CN102206383A - Polypropylene composite for automobile bumpers, and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Polypropylene composite for automobile bumpers, and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102206383A CN102206383A CN2011101811039A CN201110181103A CN102206383A CN 102206383 A CN102206383 A CN 102206383A CN 2011101811039 A CN2011101811039 A CN 2011101811039A CN 201110181103 A CN201110181103 A CN 201110181103A CN 102206383 A CN102206383 A CN 102206383A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/875—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling for achieving a non-uniform temperature distribution, e.g. using barrels having both cooling and heating zones
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/9258—Velocity
- B29C2948/9259—Angular velocity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92704—Temperature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92819—Location or phase of control
- B29C2948/92857—Extrusion unit
- B29C2948/92876—Feeding, melting, plasticising or pumping zones, e.g. the melt itself
- B29C2948/92885—Screw or gear
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92819—Location or phase of control
- B29C2948/92857—Extrusion unit
- B29C2948/92876—Feeding, melting, plasticising or pumping zones, e.g. the melt itself
- B29C2948/92895—Barrel or housing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92819—Location or phase of control
- B29C2948/92857—Extrusion unit
- B29C2948/92904—Die; Nozzle zone
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a polypropylene composite for automobile bumpers, and a preparation method thereof. The polypropylene composite for automobile bumpers comprises 60-80% of polypropylene resin, 10-20% of inorganic filler, 5-15% of thermoplastic elastomer, 5-10% of compatilizer, 0.1-1% of antioxidant, 0-1% of light stabilizer and 0-1% of processing aid. The preparation method of the polypropylene composite for the automobile bumpers comprises the following steps of: firstly, adding the polypropylene resin, the thermoplastic elastomer, the compatilizer and the inorganic filler into a high-speed mixing machine for uniformly mixing, then adding the antioxidant, the light stabilizer and a lubricant to continuously stir and mix at high speed, and finally adding the uniformly mixed material into a double-screw extruder for extruding and forming to obtain the polypropylene composite. Due to the addition of the compatilizer, compared with the prior art, the automobile bumpers made of the polypropylene composite provided by the invention have higher impact resistance and lower cost and can better meet the requirement of customers for an automobile bumper material with high cost performance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of polypropylene composite material, specifically, relate to a kind of nerf bar polypropylene composite material and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Polypropylene is used widely in inner and outer decorative parts of automobile because of its excellent cost performance, particularly is applied on the front and back collision bumper of automobile.From 1976, the blend composition making that Italy FIAT company adopts PP and E/P multipolymer is in the world since the first secondary collision bumper, polypropylene is used in automotive field extensively as a kind of inexpensive novel universal plastics, and the collision bumper more than 80% all is that employing is the TPO material making of matrix with the polypropylene in the world at present.The automobile insurance bar material is high to toughness reguirements, can absorb enough energy with the assurance automobile when being subjected to clashing into, thus passenger's safety in the service truck.Prior art generally adopts with the toughening modifying of polypropylene material nerf bar adds terpolymer EP rubber (EPDM) or ethene-1 octene copolymer (POE) reaches toughness reinforcing purpose, but above-mentioned two kinds of toughner cost an arm and a leg on the one hand, on the other hand owing to contain divinyl and the long carbochain comonomer of octene, long carbochain comonomer of this class and polypropylene matrix resin compatible are relatively poor, have influenced toughening effect.
Chinese invention patent application CN101544793A discloses a kind of polypropylene composite material that can be used for nerf bar, and it gets component by following weight part and forms: 71 parts of acrylic resins, 10 parts of talcum powder, 6 parts of looks female, 3 parts of tougheners, 4 parts of brightening agents, EPDM6 part.Little, the easy-formation of material proportion that makes by aforesaid method, but toughness is relatively poor, and EPDM costs an arm and a leg, and material cost is very high.
Chinese invention patent application CN101759923A discloses a kind of nerf bar polypropylene composite material and preparation method thereof, with the superfine talcum powder is filling, ethene-1 octene (POE) is a toughner, γ-An Jibingjisanyiyangjiguiwan (KH550) is a compatilizer, the material rigid-tough balance that makes is better, but the KH550 compatibilization effect is relatively poor, can not bring into play the toughening functions of POE fully, and the material price ratio is not high.
Chinese invention patent application CN101993563A discloses a kind of preparation method of nerf bar polypropylene material, the employing maleic anhydride grafts is a compatilizer, by nucleator NA-11 crystallization control size, the material flowability height that makes, Heat stability is good, but because system modulus height and toughness is low, the material rigid-tough balance is poor.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is provides the polypropylene composite material that a kind of erosion-resisting characteristics is higher, cost is lower in order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art.
A kind of polypropylene composite material, form by following component and weight percent:
Acrylic resin: 60-80%,
Mineral filler: 10-20%,
Thermoplastic elastomer: 5-15%,
Compatilizer: 4-10%,
Oxidation inhibitor: 0.1-1%,
Photostabilizer: 0-1%,
Processing aid: 0-1%.
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described acrylic resin is the mixture of homo-polypropylene, second third block copolymerization polypropylene or two kinds.
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described homo-polypropylene resin melting index is 1-100g/10min, and the described second third block copolymerization polypropylene melting index is 1-100g/10min.
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described mineral filler is one or more the mixture in talcum powder, lime carbonate, barium sulfate, wollastonite, the glass fibre.
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described thermoplastic elastomer is one or both the mixture in ethylene-propylene rubber(EPR) (EPDM), the ethylene-octene copolymer (POE).
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described compatilizer is ethylene-propylene-1-butylene ternary block polymer.
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described oxidation inhibitor is one or more the mixture in Hinered phenols, phosphorous acid esters, the thio-based.
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described photostabilizer is one or more the mixture in hindered amine light stabilizer, photomask agent, UV light absorber, the quencher.
In above-mentioned polypropylene composite material, described processing aid is one or more the mixture in lubricant, toner, the white dyes.Described lubricant comprises one or more the mixture in ethylene bis stearic acid amide, stearic acid and its esters, the polyethylene wax.
The preparation method of above-mentioned polypropylene composite material comprises the steps:
(1) acrylic resin, thermoplastic elastomer, compatilizer, mineral filler are added mixing machine and mix, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃;
(2) add oxidation inhibitor, photostabilizer, processing aid continuation mixing, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃;
(3) material that mixes is added from twin screw extruder master spout, melt extrude granulation, each section of forcing machine temperature is set at 200 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃ of head temperatures, 400 rev/mins of screw speeds.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect: the present invention is by adding compatilizer ethylene-propylene-1-butylene ternary block polymer in matrix material, increase the consistency of thermoplastic elastomer, give full play to thermoplastic elastomer polyacrylic toughening functions.Therefore the nerf bar made of polypropylene composite material of the present invention compared with prior art has higher shock strength, and lower cost, can satisfy the demand of client to high performance-price ratio automobile insurance bar material better.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1-2
The component and the weight proportion weighing material that provide by table 1, at first acrylic resin, talcum powder, thermoplastic elastomer POE, propenyl ternary block polymer were mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, add antioxidant 1010, oxidation inhibitor 168, photostabilizer 770, processing aid again and mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃.Melt extrude granulation afterwards and obtain matrix material in twin screw extruder, each section of forcing machine temperature is set at 200 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃ of head temperatures, 400 rev/mins of screw speeds.
Test result sees Table 2.
Table 1: the component of embodiment 1-2 and proportioning (all by weight percentage)
Component | Comparative example 1 | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 |
The PP(homopolymerization) | 24 | 20 | 14 |
The PP(copolymerization) | 60 | 60 | ? 60 |
Talcum powder | ? 10 | 10 | ? 10 |
POE | ? 5 | 5 | 5 |
Compatilizer | - | 4 | 10 |
Antioxidant 1010 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Oxidation inhibitor 168 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Photostabilizer 770 | 0.2? | 0.2? | 0.2? |
Processing aid | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Table 2: embodiment 1-2 test performance (GB)
Test event | Unit | Comparative example 1 | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 |
Melting index | g/10min | 26 | 26.5 | 27 |
Tensile strength | Mpa | 27 | 27.5 | ? 28 |
Flexural strength | Mpa | 26.5 | 27 | 28 |
Modulus in flexure | Mpa | 1200 | 1205 | 1210 |
The IZOD notched Izod impact strength | KJ/m 2 | 14 | 18 | 25 |
Can find out that from last table the embodiment 1 of 4 parts and 10 parts compatilizers of adding and the shock strength of embodiment 2 obviously are better than not adding the Comparative Examples of compatilizer, and other performances also are better than Comparative Examples slightly.
Embodiment 3-5
The component and the weight proportion weighing material that provide by table 3, at first acrylic resin, talcum powder, thermoplastic elastomer POE, propenyl ternary block polymer were mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, add antioxidant 1010, oxidation inhibitor 168, photostabilizer 770, processing aid again and mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃.Melt extrude granulation afterwards and obtain matrix material in twin screw extruder, each section of forcing machine temperature is set at 200 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃ of head temperatures, 400 rev/mins of screw speeds.
Test result sees Table 4.
Table 3: the component of embodiment 3-5 and proportioning (all by weight percentage)
Component | Comparative example 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 |
The PP(homopolymerization) | 19 | 15 | 9 | 18 |
The PP(copolymerization) | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 |
Talcum powder | ? 15? | ? 15? | ? 15? | ? 15? |
POE | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 |
Compatilizer | - | 4 | 10 | 4 |
Antioxidant 1010 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Oxidation inhibitor 168 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Photostabilizer 770 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Processing aid | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Table 4: embodiment 3-5 test performance (GB)
Test event | Unit | Comparative example 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 |
Melting index | g/10min | ? 23 | 22.7? | ? 22.5 | 24.8 |
Tensile strength | Mpa? | 24 | 24.4 | ? 25? | 24.2 |
Flexural strength | Mpa | 28 | 28.4? | ? 29? | 28.2? |
Modulus in flexure | Mpa | 1290 | 1295 | 1230 | 1293 |
The IZOD notched Izod impact strength | KJ/m 2? | 28 | 33 | 40 | 29 |
Can find out that from last table the embodiment 3 and embodiment 4 performances that add 4 parts and 10 parts compatilizers respectively obviously are better than Comparative Examples, illustrate that the present invention can realize the high performance of material by the adding of compatilizer.And embodiment 5 is suitable substantially by adding 4 parts of compatilizer performances and Comparative Examples under the situation that reduces toughner POE consumption, illustrates that the present invention can realize the low cost of material by the adding of compatilizer.
Embodiment 6-9
The component and the weight proportion weighing material that provide by table 5, at first acrylic resin, talcum powder, thermoplastic elastomer POE, propenyl ternary block polymer were mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, add antioxidant 1010, oxidation inhibitor 168, photostabilizer 770, processing aid again and mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃.Melt extrude granulation afterwards and obtain matrix material in twin screw extruder, each section of forcing machine temperature is set at 200 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃ of head temperatures, 400 rev/mins of screw speeds.
Test result sees Table 6
Table 5: the component of embodiment 6-9 and proportioning (all by weight percentage)
Component | Comparative example 3 | Embodiment 6 | Embodiment 7 | Embodiment 8 | Embodiment 9 |
The PP(homopolymerization) | 19 | 15 | 9 | 18 | 14 |
The PP(copolymerization) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Talcum powder | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
POE | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 7 |
Compatilizer | - | 4 | 10 | 4 | 8 |
Antioxidant 1010 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 |
Oxidation inhibitor 168 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 | ? 0.1 |
Photostabilizer 770 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Processing aid | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
Table 6: embodiment 6-9 test performance (GB)
Can find out that from last table increase the talcum powder ratio, the embodiment 6 and embodiment 7 performances that add 4 parts and 10 parts compatilizers respectively obviously are better than Comparative Examples, illustrate that the present invention can realize the high performance of material by the adding of compatilizer.And embodiment 8 and embodiment 9 be under the situation that reduces toughner POE consumption, by adding compatilizer performance and Comparative Examples substantially quite or be better than Comparative Examples, illustrates that the present invention has realized the high performance-price ratio of material by the adding of compatilizer.
Embodiment 10-13
The component and the weight proportion weighing material that provide by table 7, at first acrylic resin, talcum powder, thermoplastic elastomer POE, propenyl ternary block polymer were mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, add antioxidant 1010, oxidation inhibitor 168, photostabilizer 770, processing aid again and mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃.Melt extrude granulation afterwards and obtain matrix material in twin screw extruder, each section of forcing machine temperature is set at 200 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃ of head temperatures, 400 rev/mins of screw speeds.
Test result sees Table 8.
Table 7: the component of embodiment 10-13 and proportioning (all by weight percentage)
Component | Comparative example 4 | Embodiment 10 | Embodiment 11 | Embodiment 12 | Embodiment 13 |
The PP(homopolymerization) | 17 | 13? | 7? | 16 | 12 |
The PP(copolymerization) | ? 47 | ? 47 | ? 47 | ? 47 | ? 47 |
Talcum powder | ? 20 | ? 20 | ? 20 | ? 20 | ? 20 |
POE | 15 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 12 |
Compatilizer | - | ? 4? | 10 | 4 | 8 |
Antioxidant 1010 | 0.1? | 0.1? | 0.1? | 0.1? | 0.1? |
Oxidation inhibitor 168 | 0.1? | 0.1? | 0.1? | 0.1? | 0.1? |
Photostabilizer 770 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Processing aid | 0.6? | 0.6? | 0.6? | 0.6? | 0.1 |
Table 8: embodiment 10-13 test performance (GB)
Can find out that from last table increase the POE consumption, the embodiment 10 and embodiment 11 performances that add 4 parts and 10 parts compatilizers respectively obviously are better than Comparative Examples, illustrate that the present invention can realize the high performance of material by the adding of compatilizer.And embodiment 12 and embodiment 13 be under the situation that reduces toughner POE consumption, by adding compatilizer performance and Comparative Examples substantially quite or be better than Comparative Examples, illustrates that the present invention has realized the high performance-price ratio of material by the adding of compatilizer.
Claims (10)
1. a polypropylene composite material is characterized in that, is made up of following component and weight percent:
Acrylic resin: 60-80%,
Mineral filler: 10-20%,
Thermoplastic elastomer: 5-15%,
Compatilizer: 4-10%,
Oxidation inhibitor: 0.1-1%,
Photostabilizer: 0-1%,
Processing aid: 0-1%.
2. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described acrylic resin is the mixture of homo-polypropylene, second third block copolymerization polypropylene or two kinds.
3. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described homo-polypropylene resin melting index is 1-100g/10min, and the described second third block copolymerization polypropylene melting index is 1-100g/10min.
4. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described mineral filler is one or more the mixture in talcum powder, lime carbonate, barium sulfate, wollastonite, the glass fibre.
5. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described thermoplastic elastomer is one or both the mixture in ethylene-propylene rubber(EPR), the ethylene-octene copolymer.
6. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described compatilizer is ethylene-propylene-1-butylene ternary block polymer.
7. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described oxidation inhibitor is one or more the mixture in Hinered phenols, phosphorous acid esters, the thio-based.
8. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described photostabilizer is one or more the mixture in hindered amine light stabilizer, photomask agent, UV light absorber, the quencher.
9. polypropylene composite material according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described processing aid is one or more the mixture in lubricant, toner, the white dyes.
10. the preparation method of the described polypropylene composite material of claim 1 is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
(1) acrylic resin, thermoplastic elastomer, compatilizer, mineral filler are added mixing machine and mix, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃;
(2) add oxidation inhibitor, photostabilizer, processing aid continuation mixing, temperature is controlled at 55-65 ℃;
(3) material that mixes is added from twin screw extruder master spout, melt extrude granulation, each section of forcing machine temperature is set at 200 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 220 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃ of head temperatures, 400 rev/mins of screw speeds.
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