CN114052015A - 棉花促花催熟剂及促花催熟方法 - Google Patents
棉花促花催熟剂及促花催熟方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种棉花促花催熟剂及促花催熟方法，属于棉花种植技术领域。所述棉花促花催熟剂由组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ组成，所述组分Ⅰ由山梨糖醇和赤霉素组成；所述组分Ⅱ由芸苔素内脂、甲哌鎓和异黄酮组成。所述促花催熟方法通过在不同时期喷施组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ，缩短花期，进而减少棉铃成熟时间差距，达到集中吐絮的目的，具有很好的推广应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及棉花种植领域，具体提供一种棉花促花催熟剂及促花催熟方法。
背景技术
棉花是我国的重要经济作物和战略物质，在国民经济中具有不可替代的重要地位。随着机械化水平的提高，棉花机采已成为减少植棉用工、提高植棉效益的重要途径。棉花吐絮期从8月中、下旬至10月下旬或11月初共约60-70天，吐絮期过长，不利于机械采收，有时需2-3次才能完成采收。施用催熟剂可调节棉花合理生长发育，构建棉花合理株型和群体结构，促进棉花生殖生长，缩短吐絮周期，提高吐絮率。科学施用催熟剂是棉花机械采收的重要前提，可提高机采棉的作业效率和采净率，减少作业次数。目前市场存在的催熟剂以噻苯隆和乙烯利系列为主，这些产品的使用主要是在吐絮中后期，吐絮率达到40％(一般为9月中下旬)时使用，以加快吐絮进程，达到集中吐絮的目的，如果提前使用会影响棉花叶片功能，降低光合作用，影响棉花产量和品质。
发明内容
本发明的技术任务是针对上述现有技术的不足，提供一种能够减少棉铃成熟时间差距，使棉花集中吐絮的棉花促花催熟剂。
本发明进一步的技术任务是提供一种棉花促花催熟方法。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：棉花促花催熟剂，其特点是由组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ组成，所述组分Ⅰ由山梨糖醇和赤霉素组成；所述组分Ⅱ由芸苔素内脂、甲哌鎓和异黄酮组成。
作为优选，组分Ⅰ中山梨糖醇和赤霉素的质量比为(55-70):(30-45)，特别优选为(55-60):(40-45)。
作为优选，组分Ⅱ中芸苔素内脂、甲哌鎓和异黄酮的质量比为(0.05-0.1):(20-40):(60-80)，特别优选为(0.05-0.1):(20-30):(70-80)。
本发明的棉花促花催熟方法，其特点是在初花期施用组分Ⅰ，组分Ⅰ每亩用量为20-40g,兑水10-15Kg，所述组分Ⅰ由山梨糖醇和赤霉素组成；
在盛铃期施用组分Ⅱ，组分Ⅱ每亩用量15-25g，兑水10-15Kg,所述组分Ⅱ由芸苔素内脂、甲哌鎓和异黄酮组成。
组分Ⅰ中，山梨糖醇可促进花芽分化，赤霉素可促进花器官的发育。初花期，棉花开花进程由下部果枝推进到中部果枝，组分Ⅰ可促进中上部果枝花芽发育，加速开花进程。
组分Ⅱ中甲哌鎓可以抑制植株体内赤霉素合成，进而抑制花的形成和发育，芸苔素内脂和异黄酮可促进生殖器官发育，促进光合产物向花铃器官的转运，加速已开花朵和棉铃的成熟。盛铃期施用组分Ⅱ可抑制无效花的形成，加速已开花朵和棉铃的成熟，减小上部铃和下部铃的成熟时间差，进而促进集中吐絮。
作为优选，在人工打顶或化学打顶前1-2周施用组分Ⅰ。
作为优选，组分Ⅰ、组分Ⅱ以全株喷施的方式施用。
和现有技术相比，本发明的棉花促花催熟剂及促花催熟方法具有以下突出的有益效果：
(1)制备工艺简单，无污染。
将各原料按比例混合后即可使用，操作简便，使用方便。无毒无味，安全环保，不污染植物、土壤和地下水。
(2)创新性强，无同类产品
从6月下旬(初花期)至8月中旬(盛铃期)，棉花由下部果枝到上部果枝存在一个持续开花过程，这一过程长达70多天。花期持续时间越长，上部和下部棉铃成熟时间差距越大，越不利于集中吐絮。植物花芽发育，主要有外因(温度和光照时长)和内因(赤霉素、生长素和茉莉酸等激素)共同决定。从6月下旬开始，棉花开花的外因已经具备，温度和光照时长均已满足，所以下部果枝开始开花，进而逐步向上部果枝转移，这一过程是由棉株不同部位花芽内部激素含量和光合物质以及养分的分配决定的，因此，针对棉花的花期，申请人通过改变棉株不同部位激素含量，并促进叶片光合物质向花铃器官转移，缩短棉花花期，进而缩短吐絮周期，减少棉铃成熟时间差距，达到集中成熟的目的。目前市场上还没有同类作用的产品，应用市场前景广。
(3)多组分作用相辅相成，效果显著
组分Ⅰ的作用主要是促进中上部果枝的开花，其中山梨糖醇促进花芽分化，赤霉素可促进花器官的发育，作用涉及从花芽组织分化到花器官的形成整个过程，促花效果显著。组分Ⅱ的作用是抑制开花，加速已成花铃的成熟，其中甲哌鎓抑制花的形成和发育，防止生成无效花，芸苔素内脂和异黄酮促进已开花朵和棉铃的成熟，将节省的“能量”用于已开花朵和棉铃，催熟效果显著。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明，但不作为对本发明的限定。
实施例：
本发明的棉花促花催熟剂包括组分Ⅰ、组分Ⅱ，分别由表1所示物质混合而成。
表1.棉花促花催熟剂不同样品各组分配比
试验例一：
2021年新疆奎屯7师125团棉田进行大田试验，研究促花催熟剂在西北内陆棉区春棉的使用效果。
试验设置2个处理，喷施制备实施例样品1促花催熟和对照，每个处理设置3个重复，共6个小区，大小行种植，大行66cm，小行10cm，6行区，行长10m。播种时间为4月11日，覆膜滴管，机械播种，供试品种为新路早59号。处理在7月3日喷施组分Ⅰ(山梨糖醇：赤霉素＝70：30)，7月15日喷施化学打顶剂，在8月7日喷施组分Ⅱ(芸苔素内脂：甲哌鎓：异黄酮＝0.05：29.95：70)。其他田间管理同当地常规管理。每个小区选取连续的20株棉花，调查吐絮率。9月7日调查吐絮率结果为：对照吐絮率27.2％，喷施促花催熟处理吐絮率为33.5％，吐絮率提高23.2％；10月7日调查吐絮率结果为：对照吐絮率84.1％，喷施促花催熟处理吐絮率为97.3％，吐絮率提高15.7％。
试验例二：
2021年在山东无棣西小王镇进行大田试验，研究促花催熟剂在黄河流域棉区短季棉的使用效果。
试验设置4个处理，喷施制备实施例样品3、样品4、样品5和对照，每个处理设置3个重复，共12个小区，大小行种植，大行66cm，小行10cm，6行区，行长10m。5月25日机械直播，覆膜，供试品种为鲁棉245。处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ，在人工打顶前12天，7月8日喷施组分Ⅰ(山梨糖醇：赤霉素＝55：45)，处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅲ在8月14日喷施组分Ⅱ(芸苔素内脂：甲哌鎓：异黄酮＝0.10：19.90：80)。其他田间管理同当地常规管理。每个小区选取连续的20株棉花，在7月31日调查蕾花数，8月28日调查成铃数，9月17日和10月19日调查吐絮率。调查结果见表2。7月31日调查蕾花数结果显示，处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ分别比对照增加了32.5％和28.2％，处理Ⅲ与对照差异不显著，说明促花催熟剂组分Ⅰ可显著促进棉花开花进程。8月28日调查成铃数结果显示，处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ分别比对照增加29.6％、14.8％、18.5％，说明促花催熟剂组分Ⅱ显著促进棉铃发育。9月17日调查吐絮率结果表明，处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ分别比对照增加26.0％、14.5％、15.8％。10月19日调查吐絮率结果显示，处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ分别比对照增加18.4％、10.9％、12.5％。说明促花催熟剂组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ均可促进棉花集中成熟，尤其是组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ同时使用效果更佳。
表2.喷施棉花促花催熟剂对棉花的影响
注：在7月31日调查蕾花数，8月28日调查成铃数，9月17日和10月19日调查吐絮率。
Claims (6)
1.棉花促花催熟剂，其特征在于：由组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ组成，
所述组分Ⅰ由山梨糖醇和赤霉素组成；
所述组分Ⅱ由芸苔素内脂、甲哌鎓和异黄酮组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的棉花促花催熟剂，其特征在于：组分Ⅰ中山梨糖醇和赤霉素的质量比为(55-70):(30-45)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的棉花促花催熟剂，其特征在于：组分Ⅱ中芸苔素内脂、甲哌鎓和异黄酮的质量比为(0.05-0.1):(20-40):(60-80)。
4.棉花促花催熟方法，其特征在于：
在初花期施用组分Ⅰ，组分Ⅰ每亩用量为20-40g,兑水10-15Kg，
所述组分Ⅰ由山梨糖醇和赤霉素组成；
在盛铃期施用组分Ⅱ，组分Ⅱ每亩用量15-25g，兑水10-15Kg,
所述组分Ⅱ由芸苔素内脂、甲哌鎓和异黄酮组成。
5.根据权利要求4所述的棉花促花催熟方法，其特征在于：在人工打顶或化学打顶前1-2周施用组分Ⅰ。
6.根据权利要求4所述的棉花促花催熟方法，其特征在于：组分Ⅰ、组分Ⅱ以全株喷施的方式施用。
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