CN102668178B - 由两种组分的组合制成的阴极以及使用该阴极的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
由两种组分的组合制成的阴极以及使用该阴极的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102668178B CN102668178B CN201080053439.0A CN201080053439A CN102668178B CN 102668178 B CN102668178 B CN 102668178B CN 201080053439 A CN201080053439 A CN 201080053439A CN 102668178 B CN102668178 B CN 102668178B
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 17
- -1 sheet Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910020434 Li0.1(Ni0.5Mn0.4Co0.1)0.9 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical group C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical group O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinon Chemical compound CN1CCN(C)C1=O CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006091 1,3-dioxolane group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ANLVEXKNRYNLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxonan-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OCCCCCCO1 ANLVEXKNRYNLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IZXIZTKNFFYFOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Oxazolidone Chemical compound O=C1NCCO1 IZXIZTKNFFYFOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiolane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound CC1CCCS1(=O)=O PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000925 Cd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012722 Li3N-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910013043 Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013035 Li3PO4-Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012810 Li3PO4—Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012047 Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012075 Li4SiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012057 Li4SiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015044 LiB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012573 LiSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012346 LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012345 LiSiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012348 LiSiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000572 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NXPZICSHDHGMGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Mn].[Li] Chemical compound [Co].[Mn].[Li] NXPZICSHDHGMGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].BCl Chemical compound [Li].BCl BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RTSFHYROWFWUJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Mn+2].[Mn+2].[O-]OO[O-].[Li+] Chemical compound [Mn+2].[Mn+2].[O-]OO[O-].[Li+] RTSFHYROWFWUJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;prop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C.OC(O)=O SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
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- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium magnesium Chemical compound [Li].[Mg] GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于二次电池的阴极,其包含选自化学式1的一种化合物或两种或更多种化合物与选自化学式2的一种化合物或两种或更多种化合物的组合。上述阴极提供了一种非水性电解质高输出锂二次电池,其在室温和高温下具有长寿命、长储存特性和优越的安全性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于锂二次电池的阴极,其包含两类特定化合物的组合,由此在环境温度和高温下表现出长使用寿命、长期储存性质和优越的稳定性。
背景技术
移动设备的技术发展和增加的需求导致对作为能量源的二次电池的需求迅速增加。在这些二次电池中,具有高能量密度和电压、长循环跨度和低自放电率的锂二次电池是商业可得的并被广泛使用。
此外,对环境问题的日益关切,促成了与电动车(EV)和混合动力电动车(HEV)相关的大量研究,来替代作为空气污染主要原因的使用化石燃料的车辆例如汽油车和柴油车。通常将镍-金属氢化物(Ni-MH)二次电池用作电动车(EV)和混合动力电动车(HEV)的电源。然而,目前,大量与具有高能量密度、放电电压和功率稳定性的锂二次电池的使用相关的研究正在进行之中,并且其中一些是商业可得的。
具体来说,用于电动车的锂二次电池应该具有高能量密度,在短时间内施加高功率,并可以在严苛条件下使用10年或更长,因此与常规的小型锂二次电池相比需要相当优越的稳定性和长期使用寿命。
用于小型电池的常规锂二次电池一般利用具有分层结构的锂钴复合氧化物作为阴极,石墨基材料作为阳极。然而,锂钴复合氧化物的缺点在于用作主要元素的钴极是昂贵的,并且锂钴复合氧化物就稳定性来说不适合用在电动车中。因此,具有由锰构成的尖晶石晶体结构、成本低并表现出优越稳定性的锂锰复合氧化物,作为电动车用锂离子电池的阴极可能是适合的。
然而,当锂锰复合氧化物在高温下储存时,锰被洗脱到电解质中,使电池性能变差。因此,需要能够防止这种现象的措施。此外,锂锰复合氧化物与常规的锂钴复合氧化物或锂镍复合氧化物相比,不利之处在于单位电池重量的容量小,从而限制了单位电池重量的容量的增加。为了使电池可实际用作电动车的电源,应该对电池进行设计以提高这种限度。
为了克服这些缺点,使用混合阴极活性材料进行了大量与电极制造相关的研究。例如,日本专利申请公开No.2002-110253和No.2004-134245公开了一种技术,其使用锂锰复合氧化物与锂镍钴锰复合氧化物的混合物以便增加回生功率(revitalization power)等,但是仍存在锂锰氧化物的不良循环寿命和稳定性提高有限的缺点。
此外,韩国专利No.0458584公开了一种阴极活性材料,其由具有平均直径为7至25μ的镍基大球形直径的活性材料化合物和具有平均直径为2至6μm的镍基小球形直径的活性材料化合物(例如LIxMn2O4-zXz,其中X表示F、S或P,0.90≤x≤1.1并且0≤z≤0.5)构成,以增加电极板的体积密度,从而提高电池容量。
此外,为了提高电池容量、使用寿命和高倍率放电性能,韩国专利No.0570417公开了使用具有尖晶石晶体结构的四氧化锂二锰(Lithium tetraoxide dimanganese)作为阴极活性材料,日本专利申请公开No.2002-0080448公开了使用含锂锰复合氧化物的阴极活性材料,日本专利申请公开2004-134245公开了使用含有具尖晶石晶体结构的锂锰复合氧化物和锂过渡金属复合氧化物的阴极活性材料制造二次电池。
然而,尽管存在这些相关技术,但仍然必须开发具有适合的使用寿命和稳定性的二次电池。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,进行了本发明以解决上述问题以及尚未解决的其它技术问题。
作为为解决上述问题而进行的各种广泛深入的研究和实验的结果,本发明的发明人开发了包含两类特殊化合物例如式1化合物和式2化合物的组合的用于二次电池的阴极,并发现当使用这样的阴极制造二次电池时,可以提高电池的性能例如稳定性和使用寿命。基于该发现完成了本发明。
技术方案
因此,本发明的用于锂二次电池的阴极包含选自式1的一种或多种化合物与选自式2的一种或多种化合物的组合:
(1-s-t)[Li(LiaMn(1-a-x-y)NixCoy)O2]*s[Li2CO3]*t[LiOH] (1)
Li(LibMn(2-b))O4 (2)
其中0<a<0.3;0<x<0.8;0<y<0.6;0<s<0.05;并且0<t<0.05,0<b<0.3。
正如上面提到的,本发明使用具有分层晶体结构、由特定元素和化合物构成的锂镍-锰-钴复合氧化物与具有尖晶石晶体结构的锂锰氧化物的混合物作为阴极。
尽管在式1化合物中列出的碳酸锂(Li2CO3)和氢氧化锂(LiOH)的组成和作用不能清楚地解释,但可信的是当式1化合物与式2化合物组合使用时,可以补救相应的缺点并能够使优点最大化。其详细解释在下文中给出。
式2的化合物具有热稳定性优越和成本低的优点,但具有容量小和高温性能不佳的缺点。这些缺点是由于结构问题、例如可能被电池中存在的HF显著增加的姜-泰勒(Jahn-Teller)变形所造成的Mn容易被洗脱这一事实引起的。
另一方面,在本发明的阴极中,具有优越结构稳定性并且是碱性的式1化合物抑制了表现出优越稳定性但在高温下储存时表现出结构不稳定性的式2化合物与电池中存在的强酸HF的反应,并诱导了HF向式2化合物的洗脱,从而使电池的总Mn洗脱降至最低。
在式1中,碳酸锂(Li2CO3)和氢氧化锂(LiOH)以预定的量存在,并且基于式1化合物的总摩尔数,优选以低于0.05摩尔、更优选0.03摩尔或更低的量存在。当碳酸锂(Li2CO3)和氢氧化锂(LiOH)以0.05摩尔或更高的量存在时,它们可能不利地诱导电池容量的变差和副反应。
优选地,式1化合物与式2化合物的混合比例以重量计为1:9至9:1。当在两种化合物中式1化合物以过少的量存在时,发生不能获得理想水平的使用寿命的问题。另一方面,当式2化合物以过少的量存在时,电池的稳定性不利地变差。因此,更优选地,式1化合物与式2化合物的混合比例以重量计为2:8至8:2。
已知在式1和2中,6配位结构的位点例如Ni、Mn和Co可以被另一种可以具有6配位结构的金属或非金属元素部分地替代。所述位点被另一种金属或非金属元素替代的情况,也落入本发明的范围之内。被另一种元素替代的量,基于过渡金属的总量,优选为0.2摩尔或更低。当被另一种元素替代的量过大时,不利地,不能获得所需水平的容量。
此外,在式1和2的化合物中,预定量的氧(o)离子可以被其他阴离子替代,并且这样的替代也落入本发明的范围之内。优选地,所述替代阴离子可以是选自例如F、Cl、Br和I的卤素、硫、硫族元素和氮中的一种或多种元素。
这些阴离子的替代能够提高与过渡金属的键合力并防止活性材料的结构转变,从而提高电池的使用寿命。另一方面,当替代阴离子的量过高(超过0.5的摩尔比)时,式1或2的化合物变得不稳定,导致使用寿命变差。因此,替代阴离子的量优选为0.01至0.5摩尔、更优选为0.01至0.2摩尔。
构成本发明的阴极的式1和2的化合物可以由本领域的普通技术人员根据上面给出的组成方程容易地制备,因此将省略其制备方法。
可以通过向预定的溶剂例如水或NMP加入包含粘结剂、电极活性材料和导电材料的混合物以制备浆液,将浆液施加到集电器,然后进行干燥和卷绕,来制造本发明的阴极。
如果需要,所述阴极混合物还可以包含选自粘度控制剂和填料的至少一种组分。
所述阴极集电器一般被制造成具有3至500μm的厚度。对阴极集电器没有特别限制,只要它具有适合的导电性并且不在制造的电池中引起不利化学变化即可。作为阴极集电器的实例,可以提到的是不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、烧结碳,以及用碳、镍、钛、银等进行表面处理的铝或不锈钢。如果需要,这些集电器还可以被加工以在其表面上形成细小的不规则体,以便增加与阴极活性材料的附着力。此外,集电器能够以各种不同形式使用,包括薄膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺织物。
导电材料提高电极活性材料的导电性,并且基于包括阴极活性材料的混合物的总重量,通常以0.01至30重量%的量添加。可以使用任何导电材料,对此没有特别限制,只要它具有适合的导电性并且不在制造的二次电池中引起不利化学变化即可。作为可用于本发明的导电材料的实例,可以提到的导电材料包括石墨例如天然或人造石墨;炭黑类例如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑和热炭黑;导电纤维例如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末例如氟化碳粉、铝粉和镍粉;导电晶须例如氧化锌和钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物例如二氧化钛;以及聚亚苯基衍生物。
所述粘结剂是增强活性材料与导电材料和集电器的粘结的组分。基于包括阴极活性材料的混合物的总重量,粘合剂通常以1至50重量%的量添加。所述粘结剂的实例包括聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶、含氟橡胶和各种共聚物。
粘度控制剂控制电极混合物的粘度以便于电极混合物的混合及其向集电器的施加,并且基于电极混合物的总重量,能够以30重量%或更低的量添加。粘度控制剂的实例包括但不限于羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酸和聚偏氟乙烯。如果需要,溶剂也可以用作粘度控制剂。
填料是任选用于抑制阴极膨胀的辅助组分。对填料没有特别限制,只要它不在制造的电池中引起不利化学变化并且是纤维材料即可。作为填料的实例,可以使用烯烃聚合物例如聚乙烯和聚丙烯,以及纤维材料例如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
本发明还提供了包括阴极、阳极、隔板和含锂盐非水性电解质的锂二次电池。
通过向阳极集电器施加阳极活性材料然后干燥,来制备阳极。所述阳极活性材料还可以包含上面提到的成分例如导电材料和粘结剂。
阳极集电器一般被制造成具有3至500μm的厚度。对阳极集电器没有特别限制,只要它具有适合的导电性并且不在制造的电池中引起不利化学变化即可。作为阳极集电器的实例,可以提到的是铜、不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛、银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢,以及铝-镉合金。与阴极集电器类似,如果需要,这些集电器还可以被加工以在其表面上形成细小的不规则体,以便增加与阳极活性材料的附着力。此外,所述集电器能够以各种不同形式使用,包括薄膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺织物。
阳极活性材料的实例包括碳和石墨材料例如天然石墨、人造石墨、膨胀石墨、碳纤维、硬碳、炭黑、碳纳米管、苝、活性炭;可以与锂形成合金的金属例如Al、Si、Sn、Ag、Bi、Mg、Zn、In、Ge、Pb、Pd、Pt和Ti以及含有这些元素的化合物;碳和石墨材料与金属及其化合物的复合物;以及含锂的氮化物。其中,基于碳的活性材料、基于硅的活性材料、基于锡的活性材料或基于硅-碳的活性材料更加优选。材料可以单独或以其两种或更多种的组合使用。
隔板置于阴极和阳极之间。作为隔板,使用具有高离子渗透性和机械强度的绝缘薄膜。隔板通常具有0.01至10μm的孔径和5至300μm的厚度。作为隔板,使用由具有化学抗性和疏水性的烯烃聚合物例如聚丙烯和/或玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的片或无纺织物。当使用固体电解质例如聚合物作为电解质时,固体电解质也可以起到隔板和电解质两者的作用。
含锂盐的非水性电解质由非水性电解质和锂盐构成。作为非水性电解质,可以使用非水性电解质溶液、固体电解质和无机固体电解质。
作为能够用于本发明的非水性电解质溶液,例如可以提到的是非质子型有机溶剂例如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四羟基franc、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸丙烯酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚丙烯衍生物、聚氧化乙烯衍生物、聚氧化丙烯衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏氟乙烯和含有离子性解离基团的聚合物。
无机固体电解质的实例包括锂的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐,例如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是容易溶解在上面提到的非水性电解质中的材料,并可以包括例如LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、短链脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺锂。
此外,为了提高充电/放电特性和阻燃性,可以向所述非水性电解质添加例如吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环状醚、乙二胺、乙二醇二甲醚、六甲基磷酰三胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑啉、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化氯等。如果需要,为了赋予不可燃性,所述非水性电解质还可以包括含卤素溶剂例如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了赋予高温储存特性,所述非水性电解质可以另外包括二氧化碳气体、氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)、丙烯基磺酸内酯(PRS)或氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)。
本发明的二次电池可以用作电池模块的单元电池,所述电池模块是需要高温稳定性、长循环性能、高倍率性能等的中型和大型装置的电源。
优选地,所述中型和大型装置可以是电动车(EV)、混合动力电动车(HEV)或插电式混合动力电动车。
有利效果
正如从上述明显看出的,基于包含锂锰钴复合氧化物和锂锰氧化物的特定混合物的阴极,本发明提供了非水性电解质二次电池,其能够在高温下确保稳定性并提高使用寿命。
附图说明
从下面的详细描述并结合附图,可以更清楚地理解本发明的上述和其他目的、特点和其他优点,在所述附图中:
图1是显示了在实验例1中对比例1至3和实例1和2的电池的容量随着时间推移降低的图。
具体实施方式
现在,将参考下面的实例对本发明进行更详细的描述。提供这些实例仅仅是为了说明本发明,而不应被解释为限制了本发明的范围和精神。
[实例1]
将由具有0.9967[Li(Li0.1(Ni0.5Mn0.4Co0.1)0.9O2)*0.0021(LiOH)*0.0012(Li2CO3)所表示的分层晶体结构的化合物和具有由Li(Li0.1Mn1.8Al0.1)O4所表示的尖晶石晶体结构的化合物以50:50的重量比构成的活性材料、导电材料和粘结剂以90:6:4(活性材料:导电材料:粘结剂)的比率混合,并将得到的混合物涂覆在Al箔上,使最终载量为1.6mAh/cm2。将碳用作阳极,并将LiPF6在EC:EMC=1:2的混合溶剂中的1M溶液用作电解质。基于这种构型,制造了袋式单电池。
[实例2]
以与实例1中相同的方式制造袋式单电池,区别在于使用了由0.9967[Li(Li0.1(Ni0.5Mn0.4Co0.1)0.9O2]*0.0021(LiOH)*0.0012(Li2CO3)的分层晶体结构的化合物与Li(Li0.1Mn1.8Al0.1)O4的尖晶石晶体结构的化合物以70:30的重量比构成的活性材料。
[对比例1]
以与实例1中相同的方式制造袋式单电池,区别在于使用了由Li(Li0.1(Ni0.5Mn0.4Co0.1)0.9O2]的分层晶体结构的化合物与Li(Li0.1Mn1.8Al0.1)O4的尖晶石晶体结构的化合物以50:50的重量比构成的活性材料。
[对比例2]
以与实例1中相同的方式制造袋式单电池,区别在于使用了由Li(Li0.1(Ni0.5Mn0.4Co0.1)0.9O2]的分层晶体结构的化合物与Li(Li0.1Mn1.8Al0.1)O4的尖晶石晶体结构的化合物以70:30的重量比构成的活性材料。
[对比例3]
以与实例1中相同的方式制造袋式单电池,区别在于使用了由0.9966[Li(Li0.1(Ni0.5Mn0.4Co0.1)0.9O2]*0.0034(Li2CO3)的分层晶体结构的化合物与Li(Li0.1Mn1.8Al0.1)O4的尖晶石晶体结构的化合物以50:50的重量比构成的活性材料。
[实验例1]
将在实例1和2以及对比例1至3中制造的电池,在2.5V至4.2V的范围内充电并放电至1C并测量其容量。在5周时间内,以1周的时间间隔,在50%的充电状态(SOC)下将电池置于50℃的对流烘箱中,然后测量其容量降低。结果显示在下面的图1和表1中。
<表1>
正如可以从上面的表1和图1中看到的,实例1和2的电池与对比例1至3的电池相比,表现出相当小的容量减小。具体来说可以看到,随着时间的过去,容量减小的差异增加。此外,由其中仅仅缺少LiOH的分层晶体结构化合物构成的对比例3的电池,与对比例1和2的电池相比表现出相当小的容量减小,但是与实例1和2的电池相比显示出相当大的容量减小。
[实验例2]
将在实例1和2以及对比例1至3中制造的电池充电至1C并放电至1C进行100个循环,并测量其容量。在第10、第50和第100次循环时,在50%的充电状态(SOC)下将电池置于45℃对流烘箱中,然后测量其容量降低。结果显示在下面的表2中。
<表2>
正如可以从上面的表2看出的,实例1和2的电池与对比例1至3的电池相比,表现出相当小的容量减小。具体来说,可以看出,随着循环数的增加,容量减小的差异增加。可以看出,这种现象在由其中仅仅缺少LiOH的分层晶体结构化合物构成的对比例3的电池中是相同的。
尽管出于说明的目的已公开了本发明的优选实施方式,但本领域的普通技术人员将会认识到,可以不背离在随附的权利要求书中公开的本发明的范围和精神而进行各种不同的修改、添加和替代。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于锂二次电池的阴极,所述阴极包含选自式1的一种或多种化合物与选自式2的一种或多种化合物的组合:
(1-s-t)[Li(LiaMn(1-a-x-y)NixCoy)O2]*s[Li2CO3]*t[LiOH] (1)
Li(LibMn(2-b))O4 (2)
其中0<a<0.3,0<x<0.8;0<y<0.6;0<s<0.05,0<t<0.05并且0<b<0.3,以及
在式2中Mn的6配位结构的位点被另一种具有6配位结构的金属或非金属元素部分地替代,被另一种元素替代的量基于过渡金属的总量为0.2摩尔或更低,以及
其中式1化合物与式2化合物的混合比例以重量计为1:9至9:1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的阴极,其中式1化合物与式2化合物的混合比例以重量计为2:8至8:2。
3.一种锂二次电池,其包括根据权利要求1或2所述的阴极。
4.根据权利要求3所述的锂二次电池,其中所述二次电池被用作作为中型和大型装置的电源的电池模块的单元电池。
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EP2506342B1 (en) | 2017-01-18 |
EP2506342A2 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
BR112012012518B1 (pt) | 2019-07-16 |
US8501051B2 (en) | 2013-08-06 |
WO2011065650A3 (ko) | 2011-07-21 |
WO2011065650A2 (ko) | 2011-06-03 |
US9324999B2 (en) | 2016-04-26 |
RU2501125C1 (ru) | 2013-12-10 |
CN102668178A (zh) | 2012-09-12 |
KR101034227B1 (ko) | 2011-05-12 |
BR112012012518A2 (pt) | 2016-04-19 |
EP2506342A4 (en) | 2013-07-10 |
US20130292604A1 (en) | 2013-11-07 |
WO2011065650A9 (ko) | 2011-10-13 |
US20120112139A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
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