at the top of the young shoots; when the auxiliary tip grows to 10cm, the auxiliary tip is horizontally bound along the first iron wire, and the core is removed after the auxiliary tip grows to 60 cm; when the young shoots grow to 120cm, the young shoots are horizontally bound along a second iron wire, and when the young shoots grow to 150cm, the young shoots are plucked. In the second year: the main vines are horizontally bound at the first and second iron wires, and the base parts of the main vines form an included angle of 70-80 degrees with the ground; removing all growing points of the longitudinal main vines between the first iron wire and the second iron wire, leaving selected tips on the transverse main vines of the first iron wire and the second iron wire, and pinching and removing other axillary buds according to the difference of the types of new tips in the current year, namely fruiting branches and nutrition branches. The invention utilizes space, increases the thickness of main vines and gives consideration to nutrition and reproductive growth.

Description

Method for improving space utilization rate and seedling quality of young grapes

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of grape planting, and particularly relates to a method for improving space utilization rate and seedling quality of young grapes.

Background

After the grape nursery stocks are planted, the needed cultivation frame vigor needs to be determined according to the cultivation region environment, which plays an important role in grape growth vigor, high yield and fruit quality. The traditional cultivation frame is divided into a hedge frame and a shed frame, and the shed frame has large frame surface and wide fruiting surface, but has high material cost, large one-time investment and larger difficulty in the aspects of shaping, trimming and pest control; the hedge frame management is convenient, does benefit to and buries soil, and ventilation printing opacity is good, and unit area output is higher, and traditional grape is made by the cultivation of grape and adopts the hedge frame more.

In order to achieve the aim of premature birth and high yield, the grape is usually planted in 2 nd year, and the young shoots are horizontally tied to the position from the first place to the iron wire, so that the aims of inhibiting vegetative growth and promoting reproductive growth are fulfilled. Although the method can promote the early high yield of the grapes, the method has the following 3 defects: (1) space utilization is insufficient. The resulting part is located between the first and second wires, and the second to third wires are not properly utilized. And (2) the main vines are too thin. Because the angle between the main vines and the ground is too small too early, the top end advantage is not obvious, the thickening speed of the main vines is low, the production problems of freezing damage, dry hot air suction of branches and the like easily occur during winter in northern areas, and the survival rate of afforestation is influenced. And (3) disorder of the shelf surface. The young shoots grow too densely and easily germinate for two times or even multiple times of secondary shoots, so that the leaf curtain is too thick, ventilation and light transmission are influenced, plant diseases and insect pests are caused, and the labor cost for pruning is increased.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for improving the space utilization rate and the seedling quality of young grapes, aiming at the defects of the prior art, the method not only can reasonably utilize the whole rack surface, reduce the thickness of a leaf curtain, ensure the ventilation and light transmission of the grapes, ensure the premature and high yield of the grapes, but also can effectively increase the thickness of main vines of the grapes, help the grapes planted in northern cold regions to successfully live through the winter and reduce the occurrence probability of freezing injury.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a method for improving the space utilization rate and the seedling quality of young grapes comprises the following steps:

s1, nursery stock management in the first year: the grapes are cultivated in a trellis, after grape seedlings are fixedly planted in the last ten days of 3 months, a pit with the depth of 30cm is dug between two grapes in a ditch, oil residue and a ternary compound fertilizer are applied to the pit for one time, after the seedlings are fixedly planted and sprout in the first year, 1 robust new tip at the top end is reserved, a first iron wire is arranged at a position 50cm away from the ground along the horizontal direction, a second iron wire is arranged at a position 120cm away from the ground along the horizontal direction, and a third iron wire is arranged at a position 180cm away from the ground along the horizontal direction;

after the young shoots grow to 50cm, vertically binding the young shoots to the first iron wire to grow upwards, removing all growth points below the first iron wire, and reserving 1-2 auxiliary shoots at the top ends of the young shoots;

when the auxiliary tip grows to 10cm, binding the auxiliary tip to grow along the horizontal direction of the first iron wire, germinating auxiliary tip axillary buds, growing a secondary auxiliary tip, and after the auxiliary tip grows to 60cm, pinching the secondary auxiliary tip; the pinching method for the secondary auxiliary tip comprises the following steps: when the secondary tips are vegetative branches, 2 leaf pinching parts are reserved; when the secondary tips are fruit branches, 4 leaf pinching parts are left on the fruit clusters;

when the young shoots grow to 120cm, the young shoots are wound and bound along the horizontal direction of a second iron wire, the young shoots germinate and grow into primary auxiliary shoots, and when the young shoots grow to 180-200 cm, the primary auxiliary shoots are subjected to pinching; the method for pinching the primary secondary tip comprises the following steps: when the primary subsidiary tips are nutrient branches, 2 leaf pinching parts are reserved; when the primary secondary tips are fruit branches, 4 leaf pinching parts are reserved on fruit clusters;

the young shoots bound on the second iron wire grow vertically upwards, and when the young shoots grow to 6-8 leaves, the young shoots are bound on a third iron wire to be fixed and prevented from lodging;

s2, seedling management in the second year: the grape main vines are bent in the same direction in the year of the last year, a first layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the first iron wire, a second layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the second iron wire, and the base parts of the main vines form an included angle of 70-80 degrees with the ground; removing all growth points of the main vines among the first iron wire and the second iron wire, and selecting 1 robust tip as a selected tip from the main vines bound by the first iron wire and the second iron wire at intervals of 6-10 cm, wherein the selected tip forms a new tip in the same year after sprouting in the same year;

when the current new shoots are bearing branches, 4-6 leaf pinching parts are reserved on inflorescences, 1 leaf pinching part is reserved on 2-3 primary auxiliary shoots sprouting at the base parts of the current new shoots, and other all axillary buds are deducted by using fingernails;

and when the young shoots in the current year are vegetative branches, leaving 3 leaf pinching parts, leaving 1 leaf pinching part for 2-3 primary secondary shoots sprouting at the base parts of the young shoots in the current year, and removing all other axillary buds.

According to the invention, the spaces between the first iron wire and the second iron wire and between the second iron wire and the third iron wire are result spaces, so that the space utilization rate can be improved, the leaf curtain thickness is reduced by carrying out operations of pinching and removing axillary buds on different types of young shoots in the same year, and the ventilation and light transmission of grapes are ensured.

Because the grape vine has the top end advantage, the key to realizing the thickening and the speeding of the main vine lies in adjusting the contradiction between the vegetative growth and the reproductive growth of the vine. The first year of field planting is bound perpendicular to the ground, the top end advantage of the grapes is utilized to quickly increase, after the height of the grape trellis is built, an included angle of 70-80 degrees is formed between the grape trellis and the ground, and the top end advantage can still be utilized to achieve the purpose of fully distributing the second iron wires. The nutrients are mainly used for increasing and thickening the main tendrils but not used for growing new tips and auxiliary tips, so that the aims of quickly increasing the main tendrils and reasonably utilizing the space are fulfilled.

Preferably, the average thickness of the young shoots of the grapes in S1 is 1.06 cm-1.21 cm when the grapes are harvested in the first year.

Preferably, the average thickness of the main vines in the S2 is 1.62 cm-1.93 cm when the grapes are harvested in the second year.

Preferably, the application amount of the oil residue in the S1 is 2 kg/plant, the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer is 0.5 kg/plant, the mass fraction of nitrogen in the ternary compound fertilizer is 24%, the mass fraction of phosphorus is 14%, and the mass fraction of potassium is 5%.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:

according to the invention, the spaces between the first iron wire and the second iron wire and between the second iron wire and the third iron wire are the fruit spaces, so that the space utilization rate can be improved, the leaf curtain thickness is reduced by carrying out operations of pinching and removing axillary buds on new shoots of different types in the same year, the ventilation and light transmission of grapes are ensured, the grapes are prevented from being burnt by light intensity in the fruit expanding period, the generation rate of plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced, the excessive consumption of nutrients by vigorous shoots is prevented, the thickness of main vines of the grapes can be effectively increased, and the labor and the time are saved.

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples.

Detailed Description

Example 1

This example was carried out in 2020-2021 in three-plateau farm test base of Wulu wood-Qi city, where the area of the test was 6 mu for the plantation of vitis amurensis 'Beibinghong'.

The method for improving the space utilization rate and the seedling quality of the young grapes is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s1, nursery stock management in the first year: the grapes are cultivated in a trellis, after grape seedlings are fixedly planted in the last ten days of 3 months, a 30cm deep pit is dug between two grapes in a ditch, oil residue and a ternary compound fertilizer are applied to the pit once, the oil residue is applied in an amount of 2 kg/plant, the ternary compound fertilizer is applied in an amount of 0.5 kg/plant, the ternary compound fertilizer comprises 24% by mass of nitrogen, 14% by mass of phosphorus and 5% by mass of potassium, 1 robust young sprout at the top end is reserved after the seedlings are fixedly planted and sprout in the first year, a first iron wire is horizontally arranged at a position 50cm away from the ground, a second iron wire is horizontally arranged at a position 120cm away from the ground, and a third iron wire is horizontally arranged at a position 180cm away from the ground;

after the young shoots grow to 50cm, vertically binding the young shoots to the first iron wire for upward growth, removing all growth points below the first iron wire, and reserving 1 auxiliary shoot at the top ends of the young shoots;

when the auxiliary tip grows to 10cm, binding the auxiliary tip to grow along the horizontal direction of the first iron wire, germinating auxiliary tip axillary buds, growing a secondary auxiliary tip, and after the auxiliary tip grows to 60cm, pinching the secondary auxiliary tip; the secondary tip pinching method comprises the following steps: when the secondary tips are vegetative branches, 2 leaf pinching parts are reserved; when the secondary tips are fruit branches, 4 leaf pinching parts are left on the fruit clusters;

when the young shoots grow to 120cm, the young shoots are wound and bound along the horizontal direction of a second iron wire, germinate and grow into primary auxiliary shoots, and when the young shoots grow to 180cm (mainly by fully spreading the 2 nd layer of rack surface), the primary auxiliary shoots are cored; the method for pinching the primary secondary tip comprises the following steps: when the primary secondary tips are vegetative branches, 2 leaf pinching parts are reserved; when the primary secondary tips are fruit branches, 4 leaf pinching parts are reserved on fruit clusters; the young shoots tied on the second iron wire grow vertically upwards, and when the young shoots grow to 6-8 leaves, the young shoots are tied on a third iron wire to be fixed and prevented from falling down;

when grapes are harvested in the first year, the average thickness of grape shoots is 1.06cm;

s2, managing the nursery stock in the second year: the grape main vines are bent in the same direction in the last year, a first layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the first iron wire, a second layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the second iron wire, and the base parts of the main vines form an included angle of 70 degrees with the ground; removing all growing points of the main vines between the first iron wire and the second iron wire, and selecting 1 robust tip as a selected tip on each 6cm interval of the main vines of the grapes bound by the first iron wire and the main vines of the grapes bound by the second iron wire, wherein the selected tip forms a new tip in the same year after sprouting in the same year;

when the current new shoot is a bearing branch, 4 leaf pinching parts are reserved on the inflorescence, 1 leaf pinching part is reserved on 2 primary auxiliary shoots sprouting at the base part of the current new shoot, and other all axillary buds are deducted by using the nail;

when the current new shoot is a vegetative branch, leaving 3 leaf pinching points, leaving 1 leaf pinching point on 2 primary secondary shoots sprouting at the base part of the current new shoot, and removing other all axillary buds;

when grapes are harvested in the second year, the average thickness of main vines of the grapes is 1.62cm.

And (3) test results:

(1) The method comprises the steps of collecting vitis amurensis 'northern ice red' of a three-lawn farm test base in Wuluqiqi city, and measuring 2-year-old seedling wood single fruits, wherein the average single fruit weight is 0.85g, the average single fruit volume is 0.82mL, the average fruit longitudinal diameter is 10.40mm, the average transverse diameter is 10.53mm, and the average sugar content is 27.70Brix.

(2) The method comprises the steps of collecting the vitis amurensis 'northern ice red' of a three-lawn farm test base in Wulumuqi city, and measuring the 2-year-old seedling wood ears, wherein the average ear weight is 65.03g, the average ear length is 14.46cm, and the average ear width is 4.88cm.

(3) The method comprises the steps of collecting the 'Beibinghong' of the vitis amurensis three-lawn farm test base in Wulu wood-level city, and measuring the yield of seedlings grown in 2 years, wherein the average yield of a single plant reaches 524.20g, and the yield per mu reaches 109.03kg.

(4) The 'north ice red' of the vitis amurensis of the three-lawn farm test base in Wulu wood city and the field growth potential of the 2-year-old seedlings are measured, and the average base diameter of the main vines is 1.62 cm/plant.

Example 2

In this example, the test was carried out in 2019 to 2020 on three-terrace farm test bases in Wulu wood-Qi city, and the test area was 6 mu for the vitis amurensis 'Beibinghong'.

The method for improving the space utilization rate and the seedling quality of young grapes is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s1, nursery stock management in the first year: the grapes are cultivated by adopting a trellis, after grape nursery stocks are fixedly planted in the last 3 months, a 30cm deep pit is dug between two grapes in the pit, oil residue and a ternary compound fertilizer are applied to the pit once, the application amount of the oil residue is 2 kg/plant, the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer is 0.5 kg/plant, the mass fraction of nitrogen in the ternary compound fertilizer is 24%, the mass fraction of phosphorus is 14%, the mass fraction of potassium is 5%, 1 robust new tip at the top end is reserved after nursery stocks are fixedly planted and germinated in the first year, a first iron wire is horizontally arranged at a position 50cm away from the ground, a second iron wire is horizontally arranged at a position 120cm away from the ground, and a third iron wire is horizontally arranged at a position 180cm away from the ground;

when the young shoots grow to 50cm, vertically binding the young shoots to the first iron wire for upward growth, removing all growth points below the first iron wire, and reserving 2 auxiliary shoots at the top ends of the young shoots;

when the auxiliary tip grows to 10cm, binding the auxiliary tip to grow along the horizontal direction of the first iron wire, germinating auxiliary tip axillary buds, growing a secondary auxiliary tip, and after the auxiliary tip grows to 60cm, pinching the secondary auxiliary tip; the pinching method for the secondary auxiliary tip comprises the following steps: when the secondary tips are vegetative branches, 2 leaves are left for pinching; when the secondary tips are fruit branches, 4 leaf pinching parts are left on the fruit clusters;

when the new tip grows to 120cm, the new tip is wound and bound along the horizontal direction of a second iron wire, the new tip germinates and grows to form a primary auxiliary tip, and when the new tip grows to 200cm (mainly by fully covering the 2 nd layer of rack surface), the primary auxiliary tip is cored; the method for pinching the primary auxiliary tip comprises the following steps: when the primary secondary tips are vegetative branches, 2 leaf pinching parts are reserved; when the primary secondary tip is a bearing branch, 4 leaf pinching parts are left on the fruit cluster; the young shoots tied on the second iron wire grow vertically upwards, and when the young shoots grow to 6-8 leaves, the young shoots are tied on a third iron wire to be fixed and prevented from falling down;

when grapes are harvested in the first year, the average thickness of grape shoots is 1.21cm;

s2, managing the nursery stock in the second year: the grape main vines are bent in the same direction in the last year, a first layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the first iron wire, a second layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the second iron wire, and the base parts of the grape main vines form an included angle of 80 degrees with the ground; removing all growth points of the main vines among the first iron wire and the second iron wire, and selecting 1 robust tip as a selected tip from the main vines bound by the first iron wire and the second iron wire at intervals of 10cm, wherein the selected tip forms a new tip in the same year after sprouting in the same year;

when the current new shoot is a bearing branch, 6 leaf pinching parts are left on the inflorescence, 1 leaf pinching part is left on 3 primary auxiliary shoots sprouting at the base part of the current new shoot, and other all axillary buds are deducted by using a nail;

when the young shoots in the current year are vegetative branches, leaving 3 leaf pinching parts, leaving 1 leaf pinching part for 3 primary secondary shoots sprouting at the base parts of the young shoots in the current year, and removing all other axillary buds;

when grapes are harvested in the second year, the average thickness of main vines of the grapes is 1.93cm.

And (3) test results:

the method comprises the steps of collecting vitis amurensis 'northern ice red' of a three-lawn farm test base in Wuluqiqi city, and measuring 2-year-old seedling wood single fruits, wherein the average single fruit weight is 0.87g, the average single fruit volume is 0.83mL, the average fruit longitudinal diameter is 10.45mm, the average transverse diameter is 10.54mm, and the average sugar content is 27.89Brix.

(2) The method comprises the steps of collecting the vitis amurensis 'northern ice red' of a three-lawn farm test base in Wulumuqi city, and measuring the 2-year-old seedling wood ears, wherein the average ear weight is 66.34g, the average ear length is 15.21cm, and the average ear width is 4.97cm.

(3) The method comprises the steps of collecting vitis amurensis 'northern ice red' of three-lawn farm test base in Wuluxyloqi city, measuring the yield of seedlings growing in 2 years, wherein the average yield of a single plant reaches 533.20g, and the yield per mu reaches 112.04kg.

(4) The 'north ice red' of the vitis amurensis of the three-lawn farm test base in Wulu wood city and the field growth potential of the 2-year-old seedlings are measured, and the average base diameter of the main vines is 1.93cm per plant.

Comparative example 1

The comparative example is carried out in a three-lawn farm test base in Wulu Muqi city, and the test area is 6 mu for planting the vitis amurensis 'Beibinghong'.

This comparative example is the cultivation mode of traditional little "factory" shape grape:

s1, nursery stock management in the first year: reserving 1 robust young shoot, wherein when the young shoot grows to 30cm, an upright post is arranged beside the young shoot and forms an included angle of 45 degrees with the ground, the young shoot is bound on the upright post and grows along the direction of the upright post to form a horizontal and vertical plane in a shape like a Chinese character 'ji', when the young shoot grows to 120cm, a pinching of 100cm is reserved, and a secondary shoot growing at the top end of the young shoot is reserved with 1-2 leaf pinching;

s2, nursery stock management in the first year: the main vine of the grape nursery stock is bent and stretched in the same direction as the previous year, the base part of the main vine forms an included angle of 50 degrees with the ground, and the main vine is horizontally bound on a first iron wire which is 50cm away from the ground to form a horizontal single arm, so that the 'factory' shaped frame is completed.

The frame has the advantages of early fruiting, simple frame, good ventilation and light transmission, low incidence of plant diseases and insect pests and the like, but the fruiting part is low, so that harvesting is inconvenient; the growth rate of the secondary tips is high, and the labor amount is increased; and the vegetative growth of the tree body is controlled too early, so that the main vines are too thin, the whole frame surface cannot be effectively utilized, and the idle space of the second to third frame surfaces is wasted.

And (3) test results:

(1) The method comprises the following steps of collecting vitis amurensis 'northern ice red' of a three-lawn farm test base in Wuluqiji city, and measuring 2-year-old seedling wood single fruits, wherein the average single fruit weight is 0.80g, the average single fruit volume is 0.80mL, the average fruit longitudinal diameter is 10.25mm, the average transverse diameter is 10.40mm, and the average sugar content is 20.51Brix;

(2) Collecting vitis amurensis 'northern ice red' of a three-lawn farm test base in Wuluxylo city, measuring the 2-year-old seedling wood ears, wherein the average ear weight is 46.74g, the average ear length is 13.60cm, and the average ear width is 4.78cm;

(3) Collecting vitis amurensis 'Beibinghong' of three-lawn farm test base in Wulu wood city, measuring the yield of seedlings in 2 years, wherein the average yield of a single plant reaches 410.90g, and the yield per mu reaches 85.488kg;

(4) The vitis amurensis 'Beibinghong' of the three-lawn farm test base in Wulu wood city is measured, the field growth potential of the 2-year-old seedlings is measured, and the average base diameter of the main vines is 0.96 cm/plant.

The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Any simple modification, change and equivalent changes of the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the invention are still within the protection scope of the technical solution of the invention.

Claims (1)

1. A method for improving space utilization rate and seedling quality of young grapes is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s1, nursery stock management in the first year: the grapes are cultivated in a trellis, after grape seedlings are fixedly planted in the last ten days of 3 months, a pit with the depth of 30cm is dug between two grapes in a ditch, oil residue and a ternary compound fertilizer are applied to the pit for one time, after the seedlings are fixedly planted and sprout in the first year, 1 robust new tip at the top end is reserved, a first iron wire is arranged at a position 50cm away from the ground along the horizontal direction, a second iron wire is arranged at a position 120cm away from the ground along the horizontal direction, and a third iron wire is arranged at a position 180cm away from the ground along the horizontal direction; the application amount of the oil residues is 2 kg/plant, the application amount of the ternary compound fertilizer is 0.5 kg/plant, the mass fraction of nitrogen in the ternary compound fertilizer is 24%, the mass fraction of phosphorus is 14%, and the mass fraction of potassium is 5%; when grapes are harvested in the first year, the average thickness of grape young shoots is 1.06 cm-1.21 cm;

after the young shoots grow to 50cm, vertically binding the young shoots to the first iron wire to grow upwards, removing all growth points below the first iron wire, and reserving 1-2 auxiliary shoots at the top ends of the young shoots;

when the auxiliary tip grows to 10cm, the auxiliary tip is tied and grows along the horizontal direction of the first iron wire, axillary buds of the auxiliary tip germinate and grow into a secondary auxiliary tip, and when the auxiliary tip grows to 60cm, the secondary auxiliary tip is subjected to pinching; the secondary tip pinching method comprises the following steps: when the secondary tips are vegetative branches, 2 leaves are left for pinching; when the secondary tip is a bearing branch, 4 leaf pinching parts are left on the fruit cluster;

when the young shoots grow to 120cm, the young shoots are wound and bound along the horizontal direction of a second iron wire, the young shoots germinate and grow into primary auxiliary shoots, and when the young shoots grow to 180-200 cm, the primary auxiliary shoots are subjected to pinching; the method for pinching the primary auxiliary tip comprises the following steps: when the primary secondary tips are vegetative branches, 2 leaf pinching parts are reserved; when the primary secondary tips are fruit branches, 4 leaf pinching parts are reserved on fruit clusters;

the young shoots bound on the second iron wire grow vertically upwards, and when the young shoots grow to 6-8 leaves, the young shoots are bound on a third iron wire;

s2, seedling management in the second year: the grape main vines are bent in the same direction in the year, a first layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the first iron wire, a second layer of main vines are horizontally bound at the second iron wire, and the base parts of the main vines form an included angle of 70-80 degrees with the ground; removing all growing points of main vines between the first iron wire and the second iron wire, and selecting 1 robust tip as a selected tip on each of the main vines of the grapes bound by the first iron wire and the main vines of the grapes bound by the second iron wire at intervals of 6-10 cm, wherein the selected tip forms a new tip in the same year after sprouting in the same year; when grapes are harvested in the second year, the average thickness of main vines of the grapes is 1.62 cm-1.93 cm;

when the current new shoots are bearing branches, 4-6 leaf pinching parts are reserved on inflorescences, 1 leaf pinching part is reserved on 2-3 primary auxiliary shoots sprouting at the base parts of the current new shoots, and other all axillary buds are deducted by using fingernails;

and when the young shoots in the current year are vegetative branches, leaving 3 leaf pinching parts, leaving 1 leaf pinching part for 2-3 primary secondary shoots sprouting at the base parts of the young shoots in the current year, and removing all other axillary buds.