CN102044627A - 电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件 - Google Patents
电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种电致伸缩复合材料,包括一片状柔性高分子基体以及一碳纳米管膜结构,其中,所述碳纳米管膜结构设置在所述柔性高分子基体一表面,并与所述柔性高分子基体具有不同的热膨胀系数,所述碳纳米管膜结构为多个碳纳米管通过范德华力结合而成。本发明还进一步提供一种电致伸缩元件。所述电致伸缩复合材料及其电致伸缩元件可用于人工肌肉或致动器等领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件,尤其涉及一种具有可弯曲特性的电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件。
背景技术
电致伸缩材料是在电场、电压或电流的作用下发生形变产生伸缩运动,从而实现电能-机械能转换的一种材料。电致伸缩材料由于类似肌肉的运动形式又被称为人工肌肉材料。
传统的电致伸缩材料包括形状记忆合金、压电陶瓷、铁电聚合物等。然而,这些电致伸缩材料的电致伸缩率较低,且柔韧性较差,与生物肌肉特性相差较远,不利于用作人工肌肉。
现有技术提供一种电介质弹性体材料。该电介质弹性体材料通常为一硅树脂或聚丙酸树脂橡胶。这种电介质弹性体材料可以提供较高的电致伸缩率,且具有较好的柔韧性,表现出与生物肌肉相似的特性。实际应用时,可将电介质弹性体材料构成的电介质弹性体膜设置于两个平行的金属电极之间。当在两个金属电极之间施加一上千伏特的高压直流电压时,两电极之间产生的静电引力在垂直电介质弹性体膜表面的方向上挤压电介质弹性体膜,使其在平行电介质弹性体膜表面的平面内向各个方向扩张。关闭电压,作用在所述电介质弹性体膜的静电引力消失,电介质弹性体膜恢复原来形状。然而,该电介质弹性体膜通常需要较高的直流电压(上千伏特)才能工作,提高了其使用成本,限制了其应用。
为了降低电致伸缩材料的工作电压,范守善等人公开了一种电致伸缩材料,请参见“Electrothermal Actuation Based on Carbon Nanotube Network in Silicon Elastomer”Applied Physics Letters Vol,92,P 263104(2008)。该电致伸缩复合材料包括硅橡胶基体及分散在硅橡胶基体中的大量碳纳米管。所述碳纳米管的质量百分含量为0.5~5%,且碳纳米管互相搭接在硅橡胶基体中形成大量导电网络,从而使该电致伸缩复合材料导电。上述的电致伸缩复合材料可以通过将分散好的碳纳米管溶液与所述的硅橡胶的预聚物溶液混合,之后聚合固化形成。当通过两个电极向所述电致伸缩复合材料施加一伏特的电压时,该电致伸缩复合材料中的碳纳米管网络中有电流流过,并产生焦耳热。该电致伸缩复合材料被电流产生的焦耳热加热并发生膨胀。然而,上述电致伸缩复合材料必须与其他热膨胀系数不同的基材配合才能实现弯曲,使得其制作工艺较复杂。
发明内容
有鉴于此,确有必要提供一种具有弯曲特性制作工艺简单的电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件。
一种电致伸缩复合材料,包括一片状柔性高分子基体以及一碳纳米管膜结构,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜结构设置在所述柔性高分子基体一表面,并与所述柔性高分子基体具有不同的热膨胀系数,所述碳纳米管膜结构为多个碳纳米管通过范德华力结合而成。
一种电致伸缩元件,其包括:一电致伸缩复合材料,该电致伸缩复合材料为片材,该电致伸缩复合材料包括一柔性高分子基体,以及一碳纳米管膜结构,所述碳纳米管膜结构与所述柔性高分子基体具有不同的热膨胀系数;以及一第一电极与一第二电极,所述第一电极与第二电极间隔设置于所述电致伸缩复合材料,并与所述电致伸缩复合材料电连接;其中,所述碳纳米管膜结构设置于柔性高分子基体的表面,所述碳纳米管膜结构为多个碳纳米管通过范德华力结合而成。
与现有技术相比较,本发明提供的电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件,其包括柔性高分子基体,以及设置于柔性高分子基体表面的碳纳米管膜结构,。由于碳纳米管膜结构与柔性高分子基体具有不同的热膨胀系数,且所述碳纳米管膜结构仅设置于柔性高分子基体的表面,使得所述电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件料具有非对称的结构,从而使得该电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件在受热时会向一面弯曲。并且,该电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件具有结构简单,制备工艺简单、成本低的优点,该电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件热膨胀具有可弯曲性,从而可以应用于精确控制器件中。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例提供的电致伸缩复合材料的立体结构示意图。
图2为图1所示的电致伸缩复合材料沿II-II线的剖视图。
图3为本发明实施例提供的电致伸缩复合材料中采用的碳纳米管拉膜的扫描电镜照片。
图4为本发明实施例提供的电致伸缩复合材料中采用的碳纳米管碾压膜的扫描电镜照片。
图5为本发明实施例提供的电致伸缩复合材料中采用的碳纳米管絮化膜的扫描电镜照片。
图6为本发明实施例提供的电致伸缩复合材料伸缩前与通电伸缩后的对比示意图。
图7为本发明实施例提供的电致伸缩元件的立体结构示意图。
图8为图7所示的电致伸缩复合材料沿III-III线的剖视图。
具体实施方式
以下将结合附图详细说明本发明提供的电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件。
请参考图1及图2,本发明实施例提供一种电致伸缩复合材料10,所述电致伸缩复合材料10为片材,其包括:一柔性高分子基体14,以及一碳纳米管膜结构12,所述碳纳米管膜结构12与所述柔性高分子基体14具有不同的热膨胀系数,其中,所述碳纳米管膜结构12设置于柔性高分子基体14的表面,所述碳纳米管膜结构12为多个碳纳米管122通过范德华力结合而成。
所述柔性高分子基体14为具有一定厚度的片材,该片材的形状不限,可以为长方形、圆形,或根据实际应用制成各种形状。所述柔性高分子基体14为柔性材料构成,该柔性材料导电性不限,只要具有柔性即可。所述柔性高分子基体14的材料为硅橡胶、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氨脂、环氧树脂、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丁酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯腈、聚苯胺、聚吡咯及聚噻吩等中的一种或几种的组合。本实施例中,所述柔性高分子基体14为一硅橡胶薄膜,该硅橡胶薄膜为厚度为0.7毫米厚的一长方形薄片,长为6厘米,宽为3厘米。
所述碳纳米管膜结构12为一平面结构,该碳纳米管膜结构12平行于所述柔性高分子基体14并铺设于柔性高分子基体14的表面。该碳纳米管膜结构12是在柔性高分子基体14未完全固化呈液态时铺设。由于该碳纳米管膜结构12是由多个碳纳米管122通过范德华力结合构成,多个碳纳米管122之间存在间隙,液态的柔性高分子基体材料可以渗透进入该碳纳米管膜结构12中的碳纳米管122之间的间隙当中,该柔性高分子基体14的材料与碳纳米管膜结构12中的碳纳米管122紧密结合在一起。所述碳纳米管膜结构12与柔性高分子基体14接触的表面部分包埋于所述柔性高分子基体14中。从而碳纳米管膜结构12可以很好地被固定在该柔性高分子基体14的表面,与该柔性高分子基体14具有很好的结合性能。该电致伸缩复合材料10不会因为多次使用,影响碳纳米管薄膜12与柔性高分子基体14之间界面的结合性。
所述碳纳米管膜结构12包括至少一个碳纳米管膜。当所述碳纳米管膜结构12包括多个碳纳米管膜时,所述碳纳米管膜的层数不限,该多个碳纳米管膜可并排设置或层叠设置于所述柔性高分子基体14的表面。当所述碳纳米管膜结构12包括多个碳纳米管膜层叠设置时,所述碳纳米管膜结构12中相邻的层叠的碳纳米管膜之间通过范德华力紧密连接。该碳纳米管膜可以为碳纳米管拉膜、碳纳米管碾压膜、碳纳米管絮化膜中的一种或多种的组合。
请参阅图3,所述碳纳米管拉膜包括多个碳纳米管,且该多个碳纳米管基本相互平行且平行于碳纳米管拉膜的表面。具体地,该碳纳米管膜中的多个碳纳米管通过范德华力首尾相连,且所述多个碳纳米管的轴向基本沿同一方向择优取向排列。所述碳纳米管拉膜之中的碳纳米管之间存在间隙,当使用该碳纳米管拉膜与柔性高分子基体14结合时,柔性高分子基体14的材料渗透入碳纳米管拉膜中的碳纳米管之间的间隙之中,使得该碳纳米管拉膜与柔性高分子基体14能够较好地结合。该碳纳米管拉膜的厚度为0.01微米~100微米,其中的碳纳米管为单壁碳纳米管、双壁碳纳米管及多壁碳纳米管中的一种或几种。当该碳纳米管膜中的碳纳米管为单壁碳纳米管时,该单壁碳纳米管的直径为0.5~10纳米。当该碳纳米管膜中的碳纳米管为双壁碳纳米管时,该双壁碳纳米管的直径为1.0~20纳米。当该碳纳米管膜中的碳纳米管为多壁碳纳米管时,该多壁碳纳米管的直径为1.5~50纳米。所述碳纳米管拉膜的面积不限,可根据实际需求制备。
请参阅图4,所述碳纳米管碾压膜包括均匀分布的碳纳米管。所述碳纳米管无序排列,或者沿同一方向或不同方向择优取向排列。所述碳纳米管碾压膜中的碳纳米管相互部分交叠,并通过范德华力相互吸引,紧密结合,使得该碳纳米管结构具有很好的柔韧性,可以弯曲折叠成任意形状而不破裂。且由于碳纳米管碾压膜中的碳纳米管之间通过范德华力相互吸引,紧密结合,使碳纳米管碾压膜为一自支撑的结构。所述碳纳米管碾压膜可通过碾压一碳纳米管阵列获得。所述碳纳米管碾压膜中的碳纳米管与形成碳纳米管阵列的生长基底的表面形成一夹角β,其中,β大于等于0度且小于等于15度(0≤β≤15°),该夹角β与施加在碳纳米管阵列上的压力有关,压力越大,该夹角越小,优选地,该碳纳米管碾压膜中的碳纳米管平行于该生长基底排列。该碳纳米管碾压膜为通过碾压一碳纳米管阵列获得,依据碾压的方式不同,该碳纳米管碾压膜中的碳纳米管具有不同的排列形式。当沿不同方向碾压时,碳纳米管沿不同方向择优取向排列。当沿同一方向碾压时,碳纳米管沿一固定方向择优取向排列。另外,当碾压方向为垂直该碳纳米管阵列表面时,该碳纳米管可以无序排列。该碳纳米管碾压膜中碳纳米管的长度大于50微米。
该碳纳米管碾压膜的面积和厚度不限,可根据实际需要选择。该碳纳米管碾压膜的面积与碳纳米管阵列的尺寸基本相同。该碳纳米管碾压膜厚度与碳纳米管阵列的高度以及碾压的压力有关,可为1微米~1毫米。可以理解,碳纳米管阵列的高度越大而施加的压力越小,则制备的碳纳米管碾压膜的厚度越大;反之,碳纳米管阵列的高度越小而施加的压力越大,则制备的碳纳米管碾压膜的厚度越小。所述碳纳米管碾压膜之中的相邻的碳纳米管之间具有一定间隙,从而在碳纳米管碾压膜中形成多个孔隙,孔隙的孔径约小于10微米。
请参阅图5,所述碳纳米管絮化膜包括多个相互缠绕且均匀分布的碳纳米管。碳纳米管的长度大于10微米,优选为200~900微米,从而使所述碳纳米管相互缠绕在一起。所述碳纳米管之间通过范德华力相互吸引、缠绕,形成网络状结构,以形成一自支撑的碳纳米管絮化膜。所述碳纳米管絮化膜各向同性。所述碳纳米管絮化膜中的碳纳米管为均匀分布,无规则排列,形成大量的孔隙结构,孔隙孔径约小于10微米。所述碳纳米管絮化膜的长度和宽度不限。由于在碳纳米管絮化膜中,碳纳米管相互缠绕,因此该碳纳米管絮化膜具有很好的柔韧性,且为一自支撑结构,可以弯曲折叠成任意形状而不破裂。所述碳纳米管絮化膜的面积及厚度均不限,厚度为1微米~1毫米,优选为100微米。
本实施例中,所述碳纳米管膜结构12包括多个碳纳米管拉膜,该多个碳纳米管拉膜平行重叠铺设于所述柔性高分子基体14的表面,所述多个碳纳米管拉膜中的碳纳米管的轴向排列方向基本相同,基本沿着柔性高分子基体14的长边排列。从而形成一具有非对称结构的电致伸缩材料10。
所述电致伸缩复合材料10在应用时,将电压施加于该电致伸缩复合材料10的碳纳米管膜结构12的两端,电流可通过上述碳纳米管122所形成的导电网络进行传输。由于碳纳米管122的热导率很高,从而使得所述电致伸缩复合材料10的温度快速升高,热量从所述电致伸缩复合材料10中碳纳米管122的周围快速地向整个电致伸缩复合材料10扩散,即碳纳米管膜结构12可迅速加热柔性高分子基体14。由于热膨胀量与材料的体积及热膨胀系数成正比,且本实施例的电致伸缩复合材料10由两层具有不同热膨胀系数的碳纳米管膜结构12和柔性高分子基体14复合而成,从而使得加热后的电致伸缩复合材料10将向热膨胀系数小的碳纳米管膜结构12弯曲。此外,由于碳纳米管122具有导电性好、热容小的特点,所以使该电致伸缩复合材料10的热响应速率快。
请参阅图6,另外,本实施例中通过导线将电源电压施加于所述电致伸缩复合材料10的两端的电极16,并对所述的电致伸缩复合材料10进行伸缩特性测量。本实施例中的电致伸缩复合材料10为长34毫米,宽5毫米,厚度0.7毫米的长方体片材。施加一40伏特的电压2分钟后,在垂直于电流延伸的方向上,所述电致伸缩复合材料10的位移ΔS为16毫米左右。
可以理解,本发明实施例所提供的电致伸缩复合材料的制动方式不仅仅局限于通电加热后膨胀,只要是能够使该电致伸缩复合材料受热升温的方法均可以应用于该电致伸缩复合材料。如,将该电致伸缩复合材料直接放置于温控平台,通过热传递使之升温,从而实现其弯曲膨胀。另外,还可以采用近红外激光照射,进行光致加热使其升温,从而实现其弯曲膨胀。
请参阅图7及图8,本发明实施例提供一种采用所述电致伸缩复合材料10的电致伸缩元件20,其包括:一电致伸缩复合材料10、一第一电极22以及一第二电极24。所述第一电极22与第二电极24间隔设置,并与所述电致伸缩复合材料10电连接。所述电致伸缩复合材料10为具有一定厚度的片材。
所述第一电极22及第二电极24间隔设置,并于所述电致伸缩复合材料10中的碳纳米管膜结构12电连接。所述第一电极22及第二电极24为长条形金属,其可以间隔设置于电致伸缩复合材料10中,也可以间隔设置于所述电致伸缩复合材料10两端。本实施例中,所述电致伸缩复合材料10为为长34毫米,宽5毫米,厚度0.7毫米的长方体片材,所述第一电极22及第二电极24为铜片,所述铜片设置于所述电致伸缩复合材料10两端。
具体应用时,将电压施加于该电致伸缩元件20中的碳纳米管膜结构12的两端的第一电极22及第二电极24,电流可通过碳纳米管膜结构12所形成的导电网络进行传输。由于碳纳米管122的热导率很高,从而使得所述电致伸缩复合材料10的温度快速升高,热量从所述电致伸缩复合材料10中碳纳米管122的周围快速地向整个电致伸缩复合材料10扩散,即碳纳米管膜结构12可迅速加热柔性高分子基体14。由于热膨胀量与材料的体积及热膨胀系数成正比,且本实施例的电致伸缩复合材料10由两层具有不同热膨胀系数的碳纳米管膜结构12和柔性高分子基体14复合而成,从而使得加热后的电致伸缩元件20将向热膨胀系数小的碳纳米管膜结构12弯曲。此外,由于碳纳米管122具有导电性好、热容小的特点,所以使该电致伸缩元件20的热响应速率快。
本发明实施例所述的电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件具有以下优点:本发明提供的电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件,其包括柔性高分子基体,以及设置于柔性高分子基体表面的碳纳米管膜结构,其结构简单,制备工艺简单、成本低。由于碳纳米管膜结构包括多个间隙,高分子基体材料浸润入间隙当中,使得碳纳米管膜结构与柔性高分子基体之间具有较好的结合性,增加了该电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件使用寿命。由于碳纳米管膜结构与柔性高分子基体具有不同的热膨胀系数,且所述碳纳米管膜结构仅设置于柔性高分子基体的表面,使得所述电致伸缩复合材料具有非对称的结构,从而使得该电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件在受热时会向一面弯曲。该电致伸缩复合材料及电致伸缩元件热膨胀具有可弯曲性,从而可以应用于精确控制器件中。
另外,本领域技术人员还可以在本发明精神内做其它变化,当然,这些依据本发明精神所做的变化,都应包含在本发明所要求保护的范围之内。
Claims (13)
1.一种电致伸缩复合材料,包括一片状柔性高分子基体以及一碳纳米管膜结构,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜结构设置在所述柔性高分子基体一表面,并与所述柔性高分子基体具有不同的热膨胀系数,所述碳纳米管膜结构为多个碳纳米管通过范德华力结合而成。
2.如权利要求1所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜结构包括至少一个碳纳米管膜。
3.如权利要求2所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜结构包括多个碳纳米管膜层叠铺设于所述柔性高分子基体的表面。
4.如权利要求2所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜包括多个碳纳米管,该碳纳米管膜中的多个碳纳米管通过范德华力首尾相连,所述多个碳纳米管的轴向基本沿同一方向择优取向排列。
5.如权利要求2所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜包括均匀分布的碳纳米管,所述碳纳米管无序,沿同一方向或不同方向择优取向排列。
6.如权利要求2所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜包括多个碳纳米管,该多个碳纳米管之间通过范德华力相互吸引、缠绕,形成网络状结构。
7.如权利要求1所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜结构的热膨胀率小于所述柔性高分子基体的热膨胀率。
8.如权利要求7所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述电致伸缩复合材料在受热膨胀时,向碳纳米管膜结构的一侧弯曲。
9.如权利要求1所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜结构中的多个碳纳米管之间存在间隙,所述柔性高分子基体的材料渗透进入所述间隙当中,使得柔性高分子基体与碳纳米管膜结构紧密结合。
10.如权利要求1所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述碳纳米管膜结构与柔性高分子基体接触的表面部分包埋于柔性高分子基体中。
11.如权利要求1所述的电致伸缩复合材料,其特征在于,所述柔性高分子基体的材料为硅橡胶、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氨脂、环氧树脂、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丁酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯腈、聚苯胺、聚吡咯及聚噻吩中的一种或几种的组合。
12.一种电致伸缩元件,其包括:
一电致伸缩复合材料;以及
一第一电极与一第二电极,所述第一电极与第二电极间隔设置于所述电致伸缩复合材料,并与所述电致伸缩复合材料电连接;
其特征在于,所述电致伸缩复合材料为权利要求1至11中任意一项所述的电致伸缩复合材料。
13.如权利要求12所述的电致伸缩元件,其特征在于,所述第一电极及第二电极分别与所述碳纳米管膜结构电连接。
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